CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Geography of Chile - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ed2e365c-6b79-4fa5-a7d9-0ddf1617980a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Geography_of_Chile","wgTitle":"Geography of Chile","wgCurRevisionId":1259125992,"wgRevisionId":1259125992,"wgArticleId":67318,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2015","All articles with style issues","Articles that may contain original research from May 2015","All articles that may contain original research","Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2024","All articles needing copy edit","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles needing additional references from December 2018", "All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from May 2024","Articles needing cleanup from May 2024","All pages needing cleanup","Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from May 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Source attribution","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Geography of Chile"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Geography_of_Chile","wgRelevantArticleId":67318,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1317938","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Chile_topo_es.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2693"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chile_topo_es.jpg/800px-Chile_topo_es.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1795"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chile_topo_es.jpg/640px-Chile_topo_es.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1436"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Geography of Chile - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chile"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Chile"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Geography_of_Chile rootpage-Geography_of_Chile skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geography+of+Chile" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geography+of+Chile" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Geography+of+Chile" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Geography+of+Chile" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natural regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Far_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Far_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Far North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Far_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Near_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Near_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Near North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Near_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Central Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Far_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Far_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The Far South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Far_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_and_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_and_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Area and boundaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Area_and_boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Area and boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Area_and_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Land boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extremes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extremes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extremes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latitude_and_longitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latitude_and_longitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Latitude and longitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latitude_and_longitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources_and_land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources_and_land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resources and land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources_and_land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Urban population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Urban geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Urban_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Urban geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Urban_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gentrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gentrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Gentrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gentrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racialized_landscapes_in_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racialized_landscapes_in_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Racialized landscapes in Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racialized_landscapes_in_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_landscapes_and_sacred_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_landscapes_and_sacred_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Religious landscapes and sacred places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_landscapes_and_sacred_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_Virgen_de_Andacollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Virgen_de_Andacollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>La Virgen de Andacollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Virgen_de_Andacollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animitas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animitas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span><i>Animitas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animitas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_of_Chiloé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_of_Chiloé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Churches of Chiloé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_of_Chiloé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes_with_Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Border disputes with Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes_with_Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Border disputes with Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_disputes_with_Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Border disputes with Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_disputes_with_Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Agricultural geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agricultural_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agricultural geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_and_weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Climate and weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Economic geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Chile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%C3%ADa_de_Chile" title="Xeografía de Chile – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía de Chile" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ili_co%C4%9Frafiyas%C4%B1" title="Çili coğrafiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çili coğrafiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="চিলির ভূগোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিলির ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="География на Чили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География на Чили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth_Tsile" title="Daearyddiaeth Tsile – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth Tsile" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physische_Geographie_Chiles" title="Physische Geographie Chiles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physische Geographie Chiles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_de_Chile" title="Geografía de Chile – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía de Chile" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جغرافیای شیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای شیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_du_Chili" title="Géographie du Chili – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie du Chili" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_del_Cile" title="Geografia del Cile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia del Cile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩილეს გეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩილეს გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cil%C4%97s_geografija" title="Čilės geografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čilės geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_geografiyasi" title="Chili geografiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chili geografiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Chile" title="Geografia Chile – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia Chile" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_do_Chile" title="Geografia do Chile – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia do Chile" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="География Чили – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География Чили" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija_%C4%8Cila" title="Geografija Čila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografija Čila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جوگرافیای چیلی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوگرافیای چیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilen_maantiede" title="Chilen maantiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chilen maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Географія Чилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія Чилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="智利地理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="智利地理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1317938#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geography_of_Chile" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Geography_of_Chile" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Geography_of_Chile" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&oldid=1259125992" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Geography_of_Chile&id=1259125992&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeography_of_Chile"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeography_of_Chile"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Geography_of_Chile&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Chile" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1317938" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Geography_of_Chile" title="Talk:Geography of Chile">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">Geography of Chile</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile_topo_es.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chile_topo_es.jpg/260px-Chile_topo_es.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="583" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chile_topo_es.jpg/390px-Chile_topo_es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chile_topo_es.jpg/520px-Chile_topo_es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="2132" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data">30°00'S 70°00' W</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">Ranked 38th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">756,102 km<sup>2</sup> (291,933 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">98.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">6,435 km (3,999 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Land_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Land borders">Total land borders</a>:<br />7,801 km (4,847 mi)<br /><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>:<br />6,691 km (4,158 mi) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>:<br />942 km (585 mi) <br /><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>:<br />168 km (104 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Region" title="Atacama Region">Atacama Region</a><br />6,893 m (22,615 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, 0 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest river</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loa_River" title="Loa River">Loa River</a>, 440 km (273 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest lake</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_Carrera_Lake" title="General Carrera Lake">General Carrera Lake</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> is extremely diverse, as the country extends from a latitude of 17°<span class="nowrap"> </span>South to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> at 56° and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in the east. Chile is situated in southern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, bordering the South <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and a small part of the South <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Chile's territorial shape is considered among the world's most unusual; from north to south, the country extends 4,270 km (2,653 mi), and yet it only averages 177 km (110 mi) in width. Chile reaches from the middle of South America's west coast straight down to the southern tip of the continent, where it curves slightly eastward. The <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ram%C3%ADrez_Islands" title="Diego Ramírez Islands">Diego Ramírez Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>, the southernmost points in the Americas where the Pacific and Atlantic oceans meet, are Chilean territory. Chile's northern neighbors are <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Chile_border" title="Argentina–Chile border">its border with Argentina</a> to the east, at 5,150 km (3,200 mi), is the world's third-longest. The total land area is 756,102 km<sup>2</sup> (291,933 sq mi). The very long coastline of 6,435 km (3,999 mi) gives Chile the 11th largest <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> of 3,648,532 km<sup>2</sup> (1,408,706 sq mi). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png/220px-Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png/330px-Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png/440px-Tricontinental_Chile_and_the_Chilean_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption>Map of <i><a href="/wiki/Tricontinental_Chile" title="Tricontinental Chile">Tricontinental Chile</a></i> with possessions in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the claim in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory" title="Chilean Antarctic Territory">Chilean Antarctic Territory</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_of_Chile" title="Continental shelf of Chile">country's continental shelf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The northern two-thirds of Chile lie on top of the telluric <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a>, which, moving eastward about ten centimeters a year, is forcing its way under the continental plate of South America. This movement has resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Chile_Trench" title="Peru–Chile Trench">Peru–Chile Trench</a>, which lies beyond a narrow band of coastal waters off the northern two-thirds of the country. The trench is about 150 km (93 mi) wide and averages about 5,000 m (16,404 ft) in depth. At its deepest point, just north of the port of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, it plunges to 8,066 m (26,463 ft). Although the ocean's surface obscures this fact, most of Chile lies at the edge of a profound precipice. </p><p>The same telluric displacements that created the Peru-Chile Trench make the country highly prone to earthquakes. During the twentieth century, Chile has been struck by twenty-eight major earthquakes, all with a force greater than 6.9 on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a>. The strongest of these occurred in 2010 (registering an estimated 8.8 on the Richter scale) and in Valdivia 1960 (reaching 9.5). <a href="/wiki/Great_Chilean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chilean earthquake">This latter earthquake</a> occurred on May 22, the day after another major quake measuring 7.25 on the Richter scale, and covered an extensive section of south-central Chile. It caused a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> that decimated several fishing villages in the south and raised or lowered sections of the coast as much as two meters. The clash between the Earth's surface plates has also generated the Andes, a geologically young mountain range that in Chilean territory alone, includes about 620 volcanoes. Many of them active. Almost sixty of these had erupted in the twentieth century by the early 1990s. More than half of Chile's land surface is volcanic in origin. </p><p>About 80 percent of the land in Chile is made up of mountains of some form or the other. Most Chileans live near or on these mountains. This snowcapped mountain-range and their pre-cordillera elevations provide an ever-present backdrop to much of the scenery. But there are other, albeit less formidable mountains as well. Although they seemingly can appear anywhere, the non-Andean mountains usually form part of transverse and coastal ranges. The former, located most characteristically in the near north and the far north natural regions, extend with various shapes from the Andes to the ocean, creating valleys with an east-west direction. The latter are evident mainly in the center of the country and create what is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Central_Valley" title="Chilean Central Valley">Central Valley</a> (<i>Valle Central</i>) between them and the Andes. In the far south, the Central Valley runs into the ocean's waters. At this location, the higher elevations of the coastal range facing the Andes become a multiplicity of islands, forming an intricate labyrinth of channels and fjords that have been an enduring challenge to maritime navigators. </p><p>Much of Chile's coastline is rugged, with often violent surf that pounds against the rocks lying at the feet of high bluffs. This collision of land and sea gives way every so often to beaches of various lengths, some of them encased by the bluffs. The <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a>, which originates northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a> (which juts into the <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a>) and runs the full length of the Chilean coast, makes the water frigid. Even in the summer at Chile's popular beaches in the central part of the country, the water gets no warmer than 15 °C (59 °F). A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 564 km<sup>2</sup> of tidal flats in Chile, making it the 44th-ranked country in the world in terms of tidal flat area.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chilean territory extends as far west as <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. The best known of Chile's Pacific Islands is <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (Isla de Pascua, also known by its Polynesian name of Rapa Nui), with a population of 2,800 people. Located 3,600 km (2,237 mi) west of Chile's mainland port of <a href="/wiki/Caldera,_Chile" title="Caldera, Chile">Caldera</a>, just below the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>, Easter Island provides Chile a gateway to the Pacific. It is noted for its 867 monoliths (<a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moais</a>), which are huge (up to twenty meters high) and mysterious, expressionless faces sculpted of volcanic stone. The <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, located 587 km (365 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, are the locale of a small fishing settlement. They are famous for their lobster. One of the islands, <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Island" title="Robinson Crusoe Island">Robinson Crusoe Island</a>, is where <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Selkirk" title="Alexander Selkirk">Alexander Selkirk</a>, the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s novel, was marooned for about four years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_regions">Natural regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Chile" title="Natural regions of Chile">Natural regions of Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">Climate of Chile</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png/220px-Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png/330px-Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png/440px-Chile_K%C3%B6ppen.png 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="8638" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification zones of Chile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile_veg_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chile_veg_1972.jpg/220px-Chile_veg_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="549" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chile_veg_1972.jpg/330px-Chile_veg_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chile_veg_1972.jpg/440px-Chile_veg_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Vegetation map of Chile</figcaption></figure><p>Since Chile extends from a point about 625 km (388 mi) north of the Tropic of Capricorn to a point hardly more than 1,400 km (870 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a>, a broad selection of the Earth's climates can be found in this country. Therefore, geographically, the country can be divided into many different parts. It is usually divided by geographers into five regions: the far north, the near north, central Chile, the south, and the far south. Each has its own characteristic vegetation, fauna, climate, and, despite the omnipresence of both the Andes and the Pacific, its own distinct topography. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Far_North">The Far North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Far North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Grande, Chile">Norte Grande, Chile</a></div> <p>The far north (Norte Grande), which extends from the Peruvian border to about 27° south latitude, a line roughly parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Copiap%C3%B3_River" title="Copiapó River">Copiapó River</a>, is extremely <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a>. It mainly contains the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>, one of the driest areas in the world. In certain areas, this desert does not register any rainfall at all. Geographically, the aridity can be explained by the following conditions: </p> <ul><li>The desert is located on the leeward side of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Coast_Range" title="Chilean Coast Range">Chilean Coast Range</a>, so little moisture from the Pacific Ocean can reach the desert.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> are so high that they block convective clouds, which may prevent precipitation formed above the Amazon Basin from entering the desert to the east.</li> <li>An inversion layer is created by the cold <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt current">Humboldt current</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_High" title="South Pacific High">South Pacific High</a>.</li></ul> <p>Average monthly temperatures range at sea level between about 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) during the summer and about 14 °C (57.2 °F) during the winter. Most of the population lives in the coastal area, where the temperatures are more moderate and the humidity higher. Contrary to the image of monochrome barrenness that most people associate with deserts, the landscape is spectacular, with its crisscrossing hills and mountains of all shapes and sizes, each with a unique hue depending on its mineral composition, its distance from the observer, and the time of day. </p><p>In the far north, the land generally rises vertically from the ocean, sometimes to elevations well over 1,000 m (3,281 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Domeyko" title="Cordillera Domeyko">Cordillera Domeyko</a> in the north runs along the coast parallel to the Andes. This topography generates coastal microclimates because the fog that frequently forms over the cold ocean waters, as well as any low clouds, is trapped by the high bluffs. This airborne moisture condenses in the spines and leaves of the vegetation, droplets that fall to the ground and irrigate the plants' roots. Beyond the coastal bluffs, there is an area of rolling hills that encompasses the driest desert land; this area ends to the east with the Andes towering over it. The edges of the desert in some sections have subterranean aquifers that have permitted the development of forests made up mainly of <a href="/wiki/Tamarugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarugo">tamarugos</a>, spiny trees native to the area that grow to a height of about twenty-five meters. Most of those forests were cut down to fuel the fires of the many foundries established since colonial times to exploit the abundant deposits of copper, silver, and nitrate found in the area. The result was the creation of even drier surface conditions. </p><p>The far north is the only part of the country in which there is a large section of the Andean plateau. During summer the area receives considerable rainfall in what is commonly known as the "Bolivian winter,"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming shallow lakes of mostly saline waters (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Llamara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salar de Llamara (page does not exist)">Salar de Llamara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salar_des_Miraje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salar des Miraje (page does not exist)">Salar des Miraje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Atacama" title="Salar de Atacama">Salar de Atacama</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-andesmap_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andesmap-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are home to a number of bird species, including the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_flamingo" title="Chilean flamingo">Chilean flamingo</a>. Some of the water from the plateau trickles down the Andes in the form of narrow rivers, many of which form oases before being lost to evaporation or absorption into the desert sands, salt beds, and aquifers. However, some rivers do manage to reach the Pacific, including the <a href="/wiki/Loa_River" title="Loa River">Loa River</a>, whose U-shaped course across the desert makes it Chile's longest river. The water rights for one of the rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Lauca_River" title="Lauca River">Lauca River</a>, remain a source of dispute between Bolivia and Chile. These narrow rivers have carved fertile valleys in which exuberant vegetation creates a stark contrast to the bone-dry hills. In such areas, roads usually are built halfway up the arid elevations in order to maximize the intensive agricultural use of the irrigated land. They offer spectacular panoramic vistas, along with the harrowing experience of driving along the edges of cliffs. </p><p>In the far north, the kinds of fruits that grow well in the arid tropics thrive, and all kinds of vegetables can be grown year-round. However, the region's main economic foundation is its great mineral wealth. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a>, the world's largest open-pit copper mine, is located in the far north. Since the early 1970s, the fishing industry has also developed lots in the main ports of the area, most notably <a href="/wiki/Iquique,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iquique, Chile">Iquique</a> and Antofagasta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Near_North">The Near North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Near North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico,_Chile" title="Norte Chico, Chile">Norte Chico, Chile</a></div> <p>The near north (Norte Chico) extends from the Copiapó River to about 32° south latitude, or just north of Santiago. It is a semiarid region whose central area receives an average of about 25 mm (0.98 in) of rain during each of the four winter months, with trace amounts the rest of the year. The near north is also subject to droughts. The temperatures are moderate, with an average of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) during the summer and about 12 °C (53.6 °F) during the winter at sea level. The winter rains and the melting of the snow that accumulates on the Andes produce rivers whose flow varies with the seasons, but which carry water year-round. Their deep <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Valleys" title="Transverse Valleys">Transverse Valleys</a> provide broad areas for cattle raising and, most important, fruit growing, an activity that has developed greatly since the mid-1970s. Nearly all Chilean <a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">pisco</a> is produced in the near north. </p><p>As in the far north, the coastal areas of the near north have a distinct microclimate. In those sections where the airborne moisture of the sea is trapped by high bluffs overlooking the ocean, temperate rain forests develop as the vegetation precipitates the vapor in the form of a misty rain. Because the river valleys provide breaks in the coastal elevations, maritime moisture can penetrate inland and further decrease the generally arid climate in those valleys. The higher elevations in the interior sections are covered with shrubs and cacti of various kinds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Chile">Central Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zona_Central,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Central, Chile">Zona Central, Chile</a></div> <p>Central Chile (Chile Central), home to a majority of the population, includes the three largest metropolitan areas—Santiago, Valparaíso, and Concepción. It extends from about 32° south latitude to about 37° south latitude. The climate is of the temperate <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Climate">Mediterranean</a> type, with the amount of rainfall increasing considerably and progressively from north to south. In the Santiago area, the average monthly temperatures are about 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in the summer months of January and February and 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) in the winter months of June and July; the average monthly precipitation is no more than a trace in January and February and 69.7 mm (3 in) in June and July. In Concepción, by contrast, the average monthly temperatures are somewhat lower in the summer at 17.6 °C (63.7 °F) but higher in the winter at 9.3 °C (48.7 °F), and the amount of rain is much greater: in the summer, <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> receives an average of 0.8 inch (20 millimeters) of rain per month; in June and July, the city is pounded by an average of 10 inches (253 mm.) per month. The numerous rivers greatly increase their flow as a result of the winter rains and the spring melting of the Andean snows, and they contract considerably in the summer. The combination of abundant snow in the Andes and relatively moderate winter temperatures creates excellent conditions for Alpine skiing. </p><p>The topography of central Chile includes a <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Coast_Range" title="Chilean Coast Range">coastal range</a> of mountains running parallel to the Andes. Lying between the two mountain ranges is Central Valley, which contain some of the richest agricultural land in the country, especially in its northern portion. The area just north and south of Santiago is a large producer of fruits, including the grapes from which the best <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chilean wines</a> are made. Exports of fresh fruit began to rise dramatically in the mid-1970s because Chilean growers had the advantage of being able to reach markets in the Northern Hemisphere during winter in that part of the world. Most of these exports, such as grapes, apples, and peaches, go by refrigerator ships. But some, such as berries, go by air freight. </p><p>The southern portion of central Chile contains a mixture of some high-quality agricultural lands, many of which were covered originally with <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth forests</a>. They were cleared for agriculture but were soon exhausted of their organic matter and left to erode. Large tracts of this worn-out land, many of them on hilly terrain, have been reforested for the lumber, especially for the cellulose and paper industries. New investments during the 1980s in these industries transformed the rural economy of the region. The pre-Andean highlands and some of the taller and more massive mountains in the coastal range (principally the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_de_Nahuelbuta" title="Cordillera de Nahuelbuta">Cordillera de Nahuelbuta</a>) still contain large tracts of old-growth forests of remarkable beauty, some of which have been set aside as national parks. Between the coastal mountains and the ocean, many areas of central Chile contain stretches of land that are lower than the Central Valley and are generally quite flat. The longest beaches can be found in such sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_South">The South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Sur, Chile">Zona Sur, Chile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcanosorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Volcanosorno.jpg/220px-Volcanosorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Volcanosorno.jpg/330px-Volcanosorno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Volcanosorno.jpg/440px-Volcanosorno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cattle grazing near the <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_Lake" title="Llanquihue Lake">Llanquihue Lake</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Osorno_(volcano)" title="Osorno (volcano)">Osorno Volcano</a> is in the background</figcaption></figure><p>Although many lakes can be found in the Andean and coastal regions of central Chile, the south (Sur de Chile) is definitely the country's most lacustrine area. Southern Chile stretches from below the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADo-B%C3%ADo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bío-Bío River">Bío-Bío River</a> at about 37° south latitude to Chacao channel at about 42° south latitude. In this lake district of Chile, the valley between the Andes and the coastal range is closer to sea level, and the hundreds of rivers that descend from the Andes form lakes, some quite large, as they reach the lower elevations. They drain into the ocean through other rivers, some of which (principally the <a href="/wiki/Calle-Calle_River" title="Calle-Calle River">Calle-Calle River</a>, which flows by the city of <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivia (city)">Valdivia</a>) are the only ones in the whole country that are navigable for any stretch. The Central Valley's southernmost portion is submerged in the ocean and forms the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Ancud" title="Gulf of Ancud">Gulf of Ancud</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island" title="Chiloé Island">Isla de Chiloé</a>, with its rolling hills, is the last important elevation of the coastal range of mountains. </p><p>The south is one of the rainiest areas in the world. One of the wettest spots in the region is Valdivia, with an annual rainfall of 2,535.4 mm (99.8 in). The summer months of January and February are the driest, with a monthly average precipitation of 67 mm (2.6 in). The winter months of June and July each produce on average a deluge of 410.6 mm (16.2 in). Temperatures in the area are moderate. In Valdivia, the two summer months average 16.7 °C (62.1 °F), whereas the winter months average 7.9 °C (46.2 °F). </p><p>The snow-covered Andes form a constant backdrop to vistas of clear blue or even turquoise waters, as at <a href="/wiki/Todos_los_Santos_Lake" title="Todos los Santos Lake">Todos los Santos Lake</a>. The rivers that descend from the Andes rush over volcanic rocks, forming numerous white-water sections and waterfalls. The vegetation, including many ferns in the shady areas, is a lush green. Some sections still consist of old-growth forests, and in all seasons, but especially in the spring and summer, there are considerable amounts of wildflowers and flowering trees. The pastures in the northernmost section, around <a href="/wiki/Osorno,_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, are well suited for raising cattle; milk, cheese, and butter are important products of that area. All kinds of berries grow in the area, some of which are exported, and freshwater farming of various species of trout and salmon has developed, with cultivators taking advantage of the abundant supply of clear running water. The lumber industry is also important. A number of tourists, mainly Chileans and Argentines, visit the area during the summer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG/220px-Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="494" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG/330px-Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG/440px-Chilean_coastal_blooms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>As seen in this SeaWiFS image, Chile's southern coast is broken into many islands, <a href="/wiki/Fjords_and_channels_of_Chile" title="Fjords and channels of Chile">fjords, channels</a> and twisting peninsulas</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of Chile's distinctive animal species have been decimated as they have been pushed farther and farther into the remaining wilderness areas by human occupation of the land. This is the case with the <a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">huemul</a>, a large deer, and the Chilean <a href="/wiki/Condor" title="Condor">condor</a>, the largest bird of its kind; both animals are on the national coat of arms. The remaining Chilean <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, which are bigger than the ones in California, have been driven to isolated national parks in the south by farmers who continue to hunt them because they occasionally kill sheep and goats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Far_South">The Far South</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Far South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zona_Austral,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Austral, Chile">Zona Austral, Chile</a></div> <p>In the far south (<i>Chile Austral</i>), which extends from between 42° south latitude to Cape Horn, the Andes and the South Pacific. In the northern part of the far south, there is still plenty of rainfall. The summer months average 206.1 mm (8 in), whereas the winter months average 300 mm (12 in). The temperatures at sea level in Puerto Aisén average 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) in the summer months and 4.7 °C (40.5 °F) in the winter months. The area generally is chilly and wet and houses a combination of channels, fjords, snow-capped mountains, and islands of all shapes and sizes within a narrow space. The southern part of the far south includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a>, which, with about 125,000 inhabitants, is the southernmost city in Chile. Punta Arenas receives much less precipitation than other parts of <i>Zone Austral</i>; its annual total is only 438.5 mm (17 in), or slightly more than what Valdivia receives in the month of June alone. This precipitation is distributed more or less evenly throughout the year, with the two main summer months receiving a monthly average of thirty-one millimeters and the winter months 38.9 mm (2 in), some of it in the form of snow. Temperatures are colder than in the rest of the country. The summer months average 11.1 °C (52.0 °F), and the winter months average 2.5 °C (36.5 °F). The virtually constant wind from the South Pacific Ocean makes the air feel significantly colder. </p><p>The far south contains large expanses of pastures that are often used for raising sheep, even though <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> is an issue in some areas. The area's other main economic activity is oil and natural gas extraction from the areas around the Strait of Magellan. This strait is one of the world's important sea-lanes because it unites the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through a channel that avoids the rough open waters off Cape Horn. The channel is perilous, however, and Chilean pilots guide all vessels through it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area_and_boundaries">Area and boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Area and boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area">Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /><i>Total:</i> 756,102 km<sup>2</sup> (291,933 sq mi) <br /><i>Land:</i> 743,812 km<sup>2</sup> (287,187 sq mi) <br /><i>Water:</i> 12,290 km<sup>2</sup> (4,745 sq mi) <br /><i>Note:</i> includes <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (<i>Isla de Pascua</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Isla_Sala_y_G%C3%B3mez" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Sala y Gómez">Isla Sala y Gómez</a> <br /><i>Country rank</i>: 37th </p><p>This does not include the Chilean claims to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, which overlap with Argentinian and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> claims. All Antarctic claims are frozen under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic treaty</a>. </p><p><b>Area — comparative:</b> <br />Canada: roughly half the size of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> <br />US: slightly smaller than twice the size of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> <br />Australia: slightly smaller than <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_boundaries">Land boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Land boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /><i>total:</i> 7,801 km (4,847 mi) <br /><i>border countries:</i> <a href="/wiki/Argentina-Chile_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentina-Chile border">Argentina</a> 6,691 km (4,158 mi), <a href="/wiki/Bolivia-Chile_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivia-Chile border">Bolivia</a> 942 km (585 mi), <a href="/wiki/Chile-Peru_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile-Peru border">Peru</a> 168 km (104 mi) </p><p><b>Coastline:</b> 6,435 km (3,999 mi) </p><p><b>Maritime claims:</b> <br /><i>Territorial sea:</i> 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) <br /><i>Contiguous zone:</i> 24 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a>:</i> 3,648,532 km<sup>2</sup> (1,408,706 sq mi) <br /><i>Continental shelf:</i> 200–350 nmi (370.4–648.2 km; 230.2–402.8 mi) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extremes">Extremes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Extremes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile" title="List of extreme points of Chile">List of extreme points of Chile</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latitude_and_longitude">Latitude and longitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latitude and longitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>North: tripartite border with Bolivia and Peru</li> <li>Southernmost point can be either: <ul><li>Mainland: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81guila_Islet" title="Águila Islet">Águila Islet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ram%C3%ADrez_Islands" title="Diego Ramírez Islands">Diego Ramírez Islands</a></li> <li>Including <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica" class="mw-redirect" title="Antártica">Antártica</a>: The <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Westernmost point: <a href="/wiki/Motu_Nui" title="Motu Nui">Motu Nui</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li>Easternmost point can be either: <ul><li>Mainland: <a href="/wiki/Picton,_Lennox_and_Nueva" title="Picton, Lennox and Nueva">Nueva Island</a></li> <li>Including Antártica: the <a href="/wiki/53rd_meridian_west" title="53rd meridian west">53rd meridian west</a> over <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>highest point:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado" title="Ojos del Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> 6,893 m (22,615 ft)</li> <li><i>lowest point:</i> Pacific Ocean 0 m (0 ft)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources_and_land_use">Resources and land use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Resources and land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Natural resources:</b> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydropower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">nutrient-rich ocean currents</a> </p><p><b>Land use:</b> <br /><i>arable land:</i> 1.80% <br /><i>permanent crops:</i> 0.61% <br /><i>other:</i> 97.59% (2012) </p><p><b>Irrigated land:</b> 11,990 km<sup>2</sup> (4,629 sq mi) (2003) </p><p><b>Total renewable water resources:</b> 922 km<sup>3</sup> (2011) </p><p><b>Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</b> <br /><i>total:</i> 26.67 km<sup>3</sup>/yr (4%/10%/86%) <br /><i>per capital:</i> 1,603 m<sup>3</sup>/yr (2007) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Chile" title="Environmental issues in Chile">Environmental issues in Chile</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Geography_of_Chile" title="Special:EditPage/Geography of Chile">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Natural hazards:</b> severe <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>; active <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> </p><p><b>Environment - current issues:</b> widespread <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>; <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> from industrial and vehicle emissions; <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> from raw <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>. </p><p><b>Environment - international agreements:</b> <br /><i>party to:</i> <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic-Environmental_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic-Environmental Protocol">Antarctic-Environmental Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate Change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species">Endangered Species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Modification">Environmental Modification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Wastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous Wastes">Hazardous Wastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Dumping">Marine Dumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Test_Ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Test Ban">Nuclear Test Ban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_Layer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone Layer Protection">Ozone Layer Protection</a>, Ship Pollution (<a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">MARPOL 73/78</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">Wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a> <br /><i>signed, but not ratified:</i> Climate Change-<a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> </p><p><b>Geography - note:</b> strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (<a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beagle_Channel" title="Beagle Channel">Beagle Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> is one of the world's driest regions </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_geography">Population geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Population geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png/220px-Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png/330px-Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png/440px-Population_pyramid_of_Chile_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Chile 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chile_density.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chile_density.png/220px-Chile_density.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="1095" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Chile_density.png/330px-Chile_density.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Chile_density.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Chile Population Density</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">Demographics of Chile</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_population">Urban population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Urban population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of population is very condensed around the capital, Santiago, where approximately 90% of the people live.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cities of Valparaiso and Concepcion are the next highly populated cities, in that order.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is 87.6% urbanized.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, 12,037,290 living in urban parts of Chile actually had functioning facilities in their home, while 403,276 people did not have proper facilities in their dwelling.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100% of the urban population has some form of access to sanitation facilities, while 90.9% of rural people have these facilities available.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is much higher than the rural average for the world that is at 50.5% access to sanitation facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs note the average annual rate of population change from 2015 to 2017 is 1.022.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN data also shows live births per woman (2015-2017) averaging 1.765<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and combined infant mortality rate for both sexes at 6.258 per 1,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural disasters are a significant cause of Chilean emigration. Earthquakes are common in Chile due to the country's location on the Nazca Plate and South American Plate. Chile notoriously had some of the most powerful earthquakes in history with the Valdivia Earthquake in 1960 at 9.5 on the Richter scale and the Maule Earthquake at 8.8 in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top three countries that Chilean emigrants are moving to are Argentina, Peru, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chile's natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. The natural hazards are attributed to Chile's location along the Ring of Fire.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe earthquakes can trigger tsunamis for this country with 6,435 km of coastline. There are also more than three-dozen active volcanoes in Chile with the most active being the Llaima in the north Chilean Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_geography">Urban geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Urban geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three most populated cities in Chile are <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>. The populations of these cities are: Santiago at 6,680,000, Valparaíso at 967,000 and Concepción at 857,000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santiago is located in central Chile with the Mapocho River running through the city. Valparaíso is located on the coast about 116 km northwest of Santiago. Concepción is also a coastal city that lies near the mouth of the Biobío River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planche_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Planche_VII.jpg/220px-Planche_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Planche_VII.jpg/330px-Planche_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Planche_VII.jpg/440px-Planche_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Concepción early 1700s</figcaption></figure> <p>Industrial cities, such as Concepción and Talcahuano, began as colonial centers in the 1600s. Most of the large cities in Chile began as settlement locations for Spanish colonists living in homes constructed from adobe. They have grown to be the densely populated urban conurbations they are known for today.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plano_de_Santiago,_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Plano_de_Santiago%2C_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Plano_de_Santiago%2C_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Plano_de_Santiago%2C_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Plano_de_Santiago%2C_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Plano_de_Santiago%2C_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg/440px-Plano_de_Santiago%2C_por_Nicol%C3%A1s_Bolo%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4454" data-file-height="5280" /></a><figcaption>Santiago 1895</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gentrification">Gentrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gentrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gentrification is occurring in the municipal district of Santiago, which is impacting low income residents. Housing availability has reduced by 50% for residents and rent for new apartments has increased, changing the average income of that location. Floor Area Ratio instigated by the state has resulted in highly dense and smaller living spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_geography">Cultural geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racialized_landscapes_in_Chile">Racialized landscapes in Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Racialized landscapes in Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to Chile's high population density in urban cities like Santiago, housing developments started developing upwards. These high rises see an abundance of foreign migrants as occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_landscapes_and_sacred_places">Religious landscapes and sacred places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious landscapes and sacred places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chile, there are a number of pilgrimage and devotional sites dedicated to Catholic or cult's saints. These include the Church of Our Lady of Andacollo, the Church of Our Lady at Mount Carmel at Tirana, and the Church of the Immaculate Conception of Lo Vásquez.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Virgen_de_Andacollo">La Virgen de Andacollo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: La Virgen de Andacollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are several different tales of her origin and variations on her name, the Virgin Andacollo is flaunted on the first Sunday of every month in the plaza of Andacollo, Chile. The Virgin Andacollo is the Patron Saint of miners who heals the sick and rescues those lost in the mines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the first Sunday of October, the town of Andacollo celebrates their saint with La Fiesta Chico. Thousands of pilgrims come to the northern Chilean town each December for La Fiesta Grande. This event lasts from December 23 to 27. This celebration attracts as many as 500,000 people a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n,_Yumbel_(Chile).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Yumbel_%28Chile%29.jpg/220px-Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Yumbel_%28Chile%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Yumbel_%28Chile%29.jpg/330px-Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Yumbel_%28Chile%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Yumbel_%28Chile%29.jpg/440px-Animita_en_Santuario_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n%2C_Yumbel_%28Chile%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Animita in Chile</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animitas"><i>Animitas</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Animitas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not uncommon to come across roadside shrines in Chile. These shrines are called <i>Animitas</i> and they are particularly common along rural highways or in lower-income towns. The shrines can be devoted to saints or those who died tragically. These <i>animitas</i> identify the spot where a body and soul were thought to be separated and where a soul might linger.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches_of_Chiloé"><span id="Churches_of_Chilo.C3.A9"></span>Churches of Chiloé</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Churches of Chiloé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_Achao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Iglesia de Achao</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chiloé archipelago is located in southern Chile and is home to the Churches of Chiloé. These churches date back to the early 17th century. Their history began when the first Jesuits arrived in Chile. There are more than 60 churches, but 16 of them are recognized as world heritage sites by UNESCO as well as national monuments in Chile. The Achao church is the oldest church that still stands and was built entirely without using nails.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_disputes_with_Bolivia">Border disputes with Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Border disputes with Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chile has long been in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> over coastal and land sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> was fought between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru in the late 1800s. The latter two had rich nitrate deposits. However, Peru established a monopoly over their deposits and Bolivia applied export tariffs to Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, Chile had won 120,000 km<sup>2</sup> of land that included <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a> on the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. This has left Bolivia landlocked since 1904. Bolivians still fights for coastal and territorial sovereignty. <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, the former president of Bolivia, has argued that Bolivia's landlocked status has made the country endure great "historical injustice".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morales also has argued that were Chileans to give back Antofagasta, it would have no significant effect on their country. The land Bolivia lost to Chile more than a century ago is now home to some of the biggest copper mines in the world. Chile has no intention of giving up any land to Bolivia, but is very open to coastal access negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled against Bolivia in its dispute with Chile. The court ruled that Chile did not have to discuss granting Bolivia sea access.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_disputes_with_Peru">Border disputes with Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Border disputes with Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been continuous disputes between Chile and Peru since the 1800s due to the fact that they both claim boundary coastal lines. Peru claims the northern part of Chile, which is now southwest of Peru. This "triangulation" was made to fix the boundary problem between Chile and Peru. The decisions were accomplished on January 27, 1839, by the International Court of Justice <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War of the Pacific occurred from the years 1879-1883;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the war was caused because of the mineral resources Chile had. This led for Chile to control sea shipping to Peru and send out an army to invade Peru on October 8, 1879. An attempt was also made to invade the United States in October 1880 but failed. There was a resistance between Peru and Chile for a few years. The United States offered help with a treaty for both Peru and Chile, better known as the Treaty of Ancón, which was signed by both of them on October 20, 1883, to keep the peace between them. In 2008, Peru took Chile to court over their maritime disputes. In 2014, the International Court of Justice's ruling resulted in Chile losing 80 miles from Chile's northwestern ocean zone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling severely impacted fishers in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_disputes_with_Argentina">Border disputes with Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Border disputes with Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Border disputes between Chile and Argentina deal with the Patagonia region; one of the many such disputes deals with the countries' southern ice-fields. The disagreements began when Argentina maps started to include part of the southern ice-fields. The dispute between these two countries deals with water, as this contested land contains the second-largest reserve of potable water in the world. Despite these differing ideas about what land belongs to which country, former President of Chile <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a> claims that these issues will get resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agricultural_geography">Agricultural geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Agricultural geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uvitas,_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Uvitas%2C_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG/220px-Uvitas%2C_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Uvitas%2C_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG/330px-Uvitas%2C_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Uvitas%2C_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG/440px-Uvitas%2C_Santa_Juana_Regi%C3%B3n_del_Bio_Bio.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Chilean Grapes in Bio Bio</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture comprises 4.4% of GDP (industry 31.4%, services 64.3%). A 2017 estimate has 8.881 million people working within the Chilean labor force, and 9.2% working within agriculture by occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile's labor force places fifty-ninth in the country comparison list according to the CIA World Factbook.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile currently utilizes 14,015 Hectares of agricultural land.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chilean agriculture includes the cultivation and trade of grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, and beans. Grapes are the largest fruit export product with an export value of $1.76 billion. Non-animal foods, fruit, and vegetable exports total about $11.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beef and poultry industries, fish, wool and timber are also included. Animal products have an export value of $5.89 billion. Water heavy industries are causing groundwater, lake, and river depletion in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal water extractions are now becoming common in Chile. Exploiting the country's water has been detrimental to the citizens and animals that rely on these sources of water.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_and_weather">Climate and weather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Climate and weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located on the west coast of South America, Chile has a total area of 756,102 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four climates that separate Chile. One of these climates is the dry climate. This is located the north above Santiago, the Atacama Desert has temperatures of up to 90 °F. The central part of Chile has a warmer climate that reaches up to 82.4 °F. The inner region of Chile has a snow climate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of Chile there is a wet climate because of the Mediterranean coastline this leading the wet season to range from May to August. Summer in Chile lasts from December through February. Winter lasts from June through August with low temperatures up to -2 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use">Land use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2011, Chile allocates 21.1% of its land to agriculture. Chile's allocation percentage is smaller than its neighboring countries Argentina (53.9%) and Bolivia (34.3%), but larger than Peru's (18.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the land Chile devotes to agriculture, only 1.7% is arable land. Chile's diverse climate and small area is responsible for such a low percentage. Some desert countries like Egypt have a higher arable land percentage than Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_geography">Economic geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Economic geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chile maintains a market-oriented economy with high levels of foreign trade compounded by strong financial institutions. These factors have given Chile the highest sovereign bond rating in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile is committed to a trade liberalization and has 26 trade agreements covering 60 different countries. In May 2010 Chile became the first South American member of <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Chile's top 3 importing partners are China, the United States, and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2005, Chile and China signed the China-Chile Free Trade Agreement. More than 90% of Chile's imports enter China duty-free. The United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement began in 2004. Since 2015, 100% of U.S. imports have been entering Chile duty-free. Consumer and Industrial export products enter Chile duty-free as well.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2017, Chile and Brazil have been negotiating a trade deal that's on track to be signed by the end of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile's top three exporting partners are China, the United States, and Japan. Chile and Japan were previously in Economic Partnership Agreements. In 2018, Chile and Japan were among the eleven nations that signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for the Trans-Pacific Partnership. This trade pact aims to reduce tariffs, enforce environmental standards and remove barrier regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">Climate of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjords_and_channels_of_Chile" title="Fjords and channels of Chile">Fjords and channels of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Chile" title="Geology of Chile">Geology of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Chile" title="List of islands of Chile">List of islands of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chile" title="List of lakes of Chile">List of lakes of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chile" title="List of rivers of Chile">List of rivers of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Chile" title="List of volcanoes in Chile">List of volcanoes in Chile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMurrayPhinnDeWittFerrari2019" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8">"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>565</b> (7738): 222–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0805-8">10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568300">30568300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56481043">56481043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+global+distribution+and+trajectory+of+tidal+flats&rft.volume=565&rft.issue=7738&rft.pages=222-225&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56481043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30568300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0805-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Phinn%2C+S.R.&rft.au=DeWitt%2C+M.&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+R.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+R.&rft.au=Lyons%2C+M.B.&rft.au=Clinton%2C+N.&rft.au=Thau%2C+D.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0805-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Spanish-speaking tropics, <i>invierno</i> or "winter" means "rainy season" (<i>The University of Chicago Spanish-English/English-Spanish Dictionary,</i> Fourth Edition (1992), by Carlos Castillo, Otto F. Bond, and D. Lincoln Canfield. Simon and Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-74348-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-74348-1">0-671-74348-1</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andesmap-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andesmap_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924154519/http://andes.zoom-maps.com/">"Travel map of the Andes"</a>. Nelles Map. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andes.zoom-maps.com/">the original</a> on 2010-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+map+of+the+Andes&rft.pub=Nelles+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandes.zoom-maps.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Chile+urban&d=POP&f=tableCode:311;countryCode:152">"UNdata | record view | Occupants of housing units by type of housing unit and urban/rural residence"</a>. <i>data.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.un.org&rft.atitle=UNdata+%7C+record+view+%7C+Occupants+of+housing+units+by+type+of+housing+unit+and+urban%2Frural+residence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FData.aspx%3Fq%3DChile%2Burban%26d%3DPOP%26f%3DtableCode%3A311%3BcountryCode%3A152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=chile&d=PopDiv&f=variableID:47;crID:152">"UNdata | record view | Average annual rate of population change (percentage)"</a>. <i>data.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.un.org&rft.atitle=UNdata+%7C+record+view+%7C+Average+annual+rate+of+population+change+%28percentage%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FData.aspx%3Fq%3Dchile%26d%3DPopDiv%26f%3DvariableID%3A47%3BcrID%3A152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=chile&d=PopDiv&f=variableID:54;crID:152">"UNdata | record view | Total fertility rate (live births per woman)"</a>. <i>data.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.un.org&rft.atitle=UNdata+%7C+record+view+%7C+Total+fertility+rate+%28live+births+per+woman%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FData.aspx%3Fq%3Dchile%26d%3DPopDiv%26f%3DvariableID%3A54%3BcrID%3A152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=chile&d=PopDiv&f=variableID:77;crID:152">"UNdata | record view | Infant mortality rate, for both sexes combined (infant deaths per 1,000 live births)"</a>. <i>data.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.un.org&rft.atitle=UNdata+%7C+record+view+%7C+Infant+mortality+rate%2C+for+both+sexes+combined+%28infant+deaths+per+1%2C000+live+births%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2FData.aspx%3Fq%3Dchile%26d%3DPopDiv%26f%3DvariableID%3A77%3BcrID%3A152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/browse/largest-world.php">"20 Largest Earthquakes in the World"</a>. <i>U.S. Geological Survey</i>. USGS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=20+Largest+Earthquakes+in+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Fbrowse%2Flargest-world.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.populationpyramid.net/migrants/en/chile/2013/">"Migrants: Chile in 2013"</a>. <i>Population Pyramid</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Pyramid&rft.atitle=Migrants%3A+Chile+in+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.populationpyramid.net%2Fmigrants%2Fen%2Fchile%2F2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ring-fire/">"Ring of Fire"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. National Geographic Society. 2015-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Ring+of+Fire&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fring-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"South America:: Chile"</a>. <i>CIA- World Factbook</i>. CIA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA-+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=South+America%3A%3A+Chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"South America:: Chile"</a>. <i>CIA - The World Factbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+-+The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=South+America%3A%3A+Chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chile/Settlement-patterns">"Chile - Settlement patterns"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chile+-+Settlement+patterns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChile%2FSettlement-patterns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-Morales2016" class="citation journal cs1">López-Morales, Ernesto (2016-03-16). "Gentrification in Santiago, Chile: a property-led process of dispossession and exclusion". <i>Urban Geography</i>. <b>37</b> (8): 1109–1131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02723638.2016.1149311">10.1080/02723638.2016.1149311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-3638">0272-3638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155320536">155320536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Geography&rft.atitle=Gentrification+in+Santiago%2C+Chile%3A+a+property-led+process+of+dispossession+and+exclusion&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1109-1131&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155320536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0272-3638&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02723638.2016.1149311&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Morales&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis2018" class="citation news cs1">Margolis, Mac (11 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-06-11/chile-faces-latin-america-s-migrant-future">"Chile Faces Latin America's Migrant Future"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Chile+Faces+Latin+America%27s+Migrant+Future&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Mac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fview%2Farticles%2F2018-06-11%2Fchile-faces-latin-america-s-migrant-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2014" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Thomas M. (2014-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/chile/roadside-shrines">"Pious families sponsor informal shrines to Virgins, Christ, and saints"</a>. <i>Catholics & Cultures</i>. College of the Holy Cross<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholics+%26+Cultures&rft.atitle=Pious+families+sponsor+informal+shrines+to+Virgins%2C+Christ%2C+and+saints&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsandcultures.org%2Fchile%2Froadside-shrines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVis" class="citation web cs1">Vis, Karin-Marijke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075717/http://www.buckettripper.com/joining-chiles-largest-religious-gathering-the-andacollo-festival/">"Joining Chile's Largest Religious Gathering: the Andacollo Festival"</a>. <i>Bucket Tripper</i>. ParalexPro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buckettripper.com/joining-chiles-largest-religious-gathering-the-andacollo-festival/">the original</a> on 28 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bucket+Tripper&rft.atitle=Joining+Chile%27s+Largest+Religious+Gathering%3A+the+Andacollo+Festival&rft.aulast=Vis&rft.aufirst=Karin-Marijke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buckettripper.com%2Fjoining-chiles-largest-religious-gathering-the-andacollo-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandy2014" class="citation web cs1">Landy, Thomas (2014-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/chile-animitas-are-ubiquitous-reminders-tragedy">"Animitas: Roadside Shrines across Chile are ubiquitos reminders of tragedy"</a>. <i>Catholics & Cultures</i>. College of the Holy Cross<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholics+%26+Cultures&rft.atitle=Animitas%3A+Roadside+Shrines+across+Chile+are+ubiquitos+reminders+of+tragedy&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Landy&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsandcultures.org%2Fchile-animitas-are-ubiquitous-reminders-tragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093058/https://www.thisischile.cl/churches-of-chiloe-architectural-wealth-in-the-southernmost-part-of-the-world/?lang=en">"Churches of Chiloe: architectural wealth in the southernmost part of the world"</a>. <i>This is Chile</i>. Creative Commons. 2013-06-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisischile.cl/churches-of-chiloe-architectural-wealth-in-the-southernmost-part-of-the-world/?lang=en">the original</a> on 2018-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+is+Chile&rft.atitle=Churches+of+Chiloe%3A+architectural+wealth+in+the+southernmost+part+of+the+world&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisischile.cl%2Fchurches-of-chiloe-architectural-wealth-in-the-southernmost-part-of-the-world%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1955" class="citation journal cs1">Kiernan, V.G. (February 1955). "Foreign Interests in the War of the Pacific". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>35</b> (1). Duke University Press: 14–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2509249">10.2307/2509249</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2509249">2509249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Foreign+Interests+in+the+War+of+the+Pacific&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-36&rft.date=1955-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2509249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2509249%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santiagotimes.cl/2018/03/19/bolivia-takes-sea-access-dispute-with-chile-to-international-court-of-justice/">"Bolivia Takes Sea Access Dispute with Chile to International Court of Justice"</a>. <i>The Santiago Times</i>. 19 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Santiago+Times&rft.atitle=Bolivia+Takes+Sea+Access+Dispute+with+Chile+to+International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantiagotimes.cl%2F2018%2F03%2F19%2Fbolivia-takes-sea-access-dispute-with-chile-to-international-court-of-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2013" class="citation news cs1">Long, Gideon (2013-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-22287222">"Bolivia-Chile land dispute has deep roots"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bolivia-Chile+land+dispute+has+deep+roots&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-22287222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45708671">"Bolivia Sea Dispute: UN rules in Chile's Favor"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bolivia+Sea+Dispute%3A+UN+rules+in+Chile%27s+Favor&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-45708671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Peter H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801001211/http://blogs.law.unc.edu/ncilj/2014/02/24/chile-peru-and-the-icj-boundary-settlement">"Chile, Peru, and the ICJ Boundary Settlement"</a>. <i>North Carolina Journal of International Law</i>. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.law.unc.edu/ncilj/2014/02/24/chile-peru-and-the-icj-boundary-settlement/">the original</a> on 1 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Chile%2C+Peru%2C+and+the+ICJ+Boundary+Settlement&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.law.unc.edu%2Fncilj%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2Fchile-peru-and-the-icj-boundary-settlement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-the-Pacific">"War of the Pacific"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Pacific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWar-of-the-Pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnefoy2014" class="citation news cs1">Bonnefoy, Pascale (2014-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/28/world/americas/court-grants-peru-ocean-territory-claimed-by-chile.html">"Court Grants Peru Ocean Territory Claimed by Chile"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Grants+Peru+Ocean+Territory+Claimed+by+Chile&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.aulast=Bonnefoy&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcourt-grants-peru-ocean-territory-claimed-by-chile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFendt" class="citation web cs1">Fendt, Lindsay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/20/argentina-revives-long-time-border-dispute-with-chile-in-patagonian-ice-fields">"Argentina revives long time border dispute with Chile in Patagonian ice fields"</a>. <i>Merco Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merco+Press&rft.atitle=Argentina+revives+long+time+border+dispute+with+Chile+in+Patagonian+ice+fields&rft.aulast=Fendt&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2010%2F05%2F20%2Fargentina-revives-long-time-border-dispute-with-chile-in-patagonian-ice-fields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/chile.htm">"Chile - OECD Data"</a>. <i>theOECD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theOECD&rft.atitle=Chile+-+OECD+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Fchile.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406001451/http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/chl/">"Chile (CHL) - Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners"</a>. <i>OEC</i>. Collective Learning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/chl/">the original</a> on 6 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OEC&rft.atitle=Chile+%28CHL%29+-+Exports%2C+Imports%2C+and+Trade+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlas.media.mit.edu%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fcountry%2Fchl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilesi2018" class="citation web cs1">Milesi, Orlando (14 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/08/scientists-warn-imminent-depletion-groundwater-chiles-atacama-desert/">"Scientists Warn of the Imminent Depletion of Ground Water in Chile's Atacama Desert"</a>. <i>Inter Press Service News</i>. Inter Press Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inter+Press+Service+News&rft.atitle=Scientists+Warn+of+the+Imminent+Depletion+of+Ground+Water+in+Chile%27s+Atacama+Desert&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft.aulast=Milesi&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsnews.net%2F2018%2F08%2Fscientists-warn-imminent-depletion-groundwater-chiles-atacama-desert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoller" class="citation web cs1">Voller, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.danwatch.dk/en/undersogelse/avocados-and-stolen-water/">"Avocados and Stolen Water"</a>. <i>Danwatch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Danwatch&rft.atitle=Avocados+and+Stolen+Water&rft.aulast=Voller&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.danwatch.dk%2Fen%2Fundersogelse%2Favocados-and-stolen-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"Geography:: Chile"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. CIA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Geography%3A%3A+Chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2009" class="citation news cs1">Painter, James (2009-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8058080.stm">"Chile Faces Climate Change Challenge"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chile+Faces+Climate+Change+Challenge&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8058080.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"Geography"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326095031/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html">"Land Use %"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. CIA.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Land+Use+%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/">"Africa::Egypt"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. CIA.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa%3A%3AEgypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chile/">"South America:: Chile"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=South+America%3A%3A+Chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta">"Chile Free Trade Agreement"</a>. <i>United States Trade Representative</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Trade+Representative&rft.atitle=Chile+Free+Trade+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fustr.gov%2Ftrade-agreements%2Ffree-trade-agreements%2Fchile-fta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandl2018" class="citation news cs1">Mandl, Carolina (2018-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-chile-trade/brazil-and-chile-set-to-sign-free-trade-deal-by-year-end-idUSKCN1MV0NK">"Brazil and China set to sign free trade deal year-end"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brazil+and+China+set+to+sign+free+trade+deal+year-end&rft.date=2018-10-21&rft.aulast=Mandl&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-brazil-chile-trade%2Fbrazil-and-chile-set-to-sign-free-trade-deal-by-year-end-idUSKCN1MV0NK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2018" class="citation news cs1">McDonald, Tim (2018-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43326314">"Asia-Pacific Trade Deal Signed by 11 Nations"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+Trade+Deal+Signed+by+11+Nations&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-43326314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/cntrystd.cl"><i>Chile: A Country Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.gdc%2Fcntrystd.cl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilean_Navy" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008025907/http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageA.html">"General piloting regulations and information"</a>, <i>Strait of Magellan, Chilean channels and fjords. Regulations and information for piloting routes.</i> (in Spanish), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageA.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+piloting+regulations+and+information&rft.btitle=Strait+of+Magellan%2C+Chilean+channels+and+fjords.+Regulations+and+information+for+piloting+routes.&rft.au=Chilean+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.directemar.cl%2Fpilotaje%2FpageA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilean_Navy" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121124225402/http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageB.html">"Sailing along the Strait of Magellan or Drake Passage"</a>, <i>Strait of Magellan, Chilean channels and fjords. Regulations and information for piloting routes.</i> (in Spanish), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageB.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sailing+along+the+Strait+of+Magellan+or+Drake+Passage&rft.btitle=Strait+of+Magellan%2C+Chilean+channels+and+fjords.+Regulations+and+information+for+piloting+routes.&rft.au=Chilean+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.directemar.cl%2Fpilotaje%2FpageB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilean_Navy" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121126225631/http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageC.html">"Sailing throughout Chilean Straits, Channels and Fjords"</a>, <i>Strait of Magellan, Chilean channels and fjords. Regulations and information for piloting routes.</i> (in Spanish), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.directemar.cl/pilotaje/pageC.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sailing+throughout+Chilean+Straits%2C+Channels+and+Fjords&rft.btitle=Strait+of+Magellan%2C+Chilean+channels+and+fjords.+Regulations+and+information+for+piloting+routes.&rft.au=Chilean+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.directemar.cl%2Fpilotaje%2FpageC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterio_de_Obras_Públicas_de_Chile2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_(Chile)" title="Ministry of Public Works (Chile)">Ministerio de Obras Públicas de Chile</a> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapas.mop.cl/CARTAS%20CAMINERAS.htm">"Maps of all regions of Chile"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dots_per_inch" title="Dots per inch"><i>Cartas camineras 2010 in 200 dpi and 70 dpi resolution available</i></a> (Maps) (in Spanish), Government of Chile, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904060553/http://www.mapas.mop.cl/CARTAS%20CAMINERAS.htm">archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maps+of+all+regions+of+Chile&rft.btitle=Cartas+camineras+2010+in+200+dpi+and+70+dpi+resolution+available&rft.pub=Government+of+Chile&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Ministerio+de+Obras+P%C3%BAblicas+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapas.mop.cl%2FCARTAS%2520CAMINERAS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Hydrographic_Office" title="United States Hydrographic Office">United States Hydrographic Office</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southamericapil01offigoog">South America Pilot</a> (1916)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3968">Geographic Chart of the Kingdom of Chile</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ovalle" title="Alonso de Ovalle">Alonso de Ovalle</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chile_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chile_topics" title="Template:Chile topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chile_topics" title="Template talk:Chile topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chile_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chile topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chile_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chile-related_articles" title="Index of Chile-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chilean_history" title="Timeline of Chilean history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Prehispanic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">ACN</a>–1536 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Chile" title="Discovery of Chile">Spanish Discovery</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1536–1540)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish Conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1540–1600)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Colonial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1600–1810)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1810–1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_the_Chilean_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization of the Chilean Republic (page does not exist)">Republic Organization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823–1831)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republic" title="Conservative Republic">Conservative Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1831–1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republic" title="Liberal Republic">Liberal Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861–1891)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile_during_the_Parliamentary_Era_(1891%E2%80%931925)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)">Parliamentary Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891–1925)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931973)" title="Presidential Republic (1925–1973)">Presidential Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Pinochet Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">Democracy Transition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–Present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banditry_in_Chile" title="Banditry in Chile">Banditry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Chile" title="History of mining in Chile">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Chile" title="Maritime history of Chile">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Chile" title="List of wars involving Chile">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile" title="Coat of arms of Chile"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chile" title="List of cities in Chile">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile" title="List of earthquakes in Chile">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Chile" title="Environmental issues in Chile">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile" title="List of extreme points of Chile">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords,_channels,_sounds_and_straits_of_Chile" title="List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile">Fjords, channels, sounds and straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Chile" title="Geology of Chile">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Chile" title="List of islands of Chile">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Chile" title="List of national parks of Chile">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Chile" title="Natural regions of Chile">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Chile" title="Provinces of Chile">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chile" title="Regions of Chile">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chile" title="List of rivers of Chile">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chile" title="List of lakes of Chile">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Chile" title="List of volcanoes in Chile">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_and_lightvessels_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Chile" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Chile">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chile" title="Foreign relations of Chile">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Chile">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chile" title="List of political parties in Chile">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Chile" title="Ministries of Chile">Ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Chile" title="Law of Chile">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_Code" title="Chilean Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1980" title="Chilean Constitution of 1980">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Chile" title="Constitutional history of Chile">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chile" title="Human rights in Chile">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chile">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Chile" title="Intersex rights in Chile">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chile" title="Supreme Court of Chile">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Chile" title="Constitutional Court of Chile">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_Chile" title="Comptroller General of Chile">Comptroller General of Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Carabineros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Gendarmerie" title="Chilean Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_Police_of_Chile" title="Investigations Police of Chile">Investigations Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chile">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Chile)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Chile)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Chile" title="List of companies of Chile">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chile" title="Energy in Chile">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Stock_Exchange" title="Santiago Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chile" title="Mining in Chile">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chile" title="Tourism in Chile">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chile" title="Transport in Chile">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Chile" title="Category:Society of Chile">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Chile" title="Crime in Chile">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Chile" title="Healthcare in Chile">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Chile" title="Squatting in Chile">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Chile" title="Water supply and sanitation in Chile">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chile" title="Culture of Chile">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Chile" title="Category:Arts in Chile">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beauty_pageants_in_Chile" title="Category:Beauty pageants in Chile">Beauty pageants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_literature" title="Chilean literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_mythology" title="Chilean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Chile" title="List of newspapers in Chile">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Chile" title="Public holidays in Chile">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chile" title="Sport in Chile">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Chile" title="Television in Chile">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chile" title="Outline of Chile">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chile-related_articles" title="Index of Chile-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chile" title="Category:Chile">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chile" title="Portal:Chile">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_South_America" title="Template:Geography of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Geography of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_America" title="Geography of South America">Geography of South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Argentina" title="Geography of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guyana" title="Geography of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Paraguay" title="Geography of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Suriname" title="Geography of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uruguay" title="Geography of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Geography of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_French_Guiana" title="Geography of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&oldid=1259125992">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&oldid=1259125992</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Chile" title="Category:Geography of Chile">Geography of Chile</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2015">Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_May_2015" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from May 2015">Articles that may contain original research from May 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_copy_edit_from_April_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2024">Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_copy_edit" title="Category:All articles needing copy edit">All articles needing copy edit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2018">Articles needing additional references from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from May 2024">Articles needing cleanup from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_sections_that_need_to_be_turned_into_prose_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from May 2024">Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_World_Factbook" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 14:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Chile&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-pk6pm","wgBackendResponseTime":211,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.907","walltime":"1.195","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6272,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":239222,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25272,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":200358,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 984.503 1 -total"," 29.19% 287.425 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.69% 164.315 1 Template:Chile_topics"," 16.48% 162.209 1 Template:Country_topics"," 11.20% 110.282 31 Template:Cite_web"," 9.33% 91.812 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.35% 82.201 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 7.81% 76.855 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.00% 68.942 61 Template:Convert"," 6.70% 65.924 1 Template:Country_geography"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.526","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9034044,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-l5hjl","timestamp":"20241127162140","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Geography of Chile","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geography_of_Chile","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1317938","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1317938","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-23T17:50:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T14:25:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Chile_topo_es.jpg","headline":"physical and political forms of the South American nation."}</script> </body> </html>