CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "online.ucpress.edu",cType: 'managed',cRay: '929359366f0efd9f',cH: 'CmpQOSkwL2PDa2BRSGCdeZ8WNXbJ3JVoS8Y3TzfsUSw-1743460826-1.2.1.1-wn4FgXBvMbe7eP2fAHlzIviytzuJITH7dFfrDcLrYKWDa6_tzTWN0gFlZFvnvxC2',cUPMDTk: "\/hsns\/article\/doi\/10.2307\/27757369\/47967\/William-Thomson-and-the-Mathematization-of?__cf_chl_tk=k.KfZNWOLCh30_YkwqyyF4ObInUmc.FRhXyx2TQshzg-1743460826-1.0.1.1-98kFAUpZzG7e5VWiyhQESHGUQ9KnPNSqxUuYVqBMAtk",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743460826',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/hsns\/article\/doi\/10.2307\/27757369\/47967\/William-Thomson-and-the-Mathematization-of?__cf_chl_f_tk=k.KfZNWOLCh30_YkwqyyF4ObInUmc.FRhXyx2TQshzg-1743460826-1.0.1.1-98kFAUpZzG7e5VWiyhQESHGUQ9KnPNSqxUuYVqBMAtk",md: "x_VHo_yRavJKNgATn52gZvNPGJrIzH3DdlQKLGLmfgY-1743460826-1.2.1.1-RclDFKiEK9vh77Cdv2BtifPO40EdJls9qx6ULa9IG1avYyQ5qsNkgxfzsEBm7G97yNfveZZhxrUjIMTSCeTx_bixmEHpARKRX5uBB3G2UJwDJdxpvxeis9RT1Fp24reU2k..6SVJtwKnmat5tC4vW3x5DFPJmKxZAHAExV0tTR99lvcVZVg2u9NCrwMqr6BXQEnK_WOo405zQ5gSBvEjHBQjniHGmmUjRja2xO7hmUDDku2yHpzVu5alzABoBKd0LYVSgXWNAXyQqXRLECmSL5Cg_9b6tSn5R0fn8hhVca._RUPWl5nB4dmxHl8rjoYxOemCOufHyJpzKLYoE9_1asD01mkyUZbgcWTEXo.UiUq6hA6tZPKRKeAK.PEx1z2UoJj2IDvaX6VAWgPyirXhDucgjFc5bQNESHaXMGa1ELThC2.o5Pwqw0et1lGDqWFSkTqUOpeu0I9SBFPh7lcfDTHKoHcxaCj4zk3UnKzFR4B1AiuB1YSjuEQnvahFB2xzvZIkyrQBAAP1vH0e08wzSZm0aUEuMjQE9kpmoJoOSmU9bGz66ug4qVODrommoHgaiqO0_97gKOiBlmNN.2Qio4O6JMfCnj19iC8rFn1a4GaAoxC2KtTORStAiXQ0zkZ4GcgXElDWDOEVkxEWeBwDyZi0kjZez4Mf3Y.VgTx1SulGJ9xSG3KuXeX00272bn5hXgSbzP1n8yu8oTi8Lw1KmcWploQGmv2YwNmucYWqey6YCmbMDYcKnvb4PvZlC0oImH9CJnV2r3ZbLxp7shMCD3Hw2h7.G5IYp96i2GaF26tFIwxyNSJwia3VnSUQqx7vc2el8HR1YzW5DalZfYkzqOxV3vVjQIT.I6Hgh8ZUd.WoHnKEdRQDT6R75Nlw6FiJI7mT0kU1JXrebORJ9g8ye5Nd7vfv2uvwCnxvJzsqsdRwWyK9oPIaNlf_hJeI0m437wddvhhvRFDDGtxuiXnOwQgOrO9ArzX3B.CjOYyrQXKkfyZPxde9QEGS014pWqBKvNs2H7uQDWNQeDMOtJ3h47wBVMWNXR46pScG2b7eifM13OKIXe.k4jns3xhl.tgSYnm24cn96v5CNRBjZ9jg2pSmXkbBJbX2pKy8Knt7Arevi.6tGXIW5x7VyscbRSh0XdCcvoxWzcZ25m3ZhR0pUKNTPoZfBgRStJNdGG4eKdjERCNfxyqemBRR4j.PbrDMlEHpWuxsXExjFub6TG55AJtQ1bHxnCJMs5nhTHCKlzyoTl9JJ5MqwAUxmdrHWr68gFVp1ACEfUEDA.SNRn1gO82IbrFGOa1i_BotuUZEA7SgkxdbTefcgL7V0EDgqYIfQYJ_8kwbLDzwUTNBAvNKPjZEa_6Z60N7wISKHQAYPhBphdJN.XuVq0PHAJYiCnI.AKFyFiMNvUuiX_QzI4fVVGKTLH3Xy786JKnPOrFXT1Y",mdrd: "A75xGxQ_cMpwiX6AMvRttiZqU.O9yTYSXlNHFEDCIvE-1743460826-1.2.1.1-ZnpchKHWsVmVl9Ah.KA6loWXS7Rwn4Mbi5PyORtS8SbcwtedX46pkvcbeIniCkDVZYF2a4tqHS8km11YCwHj5CIDrIJ1.Y3yP_bliRB0kzkPi6xIdVFlkHdcvL4s8QTlqcY7VSxaaq1X1vK9GZnpb47zQbHauOeLSjK.kLBbzbzjr1J4tAUvtGNDwiPoLoNuPf.C5au11vqakrjUrzSN9rNlkhRJ2VbE.yhzuBoZRq.aUpXewXukHifjefoQTp3s9jk3Gxd2YEcD.OmHY1qGZuCQ.9jdjGIwcaEIp4pMmPJfoPUilKC1hIGTCSnJTt_mpvZjv0ZdYu4j0ryqrtwt8RDv1i4TgIGOn0wHWPlkozAM88T2Bh2AiN3ffn2vFRoX298_klOnjBQ7_RcU8rwfStEwSNbr8OPI.by79gq33MxSRkS2Tq2wZ2RzrSkvBKQ6zQdvYww6qBONGV27xZkyBHjSaXpLuh0VrzGUUUqWi1c3lDQ2RbvlXZrrMnCr2SKcZCFfpQnytNWrQL6zhgXtkaWglePWolzBvWQQH_cgnqymIanFjGkDB9P79ggbQ0rNJuvYNaFSz65qjHtpo4VrOLVNZwxzkqvwNihnLgxBKtfaWtJP7tPm0.T_L0V6qDYj2OnAPTQWnO6NxWLnzZgm9HqoidH1xf3avKuJDZ9TnOtPc4.97FK4w2X9cQPUJB3eepcvfSz2_3diFD7LY_HzEr16z3v6Z_3flpYejdQP._VPN2if7NMxKVrtvlUZeNM2z9hmz2qgb7WpxjJ7GF_pwGQOSsBKOZq4Jh5PcYBAbLQKoG5R_fHLDji89mf_X4um5uya2fqkWF5sj8HSFaf1C0bv_IYeGqnO6Cd9.t4tPyas1PEiAH9WmqhCO6j6pDwqp1Y0ol4qiT6HFes1ajvai8JFjlsYv..QD38j4JvP.VTvpMla_qi9E8CpvZCVzoZaASmIEIzT0XXrbNBSqXNVYCEBcBdq88L79vUzXLuIw86yjnVqvIyMOiGQJGWdBSNXxZ4PtXLmmV5I3Gm2YH.s7FfmMyf2ap7A5UrtyEILwc0w_HJJCFBoTSLpHvoLeTte1Pri.mC_ZEQKaTk5INBx4MfwfPMD2460VJafyN5gmmtAKnKwVqzSUlq3up_NmXIQ489qp2fFbdcUKpjWcTiUlzRa1Aby1fPtnY56l9.zYJCEvWVSMk9zGi6GswVJabOVuFcoEbQ0sunc9A6PpX454aYFMkWhGXShXYy5Dq.0xZCFmmaxxx83b.EmHxU12_dWBXCX9e05JC_bt_M_UU1ktXNhrO3GJIK0KvqNhAWmSwU4tKTpBd52OH0.hkmV9rInvjm7g._0_6CifuriiALd3VUhMbSRBfRsLUaY7lrv2mciUP.GL78UfFV9EigOJJce3oraTmaSpiAEl8vkPPiZikw.08fp2q.P.Cccti9U8Uhqd8uWtwv2WFD85HzpzFTIWcLrDRoaiIiSds.pgeCtWlPEIfqEbrfHKXCd67txysA7Cwd53lOwWuCO3oCklNj.CrIylgd9_HgXLH2rXmDhKuCwBmUeBEXWlP72LS_Engv3XO22q4flvieiTkKwRKCHnEBlegZXzUfXImQyeS_0oJ0q2LcfwiuWiQv3cVpY9YDr76CEp3YxrZ69WfOX..qTHfaKZ49PZvOp7zXzNrFlGvWNVlzdxYH5ghvkwkhjVMDNO39BzgQqr.khUz7FxNIWsf_3n3eGlWMeT18hWCzC67XBVIE72BGlG13uLCxwD8pdV8DTuWMnEJwwuZh_pLd0M1wRgRJCmeVlaGsgqxfML9qsriLc_MsTn7dznN3DNl1VUhBmfsk3d8eTnWHTieiWZQ.gXelqtNL20W8sobeXwEb9bUSWaGgKdcs31GBnf39UEo.op9N1C.5AxKPeRQT6qp1tNmLEHUgTTqQPcYx50oH_5W4WLJRuAjxV1.xeKvQ36XYUHH8Ol3pXv5iYtE._KtcT_KTW.TLyFrCn.WrkVJ71gDhTwAh9Lf6Y5kv_QWtA5TxfAq_bDbYFoTQ.e1VJeX7b7JUsFETnZOf8X3YyVRVbwmX_TMs4WIqaqccb7rQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=929359366f0efd9f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/hsns\/article\/doi\/10.2307\/27757369\/47967\/William-Thomson-and-the-Mathematization-of?__cf_chl_rt_tk=k.KfZNWOLCh30_YkwqyyF4ObInUmc.FRhXyx2TQshzg-1743460826-1.0.1.1-98kFAUpZzG7e5VWiyhQESHGUQ9KnPNSqxUuYVqBMAtk" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>