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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_women's_achievements_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Timeline of women's achievements in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_women's_achievements_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_Indian_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_Indian_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Portrayal in Indian film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_Indian_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Military and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education and economic development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_economic_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education and economic development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workforce_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workforce_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Workforce participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workforce_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_pay_gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_pay_gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Gender pay gap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_pay_gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women-owned_businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women-owned_businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Women-owned businesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-owned_businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_women_in_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_women_in_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Notable women in business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_women_in_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_and_property_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_property_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Land and property rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_property_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimes_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimes_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Crimes against women </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crimes_against_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crimes against women subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crimes_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acid_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Acid attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Child marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Domestic violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dowry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Dowry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_infanticide_and_sex-selective_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_infanticide_and_sex-selective_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_infanticide_and_sex-selective_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honour_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honour_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Honour killings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honour_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Accusations of witchcraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_harassment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_harassment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Sexual harassment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_harassment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.10 Trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislations_to_protect_women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislations_to_protect_women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legislations to protect women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislations_to_protect_women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaf/hard_of_hearing_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaf/hard_of_hearing_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Deaf/hard of hearing women </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaf/hard_of_hearing_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Deaf/hard of hearing women subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Deaf/hard_of_hearing_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_during_COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_during_COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Education during COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_during_COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_Deaf_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_Deaf_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Violence against Deaf women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_Deaf_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delhi_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.1 Delhi Foundation of Deaf Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_India_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_India_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3.2 All India Foundation of Deaf Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_India_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_Opportunities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_Opportunities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Career Opportunities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_Opportunities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Other concerns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other concerns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Participation_of_women_in_social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation_of_women_in_social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Participation of women in social life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participation_of_women_in_social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Family planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_from_lower_castes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_from_lower_castes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Women from lower castes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_from_lower_castes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Sex ratios </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Women in India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="المرأة في الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرأة في الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ভাৰতৰ নাৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ নাৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="ভারতে নারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতে নারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="زنان در هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_des_femmes_en_Inde" title="Condition des femmes en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Condition des femmes en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%93" title="ભારતમાં મહિલાઓ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતમાં મહિલાઓ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="भारत में महिलाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में महिलाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDene_u_Indiji" title="Žene u Indiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žene u Indiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanita_di_India" title="Wanita di India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wanita di India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condizione_della_donna_in_India" title="Condizione della donna in India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Condizione della donna in India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4" title="ಮಹಿಳೆ ಮತ್ತು ಭಾರತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಿಳೆ ಮತ್ತು ಭಾರತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്ത്യയിലെ സ്ത്രീകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യയിലെ സ്ത്രീകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="भारतमा महिलाहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतमा महिलाहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ମହିଳା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ମହିଳା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a 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Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژن لە ھیندستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiset_Intiassa" title="Naiset Intiassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naiset Intiassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தியாவில் பெண்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவில் பெண்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Women in India</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_harvesting_wheat,_Raisen_district,_Madhya_Pradesh,_India_ggia_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg/220px-Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg/330px-Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg/440px-Woman_harvesting_wheat%2C_Raisen_district%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India_ggia_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="2472" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A woman harvesting wheat in <a href="/wiki/Raisen_district" title="Raisen district">Raisen district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal mortality</a> (per 100,000)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">112</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">14.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women over 25 with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">41.8% [M: 53.6%]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Women in labour force</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">27.2% [M: 78.8%]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Inequality_Index" title="Gender Inequality Index">Gender Inequality Index</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.490 (2021)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">122nd out of 191</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report"> Global Gender Gap Index</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Value</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">0.629 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap;">135th out of 146</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Zoroastrianism" title="Women in Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_the_video_game_industry" title="List of women in the video game industry">Women in the video game industry</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a> </li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Timor-Leste" title="Women in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The status of women in India has been subject to many changes over the time of recorded India's history.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-3">[3]</a> Their position in society underwent significant changes during India's ancient period, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan speaking</a> regions,<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-20-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-90-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-RamusackSievers1999-8">[6]</a> and their subordination continued to be reified well into India's early modern period.<a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ludden2013-101-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-20-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-90-6">[5]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British East India Company rule</a> (1757–1857), and the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (1858–1947), measures affecting women's status, including reforms initiated by Indian reformers and colonial authorities, were enacted, including <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sati_Regulation,_1829" title="Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829">Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Widows%27_Remarriage_Act,_1856" title="Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856">Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_Infanticide_Prevention_Act,_1870" title="Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870">Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Consent_Act,_1891" title="Age of Consent Act, 1891">Age of Consent Act, 1891</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian constitution">Indian constitution</a> prohibits discrimination based on <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a> and empowers the government to undertake special measures for them.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> Women's rights under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> mainly include equality, dignity, and freedom from discrimination; additionally, India has various statutes governing the rights of women.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> Several women have served in various senior official positions in the Indian government, including that of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_indian_Lok_Sabha_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indian Lok Sabha speakers">Speaker of the Lok Sabha</a>. However, many women in India continue to face significant difficulties. The rates of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">malnutrition</a> are high among adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women in India, with repercussions for <a href="/wiki/Children_and_adolescents_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Children and adolescents in India">children</a>'s health.<a href="#cite_note-16">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-NarayanJohn2018-15">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source does not claim that malnutrition rates among women are significantly higher than those among men. Since malnutrition is not exclusively a women's issue, this excerpt would be more appropriately placed in the Malnutrition in India article. (January 2025)">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_India" title="Violence against women in India">Violence against women</a>, especially sexual violence, is a serious concern in India.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2019-17">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_India_during_British_rule">Women in India during British rule</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Women in India during British rule">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of women in the Indian subcontinent">History of women in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A little Mussulman girl, Calcutta, 1844 lithograph of a Muslim girl in India wearing Pyjamas and kurta; drawn by Emily Eden, sister of the Governor-General of India, George Eden"><img alt="A little Mussulman girl, Calcutta, 1844 lithograph of a Muslim girl in India wearing Pyjamas and kurta; drawn by Emily Eden, sister of the Governor-General of India, George Eden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg/130px-Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg/196px-Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg/261px-Muslim_girl_india1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="644" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A little Mussulman girl, Calcutta, 1844 lithograph of a Muslim girl in India wearing <a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pyjamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a>; drawn by Emily Eden, sister of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">George Eden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women and children bathing and collecting water at a ghat in Banaras (Varanasi), the holy Hindu city on the banks of the Ganges river in northern India, 1885"><img alt="Women and children bathing and collecting water at a ghat in Banaras (Varanasi), the holy Hindu city on the banks of the Ganges river in northern India, 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg/180px-BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg/270px-BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg/360px-BathingGhatBanares1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="558" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women and <a href="/wiki/Children_and_adolescents_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Children and adolescents in India">children</a> bathing and collecting water at a <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghat</a> in Banaras (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>), the holy <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> city on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river in northern India, 1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anandibai Joshi MD Class of 1886, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania"><img alt="Anandibai Joshi MD Class of 1886, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg/118px-Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg/177px-Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg/236px-Anandibai_gopalrao_joshi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="639" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anandibai_Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandibai Joshi">Anandibai Joshi</a> MD Class of 1886, Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pandita Ramabai Saraswati"><img alt="Pandita Ramabai Saraswati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg/131px-Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg/196px-Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg/262px-Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1545" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a> Saraswati</div> </li> </ul> During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, many reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a> fought for the betterment of women. <a href="/wiki/Peary_Charan_Sarkar" title="Peary Charan Sarkar">Peary Charan Sarkar</a>, a former student of Hindu College, Calcutta and a member of "Young Bengal", set up the first free school for girls in India in 1847 in Barasat, a suburb of Calcutta (later the school was named Kalikrishna Girls' High School). While this might suggest that there was no positive British contribution during the Raj era, that is not entirely the case. Missionaries' wives such as Martha Mault née Mead and her daughter Eliza Caldwell née Mault are rightly remembered for pioneering the education and training of girls in south India. This practice was initially met with local resistance, as it flew in the face of tradition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Raja Rammohan Roy's efforts led to the abolition of Sati under <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">William Cavendish-Bentinck</a> in 1829. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for improvement in the situation of widows led to the <a href="/wiki/Widow_Remarriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Widow Remarriage Act">Widow Remarriage Act</a> of 1856. Many women reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a> also helped the cause of women. <a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a>, queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka,<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">Doctrine of lapse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rani_Lakshmi_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Lakshmi Bai">Rani Lakshmi Bai</a>, the Queen of <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, led the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> against the British. Rani Lakshmi Bai is celebrated in historical accounts and popular culture as a symbol of resistance[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a>, the co-ruler of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, was another ruler who led the revolt of 1857. She refused deals with the British and later retreated to Nepal. The <a href="/wiki/Begum_of_Bhopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Begum of Bhopal">Begums of Bhopal</a> were also considered notable female rulers during this period. They were trained in <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial arts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chandramukhi_Basu" title="Chandramukhi Basu">Chandramukhi Basu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anandi_Gopal_Joshi" title="Anandi Gopal Joshi">Anandi Gopal Joshi</a> were some of the earliest Indian women to obtain a degree. In 1917, the first women's delegation met the Secretary of State to demand women's political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress. The All India Women's Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927, it became a major organisation in the movement for social change.<a href="#cite_note-infochange_women-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as the minimum age of marriage for a girl.<a href="#cite_note-infochange_women-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, himself a victim of <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> at the age of thirteen, later urged people to boycott child marriages and called upon young men to marry child widows.<a href="#cite_note-kamat_gandhi_status-22">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_India">Independent India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independent India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png/220px-Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png/330px-Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png/440px-Unsafe_areas_for_women_in_india.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Female Safety Index per state according to the Tata Strategic Management Group. Light green indicates greatest safety; yellow, medium safety and light red, least safety.</figcaption></figure> Women in India have made significant strides in participation across areas such as education, sports, politics, and media, though challenges remain. <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> for an aggregate period of fifteen years, is the world's longest serving female prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14),<a href="#cite_note-Into_Legal_World-24">[19]</a> no discrimination by the State (Article 15(1)),<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> equality of opportunity (Article 16),<a href="#cite_note-Into_Legal_World-24">[19]</a> equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and Article 42.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Into_Legal_World-24">[19]</a> In addition, it allows special provisions to be made by the State in favour of women and children (Article 15(3)), renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A) (e)), and also allows for provisions to be made by the State for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. (Article 42).<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">Feminist activism in India</a> gained momentum in the late 1970s. One of the first national-level issues that brought women's groups together was the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_rape_case" title="Mathura rape case">Mathura rape case</a>. The acquittal of policemen accused of raping a young girl Mathura in a police station led to country-wide protests in 1979–1980. The protest, widely covered by the national media, forced the Government to amend the Evidence Act, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Indian Penal Code; and created a new offence, custodial rape.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Since alcoholism is often associated with violence against women in India,<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> many women groups launched anti-liquor campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and other states.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Many Indian Muslim women have questioned the fundamental leaders' interpretation of women's rights under the Shariat law and have criticised the <a href="/wiki/Triple_talaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple talaq">triple talaq</a> system (see below about 2017).<a href="#cite_note-infochange_women-19">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Roy" title="Mary Roy">Mary Roy</a> won a lawsuit in 1986, against the inheritance legislation of her <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Keralite</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Malabar_Nasrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Malabar Nasrani">Syrian Christian</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a>. The judgement ensured equal rights for Syrian Christian women with their male siblings in regard to their ancestral property.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> Until then, her Syrian Christian community followed the provisions of the Travancore Succession Act of 1916 and the Cochin Succession Act, 1921, while elsewhere in India the same community followed the Indian Succession Act of 1925.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> In the 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women-oriented NGOs. Self-help groups and NGOs such as <a href="/wiki/SEWA" class="mw-redirect" title="SEWA">Self Employed Women's Association</a> (SEWA) have played a major role in the advancement of women's rights in India. Many women have emerged as leaders of local movements; for example, <a href="/wiki/Medha_Patkar" title="Medha Patkar">Medha Patkar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_Bachao_Andolan" title="Narmada Bachao Andolan">Narmada Bachao Andolan</a>. In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted the entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from <a href="/wiki/Sabarimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala</a> Shrine, as they were of the menstruating age. However, on 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on the entry of women. It said that discrimination against women on any grounds, even religious, is unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-auto-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-33">[28]</a> The Government of India declared 2001 as the Year of Women's Empowerment (Swashakti).<a href="#cite_note-infochange_women-19">[14]</a> The National Policy For The Empowerment Of Women was passed that same year.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> In 2006, the case of <a href="/wiki/Imrana_rape_case" title="Imrana rape case">Imrana</a>, a Muslim rape victim, was highlighted by the media. Imrana was raped by her father-in-law. The pronouncement of some Muslim clerics that Imrana should marry her father-in-law led to widespread protests, and finally Imrana's father-in-law was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The verdict was welcomed by many women's groups and the All India Muslim Personal Law Board.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> According to a 2011 poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>, India was the "fourth most dangerous country" in the world for women,<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> India was also noted as the worst country for women among the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> countries,<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-38">[33]</a> however, this report has faced criticism for promoting inaccurate perceptions.<a href="#cite_note-femcrit-39">[34]</a> On 9 March 2010, one day after International Women's day, Rajya Sabha passed the Women's Reservation Bill requiring that 33% of seats in India's Parliament and state legislative bodies be reserved for women.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-3">[3]</a> In October 2017 another poll published by Thomson Reuters Foundation found that Delhi was the fourth most dangerous <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> (total 40 in the world) for women and it was also the worst megacity in the world for women when it came to sexual violence, risk of rape and harassment.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Harassment_of_Women_at_Workplace_(Prevention,_Prohibition_and_Redressal)_Act,_2013" title="Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013">Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013</a> is a legislative act in India that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013. The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_Act,_2013" title="Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013">Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013</a> introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offence under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a> and sexual acts by person in authority an offense. It also made acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which could extend to life imprisonment and with fine.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> In 2014, an Indian family court in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> ruled that a husband objecting to his wife wearing a <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">kurta</a> and jeans and forcing her to wear a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> amounts to cruelty inflicted by the husband and can be a ground to seek divorce.<a href="#cite_note-gulfnews1-42">[37]</a> The wife was thus granted a divorce on the ground of cruelty as defined under section 27(1)(d) of Special Marriage Act, 1954.<a href="#cite_note-gulfnews1-42">[37]</a> On 22 August 2017, the Indian Supreme Court deemed instant <a href="/wiki/Triple_talaq_in_India" title="Triple talaq in India">triple talaq</a> (talaq-e-biddat) unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> A 2018 poll by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a> termed India as the world's most dangerous country for women.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Women" title="National Commission for Women">National Commission for Women</a><a href="#cite_note-ZEE-46">[41]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Developing_Societies" title="Centre for the Study of Developing Societies">Centre for the Study of Developing Societies</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> rejected the survey for its methodology and lack of transparency.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> Also in 2018, the Supreme Court of India struck down a law making it a crime for a man to have sex with a married woman without the permission of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Prior to November 2018, women were forbidden to climb <a href="/wiki/Agasthyarkoodam" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthyarkoodam">Agasthyarkoodam</a>. A court ruling removed the prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Regan-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_women's_achievements_in_India">Timeline of women's achievements in India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline of women's achievements in India">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukhmabai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rukhmabai.jpg/170px-Rukhmabai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rukhmabai.jpg/255px-Rukhmabai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Rukhmabai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rukhmabai" title="Rukhmabai">Rukhmabai</a>, the second practising female physician in India, the publicity around whose child marriage and subsequent dissolution led to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Consent_Act,_1891" title="Age of Consent Act, 1891">Age of Consent Act, 1891</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarla_Thakral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarla_Thakral.jpg/200px-Sarla_Thakral.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarla_Thakral.jpg/300px-Sarla_Thakral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sarla_Thakral.jpg/400px-Sarla_Thakral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Thakral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarla Thakral">Sarla Thakral</a> became the first Indian woman to fly an aircraft in 1936.</figcaption></figure> The steady change in the position of women can be highlighted by looking at what has been achieved by women in the country: <ul><li>1848: <a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a>, along with her husband <a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a>, opened a school for girls in Pune, India. Savitribai Phule became the first woman teacher in India.</li> <li>1879: <a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_Drinkwater_Bethune" title="John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune">John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune</a> established the Bethune School in 1849, which developed into the <a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a> in 1879, thus becoming the first women's college in India.</li> <li>1883: <a href="/wiki/Chandramukhi_Basu" title="Chandramukhi Basu">Chandramukhi Basu</a> and Kadambini Ganguly became the first female graduates of India and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.</li> <li>1886: <a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anandi_Gopal_Joshi" title="Anandi Gopal Joshi">Anandi Gopal Joshi</a> became the first women from India to be trained in <a href="/wiki/Western_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western medicine">Western medicine</a>.</li> <li>1898: <a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a> Girls' School was inaugurated</li> <li>1905: Suzanne RD <a href="/wiki/Tata_family" title="Tata family">Tata</a> becomes the first Indian woman to drive a car.<a href="#cite_note-Mumbai_Police_History-51">[46]</a></li> <li>1916: The first women's university, <a href="/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University" title="SNDT Women's University">SNDT Women's University</a>, was founded on 2 June 1916 by the <a href="/wiki/Social_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reformer">social reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> with just five students.</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> became the first female president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.</li> <li>1919: For her distinguished social service, <a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a> became the first Indian woman to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind_Medal" title="Kaisar-i-Hind Medal">Kaisar-i-Hind Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> became the first Indian born female president of the Indian National Congress.</li> <li>1927: The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Women%27s_Conference" title="All India Women's Conference">All India Women's Conference</a> was founded.</li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Sarla_Thakral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarla Thakral">Sarla Thakral</a> became the first Indian woman to fly an aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Asima_Chatterjee" title="Asima Chatterjee">Asima Chatterjee</a> became the first Indian woman to be conferred the <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Science">Doctorate of Science</a> by an Indian university.</li> <li>1947: On 15 August 1947, following independence, Sarojini Naidu became the governor of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>, and in the process became India's first woman governor. On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a> assumed office as the first female Cabinet minister of India in the country's <a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">first cabinet</a>.</li> <li>Post independence:<a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a> was the first ever woman in Indian History to be nominated a Rajya Sabha member. She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style, prevalent amongst the temple dancers, Devadasis. She also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts.</li> <li>1951: Prem Mathur of the Deccan Airways becomes the first Indian woman commercial pilot.</li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a> became the first woman (and first Indian) president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Anna_Chandy" title="Anna Chandy">Anna Chandy</a> becomes the first Indian woman judge of a High Court (Kerala High Court)<a href="#cite_note-highcourtofkerala.nic.in-55">[50]</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Sucheta_Kriplani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucheta Kriplani">Sucheta Kriplani</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh">Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh</a>, the first woman to hold that position in any Indian state.</li> <li>1966: Captain Durga Banerjee becomes the first Indian woman pilot of the state airline, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines" title="Indian Airlines">Indian Airlines</a>.</li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a> wins <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Magsaysay award">Ramon Magsaysay award</a> for community leadership.</li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> becomes the first woman <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Kamaljit_Sandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamaljit Sandhu">Kamaljit Sandhu</a> becomes the first Indian woman to win a Gold in the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Bedi" title="Kiran Bedi">Kiran Bedi</a> becomes the first female recruit to join the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-un.org-56">[51]</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Sri_Prakash" title="Sheila Sri Prakash">Sheila Sri Prakash</a> becomes the first female entrepreneur to independently start an <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> firm</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, becoming the first Indian female citizen to do so.</li> <li>1984: On 23 May, <a href="/wiki/Bachendri_Pal" title="Bachendri Pal">Bachendri Pal</a> became the first Indian woman to climb <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>.</li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Surekha_Yadav" title="Surekha Yadav">Surekha Yadav</a> became the first Asian woman loco-pilot or railway driver.</li> <li>1989: Justice <a href="/wiki/M._Fathima_Beevi" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Fathima Beevi">M. Fathima Beevi</a> becomes the first woman judge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-highcourtofkerala.nic.in-55">[50]</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_M._Kazi" title="Mumtaz M. Kazi">Mumtaz M. Kazi</a> became the first Asian woman to drive a diesel locomotive in September.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Asha_Sinha" title="Asha Sinha">Asha Sinha</a> becomes the First Woman Commandant in the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces of India</a> when she was appointed Commandant,<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazagon_Dock_Shipbuilders_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited">Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited</a>.</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Priya_Jhingan" title="Priya Jhingan">Priya Jhingan</a> becomes the first lady cadet to join the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> (later commissioned on 6 March 1993)<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a></li> <li>1999: On 31 October, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leader of the Opposition (India)</a>.</li> <li>The first Indian woman to win an Olympic Medal, <a href="/wiki/Karnam_Malleswari" title="Karnam Malleswari">Karnam Malleswari</a>, a bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">Sydney Olympics</a> in the 69 kg weight category in Weightlifting event.</li> <li>2007: On 25 July, <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Patil" title="Pratibha Patil">Pratibha Patil</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>.</li> <li>2009: On 4 June, <a href="/wiki/Meira_Kumar" title="Meira Kumar">Meira Kumar</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_Lok_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of Lok Sabha">Speaker of Lok Sabha</a>.</li> <li>2011: On 20 October, Priyanka N. drove the inaugural train of the <a href="/wiki/Namma_Metro" title="Namma Metro">Namma Metro</a> becoming the first female Indian metro pilot.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a></li> <li>2011:<a href="/wiki/Mitali_Madhumita" title="Mitali Madhumita">Mitali Madhumita</a> made history by becoming the first woman officer to win a Sena Medal for gallantry.</li> <li>2014: A record 7 female ministers are appointed in the <a href="/wiki/First_Modi_ministry" title="First Modi ministry">Modi ministry</a>, of whom 6 hold Cabinet rank, the highest number of female Cabinet ministers in any <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> in history. Ministries such as Defence and External Affairs are being held by Women Ministers.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a>, became the first woman chief minister in India to rule the state consecutively 2 times by winning legislative assembly election.</li> <li>2017: On 25 March, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tanushree_Pareek-62">[57]</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Archana_Ramasundaram" title="Archana Ramasundaram">Archana Ramasundaram</a> of 1980 Batch became the first Woman to become the <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of Police">Director General of Police</a> of a Paramilitary Force as DG, <a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal</a>.</li> <li>2018: In February, 24 year old Flying Officer Avani Chaturvedi of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> became the first Indian female fighter pilot to fly solo. She flew a MiG-21 Bison, a jet aircraft with the highest recorded landing and take-off speed in the world.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a></li> <li>2019: On 2 December 2019, sub-lieutenant Shivangi became the first woman pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a></li> <li>2021:A twenty-seven-year-old woman from Manipur scripted history by winning the silver medal in the Women's 49 kg Weightlifting event at the Tokyo Olympics in 2021. Mirabai Chanu lifted a total of 202 kilograms.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women's political participation in India</a></div> India has one of the highest number of female politicians in the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Women have held high offices in India including that of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of India">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of India">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_indian_Lok_Sabha_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indian Lok Sabha speakers">Speaker of the Lok Sabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leader of the Opposition</a>.The Indian states <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-65">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> have implemented 50% reservation for women in PRIs.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> Majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women. In 2015, 100% of elected members in <a href="/wiki/Kodassery" title="Kodassery">Kodassery</a> Panchayat in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> are women.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> There are currently <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Indian_chief_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female Indian chief ministers">16 female chief ministers</a> in India as of 2020. As of 2018, 12 out of 29 states and the union territory of Delhi have had at least one female Chief Minister. Currently there are 81 women members and 458 male members in the Indian Parliament which equals 15.3% and 84.97% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Family relations play a significant role in shaping women's status in India, influenced by cultural and regional variations. In India, the family is seen as crucially important, and in most of the country, the family unit is <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a>. Families are usually multi-generational, with the bride moving to live with the in-laws. Families are usually hierarchical, with the elders having authority over the younger generations and men over women. The vast majority of marriages are <a href="/wiki/Monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous">monogamous</a> (one husband and one wife), but both <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">polyandry in India</a> have a tradition among some populations in India.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_India" title="Weddings in India">Weddings in India</a> can be quite expensive. Most marriages in India <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent">are arranged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> With regard to dress, a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> (a long piece of fabric draped around the body) and <a href="/wiki/Salwar_kameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar kameez">salwar kameez</a> are worn by women all over India. A <a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">bindi</a> is part of a woman's make-up. Despite common belief, the bindi on the forehead does not signify marital status; however, the <a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">Sindoor</a> does.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangoli" title="Rangoli">Rangoli</a> (or Kolam) is a traditional art very popular among Indian women. In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_High_Court" title="Kerala High Court">Kerala High Court</a> restricted entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 from <a href="/wiki/Sabarimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala</a> Shrine as they were of the menstruating age. On 28 September 2018, the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on the entry of women. It said that discrimination against women on any grounds, even religious, is unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-auto-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-33">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal_in_Indian_film">Portrayal in Indian film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Portrayal in Indian film">edit</a>]</div> Over time, the Hindi film industry has evolved to portray women as independent and capable, reflecting changing societal norms, thus offering audiences a vision of gender equality. Historically, women in India have faced legal restrictions that limited their participation in various activities, and these limitations have raised concerns about the cultural practices and values of the country. Previously, these women could not apply simple and natural makeup on film characters because the law did not allow them to do it although the status quo has changed.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Along with the media, the Indian film industry has played an important role in driving changes in the law and improving the lives of women in India; it has sent messages to its audiences that challenge the restrictive nature of society, promoting the idea that women should have the freedom to make their own choices and live their lives on their own terms.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The portrayal of women in <a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema</a> (Bollywood) has shifted over time as social norms have changed, and to include diverse representations.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a>, or DDLJ for short, is a 1995 Bollywood film whose main female character, Simran, represented the ideal Indian woman. The film depicts her as a modest, reserved, and respectful female who remains dutiful to her family and never compromises her "purity". Yet, at the same time Simran was discouraged by her father from having a relationship with a man before marriage, especially one he did not know and of whom he did not approve. This film illustrates how women who seek romance for themselves are villainized.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> In contrast, films such as the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna</a> and 2022 <a href="/wiki/Gehraiyaan" title="Gehraiyaan">Gehraiyaan</a> explore more nonconforming female characters. In Gehraiyaan, the main characters struggle with mental illnesses, partake in infidelity, and come from broken families. The overall presence of such characters highlight how the modern Indian woman is less bound to traditional expectations and overall have been entering the workforce, been financially independent, and even sexually freed from earlier standards.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Other films with nonconforming female characters include: <a href="/wiki/Dangal_(2016_film)" title="Dangal (2016 film)">the 2016 film Dangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mili_(2022_film)" title="Mili (2022 film)">the 2022 film Mili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raazi" title="Raazi">the 2018 film Raazi</a>, and more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_and_law_enforcement">Military and law enforcement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military and law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Indian Armed Forces">Women in Indian Armed Forces</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A female officer in the Indian Army briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015."><img alt="A female officer in the Indian Army briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg/200px-Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg/300px-Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg/400px-Indian_army_lady_officer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="820" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A female officer in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> briefing Russian soldiers during a joint exercise in 2015.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women of the Border Security Force at the Indian Pakistan border."><img alt="Women of the Border Security Force at the Indian Pakistan border." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg/156px-Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg/234px-Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg/312px-Women_personnel_of_India%27s_Border_Security_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="845" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Women of the <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> at the Indian Pakistan border.</div> </li> </ul> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> began recruiting women to non-medical positions in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> began inducting women officers in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> The Border Security Force (BSF) began recruiting female officers in 2013. On 25 March 2017, Tanushree Pareek became the first female combat officer commissioned by the BSF.<a href="#cite_note-Tanushree_Pareek-62">[57]</a> On 24 October 2015, the Indian government announced that women could serve as fighter pilots in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> (IAF), having previously only been permitted to fly transport aircraft and helicopters. The decision means that women are now eligible for induction in any role in the IAF.<a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia-81">[76]</a> In 2016, India announced a decision to allow women to take up combat roles in all sections of its army and navy.<a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia-81">[76]</a> As of 2014, women made up 3% of Indian Army personnel, 2.8% of Navy personnel, and 8.5% of Air Force personnel.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> As of 2016, women accounted for 5% of all active and reserve Indian Armed forces personnel.<a href="#cite_note-channelnewsasia-81">[76]</a> In 1972 <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Bedi" title="Kiran Bedi">Kiran Bedi</a> became the First Lady <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a> Officer and was the only woman in a batch of 80 IPS Officers, she joined the AGMUT Cadre. In 1992 <a href="/wiki/Asha_Sinha" title="Asha Sinha">Asha Sinha</a> a 1982 Batch IPS Officer became the First Woman Commandant in the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces of India</a> when she was posted as Commandant, <a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazagon_Dock_Shipbuilders_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited">Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanchan_Chaudhary_Bhattacharya" title="Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya">Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya</a> the second Lady IPS Officer of India belonging to the 1973 Batch became the first Lady <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of Police">Director General of Police</a> of a State in India when she was appointed DGP of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Uttarakhand Police</a>. In 2018 an IPS Officer Archana Ramasundram of 1980 Batch became the first Woman to become the <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Director General of Police">Director General of Police</a> of a Paramilitary Force as DG, <a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal</a>. In March 2018, Delhi Police announced that it would begin to induct women into its SWAT team.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> On February 17, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> said that women <a href="/wiki/Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers">officers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> can get command positions at par with male officers. The court said that the government's arguments against it were discriminatory, disturbing and based on stereotype. The court also said that permanent commission to all women officers should be made available regardless of their years of service.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> The government had earlier said that women commanders would not be acceptable to some troops.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_economic_development">Education and economic development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education and economic development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_female_education_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of female education in India">History of female education in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/India_School.jpg/220px-India_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/India_School.jpg/330px-India_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/India_School.jpg/440px-India_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Women attend an adult literacy class in <a href="/wiki/Thiruputkuzhi" title="Thiruputkuzhi">Thiruputkuzhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> state. The overall female literacy rate in the state in 2011 was 73.44%.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> In the previous decade, it increased by 9%.<a href="#cite_note-Spary2019-87">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Though it is sharply increasing,<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> the female literacy rate in India is less than the male literacy rate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-89">[84]</a> Far fewer girls than boys are enrolled in school, and many girls drop out.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> In urban India, girls are nearly on a par with boys in terms of education. However, in rural India, girls continue to be less educated than boys. According to the National Sample Survey Data of 1997, only the states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> have approached universal female literacy. According to scholars, the major factor behind improvements in the social and economic status of women in Kerala is literacy.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Under the Non-Formal Education programme (NFE), about 40% of the NFE centres in states and 10% of the centres in <a href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">UTs</a> are exclusively <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reserved</a> for women. As of 2000, about 300,000 NFE centres were catering to about 7.42 million children. About 120,000 NFE centres were exclusively for girls.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> According to a 1998 report by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the chief barriers to <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">female education</a> in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias in the curriculum (female characters being depicted as weak and helpless).<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> is lower for women compared to men: the literacy rate is 60.6% for women, while for men it is 81.3%. The 2011 census, however, indicated a 2001–2011 decadal literacy growth of 9.2%, which is slower than the growth seen during the previous decade. There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were 82.14% for men and 65.46% for women. (population aged 15 or older, data from 2015).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Factbook-93">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workforce_participation">Workforce participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Workforce participation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adhar_process.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Adhar_process.JPG/220px-Adhar_process.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Adhar_process.JPG/330px-Adhar_process.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Adhar_process.JPG/440px-Adhar_process.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A woman working at an <a href="/wiki/Aadhaar" title="Aadhaar">Aadhaar</a> center in India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FarmWorker.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/FarmWorker.JPG/220px-FarmWorker.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/FarmWorker.JPG/330px-FarmWorker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/FarmWorker.JPG/440px-FarmWorker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A farm worker selling <a href="/wiki/Eggplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggplants">eggplants</a> in Gujarat</figcaption></figure> Contrary to common perception, a large percentage of women in India are actively engaged in traditional and non-traditional work.<a href="#cite_note-kamat_faq-94">[89]</a> Despite the large number of women involved in the workforce, the country has a female labor force participation rate of just 23%.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> National data collection agencies accept that statistics seriously understate women's contribution as workers.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Reasons for these misleading statistics can be attributed to cultural biases and expectations about women's roles in society.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Additionally, more Indian women are employed in the informal economy than their male counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> However, there are far fewer women than men in the paid workforce. In urban India, women's workforce participation has increased, particularly in industries such as technology and services. For example, in the software industry 30% of the workforce is female.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> These high numbers are also due to the fact that 81% of the urban female workforce is employed in the informal sector.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> Studies have shown that higher education levels lead to higher income for urban-dwelling women.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> In rural India in the agriculture and allied industrial sectors, women account for as much as 89.5% of the labour force.<a href="#cite_note-fao_sd_india-102">[97]</a> In overall farm production, women's average contribution is estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour. According to a 1991 World Bank report, women accounted for 94% of total employment in dairy production in India. Women constitute 51% of the total employed in forest-based small-scale enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-fao_sd_india-102">[97]</a> India is ahead of the world average on women in senior management.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramdei,_a_resident_of_Nadli,_Kangra_district,_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ramdei%2C_a_resident_of_Nadli%2C_Kangra_district%2C_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg/220px-Ramdei%2C_a_resident_of_Nadli%2C_Kangra_district%2C_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ramdei%2C_a_resident_of_Nadli%2C_Kangra_district%2C_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg/330px-Ramdei%2C_a_resident_of_Nadli%2C_Kangra_district%2C_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ramdei%2C_a_resident_of_Nadli%2C_Kangra_district%2C_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg/440px-Ramdei%2C_a_resident_of_Nadli%2C_Kangra_district%2C_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7260" data-file-height="4847" /></a><figcaption>Ramdei, a resident of Nadli, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, making leaf plates</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_pay_gap">Gender pay gap</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gender pay gap">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, a study by Monster Salary Index (MSI) showed the overall <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_India" title="Gender pay gap in India">gender pay gap in India</a> was 20 percent. It found that the gap was narrower in the early years of experience.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> While men with 0–2 years of experience earned 7.8 percent higher median wages than women, in the experience group of 6–10 years of experience, the pay gap was 15.3 percent. The pay gap becomes wider at senior level positions as the men with 11 and more years of tenure earned 25 percent higher median wages than women. Based on the educational background, men with a bachelor's degree earned on average 16 percent higher median wages than women in years 2015, 2016 and 2017, while master's degree holders experience even higher pay gap. Men with a four- or five-year degree or the equivalent of a master's degree have on average earned 33.7 percent higher median wages than women. India passed the Equal Remuneration Act in 1976, which prohibits discrimination in remuneration on grounds of sex. But in practice, the pay disparity still exists and is one of many lingering forms of gender inequality in the Indian workforce.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women-owned_businesses">Women-owned businesses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Women-owned businesses">edit</a>]</div> One of the most famous female business success stories, from the rural sector, is the <a href="/wiki/Shri_Mahila_Griha_Udyog_Lijjat_Papad" title="Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad">Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad</a>. Started in 1959 by seven women in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> with a seed capital of only <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Rs.</a>80, it had an annual turnover of more than Rs. 800 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (over $109 million) in 2018. It provides employment to 43,000 (in 2018) women across the country.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> One of the largest dairy co-operatives in the world, <a href="/wiki/Amul" title="Amul">Amul</a>, began by mobilizing rural women in <a href="/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat" title="Anand, Gujarat">Anand</a> in the western state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_women_in_business">Notable women in business</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable women in business">edit</a>]</div> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Mazumdar-Shaw" title="Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw">Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw</a>, who founded Biocon, one of India's first biotech companies, was rated India's richest woman. <a href="/wiki/Lalita_D._Gupte" title="Lalita D. Gupte">Lalita D. Gupte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalpana_Morparia" title="Kalpana Morparia">Kalpana Morparia</a> were the only businesswomen in India who made the list of the Forbes World's Most Powerful Women in 2006. Gupte ran <a href="/wiki/ICICI_Bank" title="ICICI Bank">ICICI Bank</a>, India's second-largest bank, until October 2006<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> and Morparia is CEO of JP Morgan India.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Shaw remained the richest self-made woman in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> coming in at 72nd place in terms of net worth in <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>'s annual rich list. She was the 4th and last female in the list, thereby showing that 96 of 100 the richest entities in the country continued to be male controlled directly or indirectly. According to the ‘Kotak Wealth Hurun – Leading Wealthy Women 2018’ list, which compiled the 100 wealthiest Indian women based on their net worth as on 30 June 2018 Shaw was only one of two women, the other being <a href="/wiki/Jayshree_Ullal" title="Jayshree Ullal">Jayshree Ullal</a>, who did not inherit their current wealth from family relatives in the top ten.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> However, India has a strong history of many women with inherited wealth establishing large enterprises or launching successful careers in their own rights.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_property_rights">Land and property rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Land and property rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg/220px-Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg/330px-Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg/440px-Women_Harvesting_Rice_Paddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Women harvesting rice paddy in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Women rarely own land in their own names, although they often work in agriculture.</figcaption></figure> In most Indian families, women do not own any property in their own names, and do not get a share of parental property.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> In India, women's property rights vary depending on religion, and tribe, and are subject to a complex mix of law and custom,<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> but in principle the move has been towards granting women equal legal rights, especially since the passing of The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> The Hindu personal laws of 1956 (applying to <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a>) gave women rights to inheritances. However, sons had an independent share in the ancestral property, while the daughters' shares were based on the share received by their father. Hence, a father could effectively disinherit a daughter by renouncing his share of the ancestral property, but a son would continue to have a share in his own right. Additionally, married daughters, even those facing domestic abuse and harassment, had no residential rights in the ancestral home. Thanks to an amendment of the Hindu laws in 2005, women now have the same status as men.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> In 1986, the Supreme Court of India ruled that <a href="/wiki/Shah_Bano_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Bano case">Shah Bano</a>, an elderly divorced Muslim woman, was eligible for <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a>. However, the decision was opposed by fundamentalist Muslim leaders, who alleged that the court was interfering in their personal law. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> subsequently passed the <a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986">Muslim Women's (Protection of Rights Upon Divorce) Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> women have struggled over the years for equal rights in divorce and succession. In 1994, all churches, jointly with women's organizations, drew up a draft law called the Christian Marriage and Matrimonial Causes Bill. However, the government has still not amended the relevant laws.<a href="#cite_note-infochange_women-19">[14]</a> In 2014, the Law Commission of India has asked the government to modify the law to give Christian women equal property rights.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crimes_against_women">Crimes against women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Crimes against women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_India" title="Violence against women in India">Violence against women in India</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories,_VAW_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories%2C_VAW_Map.svg/250px-2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories%2C_VAW_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories%2C_VAW_Map.svg/375px-2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories%2C_VAW_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories%2C_VAW_Map.svg/500px-2012_Crime_Rate_against_Women_per_100000_in_India_by_its_States_and_Union_Territories%2C_VAW_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>The map shows the comparative rate of violence against women in Indian states and union territories in 2012. Crime rate data per 100,000 women in this map is the broadest definition of crime against women under Indian law. It includes rape, sexual assault, insult to modesty, kidnapping, abduction, cruelty by intimate partner or relatives, trafficking, persecution for dowry, dowry deaths, indecency, and all other crimes listed in Indian Penal Code.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> Crime against women such as rape, <a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">acid attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry killing">dowry killings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour killing">honour killings</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced prostitution</a> of young girls has been reported in India.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> TrustLaw, a London-based news service owned by the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters_Foundation" title="Thomson Reuters Foundation">Thomson Reuters Foundation</a>, ranked India as the fourth most dangerous place in the world for women to live based on a poll of 213 gender experts.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-femcrit-39">[34]</a> Police records in India show a high incidence of crimes against women. The National Crime Records Bureau reported in 1998 that by 2010 growth in the rate of crimes against women would exceed the population growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Earlier, many crimes against women were not reported to police due to the social stigma attached to rape and molestation. Official statistics show a dramatic increase in the number of reported crimes against women.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid_attacks">Acid attacks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acid attacks">edit</a>]</div> An analyses of Indian news reports determined that 72% of cases reported from January 2002 to October 2010 included at least one female victim.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">Sulfuric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, the most common types of acid used in attacks, are generally cheap and widely available as a common cleaning supply.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Acid attacks against women often are done as a form of revenge and are often done by relatives or friends. The number of acid attacks has been rising in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_marriage">Child marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Child marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage in India</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a> has been traditionally prevalent in India but is not so continued in Modern India to this day. Historically, child brides would live with their parents until they reached puberty. In the past, child widows were condemned to a life of great agony, shaved heads, living in isolation, and being shunned by society.<a href="#cite_note-kamat_gandhi_status-22">[17]</a> Although child marriage was outlawed in 1860, it is still a common practice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Child_Marriage_Restraint_Act,_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929">Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929</a> is the relevant legislation in the country. According to UNICEF's "State of the World’s Children-2009" report, 47% of India's women aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, rising to 56% in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> The report also showed that 40% of the world's child marriages occur in India.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_violence">Domestic violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Domestic violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">Domestic violence in India</a></div> Reports suggest that <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">domestic violence in India</a> is a widespread issue in India, with significant social and legal implications.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> Around 70% of women in India are victims of domestic violence, according to <a href="/wiki/Renuka_Chowdhury" title="Renuka Chowdhury">Renuka Chowdhury</a>, former Union minister for Women and Child Development.<a href="#cite_note-bbctackle-133">[128]</a> Domestic violence was legally addressed in the 1980s when the 1983 Criminal Law Act introduced <a href="/wiki/Chapters_XX_and_XXA_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code#Section_498A" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapters XX and XXA of the Indian Penal Code">section 498A</a> "Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty".<a href="#cite_note-unwomen.org-134">[129]</a> The National Crime Records Bureau reveal that a crime against a woman is committed every three minutes, a woman is raped every 29 minutes, a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> death occurs every 77 minutes, and one case of cruelty committed by either the husband or relative of the husband occurs every nine minutes.<a href="#cite_note-bbctackle-133">[128]</a> This occurs despite the fact that women in India are legally protected from domestic abuse under the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005">Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbctackle-133">[128]</a> In India, domestic violence toward women is considered as any type of abuse that can be considered a threat; it can also be physical, psychological, or sexual abuse to any current or former partner.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-135">[130]</a> Domestic violence is not handled as a crime or complaint, it is seen more as a private or family matter.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-135">[130]</a> In determining the category of a complaint, it is based on caste, class, religious bias and race which also determines whether action is to be taken or not.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-135">[130]</a> Many studies have reported about the prevalence of the violence and have taken a criminal-justice approach, but most woman refuse to report it.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-135">[130]</a> These women are guaranteed constitutional justice, dignity and equality but continue to refuse based on their sociocultural contexts.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-135">[130]</a> As the women refuse to speak of the violence and find help, they are also not receiving the proper treatment.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-135">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dowry">Dowry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dowry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry system in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dowry_law_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry law in India">Dowry law in India</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg/250px-2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg/375px-2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg/500px-2012_India_dowry_death_rate_per_100000_people_distribution_map_for_its_States_and_Union_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Indian dowry death rate per 100,000 people, 2012.</figcaption></figure> In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act,<a href="#cite_note-Dowry_Act-136">[131]</a> making dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported.<a href="#cite_note-kamat_faq-94">[89]</a> In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) Rules were framed.<a href="#cite_note-Dowry_Rules-137">[132]</a> According to these rules, a signed list should be maintained of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of who has given the present, and relationship to the recipient. However, such rules are rarely enforced. A 1997 report claimed that each year at least 5,000 women in India die dowry-related deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in 'kitchen fires' thought to be intentional.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> The term for this is "<a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">bride burning</a>" and is criticised within India itself. In 2011, the National Crime Records Bureau reported 8,618 <a href="/wiki/Dowry_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowry deaths">dowry deaths</a>. Unofficial estimates claim the figures are at least three times as high.<a href="#cite_note-unwomen.org-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_infanticide_and_sex-selective_abortion">Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg/250px-2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg/375px-2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg/500px-2011_Census_sex_ratio_map_for_the_states_and_Union_Territories_of_India_Boys_to_Girls_0_to_1_age_group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>A map of India's child sex ratio, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missing_women_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing women of Asia">Missing women of Asia</a></div> In India, the male-female <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> is skewed dramatically in favour of men, the chief reason being the high number of women who die before reaching adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Tribal societies in India have a less skewed sex ratio than <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">other caste groups</a>. This is in spite of the fact that tribal communities have far lower income levels, lower literacy rates, and less adequate health facilities.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Many experts suggest the higher number of men in India can be attributed to female infanticides and sex-selective abortions. The sex ratio is particularly bad in the north-western area of the country, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cc2011-139">[134]</a> Ultrasound scanning constitutes a major leap forward in providing for the care of mother and baby, and with scanners becoming portable, these advantages have spread to rural populations. However, ultrasound scans often reveal the sex of the baby, allowing pregnant women to decide to abort female foetuses and try again later for a male child. This practice is usually considered the main reason for the change in the ratio of male to female children being born.<a href="#cite_note-India's_lost_daughters-140">[135]</a> In 1994 the Indian government passed a law forbidding women or their families from asking about the sex of the baby after an ultrasound scan (or any other test which would yield that information) and also expressly forbade doctors or any other persons from providing that information. In practice this law (like the law forbidding dowries) is widely ignored, and levels of abortion on female foetuses remain high and the sex ratio at birth keeps getting more skewed. <a href="#cite_note-India's_lost_daughters-140">[135]</a> Female infanticide (killing of infant girls) is still prevalent in some rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Sometimes this is infanticide by neglect, for example families may not spend money on critical medicines or withhold care from a sick girl. Continuing abuse of the dowry tradition has been one of the main reasons for sex-selective abortions and female infanticides in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honour_killings">Honour killings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honour killings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings_by_region#India" title="Honor killings by region">Honor killings by region § India</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour killing">Honour killings</a> have been reported widely in India, most frequently in the <a href="/wiki/North" title="North">northern regions of India</a>. This is usually motivated by a girl (or, less commonly, a boy) marrying without the family's acceptance, especially for marrying outside their <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> or religion or, more particular to northwestern India, between members of the same <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a>. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> issued notice in regard to honor killings to the states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Indian_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Indian state)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-141">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_witchcraft">Accusations of witchcraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Accusations of witchcraft">edit</a>]</div> Violence against women related to accusations of witchcraft occurs in India, particularly in parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>. Belief in the supernatural among the Indian population is strong, and <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynchings</a> for witchcraft are reported by the media.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> between 2003 and 2008 there were around 750 deaths related to accusations of witchcraft.<a href="#cite_note-Witch-143">[138]</a> Officials in the state of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> reported in 2008 that at least 100 women are maltreated annually as suspected witches.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape">Rape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rape">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_protests-India_Raped,_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Delhi_protests-India_Raped%2C_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg/220px-Delhi_protests-India_Raped%2C_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Delhi_protests-India_Raped%2C_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg/330px-Delhi_protests-India_Raped%2C_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Delhi_protests-India_Raped%2C_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg/440px-Delhi_protests-India_Raped%2C_says_one_young_woman%27s_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>People in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> protesting after a young student was <a href="/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape_case" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Delhi gang rape case">gang-raped in Delhi</a> in December 2012.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape in India</a> has been described by <a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumar" title="Radha Kumar">Radha Kumar</a> as one of India's most common crimes against women<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-145">[140]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>’s human-rights chief as a "national problem".<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> Since the 1980s, women's rights groups lobbied for <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a> to be declared unlawful,<a href="#cite_note-Kumar-145">[140]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_Act,_2013" title="Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013">Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013</a> still maintains the marital exemption by stating in its exception clause under Section 375, that: "Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape".<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> While per-capita reported incidents are quite low compared to other countries, even developed countries,<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> a new case is reported every 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatribune-151">[146]</a> In fact, as per the NCRB data released by the government of India in 2018, a rape is reported in India in every 15 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> New Delhi has one of the highest rate of rape-reports among Indian cities.<a href="#cite_note-indiatribune-151">[146]</a> Sources show that rape cases in India have doubled between 1990 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_harassment">Sexual harassment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sexual harassment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a> is a euphemism used for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issuewomenchild.com/2020/05/sexual-harassment-at-workplace.html">sexual harassment</a> or molestation of women by men. Many activists blame the rising incidence of sexual harassment against women on the influence of "Western culture". In 1987, The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act was passed<a href="#cite_note-Ind_Rep-155">[150]</a> to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisements or in publications, writings, paintings or in any other manner. Of the total number of crimes against women reported in 1990, half related to molestation and harassment in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> In 1997, in a landmark judgement[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>], the Supreme Court of India took a strong stand against sexual harassment of women in the workplace. The Court also laid down detailed guidelines for prevention and redressal of grievances. The National Commission for Women subsequently elaborated these guidelines into a Code of Conduct for employers.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> In 2013 India's top court investigated on a law graduate's allegation that she was sexually harassed by a recently retired Supreme Court judge.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.issuewomenchild.com/2020/05/sexual-harassment-at-workplace.html">Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act</a> came into force in December 2013, to prevent Harassment of women at workplace. According to a report from Human Rights Watch, despite women increasingly denunciate sexual harassment at work, they still face stigma and fear retribution as the governments promote, establish and monitor complaint committees.<a href="#cite_note-women_india_HRW-157">[152]</a> As South Asia director at Human Rights Watch explained, “India has progressive laws to protect women from sexual abuse by bosses, colleagues, and clients, but has failed to take basic steps to enforce these laws”.<a href="#cite_note-women_india_HRW-157">[152]</a> A study by <a href="/wiki/ActionAid" title="ActionAid">ActionAid</a> UK found that 80% of women in India had experienced sexual harassment ranging from unwanted comments, being groped or assaulted. Many incidents go unreported as the victims fear <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">being shunned by their families</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_26May2016-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trafficking">Trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trafficking">edit</a>]</div> The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act was passed in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislations_to_protect_women's_rights">Legislations to protect women's rights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legislations to protect women's rights">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>Guardians & Wards Act, 1890<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a></li> <li>Indian Penal Code, 1860</li> <li>Christian Marriage Act, 1872</li> <li>Indian Evidence Act, 1872<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a></li> <li>Married Women's Property Act, 1874</li> <li>Workmen's compensation Act, 1923</li> <li>Indian Successions Act, 1925</li> <li>Immoral Traffic (prevention) Act, 1956</li> <li>Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961<a href="#cite_note-Dowry_Act-136">[131]</a></li> <li>Commission of Sati(Prevention) Act, 1987</li> <li>Cinematograph Act, 1952</li> <li>Births, Deaths & Marriages Registration Act, 1886</li> <li>Minimum Wages Act, 1948</li> <li>Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012</li> <li>Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929</li> <li>Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application, 1937</li> <li>Indecent Representation of Women(Prevention) Act, 1986</li> <li>Special Marriage Act, 1954<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a></li> <li>Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</li> <li>Hindu Successions Act, 1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Marriage_Act,_1969" title="Foreign Marriage Act, 1969">Foreign Marriage Act, 1969</a></li> <li>Family Courts Act, 1984</li> <li>Maternity Benefit Act, 1961</li> <li>Hindu Adoption & Maintenance Act, 1956</li> <li>Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</li> <li>Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971</li> <li>National Commission for Women Act, 1990</li> <li>The Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994</li> <li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005</li> <li>Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Prohibition & Redressal) Act, 2013<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a></li> <li>Indian Divorce Act, 1969</li> <li>Equal Remuneration Act, 1976</li> <li>Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856</li> <li>Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaf/hard_of_hearing_women">Deaf/hard of hearing women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Deaf/hard of hearing women">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_2">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> As stated in earlier sections, Indian women are disadvantaged in comparison to men in many areas such as literacy skills contributing to drop out rates,<a href="#cite_note-:0-89">[84]</a> gender bias, and inadequate facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[86]</a> Prior access to someone with a disability is the number one factor that affects how Indian teachers' attitudes toward students with disabilities,<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> so it can be challenging to find unbiased education. Deaf women face unique challenges in education, as they experience the intersection of oppression as both a woman and a Deaf person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_during_COVID-19">Education during COVID-19</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education during COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the normal obstacles in accessible education, the COVID-19 pandemic added another layer of difficulty for Deaf women. Not only are they facing gender bias and having their needs put aside as women, the pandemic created new problems such as lack of face-to-face communication and masks that inhibit lipreading. A study by Rising Flame Organization found that over 90% of their sample of Deaf/DeafBlind/Hard of Hearing women in India struggled when it came to accessibility of education during the pandemic as well as other resources.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_Deaf_women">Violence against Deaf women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Violence against Deaf women">edit</a>]</div> Women and girls who have a disability, including deafness, face much more of a risk of sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a> Deafness in particular can impair one's situational awareness and ability to quickly and effectively communicate a need for help to others (such as shouting "HELP!" to a passerby) which makes Deaf women easier targets for violence.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a> Reporting of this violence is also extremely low due to lack of access to adequate communication - accommodations like an interpreter are rarely available in these scenarios. Even though the Indian government intended to upkeep and enforce laws regarding sexual violence - specifically mentioning women with disabilities - following civic unrest about a young woman's rape in 2013, these laws were not able to be executed effectively.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a> Disabled women in India also struggle with problems regarding obtaining medical treatment, legal justice, compensation, and more.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a> The 2014 Guidelines and Protocols for Medico-Legal Care for Victims/Survivors of Sexual Violence by India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare states their view about the reason disabled women often have trouble with reporting violence:<blockquote>…[be]cause of the obvious barriers to communication, as well as their dependency on caretakers who may also be abusers. When they do report, their complaints are not taken seriously and the challenges they face in expressing themselves in a system that does not create an enabling environment to allow for such expression, complicates matters further.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a></blockquote>There are obvious obstacles when it comes to Deaf women reporting in the first place, such as lack of interpreters, fear of stigma, and more. However, on top of that, the justice system does not respond well when a report actually does come in.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a> Human Rights Watch even found that sometimes women and girls are denied access to accommodations if they cannot prove that they are disabled.<a href="#cite_note-:05-166">[161]</a> Many cases are just swept under the rug, despite legislation in place. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> There is not yet a one standardized sign language in India, so there has been much emphasis on kinship among Deaf women. They often face an intersection of oppression, being Deaf and a woman. A few organizations have crept up that are led by Deaf women to share a sense of community, learn from one another, and understand their identity as Deaf women. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delhi_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women">Delhi Foundation of Deaf Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Delhi Foundation of Deaf Women">edit</a>]</div> The Delhi Foundation of Deaf Women (DFDW) was started in order to create space for career opportunities and to experience community and social skills among alike women that share the same identity. It hosts a number of events and social activities to promote Deaf awareness and pride in Deaf women's identities. Not only that, but it serves as a rehabilitation center for Deaf women.<a href="#cite_note-:12-167">[162]</a> Although it focuses primarily on Deaf women, as their needs are specific, the DFDW also helps Deaf men with some skill-building and a few Deaf men are leaders of some specific programming for the DFDW.<a href="#cite_note-:12-167">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="All_India_Foundation_of_Deaf_Women">All India Foundation of Deaf Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: All India Foundation of Deaf Women">edit</a>]</div> The All India Foundation of Deaf Women began by filling the need of community as a club for Deaf women, but recognized that Deaf women need more structured support.<a href="#cite_note-:2-168">[163]</a> Since then in 1973, they have expanded into a rehabilitation center for Deaf women and other Deaf individuals. They are currently offering support, seminars, and other events.<a href="#cite_note-:2-168">[163]</a> The Hyderabad Foundation Of Deaf Women has been affiliated with the All India Foundation of Deaf Women since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> This foundation focuses on the empowerment of Deaf women in INdia and throws events like the National Cultural Festival of Deaf Women, a festival that celebrates Deaf women participating in arts, technology, and other skills.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_Opportunities">Career Opportunities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Career Opportunities">edit</a>]</div> There are certain careers that, culturally, are not thought of as appropriate for Deaf people. With that in mind, the intersection of Deafness and being a woman creates a substantial societal issue when it comes to Deaf women in India finding fulfilling careers.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> That being said, Deafness is somewhat accepted in India and not necessarily viewed as a disability that makes a person less intelligent, which affects how employers may view Deaf candidates.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_concerns">Other concerns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other concerns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_of_women_in_social_life">Participation of women in social life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Participation of women in social life">edit</a>]</div> The degree to which women participate in public life, that is being outside the home, varies by region and background. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, a patrilineal clan inhabiting parts of India, especially the north-western area, have traditionally practiced <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">ghunghat</a>, and many still do to this day. In recent years however, more women have started to challenge such social norms: for instance women in rural <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> are increasingly rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Ghunghat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghunghat">ghunghat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> In India, most population (about two thirds)<a href="#cite_note-CIA_India-174">[169]</a> is rural, and, as such, lives in tight-knit communities where it is very easy for a woman to ruin her family's 'honor' through her behavior. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Family_honor" title="Family honor">family honor</a> is especially prevalent in northern India. <a href="/wiki/Izzat_(honour)" title="Izzat (honour)">Izzat</a> is a concept of honor prevalent in the culture of North India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ref14fohaz-175">[170]</a> Izzat applies to both sexes, but in different ways. Women must uphold the 'family honor' by being chaste, passive and submissive, while men must be strong, brave, and be willing and able to control the women of their families.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> The rural areas surrounding <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> are among the most conservative in India: it has been estimated that 30% of all honor killings of India take place in <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> while Haryana has been described as "one of India's most conservative when it comes to caste, marriage and the role of women. Deeply patriarchal, caste purity is paramount and marriages are arranged to sustain the status quo."<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> In 2018 the Supreme Court of India lifted a decades-old ban prohibiting women between the ages of 10 and 50 from entering <a href="/wiki/Sabarimala_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarimala temple">Sabarimala temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. In 2019 two women entered the temple under police protection. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalists</a> protested the women's entry and <a href="/wiki/P._S._Sreedharan_Pillai" title="P. S. Sreedharan Pillai">Sreedharan Pillai</a>, State President of the Kerala branch of the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> described the women's entry into the temple as "a conspiracy by the atheist rulers to destroy the Hindu temples."<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> Prime Minister Modi said, "We knew that the communists do not respect Indian history, culture and spirituality but nobody imagined they will have such hatred," The shrine is dedicated to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ayyappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Ayyappa">Lord Ayyappa</a>, a celibate deity, and adherents believe the presence of women would "pollute" the site and go against the wishes of the patron deity. The two women had to go into hiding after entering the temple and were granted 24 hour police protection. One of the women was locked out of her home by her husband and had to move in to a shelter. Dozens of women seeking entry to temple have since been turned back by demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Prior to November 2018, women were forbidden to climb <a href="/wiki/Agasthyarkoodam" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthyarkoodam">Agasthyarkoodam</a>. A court ruling removed the prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-Regan-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state,_India_(8380317750).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state%2C_India_%288380317750%29.jpg/200px-Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state%2C_India_%288380317750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state%2C_India_%288380317750%29.jpg/300px-Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state%2C_India_%288380317750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state%2C_India_%288380317750%29.jpg/400px-Community_health_worker_gives_a_vaccination_in_Odisha_state%2C_India_%288380317750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Community_health_worker" title="Community health worker">Community health worker</a> preparing a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">Women's health in India</a></div> The average female life expectancy today in India is low compared to many countries, but it has shown gradual improvement over the years. In many families, especially rural ones, girls and women face nutritional discrimination within the family, and are anaemic and malnourished.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> Almost half of adolescent girls are chronically malnourished.<a href="#cite_note-Fanta_Project-181">[176]</a> In addition, poor nutrition during pregnancy often leads to birth complications.<a href="#cite_note-Fanta_Project-181">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal mortality</a> in India is the 56th highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Maternal-182">[177]</a> 42% of births in the country are supervised in Medical Institution. In rural areas, most of women deliver with the help of women in the family, contradictory to the fact that the unprofessional or unskilled deliverer lacks the knowledge about pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_planning">Family planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Family planning">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning in India</a></div> The average woman living in a rural area in India has little or no control over becoming pregnant. Women, particularly in rural areas, do not have access to safe and self-controlled methods of contraception. The public health system emphasises permanent methods like sterilisation, or long-term methods like IUDs that do not need follow-up. Sterilisation accounts for more than 75% of total contraception, with female sterilisation accounting for almost 95% of all sterilisations.<a href="#cite_note-un_women_free_equal-27">[22]</a> The contraceptive prevalence rate for 2007/2008 was estimated at 54.8%.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_India-174">[169]</a> A three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India in Civil Appeal No. 5802 of 2022 made a ruling on 29 September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> The ruling defined "<a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a>" as all persons who require access to safe abortion, along with <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> women, thus including transpersons and other gender-diverse persons as well as cisgender women.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> The Court remarked that medical practitioners should refrain from imposing extra-legal conditions on those seeking abortion, such as obtaining the consent of the abortion seeker's family, producing documentary proofs, or judicial authorization, and that only the abortion seeker's consent was material, unless she was a minor or mentally ill.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> It also stated that "every pregnant woman has the intrinsic right to choose to undergo or not to undergo abortion without any consent or authorization from a third party"<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> and that a woman is the only and "ultimate decision-maker on the question of whether she wants to undergo an abortion."<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> On the topic of the difference between the gestation period considered legal for married and unmarried women—24 weeks for the former and 20 weeks for the latter—the Court ruled that the distinction was discriminatory, artificial, unsustainable and in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution of India,<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> and that "all women are entitled to the benefit of safe and legal abortion."<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> On the subject of pregnancies resulting from <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>, the Court ruled that women can seek an abortion in the term of 20 to 24 weeks under the ambit of "survivors of sexual assault or rape".<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_from_lower_castes">Women from lower castes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Women from lower castes">edit</a>]</div> Lower caste women in India have seen significant improvement in their status. Educated and financially well-off Dalit women used politics to achieve status, however, the number of Dalit women who were involved in politics later declined due to increasing income and educational levels.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> The status of Dalit women within households is also noted to have been improved.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_ratios">Sex ratios</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sex ratios">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sex_determination_ban.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sex_determination_ban.JPG/220px-Sex_determination_ban.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sex_determination_ban.JPG/330px-Sex_determination_ban.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sex_determination_ban.JPG/440px-Sex_determination_ban.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A sign in an Indian hospital stating that prenatal sex determination is a crime.</figcaption></figure> India has a highly skewed sex ratio, which is attributed to sex-selective abortion and female infanticide affecting approximately one million female babies per year.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> In, 2011, government stated India was missing three million girls and there are now 48 less girls per 1,000 boys.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> Despite this, the government has taken further steps to improve the ratio, and the ratio is reported to have been improved in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> The number of missing women totaled 100 million across the world.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> The male-to-female ratio is high in favor toward men in developing countries in Asia, including India, than that of areas such as North America. Along with abortion, the high ratio of men in India is a result of sex selection, where physicians are given the opportunity to incorrectly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] determine the sex of a child during the ultrasound.<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a> India currently has a problem known as the "missing women", but it has been present for quite some time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] The female mortality in 2001 was 107.43.<a href="#cite_note-Lane,_T._2004-198">[193]</a> The deaths of these "missing women" were attributed to the death history rate of women in India starting in 1901. The gap between the two gender titles is a direct response to the gender bias within India. Men and women in India have unequal health and education rights. Male education and health are more of a priority, so women's death rates are increasing.<a href="#cite_note-Lane,_T._2004-198">[193]</a> The argument continues[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] that a lack of independence that women are not allowed to have is a large contributor to these fatalities. Women in India have a high fertility rate and get married at a young age. Those who are given more opportunity and rights are more likely to live longer and contribute to the economy rather than that of a woman expected to serve as a wife starting at a young age and continuing the same responsibilities for the rest of her life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING">editorializing</a>] As women continue to "disappear," the sex ratio turns its favor toward men. In turn, this offsets reproduction and does not allow for a controlled reproductive trend. While the excess mortality of women is relatively high, it cannot be blamed completely for the unequal sex ratio in India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Women_in_India" title="Talk:Women in India">disputed</a>] However, it is a large contributor considering the precedence that Indian men have over women. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitation">Sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sanitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitation in India">Sanitation in India</a></div> In rural areas, schools have been reported to have gained the improved sanitation facility.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Given the existing socio-cultural norms and situation of sanitation in schools, girl students are forced not to relieve themselves in the open unlike boys.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Lack of facilities in home forces women to wait for the night to relieve themselves and avoid being seen by others.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Access to sanitation in Bihar has been discussed. According to an estimate from 2013, about 85% of the rural households in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> have no access to a toilet; and this creates a dangerous situation for women and girls who are followed, attacked and raped in the fields.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dr_Kiran_Bedi_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>Kiran Bedi</figcaption></figure> In 2011 a "Right to Pee" (as called by the media) campaign began in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India's largest city.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-203">[198]</a> Women, but not men, have to pay to urinate in Mumbai, despite regulations against this practice. Women have also been sexually assaulted while urinating in fields.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-203">[198]</a> Thus, activists have collected more than 50,000 signatures supporting their demands that the local government stop charging women to urinate, build more toilets, keep them clean, provide sanitary napkins and a trash can, and hire female attendants.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-203">[198]</a> In response, city officials have agreed to build hundreds of public toilets for women in Mumbai, and some local legislators are now promising to build toilets for women in every one of their districts.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-203">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_schemes_for_women_in_India" title="Welfare schemes for women in India">Welfare schemes for women in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Indian Armed Forces">Women in Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Gender inequality in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">Women's suffrage in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual taboo">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in India">Social issues in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_agriculture_in_India" title="Women in agriculture in India">Women in agriculture in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_India" title="Gender pay gap in India">Gender pay gap in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Reservation Bill">Women's Reservation Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Women" title="National Commission for Women">National Commission for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Women_and_Child_Development_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Women and Child Development (India)">Ministry of Women and Child Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Equality_and_Inclusion" title="Centre for Equality and Inclusion">Centre for Equality and Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Are_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Rights Are Human Rights">Women's Rights Are Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div> Lists of Indian women by profession: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Indian_women" title="Category:Lists of Indian women">Category:Lists of Indian women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chief_ministers_in_India" title="List of female chief ministers in India">List of female chief ministers in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_women_in_dance" title="List of Indian women in dance">Dancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_film_actresses" title="List of Indian film actresses">Film actresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_women_writers" title="List of Indian women writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_sportswomen" title="List of Indian sportswomen">Sportswomen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> "Therefore, by the time of the Mauryan Empire the position of women in mainstream Indo-Aryan society seems to have deteriorated. Customs such as child marriage and dowry were becoming entrenched; and a young women’s purpose in life was to provide sons for the male lineage into which she married. To quote the Arthashāstra: ‘wives are there for having sons’. Practices such as female infanticide and the neglect of young girls were also developing at this time. Further, due to the increasingly hierarchical nature of the society, marriage was becoming a mere institution for childbearing and the formalization of relationships between groups. In turn, this may have contributed to the growth of increasingly instrumental attitudes towards women and girls (who moved home at marriage). It is important to note that, in all likelihood, these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent—such as those in the south, and tribal communities inhabiting the forested hill and plateau areas of central and eastern India. That said, these deleterious features have continued to blight Indo-Aryan speaking areas of the subcontinent until the present day.<a href="#cite_note-Dyson2018-20-4">[4]</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "Darkness can be said to have pervaded one aspect of society during the inter-imperial centuries: the degradation of women. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the monastic tradition was not institutionalized as it was in the heterodoxies of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, where it was considered the only true path to spiritual liberation. (p. 88) Instead, Hindu men of upper castes, passed through several stages of life: that of initiate, when those of the <a href="/wiki/Dwija" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwija">twice-born castes</a> received the sacred thread; that of student, when the upper castes studied the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>; that of the married man, when they became householders; ... Since the Hindu man was enjoined to take a wife at the appropriate period of life, the roles and nature of women presented some difficulty. Unlike the monastic ascetic, the Hindu man was exhorted to have sons, and could not altogether avoid either women or sexuality. ... <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a> approved of child brides, considering a girl of eight suitable for a man of twenty-four, and one of twelve appropriate for a man of thirty.(p. 89) If there was no dowry, or if the groom’s family paid that of the bride, the marriage was ranked lower. In this ranking lay the seeds of the curse of dowry that has become a major social problem in modern India, among all castes, classes and even religions. (p. 90) ... the widow’s head was shaved, she was expected to sleep on the ground, eat one meal a day, do the most menial tasks, wear only the plainest, meanest garments, and no ornaments. She was excluded from all festivals and celebrations, since she was considered inauspicious to all but her own children. This penitential life was enjoined because the widow could never quite escape the suspicion that she was in some way responsible for her husband’s premature demise. ... The positions taken and the practices discussed by Manu and the other commentators and writers of <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a> are not quaint relics of the distant past, but alive and recurrent in India today – as the attempts to revive the custom of sati (widow immolation) in recent decades has shown."<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-90-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "The legal rights, as well as the ideal images, of women were increasingly circumscribed during the Gupta era. The Laws of Manu, compiled from about 200 to 400 C.E., came to be the most prominent evidence that this era was not necessarily a golden age for women. Through a combination of legal injunctions and moral prescriptions, women were firmly tied to the patriarchal family, ... Thus the Laws of Manu severely reduced the property rights of women, recommended a significant difference in ages between husband and wife and the relatively early marriage of women, and banned widow remarriage. Manu's preoccupation with chastity reflected possibly a growing concern for the maintenance of inheritance rights in the male line, a fear of women undermining the increasingly rigid caste divisions, and a growing emphasis on male asceticism as a higher spiritual calling."<a href="#cite_note-RamusackSievers1999-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "In regions where social life was not influenced significantly by great warrior lineages – on the fringes of Mughal power, in the north-eastern mountains, the southern peninsula, Sri Lanka, and Nepal – marriage customs tend to elaborate local family ties, enhancing local identities. Women typically marry in or near their natal village. Marriage to kin is preferred. Female seclusion (pardah) is rare and rates of female participation in higher education and wage labour are normal. Women commonly work in public in fields, in shops, and in offices. Unmarried women often walk the streets and use public transport alone or with friends, both male and female. By contrast, in regions ruled by great warrior clans – in the heartlands of Mughal power across Afghanistan, Pakistan, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and east across Bangladesh – extensive marriage networks are typical and the regional rank of families is critical. Marriage is normally forbidden within villages and to close kin. Families prefer women to marry at some distance from the natal village, and more so in high-status families. Pardah is widely practised, and as a result, women’s participation in education and wage labour is low. A woman’s place is definitely at home, where her virtue is the family honour. It is thus less common to see women working in public or travelling without male kin."<a href="#cite_note-Ludden2013-101-10">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Reports of National Health & Family Survey, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, and WHO have highlighted that rates of malnutrition among adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and children are alarmingly high in India. Factors responsible for malnutrition in the country include the mother’s nutritional status, lactation behaviour, women’s education, and sanitation. These affect children in several ways including stunting, childhood illness, and retarded growth."<a href="#cite_note-NarayanJohn2018-15">[11]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf">"Global Gender Gap Report 2022"</a> (PDF). World Economic Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716120203/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2022. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929101400/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/21815/21815_2022_2_1501_38628_Judgement_29-Sep-2022.pdf">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <cite>X vs Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt of NCT Of Delhi, Civil Appeal No 5802 of 2022</cite>, Para 98 (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> 29 September 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/21815/21815_2022_2_1501_38628_Judgement_29-Sep-2022.pdf">Text</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929101400/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2022/21815/21815_2022_2_1501_38628_Judgement_29-Sep-2022.pdf">archived</a> from the original. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <cite>X vs Principal Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Department, 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Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Skewed+sex+ratio+of+births+in+India+may+be+the+result+of+sex-selective+abortion&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Doskoch&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fjournals%2Fipsrh%2F2006%2F06%2Fskewed-sex-ratio-births-india-may-be-result-sex-selective-abortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane,_T._2004-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane,_T._2004_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane,_T._2004_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, Trevor (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2004/06/update">"Update: Contraceptive use around the globe / Child sex ratios continue to decline in India / Circumcision lowers risk of HIV, not other STIs / Herpes risk factors in rural Costa Rica / Fathers make a difference / Infant mortality in China rises with parity / Reproductive health among Caribbean youth / In brief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Perspectives_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health" title="International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health">International Family Planning Perspectives</a>. 30 (2): 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Family+Planning+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Update%3A+Contraceptive+use+around+the+globe+%2F+Child+sex+ratios+continue+to+decline+in+India+%2F+Circumcision+lowers+risk+of+HIV%2C+not+other+STIs+%2F+Herpes+risk+factors+in+rural+Costa+Rica+%2F+Fathers+make+a+difference+%2F+Infant+mortality+in+China+rises+with+parity+%2F+Reproductive+health+among+Caribbean+youth+%2F+In+brief&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fjournals%2Fipsrh%2F2004%2F06%2Fupdate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2010" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Angela (13 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_55555.html">In rural India, improved sanitation and iron supplements help girls stay in school</a>. India: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+rural+India%2C+improved+sanitation+and+iron+supplements+help+girls+stay+in+school&rft.place=India&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft.date=2010-08-13&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Finfobycountry%2Findia_55555.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisoee2013" class="citation news cs1">Bisoee, Animesh (14 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308032004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/jharkhand/story_17679434.jsp#.UyCMB87utH0">"School minus loo is public urinal – Girls answer natures call outside campus; slum dwellers defecate on playground"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>. Calcutta, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131214/jsp/jharkhand/story_17679434.jsp#.UyCMB87utH0">the original</a> on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=School+minus+loo+is+public+urinal+%E2%80%93+Girls+answer+natures+call+outside+campus%3B+slum+dwellers+defecate+on+playground&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft.aulast=Bisoee&rft.aufirst=Animesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1131214%2Fjsp%2Fjharkhand%2Fstory_17679434.jsp%23.UyCMB87utH0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/india/wes.html">Water, environment and sanitation</a>. India: UNICEF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%2C+environment+and+sanitation&rft.place=India&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Findia%2Fwes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTewary2013" class="citation news cs1">Tewary, Amarnath (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22460871">"India Bihar rapes 'caused by lack of toilets'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216170030/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22460871">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India+Bihar+rapes+%27caused+by+lack+of+toilets%27&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.aulast=Tewary&rft.aufirst=Amarnath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-22460871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1_203-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2012" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (15 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/15/world/asia/in-mumbai-a-campaign-against-restroom-injustice.html?pagewanted=all">"In Mumbai, a campaign against restroom injustice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Mumbai%2C+a+campaign+against+restroom+injustice&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fin-mumbai-a-campaign-against-restroom-injustice.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2000" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Azra Asghar (2000). The Emergence of Feminism among Indian Muslim Women 1920–1947. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Feminism+among+Indian+Muslim+Women+1920%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Azra+Asghar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltekar1956" class="citation book cs1">Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1956). The position of women in Hindu civilization, from prehistoric times to the present day. Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+position+of+women+in+Hindu+civilization%2C+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Altekar&rft.aufirst=Anant+Sadashiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin1996" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Sonia Nishat (1996). The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876–1939. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Muslim+Women+in+Colonial+Bengal%2C+1876%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Sonia+Nishat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnagol2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Anagol" title="Padma Anagol">Anagol, Padma</a> (2010). "Feminist inheritances and foremothers: the beginnings of feminism in modern India". <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Review" title="Women's History Review">Women's History Review</a>. 19 (4): 523–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612025.2010.502398">10.1080/09612025.2010.502398</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144279774">144279774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=Feminist+inheritances+and+foremothers%3A+the+beginnings+of+feminism+in+modern+India&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E546&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612025.2010.502398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144279774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anagol&rft.aufirst=Padma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Traces the beginnings of feminism in modern India to social and religious reform movements in Maharashtra, Western India.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBader2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarisse_Bader" title="Clarisse Bader">Bader, Clarisse</a> (2001) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haElZuOzuhsC">Women in Ancient India</a>. Trubner's Oriental Series. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415244893" title="Special:BookSources/9780415244893"><bdi>9780415244893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+India&rft.series=Trubner%27s+Oriental+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780415244893&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Clarisse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaElZuOzuhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2010" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee, Swapna M. (June 2010). "Debates on domesticity and the position of women in late colonial India". <a href="/wiki/History_Compass" title="History Compass">History Compass</a>. 8 (6): 455–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00688.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00688.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Debates+on+domesticity+and+the+position+of+women+in+late+colonial+India&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00688.x&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Swapna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorthwick2015" class="citation book cs1">Borthwick, Meredith (2015). The changing role of women in Bengal, 1849-1905. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+changing+role+of+women+in+Bengal%2C+1849-1905&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Borthwick&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinks2016" class="citation book cs1">Brinks, Ellen (2016). Anglophone Indian Women Writers, 1870–1920. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglophone+Indian+Women+Writers%2C+1870%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Brinks&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti2003" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Uma (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLMDxv_L-U8C">Gendering Caste Through a Feminist Lens</a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185604541" title="Special:BookSources/9788185604541"><bdi>9788185604541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+Caste+Through+a+Feminist+Lens&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788185604541&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLMDxv_L-U8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhur2004" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhur, Maitrayee, ed. (2004). Feminism in India. Issues in Contemporary Indian Feminism. New Delhi: Kali for Women & Women Unlimited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+in+India.+Issues+in+Contemporary+Indian+Feminism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Kali+for+Women+%26+Women+Unlimited&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary2013" class="citation journal cs1">Choudhary, Renu (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-412800305/women-in-indian-society-a-historical-perspective">"Women in Indian society: a historical perspective"</a>. Madhya Pradesh Journal of Social Sciences. 18 (1): 41–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madhya+Pradesh+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Women+in+Indian+society%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Renu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1G1-412800305%2Fwomen-in-indian-society-a-historical-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1999" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Geraldine (1999). Women in modern India. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+modern+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988">, A major scholarly survey.</li> <li>Gautier, Francois (2010). Femmes indiennes. (Nouvelle revue de l'Inde.) Paris: L'Harmattan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey2014" class="citation book cs1">Healey, Madelaine (2014). Indian Sisters: A History of Nursing and the State, 1907–2007. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sisters%3A+A+History+of+Nursing+and+the+State%2C+1907%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Madelaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiLiddle1986" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Rama; Liddle, Joanna (1986). Daughters of independence: gender, caste, and class in India. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780862324063" title="Special:BookSources/9780862324063"><bdi>9780862324063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+independence%3A+gender%2C+caste%2C+and+class+in+India&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780862324063&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Rama&rft.au=Liddle%2C+Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiLiddle2006" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi, Rama; Liddle, Joanna (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu.pk/faculties/social_sci/courses/gender_and_development/02.pdf">"Gender and colonialism: Women's organisation under the Raj"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum" title="Women's Studies International Forum">Women's Studies International Forum</a>. 8 (5): 521–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2885%2990083-4">10.1016/0277-5395(85)90083-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Gender+and+colonialism%3A+Women%27s+organisation+under+the+Raj&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E529&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-5395%2885%2990083-4&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Rama&rft.au=Liddle%2C+Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu.pk%2Ffaculties%2Fsocial_sci%2Fcourses%2Fgender_and_development%2F02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Kishwar" title="Madhu Kishwar">Madhu Kishwar</a>, In Search of Answers: Indian Women's Voices (with <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Vanita" title="Ruth Vanita">Ruth Vanita</a>, Zed Books, 1984). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0862321786" title="Special:BookSources/0862321786">0862321786</a>.</li> <li>Madhu Kishwar, Women Bhakta Poets : Manushi (Manushi Publications, 1989). ASIN B001RPVZVU.</li> <li>Majumdar, R. C. (2014). Great women of India. Kolkata : 2014. Editors : Swami Madhavananda, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumar" title="Radha Kumar">Kumar, Radha</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=68xTBT1-H4IC">The history of doing: an illustrated account of movements for women's rights and feminism in India 1800–1990</a>. New Delhi: Zubaan, an Associate of Kali for Women. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185107769" title="Special:BookSources/9788185107769"><bdi>9788185107769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+doing%3A+an+illustrated+account+of+movements+for+women%27s+rights+and+feminism+in+India+1800%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Zubaan%2C+an+Associate+of+Kali+for+Women&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788185107769&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Radha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D68xTBT1-H4IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2009" class="citation book cs1">Raman, Sita Anantha (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.abc-clio.com/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313014406">Women in India: A Social and Cultural History (2 vol.)</a>. 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Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253220493" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253220493"><bdi>978-0253220493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Social+Reform+in+Modern+India%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0253220493&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Tanika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2013" class="citation journal cs1">Seth, Sanjay (May 2013). "Nationalism, modernity, and the "woman question" in India and China". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a>. 72 (2): 273–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911812002215">10.1017/S0021911812002215</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43553178">43553178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145461651">145461651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+modernity%2C+and+the+%22woman+question%22+in+India+and+China&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145461651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43553178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911812002215&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1987" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Tribat (1987). Women in Ancient India From 320 A.D. to C. 1200 A.D. New Delhi: ESS Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ancient+India+From+320+A.D.+to+C.+1200+A.D&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=ESS+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Tribat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharakanTharakan1975" class="citation journal cs1">Tharakan, Sophie M.; Tharakan, Michael (November–December 1975). "Status of Women in India: A Historical Perspective". <a href="/wiki/Social_Scientist" title="Social Scientist">Social Scientist</a>. 4 (4–5): 115–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3516124">10.2307/3516124</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516124">3516124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Status+of+Women+in+India%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=1975-11%2F1975-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3516124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3516124%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tharakan&rft.aufirst=Sophie+M.&rft.au=Tharakan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu1991" class="citation cs2">Basu, Aparna (1991), "Women's History in India: An Historiographical Survey", in Offen, Karen; Pierson, Ruth Roach; Rendall, Jane (eds.), Writing Women's History: International Perspectives, Indiana University Press, p. 181, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-21512-6_10">10.1007/978-1-349-21512-6_10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb.03316.0001.001">2027/heb.03316.0001.001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-54161-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-54161-6"><bdi>978-0-333-54161-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+History+in+India%3A+An+Historiographical+Survey&rft.btitle=Writing+Women%27s+History%3A+International+Perspectives&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fheb.03316.0001.001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-21512-6_10&rft.isbn=978-0-333-54161-6&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Aparna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, Geraldine Hancock (Spring 2003). "Reflections on South Asian Women's/Gender History: Past and Future". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. 4 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcch.2003.0012">10.1353/cch.2003.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144912833">144912833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Colonialism+and+Colonial+History&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+South+Asian+Women%27s%2FGender+History%3A+Past+and+Future&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcch.2003.0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144912833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Geraldine+Hancock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPande1999" class="citation cs2">Pande, Rekha (1999), "Women's History: India", in Boyd, Kelly (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0121vD9STIMC&pg=PA1318">Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2</a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1318–1321, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964336" title="Special:BookSources/9781884964336"><bdi>9781884964336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%27s+History%3A+India&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Historians+and+Historical+Writing+vol+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1318-%3C%2Fspan%3E1321&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781884964336&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Rekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0121vD9STIMC%26pg%3DPA1318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamusack1999" class="citation cs2">Ramusack, Barbara N. (1999), "Women in South Asia", in Ramusack, Barbara N.; Sievers, Sharon L. (eds.), Women in Asia: restoring women to history, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253212672" title="Special:BookSources/9780253212672"><bdi>9780253212672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+South+Asia&rft.btitle=Women+in+Asia%3A+restoring+women+to+history&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780253212672&rft.aulast=Ramusack&rft.aufirst=Barbara+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_India&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_issues_in_India" title="Template:Social issues in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_issues_in_India" title="Template talk:Social issues in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_issues_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social issues in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_issues_in_India337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in India">Social issues in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">Farmers' suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_System" title="National Pension System">National Pension System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line" title="Below Poverty Line">BPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public distribution system">Public distribution system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slums_in_India" title="List of slums in India">Slums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_India" title="Slum clearance in India">Clearance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">Street vendors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_India" title="Universal basic income in India">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_India" title="Urbanization in India">Urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_India" title="Unemployment in India">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_India" title="Income inequality in India">Widening income gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragging#Ragging_in_India" title="Ragging">Ragging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_India" title="Natural disasters in India">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_disputes_in_India" title="Category:Water disputes in India">Water disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_in_India" title="Cohabitation in India">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint family">Joint family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygyny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_India" title="Child labour in India">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking_in_India" title="Child trafficking in India">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_India" title="Female infanticide in India">Female infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_India" title="Street children in India">Street children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_India" title="Prostitution in India">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Sexism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics" title="Caste politics">Caste politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">Separatist movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_kidnapping" title="Groom kidnapping">Groom kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_housing_in_India" title="Illegal housing in India">Illegal housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_scams_in_India" title="Mining scams in India">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India" title="Organised crime in India">Organised crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism#India" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police#India" title="Internet police">Cybercrime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_in_India" title="Diabetes in India">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epidemics_in_India" title="Category:Epidemics in India">Epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_in_India" title="Leprosy in India">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_India" title="Obesity in India">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_India" title="Tuberculosis in India">Tuberculosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_social_issues_in_India" title="Category:Films about social issues in India">Films about social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_India" title="Freedom of expression in India">Freedom of expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_television_drama#Social_impact" title="Indian television drama">Social impact of Indian television drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone#India" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_India" title="Homosexuality in India">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_India" title="Disability in India">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Police brutality in India">Police brutality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestic_violence95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_violence" title="Template talk:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestic_violence95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence" title="Outline of domestic violence">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_tactics_scale" title="Conflict tactics scale">Conflict tactics scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_abuse" title="Cycle of abuse">Cycle of abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_violence" title="Cycle of violence">Cycle of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_domestic_violence" title="Epidemiology of domestic violence">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion#Birth_control_sabotage" title="Reproductive coercion">Birth control sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion" title="Reproductive coercion">Reproductive coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_by_intimate_partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence by intimate partners">Sexual violence by intimate partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of pregnant women">Murder of pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_couple_violence#Situational_couple_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Common couple violence">Situational couple violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a>/<a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-to-adult_narcissistic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult-to-adult narcissistic abuse">Narcissistic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setting_up_to_fail" title="Setting up to fail">Setting up to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">Bride-buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_against_men" title="Domestic violence against men">Domestic violence against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_lesbian_relationships" title="Domestic violence in lesbian relationships">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence_on_children" title="Effects of domestic violence on children">Effects of domestic violence on children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domestic_violence_hotlines" title="List of domestic violence hotlines">Domestic violence hotlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_model" title="Duluth model">Duluth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">Women's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Prevention initiatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Argentina" title="Domestic violence in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia#Domestic_violence" title="Crime in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Australia" title="Domestic violence in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bolivia" title="Domestic violence in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Brazil" title="Domestic violence in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Chile" title="Domestic violence in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_China" title="Domestic violence in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Colombia" title="Domestic violence in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ecuador" title="Domestic violence in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Guyana" title="Domestic violence in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Iran" title="Domestic violence in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Kenya" title="Domestic violence in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Lithuania" title="Domestic violence in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_New_Zealand" title="Domestic violence in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Domestic violence in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Panama" title="Domestic violence in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Paraguay" title="Domestic violence in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Romania" title="Domestic violence in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Samoa#Domestic_violence" title="Human rights in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Domestic violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Korea" title="Domestic violence in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Tajikistan" title="Domestic violence in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Turkey" title="Domestic violence in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Uganda" title="Domestic violence in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Domestic violence in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_domestic_violence" title="Christianity and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Christian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Islamic culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Campbell" title="Jacquelyn Campbell">Jacquelyn Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Dodge" title="Kenneth A. Dodge">Kenneth Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_M._Douglas" title="Emily M. Douglas">Emily Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellsberg" title="Mary Ellsberg">Mary Ellsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Finkelhor" title="David Finkelhor">David Finkelhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Graham-Kevan" title="Nicola Graham-Kevan">Nicola Graham-Kevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Hines" title="Denise Hines">Denise Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Saltzman" title="Linda Saltzman">Linda Saltzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_A._Straus" title="Murray A. Straus">Murray Straus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruahine_Albert" title="Ruahine Albert">Ruahine Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Barker" title="Angela Barker">Angela Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Buel" title="Sarah Buel">Sarah Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Celi" title="Elizabeth Celi">Elizabeth Celi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cools" title="Anne Cools">Anne Cools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Ferrato" title="Donna Ferrato">Donna Ferrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pence" title="Ellen Pence">Ellen Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Pizzey" title="Erin Pizzey">Erin Pizzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tucker_(executive)" title="Deborah Tucker (executive)">Deborah Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Man_(film)" title="A Better Man (film)">A Better Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_of_Silence" title="The Conspiracy of Silence">The Conspiracy of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defending_Our_Lives" title="Defending Our Lives">Defending Our Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_and_Control:_Domestic_Violence_in_America" title="Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America">Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Voices_(2005_film)" title="Silent Voices (2005 film)">Silent Voices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_by_Silence" title="Sin by Silence">Sin by Silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Tragedy_(film)" title="American Tragedy (film)">American Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Blue_(1999_film)" title="Black and Blue (1999 film)">Black and Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinded_(2006_film)" title="Blinded (2006 film)">Blinded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordertown_(2007_film)" title="Bordertown (2007 film)">Bordertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Bed" title="The Burning Bed">The Burning Bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_(1997_TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughters (1997 TV film)">Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enough_(film)" title="Enough (film)">Enough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Angelina" title="Looking for Angelina">Looking for Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Minute_to_Nine" title="One Minute to Nine">One Minute to Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provoked_(film)" title="Provoked (film)">Provoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy" title="Sleeping with the Enemy">Sleeping with the Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_(2004_film)" title="Submission (2004 film)">Submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(1993_film)" title="What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)">What's Love Got to Do with It</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_with_Billy_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life with Billy (book)">Life with Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mommie_Dearest" title="Mommie Dearest">Mommie Dearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Women_(book)" title="The War on Women (book)">The War on Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Family_Therapy" title="Contemporary Family Therapy">Contemporary Family Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Process_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Process (journal)">Family Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Relations_(journal)" title="Family Relations (journal)">Family Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Issues" title="Journal of Family Issues">Journal of Family Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence" title="Journal of Interpersonal Violence">Journal of Interpersonal Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma,_Violence,_%26_Abuse" title="Trauma, Violence, & Abuse">Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_(journal)" title="Violence Against Women (journal)">Violence Against Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulabi_Gang" title="Gulabi Gang">Gulabi Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ManKind_Initiative" title="ManKind Initiative">ManKind Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Against_Domestic_Violence" title="National Coalition Against Domestic Violence">National Coalition Against Domestic Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">National Domestic Violence Hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(United_Kingdom_charity)" title="Refuge (United Kingdom charity)">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_(charity)" title="Respect (charity)">Respect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battered_woman_syndrome" title="Battered woman syndrome">Battered woman defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_court" title="Domestic violence court">Domestic violence court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics12" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Asia409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFCBDB"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Asia409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Asia" title="Women in Asia">Women in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Timor-Leste" title="Women in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Abkhazia" title="Women in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Ossetia" title="Women in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Women in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hong_Kong" title="Women in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Macau" title="Women in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" 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