CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136c1991be8f8dc',cH: 'xN.0_03CPLKv7Ef9hhgLMkR90sh_TnihQcgwD5iuj0o-1739805572-1.2.1.1-DXKsCaz97t9svyJ9Vh856aqsPD03arqWYZ8N1U9aQKY4WuwqC7WOS7xhKG92Q0Fk',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=system%20stiffness&__cf_chl_tk=Z0upX6lxCNYdtu5ASCY1xV3d2iwP5aifcyB2.Nnt8n4-1739805572-1.0.1.1-rgS0ChVuQ8eRKD7ad7P5AgR2Y0Q6ajUEukGJfJgsAoQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739805572',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=system%20stiffness&__cf_chl_f_tk=Z0upX6lxCNYdtu5ASCY1xV3d2iwP5aifcyB2.Nnt8n4-1739805572-1.0.1.1-rgS0ChVuQ8eRKD7ad7P5AgR2Y0Q6ajUEukGJfJgsAoQ",md: "vteKFJEKJI68x85hH6jPoLK1dKpe6OX6yXi6rTeTK7g-1739805572-1.2.1.1-dBhWMqzMX096eD7jRdyF5OQsOJy5MNTPAGepTBsfSBFoPldicnLr4VuH_RGvqjhLbNz51n9ovMUkvAC99kiuGUvurbBJYd7kZaYzrv9k5jnLydV4b63ATFKaniNfUHgyoVVIvYgb6IOMPbsQIIsvtPZ1ISxBIqI2yuYNIfWc3l25TdIi.MchLsbdZDDR.zThz0jWKj5Y_9jsJuuY5zWxoCmyfcRfxNF7mXLzaqpJmR61UmZkJT4S_s2JJysAYWufULB1KjYk4HmE9w.mDPgYqzcP0jAeJPTHfdRdI5bW4EqyA1OYmict0iEbp41wHPFgK72p9YUfxWoN04MWK.EjSlvq00BStSrGLGBucvMlXEdN5E.D1rs.p1HdhDSPnGeI0FRDG888Ytt2mdA0SCknP6cKTElU7tS3VdvnCES.b9sZYJZucjHDH_6_JHW5aeHEWp_69ZXW31ArnmEywPe5S4xxiEuZ_hI3WR7BLYgFGFtgOkkiWf__ru053PofmY0Dup_2Su_zxxWssvA9zuUnal_oR491kNoMjbvRQ9u74dwkhaKrHjWJC6h6FqxJYX8Y8EonbZDAryu_CykiVS9pD5KFdmtNlCADMaDHgfex5HlozMR1aoyT17QYrW1KygUc07jZipF5bO4FS.qM0RZFP2MjcdtT4UBiTHYXuPlVouzqUldu8KogTTmL0KpwERRRlPsevYXMXgiIiJ5Xss2FTCF5DV7C7JzWk9WpFyce.6QOZhDbt6vbFquvIXbqEMfZsScewxbDG6KVrw45F1fGHzQ3qs4nS.xgUbuiPQewlFxIKE083bjzSq.MxlS4WpZt_epbBYa7GGS_LV3cXSAtEURwPB5wO65AHhKG.8S2OfUj6M92H2nEWQslJHSG6NCfz8PWYmzDOPeSmrTtZG0aUbAfiYpD02iYsPqUOwxQOQXjVsHM6mzs0Q6MKVRjNYbIc.8xDT39kLDSZxlQnsjgtadAOjrbm54bY_71baG.HnKjJ_MvvZvsd_Gso8LNltSUN1kRsx1FDtkFurBoDfOOTizxZ69yKaQXXP_SMK_0EORHVti.r9JEDbcU2Tw4DwM7N2ilENXjPkF5hyi0NN6i4j3TC.03GSvmgN6PLMdy83UAZ4USpJ0Vc9lF0kV4jdlZv5_Whw5CQgOtrHITvcvrgz2qKlOB.beCU.J7RWZqocYvbNT6hI.NIePCYhRENpZ5huLnlzcsEHxFHAd88rN.yygD5Bw0YoTwchl0R7WuLKGE7f6tw2P8JuoGxErxmZESBSHMa.4g1WtfH9ttg4C1jFyUHiOogfvyUjnqsYwONUghjoAolcjEgyTNs4hf_e60K1NpBtrsPme3cGOlAgxLa1gcl3IE5LmXxQvOrIcZ7cYEH5LGPAkExBvQl_AR5xSNUZz7mQI0H66cbH37W5zKY5nAx5tiqzTfjXCBmHrt6q7bEJndECexMnJhmlEThnK9EF7_MGo0wN0aEXhufqkyyjgboUlnv6WRHKLJI.sxywY34I4YuZ70TePe91lovKcBcQE58gakPjoV9gAKhRuH3RSA7.q7eCpPd5RnenJTESI2XMzEXw.mAdm55OQ0LI4AC1GL47GZ6hJhigfNl1KSEnTRSdBXaphMp3yLyN.wmywAkCHo6ThnJYJ8XExxhXo0Ce2ocw6Z6ZsjAGkKFr1SZHkD4g19_8F2f4POimtNmLhCZlmHC.IGIZ_.ku1Yq2DxZIpWZ5.asiLOkUKuOdX.tAmI0dL2bBSQMstJU1dcR1GgpxogYUoBKNMIVX2ixBzMVTreGjO5Yat1I0WEzhzTO.en0XrdNCQeU8HDUujhjCOlHhUI0uPt4emPgVD_vBDAqX5Yc_xispND502P7VQSt.GXPdIW_eZVhe6LBdwz1ME8f_LXpB_EmBV8PUet3MWnccc1NoENYjV4dSmliOsxtI_7RECR5E0KGHlYzuopt70",mdrd: "7D4hAVTe01H1lAQipHfioy_jWARDFt3TN0vxal2DZIY-1739805572-1.2.1.1-GORq4cNszHiqky4CNTFLCDP7Q62xxJtSn1dM.eqdpyztcDs2MegiXKTw9CPDuAEo4zTldKHN09xeELL1AMhGsPtWE9pF0Sz.qCZ3gxz71kBI2EqfxeAWxHTtwvMicfLZ0AyFclM2SXMS8EKvACvV7_e6_IMMM2.BLcT8ncLsPeZr17nE6Xjha.P1v06l84RSkMv11itgQAJcoTAXYa.khyU5h0sozTEj5CMrL2cJM9cqxHODrP.VT7C1t2iLIyGAhqs4nAQY838D7xwj6gVJAQyggOGzQfKOF2U8ACFx.DEh2yccSX8IHTvzIxSNgW6EWaI5BWU672kb2nZtOxLMWsDO1Td4wZfzYQkIzZiVfAeCox7goWqqssut3QYGKVHzTBl.zYkmU1n6fZttpu19gs2ndkEd7IIvVuRrh10eKdpPZ5SN2NXiw8idwf0xG76x5x0Y2GMjgQoXeCHRLY8IgTHgBBR8VpkcQ6_nYiouJ0k_qAe6k0lwqtmovoaZdFw0rmRemFdNiI6MdhvD6hgXvabjziRtYZ0UwHYHe6q49KnEsQWP7GLRPlLN7G498laVtb_BVKZTP.5zoL_XG56Xpi0G0PFHyHD0KGWlRH1YS0M4Lpjpea0lodlTwcqz6ZMRX2jaPVfBwmvKpqVQZYBrR7m5J4hLfCcV4eQKGj_8d.BZzUfroUr22L_BUiCePd.q9h2uEyLWXR08S.8r8Rnh.V9PbFc2SZb3Eog0_0qlSdV_3ri_eV_QV4yYuUaGBKoe7WQvgLNAav0W4tHspacKTtb.x_d.zpaEStwGMdkOSQbRwF.GqLa3NmqkNu6oDeBBpkri8vGFGDcFKHZR7OQdr.dFpBKfkYHQox79axNkrGGPKJHhFwNDYz4r8h_M_nmFSa86KfQC08Pzh1g0PzGzoU9LCss1l5Aidjea.0bWaKO_lxQZJVHjisb3QQwmYK3JZBJ9wRqqm7MmAC_wnAkZ8wwoEdLkGEw9XAKf82lbFNHfji16gEHgzSQnnlWi6T85jjD74e3iQf1i2GTB8UYskS_J9fIAaf0QZwFfKhPYt7bz6JcWTaAjQjeSylpVBmNpWBuzzJB8_1TxPn.MUrE8LW_jiFah.Vn3riyEF9SVa36IArrp0rUEPBZfQpHVNcjc05_Phy8OtcMl__c7K3KyM73rtIOPzeIpHMuJA7laYl.jMEeMqM4klSgE7m0OwogJ6sNLr6taLwJhOB6ddUndkG2b91bnC2K5KWDgPmzFzM4oE.q0xbzMWmx0q2r_K62KoLU0KW9CPLSftWAjKmFgZMPHb4rAjPAmqns.xI_Vgalhu7SDvbeTq.2cjryKnAz7J1IVIHsaOR1PLPvgQ2H6PqB77fOWUdvJuR0A45wrqKThpIzUcOVJuOW4ggeIxD3ljRRh7hXB13chq7b0lhNOW2no2zyMfKsfobAR7Oqql6qlK4_XtvMiJwcbHF6u50UO2N8zKFyGWArKt.jMWFwirrumntvSYs9k4pF2Mk4n_kZ.AqR3UN7H78Ru4.sUGoj3RBcxkYOMG48Zm5eD1XqRNhXuXPkPEdm8Rk7xmYQ7bJSE2pAJXHeNd0_QhLciZt7RFyQv4nnsFljqzA05ZN6wNHDUBcUg2pgNhrfruIeqbz9UO2DaiZZWnNCf8fv8EK3inasWC8ZrQ3by31GB3x18UH4l2V2d2HSkTqTlPmCWcs29zBewDaZgsU_WT0vt8699rHg5XDDLwZDCPkPGO4ZKB_npTNapUKNwvv_TJ7DtiewOJKrkQPpRmAIpPbwiynJPJZYhvTaapkO3ktVKCUmy50Kj.OuoGJIxBQC44sD2Cazhl0Y_SZlZdTdZ4.RIQSKl4GBOtxdSGY3RzJwl9WQ002I4KHVcm4H3b3QQnmKhdBaJgYJx0KLIytTjFIPdeMf3Kd5EHoCxv4bS4ELsS6_rDNYCoYU1TTT83m_1XJKmKOzR3qDvbRe_L3sEEjyAt_cD3RX0paomQUMqLmWMt8nncw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136c1991be8f8dc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=system%20stiffness&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Z0upX6lxCNYdtu5ASCY1xV3d2iwP5aifcyB2.Nnt8n4-1739805572-1.0.1.1-rgS0ChVuQ8eRKD7ad7P5AgR2Y0Q6ajUEukGJfJgsAoQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>