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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Docking (animal)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupering" title="Kupering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kupering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupieren" title="Kupieren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupieren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudectom%C3%ADa" title="Caudectomía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caudectomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دم بریدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دم بریدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudectomie" title="Caudectomie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caudectomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%AF%B8" title="단미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Akw%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%8B_%E1%BB%A5gb%E1%BB%8D_mmiri" title="Ịkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudectomia" title="Caudectomia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caudectomia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couperen" title="Couperen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Couperen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AD%E5%B0%BE" title="断尾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="断尾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupering" title="Kupering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kupering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopiowanie_(kynologia)" title="Kopiowanie (kynologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kopiowanie (kynologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Купирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Купирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typist%C3%A4minen" title="Typistäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Typistäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupering" title="Kupering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kupering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AD%E5%B0%BE" title="断尾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="断尾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1974042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The practice of removing a portion of an animal's ears or tail</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For ear cropping, see <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(animal)" title="Cropping (animal)">Cropping (animal)</a>.</div> <p><b>Docking</b> is the intentional removal of part of an animal's <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> or, sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ears</a>. The term <b>cropping</b> is more commonly used in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(animal)" title="Cropping (animal)">cropping</a> of ears, while <i>docking</i> more commonly—but not exclusively—refers to the tail; the term <b>tailing</b> is used, also. The term has its origins in the living flesh of the tail, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Rump_(croup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rump (croup)">dock</a>, from which the animal's tail hairs grow. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pigs">Pigs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms,_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms%2C_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg/300px-Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms%2C_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms%2C_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg/450px-Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms%2C_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms%2C_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg/600px-Results_of_tail_docking_a_piglet_at_Iowa_Select_Farms%2C_taken_by_Mercy_for_Animals_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Results of tail docking a piglet at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Select_Farms" title="Iowa Select Farms">Iowa Select Farms</a>, taken by <a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a> in 2011. Tail-docking is intended to prevent the injuries that can occur when pigs bite each other's tails. Without anesthesia, it causes acute trauma and pain. </figcaption></figure> <p>Tail-docking in pigs is typically carried out without anesthetic when the piglet is three to four days old, causing acute trauma and pain.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercially raised <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pigs</a> kept in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">close quarters</a> have their tails docked to prevent chewing or <a href="/wiki/Tail_biting_in_pigs" title="Tail biting in pigs">biting</a> each other's tails. Pig producers in Brazil and Thailand have stopped tail docking for animal welfare reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routine tail-docking without anesthesia has been illegal in the EU since 1994. The Council Directive 2008/120/EC of 18 December 2008 laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs prohibited all tail-docking of pigs in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-w827_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w827-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland and Sweden have banned and eliminated tail-docking on the member state level, but in the rest of the EU, routine illegal tail-docking of pigs has been continuing with impunity, as pig farmers argue that they do not manage to prevent tail-biting by implementing recommended measures.<sup id="cite_ref-o210_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o210-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice also continues among large US pig producers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sheep">Sheep</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sheep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg/250px-Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg/375px-Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg/500px-Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A lamb in Australia which has not had its tail docked. However, tail docking for sheep is common there.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_management,_breeds_and_judging_for_schools;_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_(1920)_(14773224452).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The original author also commented, "We will not speak at all about the attractiveness of a bunch of lambs that are uniformly docked."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sheep_management%2C_breeds_and_judging_for_schools%3B_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_%281920%29_%2814773224452%29.jpg/250px-Sheep_management%2C_breeds_and_judging_for_schools%3B_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_%281920%29_%2814773224452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sheep_management%2C_breeds_and_judging_for_schools%3B_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_%281920%29_%2814773224452%29.jpg/375px-Sheep_management%2C_breeds_and_judging_for_schools%3B_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_%281920%29_%2814773224452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sheep_management%2C_breeds_and_judging_for_schools%3B_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_%281920%29_%2814773224452%29.jpg/500px-Sheep_management%2C_breeds_and_judging_for_schools%3B_a_textbook_for_the_shepherd_and_student_%281920%29_%2814773224452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>A lamb about to be docked (1920). According to the source, "There is more than one way to dock lambs. Their tails may be cut off with a sharp jack-knife. It used to be the custom to chop them off on a block by means of a chisel and mallet."</figcaption></figure> <p>Many breeds of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> have their tails docked to reduce the risk of <a href="/wiki/Myiasis" title="Myiasis">fly strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Model_Code_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Model_Code-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mulesing" title="Mulesing">Mulesing</a> is also used for that purpose. Docking also makes it easier to view a grown ewe's udders to detect potential problems. </p><p>While tail docking is an effective preventive method in some cases, if it is not carried out correctly it may result in other problems such as <a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">ill thrift</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">rectal prolapse</a>. In lambs, tail docking at the distal end of the caudal folds tends to minimize docking effects on incidence of rectal prolapse.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Docking at that length has been recommended by the American Veterinary Medical Association.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, the law states that for sheep docked tails should at a minimum cover the anus in male lambs, and the vulva in female lambs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These minimum lengths are also recommended in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the animal and the culture, docking may be done by cutting (knife or other blade), searing (gas or electrically heated searing iron), or constriction methods, i.e. rubber ring <a href="/wiki/Elastration" title="Elastration">elastration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Model_Code_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Model_Code-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Veterinary Medical Association">Canadian Veterinary Medical Association</a> indicates that pain, stress, recovery time and complications associated with docking of livestock will be minimized by docking when animals are under one week of age.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, docking of lambs within 24 hours of birth is not recommended, as it may interfere with ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a> and/or formation of the maternal bond.<sup id="cite_ref-FAWC2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAWC2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK the law requires that docking on sheep using constriction methods must be performed within the first week of the animal's life.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Farm Animal Welfare Council has noted that this limitation can be problematic in management of hill flocks where normal practice is to handle lambs as little as possible during the first week "to avoid mis-mothering, mis-adventure and injury."<sup id="cite_ref-FAWC2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAWC2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dogs">Dogs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons,_Var.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons%2C_Var.jpg/220px-Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons%2C_Var.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons%2C_Var.jpg/330px-Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons%2C_Var.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons%2C_Var.jpg/440px-Dog_smelling_for_truffles_in_Mons%2C_Var.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Dog with partially docked tail sniffing for <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Docking_(dog)" title="Docking (dog)">Docking (dog)</a></div> <p>As with other domesticated animals, there is a long history of docking the tails of dogs. It is understood to date at least to Ancient Greece. The most popular reason for docking dog breeds is to prevent injury to working dogs. In hunting dogs, the tail is docked to prevent it from getting cut up as the dog wags its tail in the brush. This is contested by a wide range of groups<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is sometimes considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">animal cruelty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the practice being outlawed and made illegal throughout many countries, in some of which dogs are no longer bred for work, or used as <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a>. </p><p>For example, in eighteenth-century England, tail docking became conventional following the implementation of a tax levied against non-working dogs <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a docked tail designated status as a working dog). The push for industry regulation, characteristic of the twentieth-century UK, culminated in the passage of <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Surgeons_Act_1966" title="Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966">Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966</a>. Therein, tail docking was explicitly declared to be legal and exempt from regulation when performed by persons of or over the age of eighteen—notably before the dog opens its eyes in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Withal, a 1991 amendment to the act by Parliament enacted a prohibition of the docking of dogs' tails by lay persons from 1 July 1993 onward—thus abridging the practice to veterinary surgeons only.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of this amendment resulted in a response from the Council of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a>, when in November 1992 the group ruled docking to be unethical "unless for therapeutic or acceptable prophylactic reasons". Critics highlighted that the imperatives, posited by the Royal College, for <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> docking were so strict that they made the routine docking of puppies by veterinary surgeons extremely difficult to near impossible. Veterinarians who presently exercise tail docking risk disciplinary action, and can be removed from the professional register. Those found guilty of unlawful docking would face a fine of up to £20,000, up to 51 weeks imprisonment or both. They can only dock the tail of "working" dogs (in some specific cases) – e.g. hunting dogs that work in areas thick in brambles and heavy vegetation where the dog's tail can get caught and cause injury to the dog. Docking was banned in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_2006" title="Animal Welfare Act 2006">Animal Welfare Act 2006</a> and in Scotland by the <a href="/wiki/Animal_Health_and_Welfare_(Scotland)_Act_2006" title="Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006">Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006</a>. </p><p>In 1987 the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Pet_Animals" title="European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals">European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals</a>, established by Council of Europe, prohibited docking for non-medical reasons, though signatory countries are free to opt out of this provision, and almost half of them have done so. Norway completely banned the practice in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries where docking is banned include Australia<sup id="cite_ref-australia_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-australia-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Kingdom_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Kingdom-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horses">Horses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tail_(horse)" title="Tail (horse)">Tail (horse)</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Docking_(animal)" title="Special:EditPage/Docking (animal)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polo_pony_docked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Polo_pony_docked.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Docked and banged tail on a polo pony, photographed between 1910 and 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally, most docking was done for practical purposes. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a> used for hauling large loads might have had its tail docked to prevent it from becoming entangled in tow ropes, farm machinery, or harness; without docking, it could be dangerous to the horse, painful if the tail were tangled, and inconvenient to the owner to tie up the horse's tail for every use.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern use, the term usually does not refer to tail <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> as it does with some <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> breeds<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. However, historically, docking was performed on some horses, often as <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foals</a>. The practice has been banned in some nations, but is still seen on some show and working <a href="/wiki/Draft_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft horses">draft horses</a> in some places, and is practiced at some <a href="/wiki/Premarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Premarin">PMU</a> operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="That abbreviation, whatever it means, is not even used in the linked article. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, the term "docked" or "docking" in reference to the tail of a horse generally refers to the practice of cutting the hair of the tail skirt very short, just past the end of the natural <a href="/wiki/Rump_(animal)" title="Rump (animal)">dock</a> of the tail<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In particular, the tail is often cut short to keep it from being tangled in a <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cattle">Cattle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tail docking of dairy cows is prevalent in some regions. Some anecdotal reports have suggested that such docking may reduce <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_count" title="Somatic cell count">SCC</a> (somatic cell counts in milk) and occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Mastitis_in_dairy_cattle" title="Mastitis in dairy cattle">mastitis</a>. However, a study examining such issues found no significant effect of docking on SCC or mastitis frequency or on four measures of cow cleanliness.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a> among dairy farm workers might be reduced by docking cows' tails, a study found that milkers' leptospiral <a href="/wiki/Titer" title="Titer">titers</a> were not related to tail docking.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Veterinary Medical Association opposes "routine tail docking of cattle."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association opposes docking tails of dairy cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cattle on large <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cattle_station" title="Cattle station">cattle stations</a> often have the tail brush (not the dock) cut shorter (banged) before their release; this "bang-tail muster" indicates those having been counted, treated, their current pregnancy status determined, etc. </p><p>Tail docking in the dairy industry is prohibited in Denmark, Germany, Scotland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and some Australian states,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as California, Ohio, and Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup>Several large organizations within the dairy industry are against tail docking<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the lack of scientific evidence supporting claims benefiting the practice. Scientific studies have demonstrated that there are numerous animal welfare issues with this practice (such as distress, pain, increased activity in pain receptors in the tail stump, abnormal growths of nerve fibers, sensitivity to heat and cold, and <a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">clostridial</a> diseases). Fortunately, there is an effective and humane alternative to tail docking, which is switch trimming.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cropping_(animal)" title="Cropping (animal)">Cropping (animal)</a> – Removal of portions of an animal's ears</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Debeaking">Debeaking</a> – Trimming of a bird's beak, usually performed on domesticated birds<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Declawing">Declawing</a> – Surgical removal of an animal's claws<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(poultry)" title="Dubbing (poultry)">Dubbing (poultry)</a> – Procedure of removing the comb, wattles and sometimes earlobes of poultry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jan/19/curse-tail-docking-painful-truth-italy-pigs">"The curse of tail-docking: the painful truth about Italy's pigs | Cecilia Ferrara and Catherine Nelson"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2019-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadianveterinarians.net/ShowText.aspx?ResourceID=1948">the original</a> on 2011-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tail+Docking+of+Dairy+Cattle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadianveterinarians.net%2FShowText.aspx%3FResourceID%3D1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocking+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/LiteratureReviews/Documents/tail_docking_cattle_bgnd.pdf">"Tail Docking of Cattle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tail+Docking+of+Cattle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avma.org%2FKB%2FResources%2FLiteratureReviews%2FDocuments%2Ftail_docking_cattle_bgnd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocking+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/HSUS-Report-on-Tail-Docking-of-Dairy-Cows.pdf">"Welfare Issues with Tail Docking of Cows in the Dairy Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welfare+Issues+with+Tail+Docking+of+Cows+in+the+Dairy+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2Ffarm%2FHSUS-Report-on-Tail-Docking-of-Dairy-Cows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocking+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/tail-docking-of-dairy-cattle">"TAIL DOCKING OF DAIRY CATTLE – POSITION STATEMENT"</a>. <i>Canadian Veterinary Medical Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=TAIL+DOCKING+OF+DAIRY+CATTLE+%E2%80%93+POSITION+STATEMENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianveterinarians.net%2Fdocuments%2Ftail-docking-of-dairy-cattle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocking+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Pages/Tail-Docking-of-Cattle.aspx">"Tail Docking of Cattle"</a>. <i>AVMA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AVMA&rft.atitle=Tail+Docking+of+Cattle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avma.org%2FKB%2FPolicies%2FPages%2FTail-Docking-of-Cattle.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocking+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/HSUS-Report-on-Tail-Docking-of-Dairy-Cows.pdf">"An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Tail Docking of Cows in the Dairy Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+HSUS+Report%3A+Welfare+Issues+with+Tail+Docking+of+Cows+in+the+Dairy+Industry&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanesociety.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2Ffarm%2FHSUS-Report-on-Tail-Docking-of-Dairy-Cows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADocking+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_(animal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Docking_(animal)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Docking (animal)">Docking</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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