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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1"/><title>Strong's Greek: 2549. κακία (kakia) -- Wickedness, malice, evil, depravity</title></title><link rel="canonical" href="http://biblehub.com/greek/2549.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/strongsnew2.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LR4HSKRP2H"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-LR4HSKRP2H'); </script><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/interlinear/vmenus/ephesians/6-16.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmstrongs/greek/2549.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/strongs.htm">Strong's</a> > <a href="/englishmans_greek.htm">Greek</a> > 2549</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="../greek/2548.htm" title="2548">◄</a> 2549. kakia <a href="../greek/2550.htm" title="2550">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheading">Strong's Lexicon</div><div align="left"><span class="toptitle2">kakia: Wickedness, malice, evil, depravity</span></div><p><span class="tophdg">Original Word: </span><span class="greek">κακία</span><br><span class="tophdg">Part of Speech: </span>Noun, Feminine<br><span class="tophdg">Transliteration: </span>kakia<br><span class="tophdg">Pronunciation: </span>kä-kē'-ä<br><span class="tophdg">Phonetic Spelling: </span>(kak-ee'-ah)<br><span class="tophdg">Definition: </span>Wickedness, malice, evil, depravity<br><span class="tophdg">Meaning: </span>(a) evil (i.e. trouble, labor, misfortune), (b) wickedness, (c) vicious disposition, malice, spite.<p><span class="tophdg">Word Origin: </span>Derived from the Greek word κακός (kakos), meaning "bad" or "evil."<p><span class="tophdg">Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: </span>The Hebrew equivalent often associated with "kakia" is רַע (ra, Strong's H7451), which also denotes evil or wickedness.<p><span class="tophdg">Usage: </span>In the New Testament, "kakia" refers to a state of moral corruption and wickedness. It encompasses a broad range of evil behaviors and intentions, including malice, ill-will, and a general disposition towards wrongdoing. The term is often used to describe the inherent sinful nature of humanity and the moral depravity that opposes God's righteousness.<p><span class="tophdg">Cultural and Historical Background: </span>In the Greco-Roman world, "kakia" was understood as a fundamental flaw in character, often contrasted with "aretē" (virtue). The concept of moral evil was not only a philosophical concern but also a practical one, as societies sought to define and uphold standards of good conduct. In the Jewish context, "kakia" would have been associated with behaviors and attitudes contrary to the Law of Moses and the ethical teachings of the Hebrew Scriptures.<div class="vheading2">HELPS Word-studies</div><p class="discovery"><b>Cognate: 2549</b> <i>kakía</i> (from <a href="/greek/2554.htm">2554</a> <i>/kakopoiéō</i>, "a wicked disposition") – properly, the underlying principle of evil (<i>inherent</i> evil) which is present, even if not <i>outwardly expressed</i>. </p><p class="discovery">[<a href="/greek/2549.htm">2549</a> <i>/kakía</i> ("malice") shares the same essential meaning as <a href="/greek/2556.htm">2556</a> <i>/kakós</i> ("wretched evil," its adjectival cognate).]</p><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/discovery.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe><div class="vheading2">NAS Exhaustive Concordance</div><span class="hdg">Word Origin</span><br>from <a href="/greek/2556.htm">kakos</a><br><span class="hdg">Definition</span><br>wickedness<br><span class="hdg">NASB Translation</span><br>evil (3), malice (5), trouble (1), wickedness (2).<p><div align="center"><span class="smalltext"><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/nasec.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe></span></div><div class="vheading2">Thayer's Greek Lexicon</div><span class="maintitle">STRONGS NT 2549: κακία</span><br><br><span class="arttitle"><span class="grktitle">κακία</span></span>, <span class="greek2">κακίας</span>, <span class="greek2">ἡ</span> (<span class="greek2">κακός</span>) (from <span class="abbreviation">Theognis</span> down), the <span class="manuref">Sept.</span> chiefly for <span class="hebrew">רַע </span>, and <span class="hebrew">רָעָה</span>; <p><span class="textheading">1.</span> <span class="accented">malignity, malice, ill-will, desire to injure</span>: <a href="/interlinear/romans/1-29.htm">Romans 1:29</a>; <a href="/interlinear/ephesians/4-31.htm">Ephesians 4:31</a>; <a href="/interlinear/colossians/3-8.htm">Colossians 3:8</a>; <a href="/interlinear/titus/3-3.htm">Titus 3:3</a>; <a href="/interlinear/james/1-21.htm">James 1:21</a>; <a href="/interlinear/1_peter/2-1.htm">1 Peter 2:1</a>. <p><span class="textheading">2.</span> <span class="accented">wickedness, depravity</span>: <a href="/interlinear/1_corinthians/5-8.htm">1 Corinthians 5:8</a> (cf. <span class="abbreviation">Winer</span>'s Grammar, 120 (114)); <BIBLE/CHAPTER_VERSE:1 Corinthians 14:20>; <a href="/interlinear/acts/8-22.htm">Acts 8:22</a> (cf. <BIBLE/VERSE_ONLY:Acts 8:21>); wickedness that is not ashamed to break the laws, <a href="/interlinear/1_peter/2-16.htm">1 Peter 2:16</a>. <p><span class="textheading">3.</span> Hellenistically, <span class="accented">evil, trouble</span>: <a href="/interlinear/matthew/6-34.htm">Matthew 6:34</a> (as <a href="/interlinear/amos/3-6.htm">Amos 3:6</a>; (<a href="/interlinear/1_samuel/6-9.htm">1 Samuel 6:9</a>); <a href="/interlinear/ecclesiastes/7-15.htm">Ecclesiastes 7:15</a> (<BIBLE/VERSE_ONLY:Ecclesiastes 7:14>); <BIBLE/CHAPTER_VERSE:Ecclesiastes 12:1>; Sir. 19:6; 1 Macc. 7:23, etc.).<FOOTNOTE:1> [<span class="arttitle">SYNONYMS:</span> <span class="greek2">κακία</span>, <span class="greek2">πονηρία</span>: associated <a href="/interlinear/romans/1-29.htm">Romans 1:29</a>; <a href="/interlinear/1_corinthians/5-8.htm">1 Corinthians 5:8</a>. According to <span class="abbreviation">Trench</span>, Synonyms, § xi., endorsed by Ellicott (on <a href="/interlinear/ephesians/4-31.htm">Ephesians 4:31</a>) and <span class="abbreviation">Lightfoot</span> (on <a href="/interlinear/colossians/3-8.htm">Colossians 3:8</a>), <span class="greek2">κακία</span> denotes rather the vicious disposition, <span class="greek2">πονηρία</span> the active exercise of the same; cf. <span class="abbreviation">Xenophon</span>, mem. 1, 2, 28 <span class="greek2">εἰ</span> <span class="greek2">μέν</span> <span class="greek2">αὐτός</span> (i. e. <span class="greek2">Σωκράτης</span>) <span class="greek2">ἐποίει</span> <span class="greek2">τί</span> <span class="greek2">φαῦλον</span>, <span class="greek2">εἰκότως</span> <span class="greek2">ἄν</span> <span class="greek2">ἐδόκει</span> <span class="greek2">πονηρός</span> <span class="greek2">εἶναι</span>. <span class="greek2">Αἰ</span> <span class="greek2">δ'</span> <span class="greek2">αὐτός</span> <span class="greek2">σωφρονων</span> <span class="greek2">διετελει</span>, <span class="greek2">πῶς</span> <span class="greek2">ἄν</span> <span class="greek2">δικαίως</span> <span class="greek2">τῆς</span> <span class="greek2">οὐκ</span> <span class="greek2">ἐνούσης</span> <span class="greek2">αὐτῷ</span> <span class="greek2">κακίας</span> <span class="greek2">αἰτίαν</span> <span class="greek2">ἔχοι</span>; But Fritzsche, Meyer (on Romans, the passage cited; yet cf. Weiss in edition 6), others dissent — seeming nearly to reverse this distinction; cf. <span class="abbreviation">Suidas</span> under the word <span class="greek2">κακία</span>. <span class="greek2">Ἔστιν</span> <span class="greek2">ἡ</span> <span class="greek2">τοῦ</span> <span class="greek2">κακῶσαι</span> <span class="greek2">τόν</span> <span class="greek2">πέλας</span> <span class="greek2">σπουδή</span>, <span class="greek2">παρά</span> <span class="greek2">τῷ</span> <span class="greek2">ἀποστόλω</span>; see <span class="greek2"><span class="lexref">πονηρός</span></span>, 2 b.] <br><br><iframe width="100%" height="85" scrolling=no src="/bsoft.htm" frameborder=0 cellpadding=0></iframe><div class="vheading2">Strong's Exhaustive Concordance</div>evil, malice, naughtiness, wickedness. <p>From <a href="/greek/2556.htm">kakos</a>; badness, i.e. (subjectively) depravity, or (actively) malignity, or (passively) trouble -- evil, malice(-iousness), naughtiness, wickedness. <p>see GREEK <a href="/greek/2556.htm">kakos</a> <div class="vheading2">Forms and Transliterations</div>καίας κακια κακία κακίᾳ κακίαι κακίαις κακιαν κακίαν κακιας κακίας κακιών kakia kakía kakíāi kakian kakían kakias kakías<div class="vheading2">Links</div><a href="/interlinear/matthew/1-1.htm">Interlinear Greek</a> • <a href="/interlinear/genesis/1-1.htm">Interlinear Hebrew</a> • <a href="/strongs.htm">Strong's Numbers</a> • <a href="/englishmans_greek.htm">Englishman's Greek Concordance</a> • <a href="/englishmans_hebrew.htm">Englishman's Hebrew Concordance</a> • <a href="/texts/matthew/1-1.htm">Parallel Texts</a></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><div class="vheading">Englishman's Concordance</div><b><a href="/text/matthew/6-34.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Matthew 6:34</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular">N-NFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/matthew/6.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἡμέρᾳ ἡ <b>κακία</b> αὐτῆς </span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/matthew/6.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> has enough <span class="itali">trouble</span> of its own.<br><a href="/kjvs/matthew/6.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> unto the day <span class="itali">[is] the evil</span> thereof.<br><a href="/interlinear/matthew/6-34.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> day [is] the <span class="itali">trouble</span> of it<p><b><a href="/text/acts/8-22.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Acts 8:22</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular">N-GFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/acts/8.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἀπὸ τῆς <b>κακίας</b> σου ταύτης</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/acts/8.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> of this <span class="itali">wickedness</span> of yours,<br><a href="/kjvs/acts/8.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> this thy <span class="itali">wickedness,</span> and pray<br><a href="/interlinear/acts/8-22.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> of the <span class="itali">wickedness</span> of you this<p><b><a href="/text/romans/1-29.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Romans 1:29</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Dative Feminine Singular">N-DFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/romans/1.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">πονηρίᾳ πλεονεξίᾳ <b>κακίᾳ</b> μεστοὺς φθόνου</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/romans/1.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> wickedness, greed, <span class="itali">evil;</span> full of envy,<br><a href="/kjvs/romans/1.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> covetousness, <span class="itali">maliciousness;</span> full<br><a href="/interlinear/romans/1-29.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> wickedness covetousness <span class="itali">malice</span> full of envy<p><b><a href="/text/1_corinthians/5-8.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">1 Corinthians 5:8</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular">N-GFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/1_corinthians/5.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἐν ζύμῃ <b>κακίας</b> καὶ πονηρίας</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/1_corinthians/5.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> with the leaven <span class="itali">of malice</span> and wickedness,<br><a href="/kjvs/1_corinthians/5.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> the leaven <span class="itali">of malice</span> and<br><a href="/interlinear/1_corinthians/5-8.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> with leaven <span class="itali">of malice</span> and wickedness<p><b><a href="/text/1_corinthians/14-20.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">1 Corinthians 14:20</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Dative Feminine Singular">N-DFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/1_corinthians/14.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἀλλὰ τῇ <b>κακίᾳ</b> νηπιάζετε ταῖς</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/1_corinthians/14.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> yet <span class="itali">in evil</span> be infants,<br><a href="/kjvs/1_corinthians/14.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> howbeit <span class="itali">in malice</span> be ye children,<br><a href="/interlinear/1_corinthians/14-20.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> but in the [regard to] <span class="itali">evil</span> be little children in the [regard to]<p><b><a href="/text/ephesians/4-31.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Ephesians 4:31</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Dative Feminine Singular">N-DFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/ephesians/4.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">σὺν πάσῃ <b>κακίᾳ</b> </span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/ephesians/4.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> from you, along with all <span class="itali">malice.</span><br><a href="/kjvs/ephesians/4.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> with all <span class="itali">malice:</span><br><a href="/interlinear/ephesians/4-31.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> with all <span class="itali">malice</span><p><b><a href="/text/colossians/3-8.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Colossians 3:8</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular">N-AFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/3.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ὀργήν θυμόν <b>κακίαν</b> βλασφημίαν αἰσχρολογίαν</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/colossians/3.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> wrath, <span class="itali">malice,</span> slander,<br><a href="/kjvs/colossians/3.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> wrath, <span class="itali">malice,</span> blasphemy,<br><a href="/interlinear/colossians/3-8.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> anger rage <span class="itali">malice</span> slander foul language<p><b><a href="/text/titus/3-3.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">Titus 3:3</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Dative Feminine Singular">N-DFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/titus/3.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ποικίλαις ἐν <b>κακίᾳ</b> καὶ φθόνῳ</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/titus/3.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> spending our life <span class="itali">in malice</span> and envy,<br><a href="/kjvs/titus/3.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> living in <span class="itali">malice</span> and envy,<br><a href="/interlinear/titus/3-3.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> various in <span class="itali">malice</span> and envy<p><b><a href="/text/james/1-21.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">James 1:21</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular">N-GFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/james/1.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">καὶ περισσείαν <b>κακίας</b> ἐν πραΰτητι</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/james/1.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> and [all] that remains <span class="itali">of wickedness,</span> in humility<br><a href="/kjvs/james/1.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> superfluity <span class="itali">of naughtiness,</span> and receive<br><a href="/interlinear/james/1-21.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> and abounding <span class="itali">of wickedness</span> in humility<p><b><a href="/text/1_peter/2-1.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">1 Peter 2:1</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular">N-AFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/1_peter/2.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">οὖν πᾶσαν <b>κακίαν</b> καὶ πάντα</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/1_peter/2.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> all <span class="itali">malice</span> and all<br><a href="/kjvs/1_peter/2.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> laying aside all <span class="itali">malice,</span> and all<br><a href="/interlinear/1_peter/2-1.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> therefore all <span class="itali">malice</span> and all<p><b><a href="/text/1_peter/2-16.htm" title="Biblos Lexicon">1 Peter 2:16</a> <a href="/abbrev.htm" title="Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular">N-GFS</a></b><br><a href="/interlinear/1_peter/2.htm" title="Greek">GRK:</a> <span class="greek3">ἔχοντες τῆς <b>κακίας</b> τὴν ἐλευθερίαν</span><br><a href="http://biblehub.com/nas/1_peter/2.htm" title="New American Standard Bible">NAS:</a> as a covering <span class="itali">for evil,</span> but [use it] as bondslaves<br><a href="/kjvs/1_peter/2.htm" title="King James Bible with Strong's">KJV:</a> for a cloke <span class="itali">of maliciousness,</span> but as<br><a href="/interlinear/1_peter/2-16.htm" title="Biblos Interlinear Bible">INT:</a> having of the <span class="itali">evil</span> the freedom<p><b><a href="/greek/2549.htm">Strong's Greek 2549</a><br><a href="/greek/strongs_2549.htm">11 Occurrences</a></b><br><br><a href="/greek/kakia_2549.htm">κακία — 5 Occ.</a><br><a href="/greek/kakian_2549.htm">κακίαν — 2 Occ.</a><br><a href="/greek/kakias_2549.htm">κακίας — 4 Occ.</a><br><br></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script> <script id="b817b7107f1d4a7997da1b3c33457e03"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=cb0edd8b-b416-47eb-8c6d-3cc96561f7e8&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; </script><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-2'> </div><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-0' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-3'> </div><br /><br />  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1529103594582-1' style='max-width: 300px;'> </div><br /><br />  <div align="center" id='div-gpt-ad-1531425649696-0'> </div><br /><br /> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:200px;height:200px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3753401421161123" data-ad-slot="3592799687"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script><br /><br /> </div> <div id="left"><a href="/greek/2548.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="2548"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="2548" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/greek/2550.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="2550"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="2550" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="bot"><iframe width="100%" height="1500" scrolling="no" src="/botmenubhchap.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></div></td></tr></table></div></body></html>