CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="da" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>DNA - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )dawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","januar","februar","marts","april","maj","juni","juli","august","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"b79f55df-34c5-498a-b79f-8f9f9937d218","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"DNA","wgTitle":"DNA","wgCurRevisionId":11890146,"wgRevisionId":11890146,"wgArticleId":4518,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list","Sider med Webarchive-skabelon som henviser til Wayback Machine","CS1-vedligeholdelse: Ekstra punktum","CS1: Juliansk-gregoriansk usikkerhed","Commons-kategori på Wikidata er ens med lokalt link","Wikipedia artikler med LCCN autoritetsdata-ID","Wikipedia artikler med GND autoritetsdata-ID","Wikipedia artikler med BNF autoritetsdata-ID","Wikipedia artikler med NDL autoritetsdata-ID", "Wikipedia artikler med Den Store Danske autoritetsdata-ID","Gode artikler","DNA","Biologi","Bioteknologi","Genetik","Liv","Nukleinsyrer","Biometri","Kvælstofforbindelser"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"da","wgPageContentLanguage":"da","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"DNA","wgRelevantArticleId":4518,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Cellekerne-DNA","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"da","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"da"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/DNA","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain": false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7430","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.0"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.NewSection","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=da&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=da&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=da&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/1200px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1190"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/800px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="794"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/640px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="635"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="DNA - Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//da.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Redigér" href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (da)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//da.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.da"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom-feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Seneste_%C3%A6ndringer&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-DNA rootpage-DNA skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Spring til indhold</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Websted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hovedmenu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Hovedmenu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hovedmenu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forside" title="Besøg forsiden [z]" accesskey="z">Forside</a></li><li id="n-kategorier" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a></li><li id="n-Fremhævet-indhold" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fremh%C3%A6vet_indhold">Fremhævet indhold</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Tilf%C3%A6ldig_side" title="Gå til en tilfældig side [x]" accesskey="x">Tilfældig side</a></li><li id="n-Tilfældige-artikler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tilf%C3%A6ldige_artikler">Tilfældige artikler</a></li><li id="n-Aktuelt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Aktuelle_begivenheder">Aktuelt</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-deltagelse" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-deltagelse" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> deltagelse </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-velkommen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Velkommen_til_Wikipedia">Velkommen</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Forside" title="Om projektet, hvad du kan gøre, hvor tingene findes">Skribentforside</a></li><li id="n-Landsbybrønden" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Landsbybr%C3%B8nden">Landsbybrønden</a></li><li id="n-Projekter" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekter">Projekter</a></li><li id="n-Portaler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portaler">Portaler</a></li><li id="n-Ønskede-artikler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProjekt_Efterspurgte_artikler">Ønskede artikler</a></li><li id="n-Oprydning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oprydning">Oprydning</a></li><li id="n-Kalender" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kalender">Kalender</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Seneste_%C3%A6ndringer" title="Listen over de seneste ændringer i wikien. [r]" accesskey="r">Seneste ændringer</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Forside" title="Stedet hvor du finder hjælp">Hjælp</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Den frie encyklopædi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-da.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:S%C3%B8gning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Søg på Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Søg </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Søg på Wikipedia" aria-label="Søg på Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Søg på Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciel:Søgning"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Søg</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personlige værktøjer"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Udseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Skift udseendet af sidens skriftstørrelse, -bredde og -farve" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Udseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Udseende </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_da.wikipedia.org&uselang=da" class="">Donation</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Opret_konto&returnto=DNA" title="Du opfordres til at oprette en konto og logge på, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class="">Opret konto</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Log_p%C3%A5&returnto=DNA" title="Du opfordres til at logge på, men det er ikke obligatorisk. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log på</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Flere muligheder" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personlige værktøjer" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personlige værktøjer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Brugermenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_da.wikipedia.org&uselang=da">Donation</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Opret_konto&returnto=DNA" title="Du opfordres til at oprette en konto og logge på, men det er ikke obligatorisk"> Opret konto</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Log_p%C3%A5&returnto=DNA" title="Du opfordres til at logge på, men det er ikke obligatorisk. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log på</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003ELuk\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"da\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDu kan være med til at gøre Wikipedia bedre – \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Du_kan_v%C3%A6re_med_til_at_g%C3%B8re_Wikipedia_bedre!\" title=\"Hjælp:Du kan være med til at gøre Wikipedia bedre!\"\u003Elæs her hvordan!\u003C/a\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \u003C/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"vis-for-autopatrol\"\u003EDansk Wikipedia har en Discord-server, hvor du kan chatte. Se mere på \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Discord\" title=\"Wikipedia:Discord\"\u003EWikipedia:Discord\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Csmall\u003E(\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Sitenotice\" title=\"Hjælp:Sitenotice\"\u003ELæs her om sitenotice\u003C/a\u003E)\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/i\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Websted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Egenskaber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egenskaber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Egenskaber </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Egenskaber-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Egenskaber </button> <ul id="toc-Egenskaber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nukleobaseklassifikation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nukleobaseklassifikation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Nukleobaseklassifikation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nukleobaseklassifikation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Riller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseparring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseparring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Baseparring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseparring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sense_og_antisense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sense_og_antisense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sense og antisense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sense_og_antisense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercoiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercoiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Supercoiling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercoiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_DNA-strukturer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_DNA-strukturer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Alternative DNA-strukturer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_DNA-strukturer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternativ_DNA-kemi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternativ_DNA-kemi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Alternativ DNA-kemi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternativ_DNA-kemi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quadruplexstrukturer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quadruplexstrukturer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Quadruplexstrukturer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quadruplexstrukturer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forgrenet_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgrenet_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Forgrenet DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgrenet_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemiske_modifikationer_og_ændret_DNA-pakning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemiske_modifikationer_og_ændret_DNA-pakning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Kemiske modifikationer og ændret DNA-pakning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kemiske_modifikationer_og_ændret_DNA-pakning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Kemiske modifikationer og ændret DNA-pakning </button> <ul id="toc-Kemiske_modifikationer_og_ændret_DNA-pakning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basemodifikationer_og_DNA-pakning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basemodifikationer_og_DNA-pakning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Basemodifikationer og DNA-pakning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basemodifikationer_og_DNA-pakning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beskadigelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beskadigelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Beskadigelse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beskadigelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntetisk_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntetisk_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Syntetisk DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntetisk_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologiske_funktioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologiske_funktioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Biologiske funktioner </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biologiske_funktioner-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Biologiske funktioner </button> <ul id="toc-Biologiske_funktioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gener_og_genomer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gener_og_genomer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Gener og genomer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gener_og_genomer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transskription_og_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transskription_og_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Transskription og translation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transskription_og_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replikation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replikation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Replikation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replikation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekstracellulære_nukleinsyrer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekstracellulære_nukleinsyrer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Ekstracellulære nukleinsyrer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekstracellulære_nukleinsyrer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaktion_med_proteiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaktion_med_proteiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interaktion med proteiner </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaktion_med_proteiner-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Interaktion med proteiner </button> <ul id="toc-Interaktion_med_proteiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNA-bindende_proteiner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA-bindende_proteiner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 DNA-bindende proteiner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-bindende_proteiner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA-modificerende_enzymer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA-modificerende_enzymer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 DNA-modificerende enzymer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-modificerende_enzymer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nukleaser_og_ligaser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nukleaser_og_ligaser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Nukleaser og ligaser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nukleaser_og_ligaser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topoisomeraser_og_helicaser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topoisomeraser_og_helicaser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Topoisomeraser og helicaser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topoisomeraser_og_helicaser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymeraser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymeraser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Polymeraser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymeraser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetisk_rekombination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetisk_rekombination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetisk rekombination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetisk_rekombination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anvendelse_inden_for_teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anvendelse_inden_for_teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Anvendelse inden for teknologi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anvendelse_inden_for_teknologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Vis/skjul underafsnit Anvendelse inden for teknologi </button> <ul id="toc-Anvendelse_inden_for_teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genteknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genteknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Genteknologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genteknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA-profil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA-profil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 DNA-profil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-profil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA-enzymer_eller_katalytisk_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA-enzymer_eller_katalytisk_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 DNA-enzymer eller katalytisk DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-enzymer_eller_katalytisk_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioinformatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioinformatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Bioinformatik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioinformatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA-nanoteknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA-nanoteknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 DNA-nanoteknologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-nanoteknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie_og_antropologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie_og_antropologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Historie og antropologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie_og_antropologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informationslagring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informationslagring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Informationslagring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informationslagring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNA-forskningens_historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNA-forskningens_historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 DNA-forskningens historie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNA-forskningens_historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Se også </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Referencer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yderligere_læsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yderligere_læsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Yderligere læsning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yderligere_læsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Eksterne henvisninger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">DNA</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 164 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" > 164 sprog </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4" title="ዲ ኤን ኤ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲ ኤን ኤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Acido desoxirribonucleico – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="حمض نووى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمض نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ডি এন এ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডি এন এ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNT" title="DNT – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DNT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ائی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌ان‌ائی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNR" title="DNR – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DNR" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ডিএনএ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_dezoksiribonukleek" title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_desoxiribonucleic" title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал – tjetjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="دی ئێن ئەی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ئێن ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide désoxyribonucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – friulisk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_d%C3%A9zoksoribonikl%C3%A9yik" title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoxiribonukleinsav" title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ԴՆԹ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_deoxyribonucleic" title="Acido deoxyribonucleic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido deoxyribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleiko_nga_asido" title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デオキシリボ核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaxiraibonyuukliik_asid" title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="ДНҚ – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81" title="ឌីអិនអេ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីអិនអេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E_-(DNA)" title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA) – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDN" title="TDN – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="TDN" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_desoxyribonucleicum" title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida_desosiribonucleal" title="Asida desosiribonucleal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asida desosiribonucleal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ອາເດແອັນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາເດແອັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra_dez%C3%B4ksirib%C3%B4niokleika" title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%8E" title="ഡി.എൻ.എ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.എൻ.എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_deoksiribonukleik" title="Asid deoksiribonukleik – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid deoksiribonukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအန်အေ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီအန်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="डी एन ए – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डी एन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8.%E0%A8%8F." title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ڊي اين اي – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ. – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kislina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8F." title="டி. என். ஏ. – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி. என். ஏ." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%87%D9%83%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا – uygurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uygurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonuklein_kislota" title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_dezocsiribonucleyike" title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脱氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULibofuzo" title="ULibofuzo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULibofuzo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c">Artikel</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:DNA" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t">Diskussion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >dansk </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA">Læs</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v">Redigér</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e">Rediger kildekode</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=history" title="Tidligere versioner af denne side [h]" accesskey="h">Se historik</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Værktøjer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Værktøjer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA">Læs</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v">Redigér</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e">Rediger kildekode</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=history">Se historik</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/DNA" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j">Hvad henviser hertil</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Relaterede_%C3%A6ndringer/DNA" rel="nofollow" title="Seneste ændringer af sider som denne side henviser til [k]" accesskey="k">Beslægtede ændringer</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=da&campaign=dk" title="Upload filer [u]" accesskey="u">Upload fil</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Specialsider" title="Liste over alle specialsider [q]" accesskey="q">Specialsider</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=11890146" title="Permanent link til denne version af denne side">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=info" title="Yderligere oplysninger om denne side">Sideinformation</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Citer&page=DNA&id=11890146&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om, hvordan man kan citere denne side">Referer til denne side</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDNA">Hent forkortet URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDNA">Download QR-kode</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Organisation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Organisation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Organisation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_Wikipedia">Kontakt Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Wikimedia-Danmark" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://dk.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Danmark</a></li><li id="n-GLAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM">GLAM</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Udskriv/eksportér </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Bog&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=DNA">Lav en bog</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:DownloadAsPdf&page=DNA&action=show-download-screen">Download som PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&printable=yes" title="Printervenlig udgave af denne side [p]" accesskey="p">Udskriftsvenlig udgave</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/DNA" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430" title="Link til tilknyttet emne i Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata-element</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Udseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Udseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gode_artikler" title="Dette er en god artikel. Klik her for mere information."><img alt="God artikel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/15px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/22px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Omdirigeret fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellekerne-DNA&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellekerne-DNA">Cellekerne-DNA</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/340px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/510px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/680px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Strukturen af DNA-<a href="/wiki/Dobbelthelix" title="Dobbelthelix">dobbelthelix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atomerne</a> i strukturen er farvekodet efter <a href="/wiki/Grundstof" title="Grundstof">grundstof</a>, og to basepars detaljerede struktur er vist i nederste højre hjørne.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif/220px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Strukturen i en del af en DNA-<a href="/wiki/Dobbelthelix" title="Dobbelthelix">dobbelthelix</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/19px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/29px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/38px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="185" /> For alternative betydninger, se <a href="/wiki/DNA_(flertydig)" class="mw-disambig" title="DNA (flertydig)">DNA (flertydig)</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Speciel:Pr%C3%A6fiksindeks/DNA" title="Speciel:Præfiksindeks/DNA">Se også artikler, som begynder med DNA</a>)</dd></dl> Deoxyribonukleinsyre (DNA, fra det <a href="/wiki/Engelsk_(sprog)" title="Engelsk (sprog)">engelske</a> ord Deoxyribonucleic acid) er et <a href="/wiki/Molekyle" title="Molekyle">molekyle</a>, som bærer på de fleste af de <a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">genetiske</a> instruktioner, der bruges ved vækst, udvikling, funktion og <a href="/wiki/Reproduktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduktion">reproduktion</a> af alle kendte levende <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a> og mange <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">vira</a>. DNA og <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> er <a href="/wiki/Nukleinsyre" title="Nukleinsyre">nukleinsyrer</a>, som sammen med <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipider</a> og <a href="/wiki/Polysakkarid" title="Polysakkarid">komplekse kulhydrater</a> udgør de fire store typer <a href="/wiki/Makromolekyle" title="Makromolekyle">makromolekyler</a>, der er essentielle for alle kendte former for <a href="/wiki/Liv" title="Liv">liv</a>. De fleste DNA-molekyler består af to <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolymer">biopolymer</a>-strenge snoet omkring hinanden i en <a href="/wiki/Dobbelthelix" title="Dobbelthelix">dobbelthelix</a>. De to DNA-strenge er kendt som <a href="/wiki/Polynukleotid" title="Polynukleotid">polynukleotider</a>, siden de består af <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">simplere enheder</a> kaldet <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotider</a>. Hvert nukleotid består af en <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen">nitrogenholdig</a> <a href="/wiki/Nukleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleobase">nukleobase</a> — enten <a href="/wiki/Cytosin" title="Cytosin">cytosin</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Guanin" title="Guanin">guanin</a> (G), <a href="/wiki/Adenin" title="Adenin">adenin</a> (A) eller <a href="/wiki/Thymin" title="Thymin">thymin</a> (T) — såvel som en <a href="/wiki/Monosakkarid" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosakkarid">sukker</a> kaldet <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">deoxyribose</a> og en <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfatgruppe</a>. Nukleotiderne forbindes med hinanden i en kæde af <a href="/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding">kovalente bindinger</a> mellem sukker fra det ene nukleotid og fosfat fra det andet, hvilket resulterer i en alternerende sukker-fosfat-rygrad.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> DNA kaldes organismens byggeplan fordi det opbevarer biologisk <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> DNA-rygraden er resistent over for spaltning, og begge strenge af den dobbelt-strengede struktur opbevarer den samme biologiske information. Biologisk information replikeres, idet de to strenge separeres. En betragtelig del af DNA (mere end 98 % for mennesker) er <a href="/wiki/Ikke-kodende_DNA" title="Ikke-kodende DNA">ikke-kodende</a>, hvilket betyder, at disse sektioner ikke fungerer som koder for proteinsekvenser. Inde i celler organiseres DNA i lange strukturer kaldet <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosomer</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Celledeling" title="Celledeling">celledeling</a> duplikeres disse kromosomer ved en proces kaldet <a href="/wiki/DNA-replikation" title="DNA-replikation">DNA-replikation</a>, hvilket giver hver celle sit eget komplette sæt af kromosomer. <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">Eukaryote organismer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plante" class="mw-redirect" title="Plante">planter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe">svampe</a> og <a href="/wiki/Protister" title="Protister">protister</a>) opbevarer det meste af deres DNA i <a href="/wiki/Cellekerne" title="Cellekerne">cellekernen</a> og noget af deres DNA i <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organeller</a>, såsom <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrie" title="Mitokondrie">mitokondrier</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn">grønkorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> I modsætning hertil opbevarer <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoter" title="Prokaryoter">prokaryoter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ark%C3%A6er" title="Arkæer">arkæer</a>) kun deres DNA i <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasmaet</a>. Inde i kromosomerne komprimeres og organiseres DNA'en af <a href="/wiki/Kromatin" title="Kromatin">kromatinproteiner</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Histon" title="Histon">histon</a>. Disse kompakte strukturer guider interaktionerne mellem DNA og andre proteiner, og hjælper med at kontrollere, hvilke dele af DNA'en der transskriberes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egenskaber">Egenskaber</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Egenskaber" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Egenskaber">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/220px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/330px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DNA_chemical_structure.svg/440px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>DNA's kemiske struktur; <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenbinding" title="Hydrogenbinding">hydrogenbindinger</a> vist som prikkede linjer</figcaption></figure> DNA er en lang <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> lavet af gentagende enheder kaldet <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-6">[6]</a> DNA's struktur er ikke-statisk,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> alle arter består af to heliske kæder, der hver snor sig om den samme akse, og hver med en bane på 34 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B8m" title="Ångstrøm">ångström</a> (3,4 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a>) og en radius på 10 ångström (1,0 nanometer).<a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-8">[8]</a> Ifølge et andet studium kan DNA-kæden, i en bestemt opløsning, måles til at være 22 til 26 ångström bred (2,2 til 2,6 nanometer), og en nukleotidenhed blev målt til at være 3,3 Å (0,33 nm) lang.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Selvom hver individuel gentagende enhed er meget lille, kan DNA-polymerer være meget store molekyler indeholdende millioner af nukleotider. For eksempel består DNA'en i det største menneske<a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromosom_1_(mennesket)" title="Kromosom 1 (mennesket)">kromosom nummer 1</a>, af omkring 220 millioner <a href="/wiki/Basepar" title="Basepar">basepar</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> og ville være 85 mm langt, hvis det blev rettet ud. I levende organismer eksisterer DNA normalt ikke som et enkelt molekyle, men derimod som et molekylepar, der holdes stramt sammen.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-berg-12">[12]</a> Disse to lange strenge flettes omkring hinanden i form af en <a href="/wiki/Dobbelthelix" title="Dobbelthelix">dobbelthelix</a>. Hver nukleotidenhed indeholder både en del af molekylets rygradssegment, som holder kæden sammen, og en nukleobase, som interagerer med den anden DNA-streng i helixen. En nukleobase, der er forbundet med en sukker, kaldes et <a href="/wiki/Nukleosid" title="Nukleosid">nukleosid</a>, mens en base, der er forbundet med en sukker og en eller flere fosfatgrupper, kaldes et <a href="/wiki/Nukleotid" title="Nukleotid">nukleotid</a>. En polymer bestående af flere forbundne nukleotider (som i DNA) kaldes et <a href="/wiki/Polynukleotid" title="Polynukleotid">polynukleotid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-13">[13]</a> DNA-strengens rygrad består af alternerende <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a>- og <a href="/wiki/Kulhydrat" title="Kulhydrat">sukkergrupper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-14">[14]</a> Sukkeret i DNA er <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">2-deoxyribose</a>, som er en <a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">pentose</a> (fem-<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-sukker). Sukkeret bindes sammen af fosfatgrupper, som danner <a href="/wiki/Fosfodiester" title="Fosfodiester">fosfodiesterbindinger</a> mellem det tredje og femte carbonatom på nærliggende sukkerringe. Disse asymmetriske <a href="/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding">bindinger</a> betyder, at en DNA-streng har en retning. I en dobbelthelix er retningen på nukleotiderne i en streng modsat af nukleotidernes retning i den anden streng: Strengene er antiparallelle. DNA-strengenes asymmetriske ender kaldes 5′-enden og 3′-enden, hvor 5′-enden har en terminal fosfatgruppe og 3′-enden har en terminal hydroxylgruppe. En stor forskel mellem DNA og <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> er sukkeret, der i DNA er 2-deoxyribose og i RNA den alternative pentosesukker <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berg-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png/170px-DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/DNA_orbit_animated_static_thumb.png 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>En sektion af DNA. Baserne ligger horisontalt mellem de to spiralsnoede strenge.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" title="Fil:DNA orbit animated.gif">animeret version</a>).</figcaption></figure> DNA-dobbelthelixen stabiliseres primært af to kræfter: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenbinding" title="Hydrogenbinding">hydrogenbindinger</a> mellem nukleotider og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0-%CF%80-vekselvirkning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Π-π-vekselvirkning (ikke skrevet endnu)">basestablingsinteraktioner</a> mellem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromaticitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromaticitet (ikke skrevet endnu)">aromatiske</a> nukleobaser.<a href="#cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-16">[16]</a> I cellens vandige miljø tilpasser nukleobasernes konjugerede <a href="/wiki/Pi-binding" title="Pi-binding">π-bindinger</a> sig vinkelret på DNA-molekylets akse, hvilket minimerer deres interaktion med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solvatisering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solvatisering (ikke skrevet endnu)">solvatiseringsskallen</a> og derfor deres <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_fri_energi" title="Gibbs fri energi">Gibbs fri energi</a>. De fire baser i DNA er <a href="/wiki/Adenin" title="Adenin">adenin</a> (forkortet A), <a href="/wiki/Cytosin" title="Cytosin">cytosin</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Guanin" title="Guanin">guanin</a> (G) og <a href="/wiki/Thymin" title="Thymin">thymin</a> (T). Disse fire baser forbindes til sukkeret/fosfatet for at danne det komplette nukleotid, som vist for <a href="/wiki/Adenosinmonofosfat" title="Adenosinmonofosfat">adenosinmonofosfat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adenin" title="Adenin">Adenin</a> parres med <a href="/wiki/Thymin" title="Thymin">thymin</a>, mens <a href="/wiki/Guanin" title="Guanin">guanin</a> parres med <a href="/wiki/Cytosin" title="Cytosin">cytosin</a>. Det blev repræsenteret af A-T-basepar og G-C-basepar.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nukleobaseklassifikation">Nukleobaseklassifikation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Nukleobaseklassifikation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Nukleobaseklassifikation">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Nukleobaserne klassificeres i to typer: <a href="/wiki/Purin" title="Purin">purinerne</a>, A og G, som er fusionerede fem- og seksdelte <a href="/wiki/Heterocyklisk_forbindelse" title="Heterocyklisk forbindelse">heterocykliske forbindelser</a>, og <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidin" title="Pyrimidin">pyrimidinerne</a>, de seksleddede ringe C og T.<a href="#cite_note-berg-12">[12]</a> En femte pyrimidinnukleobase, <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a> (U), erstatter normalt thymin i RNA og adskiller sig fra thymin idet den mangler en <a href="/wiki/Methyl" title="Methyl">methylgruppe</a> på sin ring. Udover RNA og DNA er der også blevet skabt en lang række kunstige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleinsyreanalog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleinsyreanalog (ikke skrevet endnu)">nukleinsyreanaloger</a> til brug ved studier i nukleinsyrernes egenskaber, eller i bioteknologi.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Uracil findes normalt ikke i DNA og opstår kun som et nedbrydningsprodukt af cytosin. I en række <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">bakteriofager</a> – Bacillus subtilis-bakteriofagerne PBS1 og PBS2 og Yersinia-bakteriofagen piR1-37 – er thymin erstattet af uracil.<a href="#cite_note-Kiljunen2005-20">[20]</a> En anden fag – stafylokokkerfag S6 – er blevet identificeret som et genom, hvor thymin er erstattet af uracil.<a href="#cite_note-Uchiyama2014-21">[21]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base J (ikke skrevet endnu)">Base J</a> (beta-d-glukopyranosyloxymethyluracil), en modificeret form af uracil, findes også i en række organismer: flagellaterne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplonema_(protozoer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diplonema (protozoer) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Diplonema</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglena (ikke skrevet endnu)">Euglena</a>, og alle <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A6gt_(biologi)" title="Slægt (biologi)">slægter</a> af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetoplastida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetoplastida (ikke skrevet endnu)">kinetoplastider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1998-22">[22]</a> Biosyntese af J sker i to trin: i det første trin konverteres en specifik thymidin i DNA til hydroxymethyldeoxyuridin; i det andet <a href="/wiki/Glykosylering" class="mw-redirect" title="Glykosylering">glykosyleres</a> HOMedU til at danne form J.<a href="#cite_note-Borst2008-23">[23]</a> Der er blevet fundet proteiner, der binder specifikt til denne base.<a href="#cite_note-Cross1999-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiPaolo2005-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vainio2009-26">[26]</a> Disse proteiner lader til at være en fjern slægtning til det Tet1-<a href="/wiki/Onkogen" title="Onkogen">onkogen</a>, der er involveret i patogenesen af <a href="/wiki/Akut_myeloid_leuk%C3%A6mi" title="Akut myeloid leukæmi">akut myeloid leukæmi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iyer2009-27">[27]</a> J lader til at opføre sig som et terminationssignal for <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_polymerase_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA polymerase II (ikke skrevet endnu)">RNA polymerase II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Luenen2012-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazelbaker2012-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riller">Riller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Riller" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Riller">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/220px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/330px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png/440px-DNA-ligand-by-Abalone.png 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Store og små riller i DNA. Små riller er bindingssted for farven <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoechst-farve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoechst-farve (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hoechst 33258</a>.</figcaption></figure> To heliske strenge udgør DNA'ens rygrad. En anden dobbelthelix kan findes ved at følge rummene, eller rillerne (på engelsk kaldet "grooves"), mellem strengene. Disse hulrum støder op til baseparrene og kan udgøre et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bindingssted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bindingssted (ikke skrevet endnu)">bindingssted</a>. Da strengene ikke ligger symmetrisk i forhold til hinanden, er rillerne af forskellig størrelse. En rille, den store rille, er 22  <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B8m" title="Ångstrøm">Å</a> bred, mens den anden, den lille rille, er 12 Å bred.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Bredden af den store rille medfører, at kanterne på baserne er mere tilgængelige i den store rille end i den lille. Som følge heraf får proteiner såsom <a href="/wiki/Transskriptionsfaktor" title="Transskriptionsfaktor">transskriptionsfaktorer</a>, der kan binde til specifikke sekvenser i dobbelt-strenget DNA, normalt kontakt med siderne af de baser, der er blotlagt i den store rille.<a href="#cite_note-Pabo1984-31">[31]</a> Denne situation varierer i nogle usædvanlige DNA-konformere i cellen, men navnene "store" og "lille" rille er til for at reflektere de forskelle i størrelse, der ville ses, hvis DNA'en drejedes tilbage til almindelig B-form. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseparring">Baseparring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Baseparring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Baseparring">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Basepar" title="Basepar">Basepar</a></div> I en DNA-dobbelthelix binder hver type nukleobase på en streng kun til en bestemt type nukleobase på den anden streng. Dette kaldes komplementær <a href="/wiki/Basepar" title="Basepar">baseparring</a>. Her danner puriner <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenbinding" title="Hydrogenbinding">hydrogenbindinger</a> til pyrimidiner, idet adenin kun binder til thymin via to hydrogenbindinger, og cytosin kun binder til guanin via tre hydrogenbindinger. Dette arrangement af to nukleotider, der binder sig sammen på tværs af en dobbelthelix, kaldes et basepar. Da hydrogenbindinger ikke er <a href="/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding">kovalente</a>, kan de brydes og genforenes relativt nemt. DNA's to strenge i en dobbelthelix kan derfor trækkes fra hinanden som en lynlås, enten ved mekanisk kraft eller høje <a href="/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur">temperaturer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Som følge af denne komplementaritet duplikeres al information i den dobbelt-strengede sekvens i en DNA-helix på hver streng, hvilket er livsvigtigt i DNA-replikation. Denne reversible og specifikke interaktion imellem komplementære basepar er kritisk for alle DNA's funktioner i levende organismer.<a href="#cite_note-Alberts-6">[6]</a> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:230px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Base_pair_GC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/282px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/423px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/564px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:230px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Base_pair_AT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/282px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/423px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/564px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="352" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:282px;"><div class="thumbcaption">Øverst: et GC-basepar med tre <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenbinding" title="Hydrogenbinding">hydrogenbindinger</a>. Nederst: et AT-basepar med to hydrogenbindinger. Ikke-kovalente hydrogenbindinger mellem parrene vises som stiplede linjer.</div></div></div> De to typer basepar danner forskellige antal hydrogenbindinger, hvor AT danner to hydrogenbindinger og GC danner tre. DNA med højt <a href="/w/index.php?title=GC-indhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GC-indhold (ikke skrevet endnu)">GC-indhold</a> er mere stabilt end DNA med lavt GC-indhold. Som bemærket ovenfor er de fleste DNA-molekyler i virkeligheden to polymerstrenge, bundet sammen i helisk form af ikke-kovalente bindinger; denne dobbeltstrengede struktur (dsDNA) vedligeholdes hovedsageligt af intrastrengs-basestablingsinteraktioner, som er stærkest for G,C-stakke. De to strenge kan adskilles fra hinanden – en proces kendt som smeltning – for at danne to enkelt-strengede DNA-molekyler (ssDNA, efter engelsk single-stringed DNA). Smeltning sker ved høje temperaturer, lav saltkoncentration og høj pH (lav pH smelter også DNA, men siden DNA er ustabilt pga. syreafpurinering bruges lav pH sjældent). dsDNA-formens stabilitet afhænger ikke kun af GC-indholdet (% G,C-basepar), men også af sekvensen (siden stabling er sekvensspecifikt) og af længden (længere molekyler er mere stabile). Stabiliteten kan måles på forskellige måder; en udbredt måde er "smeltetemperaturen", hvilket er temperaturen hvor 50% af ds-molekylerne konverteres til ss-molekyler; smeltetemperaturer er afhængige af ionisk styrke og DNA'ens koncentration. Som følge heraf er det både procentdelen af GC-basepar og den overordnede længde af DNA-dobbelthelixen, der afgør styrken af forbindelsen mellem de to DNA-strenge. Lange DNA-helixer med højt GC-indhold har stærkere-interagerende strenge, mens korte helixer med højt AT-indhold har svagere-interagerende strenge.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Inden for biologien er der en tendens til, at dele af DNA-dobbelthelixen, som skal kunne separere nemt, såsom TATAAT <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pribnow-boks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pribnow-boks (ikke skrevet endnu)">Pribnow-boksen</a> i nogle <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biologi)">promotere</a>, har højt AT-indhold, hvilket gør strengene lettere at trække fra hinanden.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> I laboratoriet kan styrken af denne interaktion måles ved at finde den temperatur, der er nødvendig for at bryde hydrogenbindingerne, deres <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-smeltning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-smeltning (ikke skrevet endnu)">smeltetemperatur</a> (også kaldet Tm-værdien). Når alle baseparrene i en DNA-dobbelthelix smelter, adskilles og eksisterer strengene i opløsning som to fuldstændigt uafhængige molekyler. Disse enkeltstrengede DNA-molekyler (ssDNA) har ingen almindelig form, men nogle konformere er mere stabile end andre.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sense_og_antisense">Sense og antisense</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Sense og antisense" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sense og antisense">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Sense_(molekyl%C3%A6rbiologi)" title="Sense (molekylærbiologi)">Sense (molekylærbiologi)</a></div> En DNA-sekvens kaldes "sense" hvis dens sekvens er den samme som en <a href="/wiki/MRNA" title="MRNA">messenger RNA</a>-kopi, der translateres til protein.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Sekvensen på den modsatte streng kaldes "antisense"-sekvensen. Både sense- og antisense-sekvenser kan eksistere på forskellige dele af den samme DNA-streng (dvs. begge strenge kan indeholde både sense- og antisensesekvenser). Antisense-RNA-sekvenser produceres i både prokaryoter og eukaryoter, men disse RNA'ers funktioner er ikke helt visse.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> En mulighed er, at antisense-RNA er involveret i reguleringen af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genudtryk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genudtryk (ikke skrevet endnu)">genudtryk</a> gennem RNA-RNA-baseparring.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Nogle få DNA-sekvenser i prokaryoter og eukaryoter, og flere i <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmider</a> og <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">vira</a>, slører grænsen mellem sense- og antisense-strenge ved at have <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overlappende_gen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overlappende gen (ikke skrevet endnu)">overlappende gener</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> I disse tilfælde fungerer nogle DNA-sekvenser dobbelt, og koder et protein når de læser langs en streng, og et andet protein når de læses i den modsatte retning langs den anden streng. I <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterie">bakterier</a> kan dette overlap være involveret i reguleringen af gentransskription,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> mens overlappende gener hos vira kan øge mængden af information, der kan indkodes i det lille virale genom.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercoiling">Supercoiling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Supercoiling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Supercoiling">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/DNA-supercoiling" title="DNA-supercoiling">DNA-supercoiling</a></div> DNA kan snos som et reb ved en proces kaldet <a href="/wiki/DNA_supercoil" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA supercoil">DNA supercoiling</a>. I DNA'ens "afslappede" tilstand cirkler en streng normalt omkring dobbelthelixens akse en gang hvert 10,4 basepar, men hvis DNA'en snos, bliver strengene strammere eller løsere bundet.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Hvis DNA'en snos i samme retning som helixen, kaldes dette positiv supercoiling, og baserne holdes strammere sammen. Hvis de snos i den modsatte retning, kaldes det negativ supercoiling, og baserne kan nemmere adskilles. I naturen har den meste DNA en let negativ supercoiling, der skyldes <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymerne</a> <a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase" title="Topoisomerase">topoisomerase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Champoux-43">[43]</a> Disse enzymer behøves også for at aflaste de snoede spændinger, der introduceres i DNA-strenge under processer såsom <a href="/wiki/Transskription_(biologi)" title="Transskription (biologi)">transskription</a> og <a href="/wiki/DNA-replikation" title="DNA-replikation">DNA-replikation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wang-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_DNA-strukturer">Alternative DNA-strukturer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Alternative DNA-strukturer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Alternative DNA-strukturer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/220px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/330px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/440px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Fra venstre mod højre: strukturerne for A-, B- og Z-DNA</figcaption></figure> DNA eksisterer i mange mulige <a href="/wiki/Rotamer" title="Rotamer">konformere</a>, der inkluderer <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">A-DNA</a>, B-DNA og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z-DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">Z-DNA</a>, selvom kun B-DNA og Z-DNA er blevet direkte observeret i funktionelle organismer.<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-14">[14]</a> Den konformer som DNA indtager afhænger af hydratiseringsniveauet, DNA-sekvensen, mængden og retningen af supercoiling, kemiske modifikationer af baserne, typen og koncentrationen af metal<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ioner</a>, såvel som tilstedeværelsen af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyamin (ikke skrevet endnu)">polyaminer</a> i opløsningen.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> De første offentliggjorte rapporter om A-DNA-røntgendiffraktionsmønstre – såvel som B-DNA – brugte analyser baseret på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterson-metoden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson-metoden (ikke skrevet endnu)">Patterson-metoden</a>, der kun gav begrænsede mængder strukturel information om orienterede DNA-fibre.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatFranGos-47">[47]</a> En alternativ analyse blev efterfølgende foreslået af Wilkins et al., i 1953, for in vivo B-DNA røntgendiffraktionsmønstre af højt hydratiserede DNA-fibre i form af kvadrater af <a href="/wiki/Besselfunktion" title="Besselfunktion">Besselfunktioner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatWilk-48">[48]</a> I den samme journal præsenterede <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> og <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> deres molekylærmodelleringsanalyse af DNA-røntgendiffraktionsmønstrene for at sandsynliggøre at strukturen var en dobbelthelix.<a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-8">[8]</a> Selvom "B-DNA-formen" er den mest almindelige under de forhold, der findes i celler,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> er den ikke en veldefineret konformer, men en familie af relaterede DNA-konformere,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> der finder sted på de høje hydratiseringsniveauer i levende celler. Deres tilsvarende røntgendiffraktions- og spredningsmønstre er karakteristiske for molekylære <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parakrystallin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parakrystallin (ikke skrevet endnu)">parakrystaller</a> med en signifikant grad af uorden.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Sammenlignet med B-DNA er A-DNA-formen en bredere, højrehåndet spiral, med en overfladisk, bred lille rille og en smallere, dybere stor rille. A-formen fremkommer under ikke-fysiologiske forhold i delvist dehydrerede DNA-prøver, mens den i cellen kan produceres i hybridparringer af DNA- og RNA-strenge, såvel som i enzym-DNA-komplekser.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Segmenter af DNA, hvor baserne er blevet kemisk modificeret ved <a href="/wiki/Methylering" title="Methylering">methylering</a>, kan undergå en større forandring i konformer og indtage <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z-DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">Z-form</a>. Her drejer strengene omkring den heliske akse i en venstrehåndet spiral, det modsatte af den mere almindelige B-form.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Disse usædvanlige strukturer kan genkendes på specifikke Z-DNA-bindingsproteiner og kan være involveret i reguleringen af transskription.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternativ_DNA-kemi">Alternativ DNA-kemi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Alternativ DNA-kemi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Alternativ DNA-kemi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> I en række år har <a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">exobiologer</a> foreslået, at der findes en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyggebiosf%C3%A6re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skyggebiosfære (ikke skrevet endnu)">skyggebiosfære</a>, en postuleret mikrobiel biosfære af Jorden som anvender radikalt anderledes biokemiske og molekylære processer end det liv der kendes i dag. Et af forslagene var eksistensen af livsformer, som bruger <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsen-DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsen-DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">arsen i stedet for fosfor i DNA</a>. En rapport om denne mulighed i bakterien <a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a> blev bebudet i 2010,<a href="#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-58">[58]</a> selvom forskningen var omstridt,<a href="#cite_note-Space-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> og beviserne peger i retning af, at bakterien aktivt forhindrer inkorporeringen af <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a> i DNA-rygraden og andre biomolekyler.<a href="#cite_note-Nature-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadruplexstrukturer">Quadruplexstrukturer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Quadruplexstrukturer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Quadruplexstrukturer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-quadruplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-quadruplex (ikke skrevet endnu)">G-quadruplex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/220px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/330px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/440px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>DNA-quadruplex dannet af <a href="/wiki/Telomer" title="Telomer">telomergentagelser</a>. DNA-rygradens gentagede konformer er meget anderledes fra den typiske DNA-helix.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> I enderne af de lineære kromosomer findes specialiserede DNA-regioner kaldet <a href="/wiki/Telomer" title="Telomer">telomerer</a>. Disse regioners centrale funktion er at tillade cellen at replikere kromosomender ved brug af enzymet <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>, da enzymerne som normalt replikerer DNA ikke kan kopiere de yderste 3′-ender af kromosomer.<a href="#cite_note-Greider-62">[62]</a> Disse specialiserede 'kromosomdæksler' hjælper også med at beskytte DNA-enderne og stoppe <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-reparation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-reparation (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-reparationssystemerne</a> i cellen fra at behandle dem som skade, der skal repareres.<a href="#cite_note-Nugent-63">[63]</a> I menneskeceller har telomerer normalt en længde på enkelt-strenget DNA indeholdende flere tusinde gentagelser af en simpel TTAGGG-sekvens.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Disse guaninrige sekvenser kan stabilisere kromosomender ved at danne strukturer af stablede sæt af fire-baseenheder, snarere end de normale basepar i andre DNA-molekyler. Her danner fire guaninbaser en flad tallerken, og disse flade firebaseenheder stables derefter ovenpå hinanden for at danne en stabil <a href="/w/index.php?title=G-quadruplex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-quadruplex (ikke skrevet endnu)">G-quadruplexstruktur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burge-65">[65]</a> Disse strukturer stabiliseres af hydrogenbindinger mellem basekanterne og <a href="/wiki/Chelat" title="Chelat">chelat</a> fra en metalion i midten af hver firebase-enhed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Der kan også dannes andre strukturer, hvor det centrale sæt af fire baser kommer fra enten en enkelt streng foldet omkring baserne, eller flere forskellige parallelle strenge, der hver bidrager med en base til den centrale struktur. Udover disse stablede strukturer danner telomerer også store loopende strukturer kaldet telomerloops, eller T-loops. Her krøller den enkelt-strengede DNA sig sammen til en lang cirkel stabiliseret af telomerbindende proteiner.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> I den sidste ende af T-loopet holdes den enkelt-strengede telomer-DNA på en region af dobbelt-strenget DNA af den telomerstreng, der splitter den dobbeltheliske DNA og baseparring til en af de to strenge. Denne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trippel-strenget_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trippel-strenget DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">trippel-strengede</a> struktur kaldes et <a href="/w/index.php?title=D-loop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-loop (ikke skrevet endnu)">D-loop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burge-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forgrenet_DNA">Forgrenet DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Forgrenet DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Forgrenet DNA">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:200px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Branch-dna-single.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/95px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/143px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Branch-dna-single.svg/190px-Branch-dna-single.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Branch-DNA-multiple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/95px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/143px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Branch-DNA-multiple.svg/190px-Branch-DNA-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Enkelt gren </td> <td align="center">Flere grene </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:200px;font-size: 90%;"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forgrenet_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forgrenet DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">Forgrenet DNA</a> kan danne netværk indeholdende flere grene.</div></div></div> DNA "<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-ender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-ender (ikke skrevet endnu)">flosser</a>", når ikke-komplementære regioner eksisterer i enden af en ellers komplementær dobbelt-strenget DNA. Forgrenet DNA kan dog opstå, hvis en tredje streng af DNA introduceres og indeholder tilstødende regioner i stand til at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybridisering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybridisering (ikke skrevet endnu)">hybridisere</a> med de flossede regioner i den allerede eksisterende dobbelt-streng. Selvom det mest simple eksempel på forgrenet DNA kun involverer tre DNA-strenge, er det også muligt at skabe komplekser med yderligere strenge og flere grene.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Forgrenet DNA kan bruges i <a href="/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi">nanoteknologi</a> til at konstruere geometriske former. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemiske_modifikationer_og_ændret_DNA-pakning">Kemiske modifikationer og ændret DNA-pakning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Kemiske modifikationer og ændret DNA-pakning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kemiske modifikationer og ændret DNA-pakning">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basemodifikationer_og_DNA-pakning">Basemodifikationer og DNA-pakning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Basemodifikationer og DNA-pakning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Basemodifikationer og DNA-pakning">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:300px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Cytosin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/75px-Cytosin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/113px-Cytosin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cytosin.svg/150px-Cytosin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="153" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:5-Methylcytosine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/95px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/143px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/190px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="543" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Thymin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/97px-Thymin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/146px-Thymin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Thymin.svg/194px-Thymin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="154" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cytosin" title="Cytosin">cytosin</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methylcytosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methylcytosin (ikke skrevet endnu)">5-methylcytosin</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Thymin" title="Thymin">thymin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:300px;font-size: 90%;"><div class="thumbcaption">Cytosins struktur med og uden 5-methyl-gruppen. <a href="/wiki/Deaminering" title="Deaminering">Deaminering</a> konverterer 5-methylcytosin til thymin.</div></div></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genekspression&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genekspression (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ekspressionen</a> af gener påvirkes af, hvordan DNA'en pakkes i kromosomer, i en struktur kaldet <a href="/wiki/Kromatin" title="Kromatin">kromatin</a>. Basemodifikationer kan også være involverede i pakningen, hvor regioner med lav eller ingen genekspression normalt indeholder store mængder <a href="/wiki/Methylering" title="Methylering">methylering</a> af <a href="/wiki/Cytosin" title="Cytosin">cytosinbaser</a>. DNA-pakning og dens indflydelse på genekspression kan også ske ved kovalente modifikationer af <a href="/wiki/Histon" title="Histon">histonproteinkernen</a>, som DNA er pakket omkring i kromatinstrukturen, eller ved remodellering udført af kromatinremodelleringskomplekser. Herudover er der <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krydstale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krydstale (ikke skrevet endnu)">krydstale</a> mellem DNA-methylering og histonmodifikation, så de kan koordinere deres påvirkning af kromatin og genekspression.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> For at tage et eksempel, producerer cytosinmethylering <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Methylcytosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Methylcytosin (ikke skrevet endnu)">5-methylcytosin</a>, som er vigtigt for <a href="/wiki/Lyons_hypotese" title="Lyons hypotese">X-kromosominaktivering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Det gennemsnitlige methyleringsniveau varierer mellem organismer – ormen <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a> har ingen cytosinmethylering, mens <a href="/wiki/Hvirveldyr" title="Hvirveldyr">hvirveldyr</a> har højere niveauer, med 5-methylcytosin i op til 1% af deres DNA .<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> På trods af 5-methylcytosins vigtighed har det den ulempe, at det kan <a href="/wiki/Deaminering" title="Deaminering">deamineres</a> til en thyminbase, hvilket gør methylerede cytosiner særligt sårbare over for <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutationer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Blandt andre basemodifikationer er adeninmethylering i bakterier, tilstedeværelsen af <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-hydroxymethylcytosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-hydroxymethylcytosin (ikke skrevet endnu)">5-hydroxymethylcytosin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne">hjernen</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> og <a href="/wiki/Glykosylering" class="mw-redirect" title="Glykosylering">glykosyleringen</a> af uracil til "J-basen" i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinetoplastider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinetoplastider (ikke skrevet endnu)">kinetoplastider</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beskadigelse">Beskadigelse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: Beskadigelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Beskadigelse">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/220px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/330px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/440px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>Et <a href="/wiki/Kovalent_binding" title="Kovalent binding">kovalent</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addukt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addukt (ikke skrevet endnu)">addukt</a> mellem en metabolsk aktiveret form af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzo(a)pyren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzo(a)pyren (ikke skrevet endnu)">benzo[a]pyren</a> – det store <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tobaksrygning" title="Tobaksrygning">tobaksrøg</a> – og DNA.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></figcaption></figure> DNA kan beskadiges af mange typer <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagener</a>, som kan ændre DNA-sekvensen. Blandt disse mutagener er <a href="/wiki/Oxidationsmiddel" title="Oxidationsmiddel">oxidations-</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkylering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkylering (ikke skrevet endnu)">alkyleringsmidler</a>, såvel som højenergi-<a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Elektromagnetisk stråling">elektromagnetisk stråling</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> lys og <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenstr%C3%A5ling" title="Røntgenstråling">røntgenstråling</a>. Typen af skade på DNA'en afhænger af typen af mutagen. For eksempel kan UV-lys beskadige DNA ved at producere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thymindimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thymindimer (ikke skrevet endnu)">thymindimerer</a>, som er krydsbindinger mellem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrimidinbaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrimidinbaser (ikke skrevet endnu)">pyrimidinbaser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Omvendt forårsager oxidanter såsom <a href="/wiki/Radikal_(kemi)" title="Radikal (kemi)">frie radikale</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Brintoverilte" title="Brintoverilte">brintoverilte</a> flere typer skade, heriblandt basemodifikationer, særligt af guanosin, og dobbelt-streng-brud.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> En typisk menneskecelle indeholder omkring 150.000 baser, som har lidt oxidativ skade.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Af disse oxidative læsioner er de farligste dobbelt-strengede brud, da disse er svære at reparere og kan producere <a href="/wiki/Punktmutation" title="Punktmutation">punktmutationer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetisk_inds%C3%A6ttelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetisk indsættelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">indsættelser</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deletion_(genetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deletion (genetik) (ikke skrevet endnu)">deletioner</a> fra DNA-sekvensen, såvel som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromosomal_translokation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromosomal translokation (ikke skrevet endnu)">kromosomale translokationer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Disse mutationer kan forårsage <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%A6ft" title="Kræft">kræft</a>. På grund af iboende begrænsninger i DNA-reparationsmekanismerne ville alle mennesker, såfremt de levede længe nok, før eller siden udvikle kræft.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> DNA-skader, som opstår naturligt på grund af normale cellulære processer, der producerer reaktive oxygenforbindelser, cellulært vands hydrolytiske aktiviteter osv., sker også ofte. Selvom de fleste af disse skader repareres, kan der i enhver celle være nogle rester af DNA-skade på trods af reparationsprocesserne. Disse tilbageværende DNA-skader ophober sig med alderen i postmitotisk pattedyrsvæv. Denne ophobning lader til at være en vigtig underliggende årsag til aldring.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Mange mutagener passer ind i rummet mellem to tilstødende basepar – dette kendes som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkalation_(biokemi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkalation (biokemi) (ikke skrevet endnu)">interkalation</a>. De fleste interkalatorer er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aromaticitet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aromaticitet (ikke skrevet endnu)">aromatiske</a> og plane molekyler; eksempler kunne være <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethidiumbromid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethidiumbromid (ikke skrevet endnu)">ethidiumbromid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akridin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akridin (ikke skrevet endnu)">akridiner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daunorubicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daunorubicin (ikke skrevet endnu)">daunomycin</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doxorubicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doxorubicin (ikke skrevet endnu)">doxorubicin</a>. En interkalator kan kun passe mellem basepar, hvis baserne separeres, og DNA-strengene forvrides ved at dreje dobbelthelixen ud. Dette hæmmer både transskriptionen og DNA-replikationen, hvilket skaber toxicitet og mutationer.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Som resultat heraf kan DNA-interkalatorer være <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogene</a>, og i <a href="/wiki/Thalidomid" title="Thalidomid">thalidomids</a> tilfælde, et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teratogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teratogen (ikke skrevet endnu)">teratogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Andre, såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzo(a)pyren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzo(a)pyren (ikke skrevet endnu)">benzo[a]pyrenoxid</a> og <a href="/wiki/Aflatoksin" title="Aflatoksin">aflatoksin</a>, danner DNA-addukter, som fremkalder fejl i replikationen.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Alligevel bruges andre lignende toksiner også i <a href="/wiki/Kemoterapi" title="Kemoterapi">kemoterapi</a> til at sløve hurtigtvoksende kræftceller, pga. deres evne til at hæmme transskription og DNA-replikation.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntetisk_DNA">Syntetisk DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigér afsnit: Syntetisk DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Syntetisk DNA">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Der er gjort forsøg med at udvide den genetiske kode med flere syntetiske bogstaver, se <a href="/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA" title="Hachimoji DNA">hachimoji DNA</a>. Fordelene ved en udvidet kode kunne omfatte lagring af stærkt komprimerede data, dvs. en forbedret genetisk kode, samt indsigt i livets generelle kemiske forudsætninger dvs. hvad man også kunne forvente af eventuelt <a href="/wiki/Udenjordisk_liv" title="Udenjordisk liv">udenjordisk liv</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologiske_funktioner">Biologiske funktioner</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigér afsnit: Biologiske funktioner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Biologiske funktioner">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/220px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/330px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/440px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Beliggenheden af en eukaryots <a href="/w/index.php?title=NuDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NuDNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">kerne-DNA</a> i kromosomerne.</figcaption></figure> DNA forekommer normalt som lineære <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosomer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Eukaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryot">eukaryoter</a> og cirkulære kromosomer i <a href="/wiki/Prokaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryot">prokaryoter</a>. Kromosomsættet i en celle udgør dens <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genom</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menneskets_genom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menneskets genom (ikke skrevet endnu)">menneskets genom</a> har omkring 3 milliarder DNA-basepar arrangeret i 46 kromosomer.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Informationen i DNA ligger i <a href="/wiki/DNA-sekvens" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-sekvens">sekvensen</a> af DNA-stykker, der kaldes <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gener</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetisk_transmission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetisk transmission (ikke skrevet endnu)">Transmission</a> af genetisk information i gener opnås ved hjælp af komplementær <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baseparring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baseparring (ikke skrevet endnu)">baseparring</a>. For eksempel kopieres DNA-sekvensen ved hjælp af transskription ind i en komplementær RNA-sekvens gennem tiltrækningen mellem DNA'en og de korrekte RNA-nukleotider når en celle bruger informationen i et gen. Normalt bruges denne RNA-kopi derefter til at skabe en matchende <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminosyresekvens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminosyresekvens (ikke skrevet endnu)">proteinsekvens</a> ved en proces kaldet <a href="/wiki/Translation_(genetik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation (genetik)">translation</a>, som afhænger af den samme interaktion mellem RNA-nukleotider. Alternativt kan en celle simpelthen kopiere sin genetiske information ved DNA-replikation.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gener_og_genomer">Gener og genomer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigér afsnit: Gener og genomer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Gener og genomer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikler: <a href="/wiki/Arvemasse" title="Arvemasse">Arvemasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellekerne" title="Cellekerne">Cellekerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromatin" title="Kromatin">Kromatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">Kromosom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ikke-kodende_DNA" title="Ikke-kodende DNA">Ikke-kodende DNA</a></div> Genomisk DNA pakkes stramt og velordnet ved en proces kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-kondensering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-kondensering (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-kondensering</a> for at passe ind i cellens små tilgængelige voluminer. I eukaryoter befinder DNA sig i <a href="/wiki/Cellekerne" title="Cellekerne">cellekernen</a>, såvel som små mængder i <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrie" title="Mitokondrie">mitokondrier</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn">grønkorn</a>. I prokaryoter holdes DNA'en i et uregelmæssigt formet legeme i cytoplasmaen kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleoid (ikke skrevet endnu)">nukleoiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Et genoms genetiske information ligger i generne, og det fuldstændige informationssæt i en organisme kaldes dens <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>. Et gen er en <a href="/wiki/Arv_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arv (biologi)">arvelig</a> enhed og er en DNA-region, som påvirker en bestemt egenskab i en organisme. Gener indeholder en <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%85ben_l%C3%A6seramme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Åben læseramme (ikke skrevet endnu)">åben læseramme</a>, der kan transskriberes, såvel som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulerende_sekvens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulerende sekvens (ikke skrevet endnu)">regulerende sekvenser</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biologi)">promotere</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enhancer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enhancer (ikke skrevet endnu)">enhancere</a>, som kontrollerer transskriptionen af den åbne læseramme. I mange <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a> er det kun en lille fraktion af den samlede <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genomsekvens</a> der koder protein. For eksempel er det kun omkring 1,5% af det menneskelige genom, som består af proteinkodende <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exon (ikke skrevet endnu)">exoner</a>, mens over 50% af menneskelig DNA består af <a href="/wiki/Ikke-kodende_DNA" title="Ikke-kodende DNA">ikke-kodende</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Repetitiv_sekvens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repetitiv sekvens (ikke skrevet endnu)">repetitive sekvenser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Det har længe været en gåde hvorfor der findes så store mængder <a href="/wiki/Ikke-kodende_DNA" title="Ikke-kodende DNA">ikke-kodende DNA</a> og ekstraordinære forskelle i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomst%C3%B8rrelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genomstørrelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">genomstørrelse</a> (kendt som <a href="/wiki/C-v%C3%A6rdi" title="C-værdi">C-værdi</a>) i eukaryotiske genomer arterne imellem.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Nogle af de DNA-sekvenser, som ikke koder protein, kan dog stadig kode funktionelle <a href="/wiki/Ikke-kodende_RNA" title="Ikke-kodende RNA">ikke-kodende RNA</a>-molekyler, som er involverede i reguleringen af genekspression.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/220px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/330px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/440px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=T7_RNA_polymerase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T7 RNA polymerase (ikke skrevet endnu)">T7 RNA polymerase</a> (blå) producerer en mRNA (grøn) fra en DNA-skabelon (orange).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Nogle ikke-kodende DNA-sekvenser spiller en strukturel rolle i kromosomer. <a href="/wiki/Telomer" title="Telomer">Telomerer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Centromer" title="Centromer">centromerer</a> indeholder typisk kun få gener, men er vigtige for kromosomernes funktion og stabilitet.<a href="#cite_note-Nugent-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> En talstærk form for ikke-kodende DNA i mennesker er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudogen (ikke skrevet endnu)">pseudogener</a>, som er kopier af gener, der er blevet deaktiveret af mutation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Disse sekvenser er normalt kun molekylære fossiler, omend de en gang imellem kan fungere som råt <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genetisk materiale</a> for skabelsen af nye gener gennem en proces kendt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genduplikation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genduplikation (ikke skrevet endnu)">genduplikation</a> og divergens.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> En del <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">vira</a> har DNA i deres arvemateriale – eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Kopper" title="Kopper">kopper</a> (dobbeltstrenget) og <a href="/wiki/Lussingesyge" title="Lussingesyge">lussingesyge</a> (enkeltstrenget) – mens andre anvender RNA.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transskription_og_translation">Transskription og translation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigér afsnit: Transskription og translation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Transskription og translation">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikler: <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_kode" title="Genetisk kode">Genetisk kode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transskription_(genetik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transskription (genetik)">Transskription (genetik)</a> og <a href="/wiki/Proteinsyntese" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteinsyntese">Proteinsyntese</a></div> Et gen er en DNA-sekvens, der indeholder genetisk information og kan påvirke en organismes <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6notype" title="Fænotype">fænotype</a>. Inde i et gen definerer sekvensen af baser langs en DNA-streng en <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a>-sekvens, som så til gengæld definerer en eller flere proteinsekvenser. Forholdet mellem geners nukleotidsekvenser og proteiners <a href="/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre">aminosyresekvenser</a> bestemmes af reglerne for <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biologi)" title="Translation (biologi)">translation</a>, der overordnet kendes som den <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_kode" title="Genetisk kode">genetiske kode</a>. Den genetiske kode består af tre-bogstav 'ord' kaldet <a href="/wiki/Codon" title="Codon">codoner</a>, der dannes fra en sekvens af tre nukleotider (f.eks. ACT, CAG, TTT). Under transskriptionen kopieres et gens codoner ind i messenger-RNA (mRNA) ved hjælp af <a href="/wiki/RNA-polymerase" title="RNA-polymerase">RNA-polymerase</a> II. Denne RNA-kopi afkodes derefter af et <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a>, som læser RNA-sekvensen ved at baseparre mRNA'et med <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a> (tRNA), som bærer aminosyrer. Da der er 4 baser i 3-bogstavkombinationer, er der 64 mulige codoner (43 kombinationer). Disse koder så de tyve <a href="/wiki/Standardaminosyre" title="Standardaminosyre">standardaminosyrer</a> og giver de fleste aminosyrer mere end ét muligt komplementært codon. Der findes også tre 'stop'-codoner ('nonsense'-codoner), der indikerer slutningen af kodningsregionen; disse er de tre codoner TAA, TGA og TAG, idet der ikke findes en tRNA, der er komplementær til disse. Transskriptionen af DNA behøver dog ikke have dannelsen af mRNA, der skal translateres til et protein, som mål, da det ved transskriptionens producerede RNA i sig selv kan være målet. Dette kan f.eks. være tilfældet ved dannelsen af det omtalte tRNA (her bruges dog RNA-polymerase III frem for II) eller andre typer RNA, f.eks. precursor-<a href="/wiki/MiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MiRNA">miRNA</a>, der regulerer den cellulære proteinudtrykkelse ved processen <a href="/wiki/RNA-interferens" title="RNA-interferens">RNA-interferens</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replikation">Replikation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigér afsnit: Replikation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Replikation">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/DNA-replikation" title="DNA-replikation">DNA-replikation</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Celledeling" title="Celledeling">Celledeling</a> er essentiel for at en organisme kan vokse, men når en celle deler sig, skal den replikere DNA'en i sit genom, så de to datterceller har samme genetiske information som deres forælder. DNA's dobbeltstrengede struktur sørger for en simpel mekanisme til <a href="/wiki/DNA-replikation" title="DNA-replikation">DNA-replikation</a>. Her separeres de to strenge, hvorefter hver strengs <a href="/wiki/Komplement%C3%A6r_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplementær DNA">komplementære DNA</a>-sekvens genskabes af et <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzym</a> kaldet <a href="/wiki/DNA-polymerase" title="DNA-polymerase">DNA-polymerase</a>. Dette enzym skaber den komplementære streng ved at finde den korrekte base gennem komplementær baseparring, og binder den derefter med den oprindelige streng. Da DNA-polymeraser kun kan udvide en DNA-streng i retningen 5′ til 3′, bruges andre mekanismer til at kopiere dobbelthelixens antiparallelle strenge.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> På denne måde bestemmer basen på den gamle streng, hvilken base der dannes på den nye streng, og cellen ender op med en perfekt kopi af sin DNA. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekstracellulære_nukleinsyrer">Ekstracellulære nukleinsyrer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigér afsnit: Ekstracellulære nukleinsyrer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ekstracellulære nukleinsyrer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Nøgen ekstracellulær DNA (eDNA), som oftest udsendes ved celledød, er næsten allestedsnærværende i miljøet. Dets koncentration i jordbunden kan være helt op til 2 μg/L, og dets koncentration i naturlige vandmiljøer kan være helt op til 88 μg/L.<a href="#cite_note-Tani_2010-102">[102]</a> Der er blevet spekuleret i flere mulige funktioner, som eDNA varetager: det kan være involveret i horisontal <a href="/wiki/Horisontal_genoverf%C3%B8rsel" title="Horisontal genoverførsel">genoverførsel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Vlassov_2007-103">[103]</a> det kan levere næringsstoffer;<a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2001-104">[104]</a> og det kan fungere som en buffer til at rekruttere eller titrere ioner eller antibiotika.<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2008-105">[105]</a> Ekstracellulær DNA opfører sig som en funktionel ekstracellulær matrixkomponent i en række bakteriearters <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>. Det kan opføre sig som en genkendelsesfaktor til at regulere tilknytning og spredning af bestemte celletyper i biofilmen;<a href="#cite_note-Berne_2010-106">[106]</a> det kan bidrage til dannelsen af biofilm;<a href="#cite_note-Whitchurch_2002-107">[107]</a> og det kan bidrage til biofilmens fysiske styrke og modstandsdygtighed over for biologisk pres.<a href="#cite_note-Hu_2012-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaktion_med_proteiner">Interaktion med proteiner</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigér afsnit: Interaktion med proteiner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Interaktion med proteiner">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> Alle DNA's funktioner afhænger af samspillet med proteiner. Disse proteininteraktioner kan være ikke-specifikke, eller proteinet kan binde sig specifikt til en enkelt DNA-sekvens. Enzymer kan også binde til DNA og af disse er polymeraserne, som kopierer DNA-basesekvensen i transskription og DNA-replikation, særligt vigtige. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA-bindende_proteiner">DNA-bindende proteiner</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigér afsnit: DNA-bindende proteiner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: DNA-bindende proteiner">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tleft" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:260px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nucleosome1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/260px-Nucleosome1.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/390px-Nucleosome1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nucleosome1.png/520px-Nucleosome1.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1525" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:260px;"><div class="thumbcaption">Interaktion mellem DNA (orange) og <a href="/wiki/Histon" title="Histon">histoner</a> (blå). Disse proteiners basiske aminosyrer binder til DNA'ens sure fosfatgrupper.</div></div></div> Strukturelle proteiner, som binder DNA, er velkendte eksempler på ikke-specifikke interaktioner mellem DNA og protein. Inde i kromosomer holdes DNA i komplekser med strukturelle proteiner. Disse proteiner organiserer DNA'en i en kompakt struktur kaldet <a href="/wiki/Kromatin" title="Kromatin">kromatin</a>. I eukaryoter involverer denne struktur DNA-binding til et kompleks af små, basiske proteiner kaldet <a href="/wiki/Histon" title="Histon">histoner</a>, mens der er flere typer proteiner involveret i prokaryoter.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Histonerne danner et pladeformet kompleks kaldet et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosom (ikke skrevet endnu)">nukleosom</a>, som indeholder to komplette drejninger af dobbelt-strenget DNA viklet omkring dets overflade. Disse ikke-specifikke interaktioner udgøres af <a href="/wiki/Ionbinding" title="Ionbinding">ionbindinger</a> mellem <a href="/wiki/Base_(kemi)" title="Base (kemi)">basiske</a> grupper i histonerne og sure fosfatgrupper i DNA'ens sukker-fosfat-rygrad og er derfor mestendels uafhængige af basesekvensen.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Kemiske modifikationer af disse basiske grupper (der sidder på sidekæderne af aminosyrer) inkluderer <a href="/wiki/Methylering" title="Methylering">methylering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosforylering" title="Fosforylering">fosforylering</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylering (ikke skrevet endnu)">acetylering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Disse kemiske modifikationer ændrer styrken af interaktionen mellem DNA'en og histonerne, hvilket gør DNA'en mere eller mindre tilgængelig for <a href="/wiki/Transskriptionsfaktor" title="Transskriptionsfaktor">transskriptionsfaktorer</a> og ændrer transskriptionshastigheden.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> En særlig gruppe DNA-bindende proteiner er de DNA-bindende proteiner, som specifikt binder enkeltstrenget DNA. I mennesker er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protein_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protein A (ikke skrevet endnu)">replikationsprotein A</a> det bedst kendte eksempel fra denne familie og bruges i processer, hvor dobbelthelixen er separeret, heriblandt ved DNA-replikation, rekombination og DNA-reparation.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Disse bindingsproteiner lader til at stabilisere enkeltstrenget DNA og beskytte det fra at danne <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A5rn%C3%A5lsstruktur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hårnålsstruktur (ikke skrevet endnu)">hårnålsstrukturer</a> eller blive nedbrudt af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklease (ikke skrevet endnu)">nukleaser</a>. I modsætning hertil er der andre proteiner, som har udviklet sig til at binde til bestemte DNA-sekvenser. De mest intensivt studerede af disse er de forskellige <a href="/wiki/Transskriptionsfaktor" title="Transskriptionsfaktor">transskriptionsfaktorer</a>, som er proteiner, der regulerer transskription. Hver transskriptionsfaktor binder til et bestemt sæt af DNA-sekvenser og aktiverer eller hæmmer transskriptionen af gener, som har disse sekvenser tæt på deres promotere. Transskriptionsfaktorerne gør dette på to måder. For det første kan de binde RNA-polymerasen ansvarlig for transskription, enten direkte eller gennem andre mediatorproteiner; dette lokaliserer polymerasen ved promoteren og lader den begynde transskription.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Alternativt kan transskriptionsfaktorer binde <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymer</a>, som modificerer histonerne ved promoteren. Dette ændrer på DNA-skabelonens tilgængelighed for polymerasen.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Da disse DNA-targets kan forekomme overalt i en organismes genom, kan ændringer i en type transskriptionsfaktors aktivitet påvirke tusinder af gener.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Som følge heraf er disse proteiner ofte mål for de <a href="/wiki/Signaltransduktion" title="Signaltransduktion">signaltransduktionsprocesser</a>, som styrer responset på miljøforandringer eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellul%C3%A6r_differentiering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulær differentiering (ikke skrevet endnu)">cellulær differentiering</a> og udvikling. Specificiteten af disse transskriptionsfaktorers interaktioner med DNA kommer af, at proteinerne har flere kontakter til DNA-basernes kant, hvilket tillader dem at "læse" DNA-sekvensen. De fleste af disse baseinteraktioner sker i den store rille, hvor baserne er mest tilgængelige.<a href="#cite_note-Pabo1984-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA-modificerende_enzymer">DNA-modificerende enzymer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigér afsnit: DNA-modificerende enzymer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: DNA-modificerende enzymer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:EcoRV_1RVA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/220px-EcoRV_1RVA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/330px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/440px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Restriktionsenzym" title="Restriktionsenzym">Restriktionsenzymet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=EcoRV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EcoRV (ikke skrevet endnu)">EcoRV</a> (grøn) i et kompleks med dets substrat-DNA<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nukleaser_og_ligaser">Nukleaser og ligaser</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Redigér afsnit: Nukleaser og ligaser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Nukleaser og ligaser">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuklease (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nukleaser</a> er <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymer</a>, som skærer DNA-strenge ved at katalysere <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyse" title="Hydrolyse">hydrolyse</a> af <a href="/wiki/Fosfodiester" title="Fosfodiester">fosfodiesterbindingerne</a>. Nukleaser som hydrolyserer nukleotider fra enderne af DNA-strenge kaldes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exonuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exonuklease (ikke skrevet endnu)">exonukleaser</a>, mens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endonuklease (ikke skrevet endnu)">endonukleaser</a> skærer inde i strenge. De oftest brugte nukleaser i <a href="/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologi" title="Molekylærbiologi">molekylærbiologi</a> er <a href="/wiki/Restriktionsenzym" title="Restriktionsenzym">restriktionsendonukleaser</a>, som skærer DNA ved bestemte sekvenser. For eksempel genkender EcoRV-enzymet den 6-basede sekvens 5′-GATATC-3′. I naturen beskytter disse enzymer <a href="/wiki/Bakterie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterie">bakterier</a> mod <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">faginfektion</a> ved at fordøje fag-DNA'en, når den kommer ind i den bakterielle celle, og opfører sig som en del af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restriktionsmodifikationssystem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restriktionsmodifikationssystem (ikke skrevet endnu)">restriktionsmodifikationssystemet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Inden for teknologi bruges disse sekvensspecifikke nukleaser i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekyl%C3%A6r_kloning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekylær kloning (ikke skrevet endnu)">molekylær kloning</a> og til at tage <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_fingeraftryk" title="Genetisk fingeraftryk">DNA-fingeraftryk</a>. Enzymer kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-ligase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-ligase (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-ligaser</a> kan genforbinde skårede eller brækkede DNA-strenge.<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-120">[120]</a> Ligaser er særligt vigtige i DNA-replikation af tilbagestående strenge, da de forbinder de korte DNA-segmenter, der produceres ved replikationsgaflen til en fuldstændig kopi af DNA-skabelonen. De bruges også i <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-reparation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-reparation (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-reparation</a> og <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_rekombination" title="Genetisk rekombination">genetisk rekombination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topoisomeraser_og_helicaser">Topoisomeraser og helicaser</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Redigér afsnit: Topoisomeraser og helicaser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Topoisomeraser og helicaser">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase" title="Topoisomerase">Topoisomeraser</a> er enzymer med både nuklease- og ligaseaktivitet. Disse proteiner ændrer mængden af <a href="/wiki/DNA-supercoiling" title="DNA-supercoiling">supercoiling</a> i DNA. Nogle af disse enzymer fungerer ved at skære DNA-helixen og lader en sektion rotere, hvorved de reducerer mængden af supercoiling; enzymet forsegler derefter DNA-bruddet.<a href="#cite_note-Champoux-43">[43]</a> Andre typer af disse enzymer er i stand til at skære en DNA-helix og derefter sende en anden DNA-streng igennem dette brud, før det genforbinder helixen.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Topoisomeraser er nødvendige for mange processer, der involverer DNA, såsom DNA-replikation og transskription.<a href="#cite_note-Wang-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase">Helicaser</a> er proteiner, der er en form for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorprotein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorprotein (ikke skrevet endnu)">molekylær motor</a>. De bruger den kemiske energi i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosidtrifosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosidtrifosfat (ikke skrevet endnu)">nukleosidtrifosfater</a>, særligt <a href="/wiki/Adenosintrifosfat" title="Adenosintrifosfat">ATP</a>, til at bryde hydrogenbindinger mellem baser og strække DNA-dobbelthelixen ud i enkelte strenge.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Disse enzymer er essentielle for de fleste processer hvor enzymer skal have adgang til DNA-baserne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polymeraser">Polymeraser</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Redigér afsnit: Polymeraser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Polymeraser">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Polymerase" title="Polymerase">Polymeraser</a> er <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymer</a>, der syntetiserer polynukleotidekæder fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosidtrifosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosidtrifosfat (ikke skrevet endnu)">nukleosidtrifosfater</a>. Deres produkters sekvens skabes på basis af eksisterende polynukleotidkæder – kaldet "skabeloner". Disse enzymer fungerer ved at føje et nukleotid til 3′-<a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxylgruppen</a> i enden af den voksende polynukleotidkæde gentagne gange. Som konsekvens heraf arbejder alle polymeraser i en 5′- til 3′-retning.<a href="#cite_note-Joyce-123">[123]</a> I disse enzymers <a href="/wiki/Aktivt_s%C3%A6de" title="Aktivt sæde">aktive sæde</a> baseparres den nye nukleosidtrifosfat til skabelonen: Dette lader polymeraser syntetisere deres skabelons komplementære streng på korrekt vis. Polymeraser klassificeres efter den type skabelon, som de anvender. Ved DNA-replikation tager DNA-afhængige <a href="/wiki/DNA-polymerase" title="DNA-polymerase">DNA-polymeraser</a> kopier af DNA-polynukleotidkæder. For at kunne bevare biologisk information er det essentielt, at sekvensen af baser i hver kopi er præcist komplementær til sekvensen af baser i skabelonstrengen. Mange DNA-polymeraser har en korrekturlæsende aktivitet. Her genkender polymerasen den lejlighedsvise fejl i syntesereaktionen ud fra manglen på baseparring mellem de fejlmatchede nukleotider. Hvis der opdages en fejlmatch, aktiveres en 3′ til 5′ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exonuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exonuklease (ikke skrevet endnu)">exonukleaseaktivitet</a>, og den ukorrekte base fjernes.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> I de fleste organismer fungerer DNA-polymeraser i et stort kompleks kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replisom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replisom (ikke skrevet endnu)">replisomet</a>, der indeholder flere tilhørende underenheder, såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-klemme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-klemme (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-klemmen</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase">helicaserne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> RNA-afhængige DNA-polymeraser er en specialiseret klasse af polymeraser, som kopierer en RNA-strengs sekvens ind i DNA. De omfatter <a href="/wiki/Revers_transkriptase" title="Revers transkriptase">revers transkriptase</a>, som er et <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">viralt</a> enzym involveret i <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retroviras</a> infektion af celler, og <a href="/wiki/Telomerase" title="Telomerase">telomerase</a>, som er påkrævet ved replikation af telomerer.<a href="#cite_note-Greider-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Telomerase er en usædvanlig polymerase, fordi den indeholder sin egen RNA-skabelon som en del af sin struktur.<a href="#cite_note-Nugent-63">[63]</a> Transskription udføres af en DNA-afhængig <a href="/wiki/RNA-polymerase" title="RNA-polymerase">RNA-polymerase</a>, der kopierer en DNA-strengs sekvens ind i RNA. For at påbegynde transskriptionen af et gen binder RNA-polymerasen til en DNA-sekvens kaldet en <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biologi)">promoter</a> og separerer DNA-strengene. Derefter kopierer den gensekvensen ind i en <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a>-udskrift, indtil den når en DNA-region kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminator_(genetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminator (genetik) (ikke skrevet endnu)">terminatoren</a>, hvor den stopper og afkobles fra DNA'en. Ligesom det er tilfældet med menneskelige DNA-afhængige DNA-polymeraser, opererer <a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA_polymerase_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA polymerase II (ikke skrevet endnu)">RNA polymerase II</a>, det enzym, der transskriberer de fleste af generne i det menneskelige genom, som en del af et stort <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinkompleks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteinkompleks (ikke skrevet endnu)">proteinkompleks</a> med flere regulerende og tilhørende underenheder.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetisk_rekombination">Genetisk rekombination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Redigér afsnit: Genetisk rekombination" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Genetisk rekombination">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_rekombination" title="Genetisk rekombination">Genetisk rekombination</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:250px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Holliday_Junction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/250px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/375px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Holliday_Junction.svg/500px-Holliday_Junction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="376" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fil:Holliday_junction_coloured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/250px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/375px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/500px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1620" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:250px;"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollidaykors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollidaykors (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hollidaykorsets</a> struktur i <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_rekombination" title="Genetisk rekombination">genetisk rekombination</a>. De fire separate DNA-strenge er farvet rød, blå, grøn og gul.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/250px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/375px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/500px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Rekombination involverer brydningen og genforeningen af to kromosomer (M og F) for at producere to omarrangerede kromosomer (C1 og C2).</figcaption></figure> En DNA-helix interagerer normalt ikke med andre DNA-segmenter, og i menneskeceller er de forskellige kromosomer oven i købet placeret i separate områder i cellekernen kaldet "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromosomterritorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromosomterritorium (ikke skrevet endnu)">kromosomterritorier</a>".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Denne fysiske adskillelse af forskellige kromosomer er vigtig for DNA'ens evne til at fungere som et stabilt informationsarkiv, da en af de få gange kromosomer interagerer er ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overkrydsning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overkrydsning (ikke skrevet endnu)">overkrydsning</a>, der sker under <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8nnet_formering" title="Kønnet formering">kønnet formering</a>, hvor <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_rekombination" title="Genetisk rekombination">genetisk rekombination</a> finder sted. "Overkrydsning" betegner når to DNA-helixer brydes op, udveksler en sektion og derefter genforenes. Rekombination lader kromosomer udveksle genetisk information og producerer nye kombinationer af gener, som øger <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_selektion" title="Naturlig selektion">naturlig selektions</a> effektivitetet, og kan være vigtigt i den hurtige udvikling af nye proteiner.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Genetisk rekombination kan også være involveret i DNA-reparation, særligt i cellens respons på dobbeltstrengsbrud.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Den mest almindelige form for overkrydsning er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homolog_rekombination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homolog rekombination (ikke skrevet endnu)">homolog rekombination</a>, hvor de to involverede kromosomer deler meget ens sekvenser. Ikke-homolog rekombination kan være skadelig for celler, da det kan producere <a href="/wiki/Translokation" title="Translokation">kromosomale translokationer</a> og genetiske abnormiteter. Rekombinationsreaktionen katalyseres af enzymer kendt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinase (ikke skrevet endnu)">rekombinaser</a>, såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=RAD51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RAD51 (ikke skrevet endnu)">RAD51</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Det første skridt ved rekombination er et dobbeltstrenget brud forårsaget af enten en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endonuklease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endonuklease (ikke skrevet endnu)">endonuklease</a> eller beskadigelse af DNA'en.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> En række skridt delvist katalyseret af rekombinasen fører derefter til sammenføjningen af de to helixer ved mindst et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollidaykors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollidaykors (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hollidaykors</a>, hvori et segment af en enkelt streng i hver helix knyttes til den komplementære streng i den anden helix. Hollidaykorset er en <a href="/wiki/Tetraeder" title="Tetraeder">tetraedrisk</a> knudepunktsstruktur, der kan flyttes langs kromosomparret, og udskifter en streng med en anden. Rekombinationsreaktionen stoppes derefter af spaltning af knudepunktet og re-ligeringen af det frigivne DNA.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Redigér afsnit: Evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/RNA-verdenshypotesen" title="RNA-verdenshypotesen">RNA-verdenshypotesen</a></div> DNA indeholder den genetiske information, der lader alle moderne levende ting fungere, vokse og reproducere. Det er dog uklart, hvor langt tilbage i livets fire milliarder år lange historie DNA har haft denne funktion, og det har været foreslået at de tidligste livsformer kan have anvendt RNA som deres genetiske materiale.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> RNA kan have opført sig som den centrale del af tidlig <a href="/wiki/Stofskifte" title="Stofskifte">cellemetabolisme</a>, da det både kan transmittere genetisk information og udføre <a href="/wiki/Katalyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalyse">katalyse</a> som en del af <a href="/wiki/Ribozym" title="Ribozym">ribozymer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Denne urgamle <a href="/wiki/RNA-verdenshypotesen" title="RNA-verdenshypotesen">RNA-verden</a>, hvor nukleinsyrer i så fald blev brugt til både katalyse og genetik, kan have påvirket <a href="/wiki/Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution">udviklingen</a> af den nuværende genetiske kode baseret på fire nukleotidbaser. Dette ville ske fordi antallet af forskellige baser i en sådanne organisme er en afvejning mellem et lille antal baser med bedre replikationspræcision og et stort antal baser med bedre katalytisk ribozymeffektivitet.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Der er dog ingen direkte beviser på urgamle genetiske systemer, da det er umuligt at isolere DNA fra de fleste fossiler, idet DNA kun overlever i miljøet i mindre end en million år og langsomt nedbrydes til korte fragmenter i opløsning.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Der er blevet fremsat påstande om ældre DNA; bedst kendt er en rapport om isoleringen af en levedygtig bakterie fra en 250 millioner år gammel saltkrystal,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> men disse påstande er kontroversielle.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> DNA-byggesten (<a href="/wiki/Adenin" title="Adenin">adenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanin" title="Guanin">guanin</a> og relaterede <a href="/wiki/Organisk_forbindelse" title="Organisk forbindelse">organiske forbindelser</a>) kan være blevet dannet uden for Jordens atmosfære, i det <a href="/wiki/Ydre_rum" title="Ydre rum">ydre rum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Callahan-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNA-145">[145]</a> Komplekse DNA- og RNA-<a href="/wiki/Organisk_forbindelse" title="Organisk forbindelse">forbindelser</a>, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/Uracil" title="Uracil">uracil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytosin" title="Cytosin">cytosin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Thymin" title="Thymin">thymin</a>, er også blevet dannet i laboratorier under forhold der efterligner dem, der findes i det ydre rum, ved brug af udgangsstoffer (såsom <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidin" title="Pyrimidin">pyrimidin</a>) fundet i <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteoritter</a>. Pyrimidin kan, ligesom <a href="/wiki/Aromatiske_kulbrinter" title="Aromatiske kulbrinter">polycykliske aromatiske hydrocarboner</a> (PAH'er), de mest carbon-rige kemiske forbindelser i <a href="/wiki/Universet" title="Universet">universet</a>, være blevet dannet i <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8d_k%C3%A6mpe" title="Rød kæmpe">røde kæmper</a> eller i <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_st%C3%B8v" title="Kosmisk støv">kosmisk støv</a> og gasskyer.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150303-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anvendelse_inden_for_teknologi">Anvendelse inden for teknologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Redigér afsnit: Anvendelse inden for teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Anvendelse inden for teknologi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genteknologi">Genteknologi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Redigér afsnit: Genteknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Genteknologi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikler: <a href="/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologi" title="Molekylærbiologi">Molekylærbiologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Genteknologi" title="Genteknologi">genteknologi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_DL90_(geograph_2847164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DNA_DL90_%28geograph_2847164%29.jpg/220px-DNA_DL90_%28geograph_2847164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DNA_DL90_%28geograph_2847164%29.jpg/330px-DNA_DL90_%28geograph_2847164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/DNA_DL90_%28geograph_2847164%29.jpg/440px-DNA_DL90_%28geograph_2847164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>En DNA-skulptur lavet af indkøbsvogne</figcaption></figure> Der er blevet udviklet metoder til at oprense DNA fra organismer, såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenol-kloroformudvinding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenol-kloroformudvinding (ikke skrevet endnu)">fenol-kloroformudvinding</a>, og til at manipulere det i laboratorier, såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restriktionsford%C3%B8jelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restriktionsfordøjelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">restriktionsfordøjelser</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymerasek%C3%A6dereaktion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymerasekædereaktion (ikke skrevet endnu)">polymerasekædereaktion</a>. Moderne <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi">biokemi</a> gør intensivt brug af disse teknikker i rekombinant DNA-teknologi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombinant_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinant DNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">Rekombinant DNA</a> er menneskeskabte DNA-sekvenser, der er blevet samlet fra andre DNA-sekvenser. De kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformation_(genetik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transformation (genetik) (ikke skrevet endnu)">transformeres</a> til organismer i form af <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmider</a> eller i passende format ved brug af en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viral_vektor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viral vektor (ikke skrevet endnu)">viral vektor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genteknologi" title="Genteknologi">Genetisk modificerede</a> organismer kan bruges til at producere produkter såsom rekombinante <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteiner</a>, til brug i biomedicinsk forskning,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> eller dyrkes i <a href="/wiki/Landbrug" title="Landbrug">landbruget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA-profil">DNA-profil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Redigér afsnit: DNA-profil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: DNA-profil">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/DNA-profil" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-profil">DNA-profil</a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriminalteknik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriminalteknik (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kriminalteknikere</a> kan bruge DNA i <a href="/wiki/Blod" title="Blod">blod</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6d" title="Sæd">sæd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hud" title="Hud">hud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spyt" title="Spyt">spyt</a> eller <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5r" title="Hår">hår</a> fundet på et <a href="/wiki/Gerningssted" title="Gerningssted">gerningssted</a> til at identificere matchende DNA fra et individ, såsom en gerningsmand. Denne proces kendes formelt som etablering af en <a href="/wiki/DNA-profil" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-profil">DNA-profil</a>, men kan også kaldes "<a href="/wiki/Genetisk_fingeraftryk" title="Genetisk fingeraftryk">genetiske fingeraftryk</a>". I DNA-profiler sammenlignes længderne på variable sektioner af repetitiv DNA, såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrosatellit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrosatellit (ikke skrevet endnu)">mikrosatellitter</a>, mellem to mennesker. Denne metode er normalt en ekstremt troværdig teknik til at identificere matchende DNA.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Identifikation kan dog være kompliceret, hvis stedet er forurenet med DNA fra flere mennesker.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> DNA-profiler blev udviklet i 1984 af den britiske genetiker Sir <a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> og brugt første gang inden for kriminalteknik til at dømme Colin Pitchfork i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Pitchfork&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Pitchfork (ikke skrevet endnu)">Enderby-mordene</a> i 1988.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Udviklingen af kriminalteknik, og evnen til nu at fremskaffe genetisk match på små prøver af blod, hud, spyt eller hår, har ført til en genundersøgelse af en række sager. Mennesker, der er anklaget for en alvorlig forbrydelse, kan blive afkrævet en DNA-prøve til sammenligning. I <a href="/wiki/Danmark" title="Danmark">Danmark</a> har et af de mest notable eksempler på en sag, hvor DNA-profil var af afgørende betydning, været ved efterforskningen af de drab og voldtægter, der blev begået af <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lychau_Hansen" title="Marcel Lychau Hansen">Marcel Lychau Hansen</a>, bedre kendt som "Amagermanden"<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>. Det mest åbenlyse forsvar imod kriminaltekniske DNA-matches er at påstå at der er blevet byttet rundt på beviser. Dette har resulteret i omhyggelige og strenge håndteringsprocedurer i alle nye sager. DNA-profiler bruges også til at identificere ofre for hændelser med mange omkomne,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> såvel som til at identificere lig eller kropsdele i alvorlige ulykker og sågar til at identificere individuelle ofre i massegrave – ved at sammenligne med familiemedlemmer. DNA-profiler bruges også til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faderskabstest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faderskabstest (ikke skrevet endnu)">faderskabstests</a> for at afgøre, hvorvidt en person er biologisk forælder eller bedsteforælder til et barn med en sandsynlighedsgrad på 99,99% for, hvorvidt den angivelige forælder er biologisk beslægtet med barnet. Normale DNA-sekventeringsmetoder sker efter fødslen, men der findes nye metoder, hvorved man kan teste for faderskab mens moderen stadig er gravid.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA-enzymer_eller_katalytisk_DNA">DNA-enzymer eller katalytisk DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Redigér afsnit: DNA-enzymer eller katalytisk DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: DNA-enzymer eller katalytisk DNA">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribozym" title="Deoxyribozym">Deoxyribozym</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribozym" title="Deoxyribozym">Deoxyribozymer</a>, også kaldet DNAzymer eller katalytisk DNA, blev opdaget i 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Breaker_223–229-158">[158]</a> Det er for det meste enkeltstrengede DNA-sekvenser, der er isoleret fra en stor pulje af tilfældige DNA-sekvenser gennem en kombineret tilgang kaldet in vitro-selektion eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=SELEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SELEX (ikke skrevet endnu)">SELEX</a>. DNAzymer katalyserer en række kemiske reaktioner, heriblandt RNA/DNA-spaltning, RNA/DNA-ligering, aminosyrefosforylering/defosforylering, o.a. DNAzymer kan øge hastigheden af kemiske reaktioner op til 100.000.000.000 gange hastigheden af den ukatalyserede reaktion.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Den mest studerede klasse af DNAzymer er RNA-spaltende DNAzymer, som er blevet brugt til opdagelse af forskellige metalioner og til at designe terapeutiske midler. Der er fundet flere metalspecifikke DNAzymer, heriblandt GR-5-DNAzymet (<a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">bly</a>-specifikt),<a href="#cite_note-Breaker_223–229-158">[158]</a> CA1-3-DNAzymet (<a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">kobber</a>-specifikt),<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> 39E-DNAzymet (<a href="/wiki/Uranyl" title="Uranyl">uranyl</a>-specifikt) og NaA43-DNAzymet (<a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a>-specifikt).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioinformatik">Bioinformatik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Redigér afsnit: Bioinformatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Bioinformatik">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatik" title="Bioinformatik">Bioinformatik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatik" title="Bioinformatik">Bioinformatik</a> involverer udviklingen af teknikker til at opbevare, <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mine</a>, søge i og manipulere biologiske data, heriblandt <a href="/wiki/DNA-sekvens" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-sekvens">DNA-sekvensdata</a>. Dette har ført til vidt anvendte fremskridt inden for <a href="/wiki/Datalogi" title="Datalogi">datalogi</a>, særligt <a href="/w/index.php?title=String-searching-algoritme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="String-searching-algoritme (ikke skrevet endnu)">string-searching-algoritmer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maskinel%C3%A6ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maskinelæring (ikke skrevet endnu)">maskinelæring</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Databaseteori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Databaseteori (ikke skrevet endnu)">databaseteori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> String-searching eller matchingalgoritmer, som genkender en bogstavsekvens inde i en større sekvens af bogstaver, blev udviklet til at søge efter bestemte nukleotidsekvenser.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> DNA-sekvensen bliver <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekvenssammenstilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekvenssammenstilling (ikke skrevet endnu)">sammenstillet</a> med andre DNA-sekvenser for at identificere <a href="/wiki/Homologi_(biologi)" title="Homologi (biologi)">homologe</a> sekvenser og lokalisere de specifikke <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutationer</a>, der gør dem specielle. Disse teknikker, særligt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sammenstillinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiple sammenstillinger (ikke skrevet endnu)">multiple sekvenssammenstillinger</a>, bruges til at studere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fylogenetik (ikke skrevet endnu)">fylogenetiske</a> forhold og proteinfunktioner.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Datasæt, der repræsenterer hele genomers DNA-sekvenser, såsom de der er produceret af <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a>, er svære at bruge uden de annoteringer, der identificerer generne og de regulerende elementers beliggenhed på hvert kromosom. DNA-sekvensregioner, der har de karakteristiske mønstre, som associeres med protein- eller RNA-kodende gener, kan identificeres ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genforudsigelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genforudsigelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">genfindende</a> algoritmer, som tillader forskere at forudsige tilstedeværelsen af bestemte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genprodukt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genprodukt (ikke skrevet endnu)">genprodukter</a> og deres mulige funktioner i en organisme, selv før de er blevet isoleret eksperimentelt.<a href="#cite_note-Mount-165">[165]</a> Hele genomer kan også sammenlignes, hvilket kan skabe klarhed omkring en bestemt organismes evolutionære historie og tillade undersøgelsen af komplekse evolutionære begivenheder. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA-nanoteknologi">DNA-nanoteknologi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Redigér afsnit: DNA-nanoteknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: DNA-nanoteknologi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikel: <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-nanoteknologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-nanoteknologi (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-nanoteknologi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DNA_nanostructures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/220px-DNA_nanostructures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/330px-DNA_nanostructures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/440px-DNA_nanostructures.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>DNA-strukturen vist skematisk til venstre vil samle sig selv til strukturen visualiseret ved <a href="/wiki/Atomart_kraftmikroskop" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomart kraftmikroskop">atomar kraftmikroskopi</a> til højre. <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-nanoteknologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-nanoteknologi (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-nanoteknologi</a> er det felt, der søger at designe strukturer på nanoskala ved brug af DNA-molekylers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekyl%C3%A6r_genkendelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekylær genkendelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">molekylære genkendelsesegenskaber</a>. Billede fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020073">Strong, 2004</a>.</figcaption></figure> DNA-nanoteknologi anvender DNA's og andre nukleinsyrers unikke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekyl%C3%A6r_genkendelse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekylær genkendelse (ikke skrevet endnu)">molekylære genkendelsesegenskaber</a> til at skabe selvsamlende forgrenede DNA-komplekser med nyttige egenskaber.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> DNA bruges således som et strukturelt materiale snarere end som en bærer af biologisk information. Dette har ført til skabelsen af to-dimensionelle periodiske gitre (der begge er flise-baserede og anvender "<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-origami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-origami (ikke skrevet endnu)">DNA-origami</a>"-metoden) såvel som tredimensionelle strukturer i form af <a href="/wiki/Polyeder" title="Polyeder">polyedre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-maskine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-maskine (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nanomekaniske enheder</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA-computer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA-computer (ikke skrevet endnu)">algoritmisk selv-samling</a> er også blevet demonstreret,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> og disse DNA-strukturer er blevet anvendt som skabeloner for arrangeringen af andre molekyler såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolloidalt_guld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolloidalt guld (ikke skrevet endnu)">guldnanopartikler</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptavidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptavidin (ikke skrevet endnu)">streptavidin</a>-proteiner.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historie_og_antropologi">Historie og antropologi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Redigér afsnit: Historie og antropologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Historie og antropologi">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="detail"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Uddybende artikler: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fylogenetik (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fylogenetik</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetisk_genealogi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetisk genealogi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Genetisk genealogi</a></div> Fordi DNA undergår mutationer over tid, som derefter nedarves, indeholder det historisk information, og ved at sammenligne DNA-sekvenser kan genetikere udlede organismers evolutionære historie, deres <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fylogenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fylogenetik (ikke skrevet endnu)">fylogeni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Feltet fylogenetik er et vigtigt værktøj inden for <a href="/wiki/Evolutionsbiologi" title="Evolutionsbiologi">evolutionsbiologi</a>. Hvis der sammenlignes DNA-sekvenser inden for samme art, kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Populationsgenetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Populationsgenetik (ikke skrevet endnu)">populationsgenetikere</a> lære om en bestemt populations historie. Dette kan bruges i studier af alt fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98kologisk_genetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Økologisk genetik (ikke skrevet endnu)">økologisk genetik</a> til <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologi</a>; for eksempel benyttes DNA-beviser til at forsøge at identificere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israels_ti_forsvundne_stammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israels ti forsvundne stammer (ikke skrevet endnu)">Israels ti forsvundne stammer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informationslagring">Informationslagring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Redigér afsnit: Informationslagring" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Informationslagring">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> I en rapport udgivet i <a href="/wiki/Nature_(tidsskrift)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (tidsskrift)">Nature</a> i januar 2013 foreslog forskere fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Bioinformatics_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Bioinformatics Institute (ikke skrevet endnu)">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> og <a href="/wiki/Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent Technologies</a> en mekanisme til at benytte DNA's evne til at kode information som en måde at lagre digitale data. Gruppen var i stand til at kode 739 kilobyte data ind i DNA-kode, syntetisere den faktiske DNA og derefter sekventere DNA'en og afkode informationen tilbage til dens oprindelige form, med 100% nøjagtighed. Den kodede information bestod af tekst- og lydfiler. Et tidligere eksperiment blev udgivet i august 2012, udført af forskere ved <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, hvor man kodede teksten til en 54.000 ord lang bog ind i DNA.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/220px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/330px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/440px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> og <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (højre), ophavsmændene til dobbelthelix-modellen, med Maclyn McCarty (venstre).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/220px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/330px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/440px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="6254" /></a><figcaption>Blyantskladde af DNA-dobbelthelixen af Francis Crick i 1953</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DNA-forskningens_historie">DNA-forskningens historie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Redigér afsnit: DNA-forskningens historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: DNA-forskningens historie">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> DNA blev identificeret og isoleret for første gang af den schweiziske læge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Miescher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Miescher (ikke skrevet endnu)">Friedrich Miescher</a>, som i 1869 opdagede en mikroskopisk substans i materie fra kasserede kirurgibandager. Da det var placeret i cellernes kerner (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>: nukleus, <a href="/wiki/Pluralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis">flertal</a> nuklei) kaldte han det "nuklein".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> I 1878 isolerede <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a> ikke-protein-komponenten af "nuklein", nukleinsyre, og isolerede senere dets fem primære <a href="/wiki/Nukleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleobase">nukleobaser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-178">[178]</a> I 1919 identificerede Phoebus Levene de grundlæggende sukker- og fosfat-nukleotidenheder.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Levene foreslog, at DNA bestod af en streng af nukleotidenheder, der er forbundet via fosfatgrupperne. Levene troede, at kæden var kort, og at baserne blev gentaget i en fast rækkefølge. I 1937 producerede <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Astbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Astbury (ikke skrevet endnu)">William Astbury</a> de første røntgendiffraktionsmønstre, der viste, at DNA har en regelmæssig struktur.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> I 1927 foreslog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Koltsov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Koltsov (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nikolai Koltsov</a>, at nedarvede egenskaber blev nedarvet gennem et "enormt arveligt molekyle" bestående af "to spejlede strenge, der ville replikere på en semi-konservativ måde ved at bruge hver streng som en skabelon".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soyfer-182">[182]</a> I 1928 opdagede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Griffith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Griffith (ikke skrevet endnu)">Frederick Griffith</a> i sit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Griffith%27s_eksperiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griffith's eksperiment (ikke skrevet endnu)">eksperiment</a>, at <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6notype" title="Fænotype">træk</a> fra den "glatte" form for Pneumococcus kunne overføres til den "ru" form af den samme bakterie ved at blande dræbte "glatte" bakterier med levende "ru" former.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Dette system gav den første klare indikation af, at DNA bærer på genetisk information – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avery-MacLeod-McCarty-eksperimentet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avery-MacLeod-McCarty-eksperimentet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Avery-MacLeod-McCarty-eksperimentet</a> – da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oswald_Avery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oswald Avery (ikke skrevet endnu)">Oswald Avery</a>, sammen med kollegaerne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Munro_MacLeod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Munro MacLeod (ikke skrevet endnu)">Colin MacLeod</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maclyn_McCarty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maclyn McCarty (ikke skrevet endnu)">Maclyn McCarty</a>, identificerede DNA som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Griffith%27s_eksperiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Griffith's eksperiment (ikke skrevet endnu)">det transformerende princip</a> i 1943.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> DNA's rolle i <a href="/wiki/Arv" title="Arv">arv</a> blev bekræftet i 1952, da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hershey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Hershey (ikke skrevet endnu)">Alfred Hershey</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Chase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Chase (ikke skrevet endnu)">Martha Chase</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hershey-Chase-eksperimentet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hershey-Chase-eksperimentet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hershey-Chase-eksperimentet</a> påviste, at DNA er <a href="/w/index.php?title=T2_fag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T2 fag (ikke skrevet endnu)">T2 fagens</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetisk_materiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetisk materiale (ikke skrevet endnu)">genetiske materiale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> I 1953 foreslog <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> og <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> det, der nu er accepteret som den første korrekte dobbelthelix-model af DNA-strukturen, i tidsskriftet Nature.<a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-8">[8]</a> Deres dobbeltheliske, molekylære DNA-model var dengang baseret på et enkelt <a href="/wiki/Krystallografi" title="Krystallografi">røntgendiffraktionsbillede</a> (kaldt "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Foto_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foto 51 (ikke skrevet endnu)">Foto 51</a>")<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> taget af <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Gosling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Gosling (ikke skrevet endnu)">Raymond Gosling</a> i maj 1952, såvel som informationen om, at DNA-baserne er parrede – også opnået gennem privat kommunikation fra Erwin Chargaff i de tidligere år. Eksperimentelt bevis til støtte for Watson og Cricks model blev udgivet i en serie af fem artikler i den samme udgave af Nature.<a href="#cite_note-NatureDNA50-188">[188]</a> Ud af disse var Franklin og Goslings rapport den første udgivelse af deres egne røntgendiffraktionsdata og originale analyse, som delvist understøttede Watson og Cricks model;<a href="#cite_note-NatFranGos-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> denne udgave indeholdt også en artikel om DNA-strukturen af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Wilkins (ikke skrevet endnu)">Maurice Wilkins</a> og to af hans kollegaer, hvis analyse og in vivo B-DNA røntgenmønstre også understøttede tilstedeværelsen in vivo af dobbelthelix-DNA-konfigurationer som foreslået af Crick og Watson.<a href="#cite_note-NatWilk-48">[48]</a> I 1962, efter Franklin's død, blev Watson, Crick og Wilkins i fællesskab tildelt <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> (nobelpriser tildeles kun levende personer). Der er fortsat debat omkring, hvem der bør tilskrives opdagelsen.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> I en indflydelsesrig præsentation i 1957 forklarede Crick <a href="/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A6rbiologiens_centrale_dogme" title="Molekylærbiologiens centrale dogme">molekylærbiologiens centrale dogme</a>, som forudsagde forholdet mellem DNA, RNA og proteiner, og formulerede "adaptorhypotesen".<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Den endelige bekræftelse af replikationsmekanismen, der blev antydet af dobbelthelix-strukturen, fulgte i 1958 i form af Meselson-Stahl-eksperimentet.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Yderligere arbejde af Crick og kollegaer viste, at den genetiske kode blev baseret på ikke-overlappende basetripletter, kaldet <a href="/wiki/Codon" title="Codon">codoner</a>, hvilket gjorde <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Holley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Holley (ikke skrevet endnu)">Robert W. Holley</a> og <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Warren Nirenberg</a> i stand til at dechifrere den genetiske kode.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Disse fund kom til at repræsentere molekylærbiologiens fødsel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også">Se også</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Se også">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDNA">eDNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B8-DNA" title="Miljø-DNA">Miljø-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Det_molekyl%C3%A6re_ur" title="Det molekylære ur">Det molekylære ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA-vaccine" title="DNA-vaccine">DNA-vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA" title="Hachimoji DNA">Hachimoji DNA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencer">Referencer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Redigér afsnit: Referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Referencer">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biotechacademy.dk/e-learning/biostriben/gymnasievideoer/#1516015359074-61e53e97-3684">Opbygningen af DNA. Dansksproget video fra Biotech Academy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPurcell" class="citation web cs1">Purcell, Adam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basicbiology.net/micro/genetics/dna">"DNA"</a>. Basic Biology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basic+Biology&rft.atitle=DNA&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasicbiology.net%2Fmicro%2Fgenetics%2Fdna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videnskab.dk/forskerzonen/krop-sundhed/hvad-er-dna">Hvad er DNA? Forskerzonen 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2001" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/igenetics0000russ_v6o1">iGenetics</a>. New York: Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-8053-4553-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-8053-4553-1"><bdi>0-8053-4553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iGenetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8053-4553-1&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Figenetics0000russ_v6o1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSaenger1984" class="citation book cs1">Saenger, Wolfram (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofnucl0000saen">Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure</a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-387-90762-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-387-90762-9"><bdi>0-387-90762-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Nucleic+Acid+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-387-90762-9&rft.aulast=Saenger&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofnucl0000saen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnson,_AlexanderLewis,_JulianRaff,_Martin2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walters, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/">Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition</a>. New York and London: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-8153-3218-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-8153-3218-1"><bdi>0-8153-3218-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076">145080076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell%3B+Fourth+Edition&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145080076&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Julian&rft.au=Raff%2C+Martin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Keith&rft.au=Walters%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFIrobalievaFoggCatanese_JrSutthibutpong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Irobalieva, Rossitza N.; Fogg, Jonathan M.; Catanese Jr, Daniel J.; Sutthibutpong, Thana; Chen, Muyuan; Barker, Anna K.; Ludtke, Steven J.; Harris, Sarah A.; Schmid, Michael F. (2015-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/151012/ncomms9440/full/ncomms9440.html">"Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA"</a>. Nature Communications. 6: 8440. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9440">10.1038/ncomms9440</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608029">4608029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26455586">26455586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Structural+diversity+of+supercoiled+DNA&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=8440&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4608029%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26455586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms9440&rft.aulast=Irobalieva&rft.aufirst=Rossitza+N.&rft.au=Fogg%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Catanese+Jr%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Sutthibutpong%2C+Thana&rft.au=Chen%2C+Muyuan&rft.au=Barker%2C+Anna+K.&rft.au=Ludtke%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Sarah+A.&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Michael+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fncomms%2F2015%2F151012%2Fncomms9440%2Ffull%2Fncomms9440.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWPUB-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_JD,_Crick_FH1953" class="citation journal cs1">Watson JD, Crick FH (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid"</a> (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 737-738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Structure+for+Deoxyribose+Nucleic+Acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737-738&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.au=Watson+JD%2C+Crick+FH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwatsoncrick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMandelkern_M,_Elias_JG,_Eden_D,_Crothers_DM1981" class="citation journal cs1">Mandelkern M, Elias JG, Eden D, Crothers DM (1981). "The dimensions of DNA in solution". J Mol Biol. 152 (1): 153-61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2881%2990099-1">10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7338906">7338906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=The+dimensions+of+DNA+in+solution&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=153-61&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-2836%2881%2990099-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7338906&rft.au=Mandelkern+M%2C+Elias+JG%2C+Eden+D%2C+Crothers+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_SG,_Barlow_KF,_McLay_KE,_Kaul_R,_Swarbreck_D,_Dunham_A2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, Kaul R, Swarbreck D, Dunham A; et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature. 441 (7091): 315-21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..315G">2006Natur.441..315G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04727">10.1038/nature04727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16710414">16710414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+and+biological+annotation+of+human+chromosome+1&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7091&rft.pages=315-21&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16710414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04727&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.441..315G&rft.au=Gregory+SG%2C+Barlow+KF%2C+McLay+KE%2C+Kaul+R%2C+Swarbreck+D%2C+Dunham+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-11"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_JD,_Crick_FH1953" class="citation journal cs1">Watson JD, Crick FH (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid"</a> (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 737-738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054692">13054692</a>. Hentet 4. maj 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Structure+for+Deoxyribose+Nucleic+Acid&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=737-738&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171737a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..737W&rft.au=Watson+JD%2C+Crick+FH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwatsoncrick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg_12-2">c</a> Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-7167-4955-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-7167-4955-6">0-7167-4955-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-13"><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents</a> IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Retrieved 3 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh_A,_Bansal_M2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh A, Bansal M (2003). "A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z". Acta Crystallogr D. 59 (4): 620-6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0907444903003251">10.1107/S0907444903003251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12657780">12657780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr+D&rft.atitle=A+glossary+of+DNA+structures+from+A+to+Z&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=620-6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0907444903003251&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12657780&rft.au=Ghosh+A%2C+Bansal+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Created from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65">PDB 1D65</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928112201/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65">Arkiveret</a> 28. september 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFYakovchuk_P,_Protozanova_E,_Frank-Kamenetskii_MD2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284">"Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (2): 564-74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454">10.1093/nar/gkj454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360284">1360284</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16449200">16449200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=Base-stacking+and+base-pairing+contributions+into+thermal+stability+of+the+DNA+double+helix&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=564-74&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360284%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16449200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj454&rft.au=Yakovchuk+P%2C+Protozanova+E%2C+Frank-Kamenetskii+MD&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1360284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Burton E. Tropp - "Molecular Biology"- Jones and Barlett Learning, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-7637-8663-2" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-7637-8663-2">978-0-7637-8663-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mun.ca">https://www.mun.ca</a> - Watson-Crick Structure of DNA - 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVerma_S,_Eckstein_F1998" class="citation journal cs1">Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1998_67/page/99">"Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users"</a>. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 99-134. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99">10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9759484">9759484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Modified+oligonucleotides%3A+synthesis+and+strategy+for+users&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=99-134&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.67.1.99&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9759484&rft.au=Verma+S%2C+Eckstein+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1998_67%2Fpage%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiljunen2005-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiljunen2005_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKiljunen_S,_Hakala_K,_Pinta_E,_Huttunen_S,_Pluta_P,_Gador_A,_Lönnberg_H,_Skurnik_M2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kiljunen S, Hakala K, Pinta E, Huttunen S, Pluta P, Gador A, Lönnberg H, Skurnik M (2005). "Yersiniophage phiR1-37 is a tailed bacteriophage having a 270 kb DNA genome with thymidine replaced by deoxyuridine". Microbiology. 151 (12): 4093-4102. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.28265-0">10.1099/mic.0.28265-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16339954">16339954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Yersiniophage+phiR1-37+is+a+tailed+bacteriophage+having+a+270+kb+DNA+genome+with+thymidine+replaced+by+deoxyuridine&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4093-4102&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.28265-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16339954&rft.au=Kiljunen+S%2C+Hakala+K%2C+Pinta+E%2C+Huttunen+S%2C+Pluta+P%2C+Gador+A%2C+L%C3%B6nnberg+H%2C+Skurnik+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Uchiyama2014-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Uchiyama2014_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFUchiyama_J,_Takemura-Uchiyama_I,_Sakaguchi_Y,_Gamoh_K,_Kato_SI,_Daibata_M,_Ujihara_T,_Misawa_N,_Matsuzaki_S2014" class="citation journal cs1">Uchiyama J, Takemura-Uchiyama I, Sakaguchi Y, Gamoh K, Kato SI, Daibata M, Ujihara T, Misawa N, Matsuzaki S (marts 2014). "Intragenus generalized transduction in Staphylococcus spp. by a novel giant phage". ISME J. 8: 1949-1952. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2014.29">10.1038/ismej.2014.29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISME+J.&rft.atitle=Intragenus+generalized+transduction+in+Staphylococcus+spp.+by+a+novel+giant+phage&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1949-1952&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fismej.2014.29&rft.au=Uchiyama+J%2C+Takemura-Uchiyama+I%2C+Sakaguchi+Y%2C+Gamoh+K%2C+Kato+SI%2C+Daibata+M%2C+Ujihara+T%2C+Misawa+N%2C+Matsuzaki+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson1998-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1998_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson_L1998" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson L (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33841">"A base called J"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95 (5): 2037-2038. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.2037S">1998PNAS...95.2037S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.5.2037">10.1073/pnas.95.5.2037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33841">33841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9482833">9482833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=A+base+called+J&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2037-2038&rft.date=1998&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33841%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9482833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.5.2037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.2037S&rft.au=Simpson+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borst2008-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Borst2008_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBorst_P,_Sabatini_R2008" class="citation journal cs1">Borst P, Sabatini R (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2008_62/page/235">"Base J: discovery, biosynthesis, and possible functions"</a>. Annual Review of Microbiology. 62: 235-51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.62.081307.162750">10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18729733">18729733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Base+J%3A+discovery%2C+biosynthesis%2C+and+possible+functions&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=235-51&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.62.081307.162750&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18729733&rft.au=Borst+P%2C+Sabatini+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2008_62%2Fpage%2F235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross1999-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Cross1999_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCross_M,_Kieft_R,_Sabatini_R,_Wilm_M,_de_Kort_M,_van_der_Marel_GA,_van_Boom_JH,_van_Leeuwen_F,_Borst_P1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cross M, Kieft R, Sabatini R, Wilm M, de Kort M, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, van Leeuwen F, Borst P (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171720">"The modified base J is the target for a novel DNA-binding protein in kinetoplastid protozoans"</a>. The EMBO Journal. 18 (22): 6573-6581. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.22.6573">10.1093/emboj/18.22.6573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171720">1171720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10562569">10562569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=The+modified+base+J+is+the+target+for+a+novel+DNA-binding+protein+in+kinetoplastid+protozoans&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=6573-6581&rft.date=1999&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171720%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10562569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.22.6573&rft.au=Cross+M%2C+Kieft+R%2C+Sabatini+R%2C+Wilm+M%2C+de+Kort+M%2C+van+der+Marel+GA%2C+van+Boom+JH%2C+van+Leeuwen+F%2C+Borst+P&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-DiPaolo2005-25"><a href="#cite_ref-DiPaolo2005_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDiPaolo_C,_Kieft_R,_Cross_M,_Sabatini_R2005" class="citation journal cs1">DiPaolo C, Kieft R, Cross M, Sabatini R (2005). "Regulation of trypanosome DNA glycosylation by a SWI2/SNF2-like protein". Mol Cell. 17 (3): 441-451. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.12.022">10.1016/j.molcel.2004.12.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15694344">15694344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Cell&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+trypanosome+DNA+glycosylation+by+a+SWI2%2FSNF2-like+protein&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-451&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2004.12.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15694344&rft.au=DiPaolo+C%2C+Kieft+R%2C+Cross+M%2C+Sabatini+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Vainio2009-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Vainio2009_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVainio_S,_Genest_PA,_ter_Riet_B,_van_Luenen_H,_Borst_P2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vainio S, Genest PA, ter Riet B, van Luenen H, Borst P (2009). "Evidence that J-binding protein 2 is a thymidine hydroxylase catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of DNA base J". Molecular and biochemical parasitology. 164 (2): 157-61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molbiopara.2008.12.001">10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.12.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19114062">19114062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+biochemical+parasitology&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+J-binding+protein+2+is+a+thymidine+hydroxylase+catalyzing+the+first+step+in+the+biosynthesis+of+DNA+base+J&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.molbiopara.2008.12.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19114062&rft.au=Vainio+S%2C+Genest+PA%2C+ter+Riet+B%2C+van+Luenen+H%2C+Borst+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Iyer2009-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Iyer2009_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFIyer_LM,_Tahiliani_M,_Rao_A,_Aravind_L2009" class="citation journal cs1">Iyer LM, Tahiliani M, Rao A, Aravind L (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995806">"Prediction of novel families of enzymes involved in oxidative and other complex modifications of bases in nucleic acids"</a>. Cell Cycle. 8 (11): 1698-1710. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.11.8580">10.4161/cc.8.11.8580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2995806">2995806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19411852">19411852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Cycle&rft.atitle=Prediction+of+novel+families+of+enzymes+involved+in+oxidative+and+other+complex+modifications+of+bases+in+nucleic+acids&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1698-1710&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2995806%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19411852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fcc.8.11.8580&rft.au=Iyer+LM%2C+Tahiliani+M%2C+Rao+A%2C+Aravind+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2995806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Luenen2012-28"><a href="#cite_ref-van_Luenen2012_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Luenen_HG,_Farris_C,_Jan_S,_Genest_PA,_Tripathi_P,_Velds_A,_Kerkhoven_RM,_Nieuwland_M,_Haydock_A,_Ramasamy_G,_Vainio_S,_Heidebrecht_T,_Perrakis_A,_Pagie_L,_van_Steensel_B,_Myler_PJ,_Borst_P2012" class="citation journal cs1">van Luenen HG, Farris C, Jan S, Genest PA, Tripathi P, Velds A, Kerkhoven RM, Nieuwland M, Haydock A, Ramasamy G, Vainio S, Heidebrecht T, Perrakis A, Pagie L, van Steensel B, Myler PJ, Borst P (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684241">"Leishmania"</a>. Cell. 150 (5): 909-921. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.07.030">10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684241">3684241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22939620">22939620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Leishmania&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=909-921&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3684241%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22939620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.07.030&rft.au=van+Luenen+HG%2C+Farris+C%2C+Jan+S%2C+Genest+PA%2C+Tripathi+P%2C+Velds+A%2C+Kerkhoven+RM%2C+Nieuwland+M%2C+Haydock+A%2C+Ramasamy+G%2C+Vainio+S%2C+Heidebrecht+T%2C+Perrakis+A%2C+Pagie+L%2C+van+Steensel+B%2C+Myler+PJ%2C+Borst+P&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3684241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazelbaker2012-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Hazelbaker2012_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHazelbaker_DZ,_Buratowski_S2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hazelbaker DZ, Buratowski S (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648658">"Transcription: base J blocks the way"</a>. Curr Biol. 22 (22): R960-2. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.010">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648658">3648658</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23174300">23174300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Biol&rft.atitle=Transcription%3A+base+J+blocks+the+way&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=R960-2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3648658%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23174300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.010&rft.au=Hazelbaker+DZ%2C+Buratowski+S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3648658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWing_R,_Drew_H,_Takano_T,_Broka_C,_Tanaka_S,_Itakura_K,_Dickerson_RE1980" class="citation journal cs1">Wing R, Drew H, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson RE (1980). "Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA". Nature. 287 (5784): 755-8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980Natur.287..755W">1980Natur.287..755W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F287755a0">10.1038/287755a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7432492">7432492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+analysis+of+a+complete+turn+of+B-DNA&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=5784&rft.pages=755-8&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7432492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F287755a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980Natur.287..755W&rft.au=Wing+R%2C+Drew+H%2C+Takano+T%2C+Broka+C%2C+Tanaka+S%2C+Itakura+K%2C+Dickerson+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pabo1984-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pabo1984_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pabo1984_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPabo_CO,_Sauer_RT1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pabo CO, Sauer RT (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1984_53_annual/page/293">"Protein-DNA recognition"</a>. Annu Rev Biochem. 53: 293-321. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.53.070184.001453">10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001453</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6236744">6236744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.atitle=Protein-DNA+recognition&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=293-321&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.bi.53.070184.001453&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6236744&rft.au=Pabo+CO%2C+Sauer+RT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1984_53_annual%2Fpage%2F293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFClausen-Schaumann_H,_Rief_M,_Tolksdorf_C,_Gaub_HE2000" class="citation journal cs1">Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub HE (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792">"Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules"</a>. Biophys J. 78 (4): 1997-2007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BpJ....78.1997C">2000BpJ....78.1997C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2800%2976747-6">10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76747-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792">1300792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10733978">10733978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophys+J&rft.atitle=Mechanical+stability+of+single+DNA+molecules&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1997-2007&rft.date=2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1300792%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10733978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2800%2976747-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000BpJ....78.1997C&rft.au=Clausen-Schaumann+H%2C+Rief+M%2C+Tolksdorf+C%2C+Gaub+HE&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1300792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFChalikian_TV,_Völker_J,_Plum_GE,_Breslauer_KJ1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chalikian TV, Völker J, Plum GE, Breslauer KJ (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151">"A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: A characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96 (14): 7853-8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.7853C">1999PNAS...96.7853C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7853">10.1073/pnas.96.14.7853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151">22151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10393911">10393911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=A+more+unified+picture+for+the+thermodynamics+of+nucleic+acid+duplex+melting%3A+A+characterization+by+calorimetric+and+volumetric+techniques&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=7853-8&rft.date=1999&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22151%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10393911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.14.7853&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.7853C&rft.au=Chalikian+TV%2C+V%C3%B6lker+J%2C+Plum+GE%2C+Breslauer+KJ&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFdeHaseth_PL,_Helmann_JD1995" class="citation journal cs1">deHaseth PL, Helmann JD (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-microbiology_1995-06_16_5/page/817">"Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: the mechanism of polymerase-induced strand separation of double helical DNA"</a>. Mol Microbiol. 16 (5): 817-24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7476180">7476180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Open+complex+formation+by+Escherichia+coli+RNA+polymerase%3A+the+mechanism+of+polymerase-induced+strand+separation+of+double+helical+DNA&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=817-24&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7476180&rft.au=deHaseth+PL%2C+Helmann+JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_molecular-microbiology_1995-06_16_5%2Fpage%2F817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFIsaksson_J,_Acharya_S,_Barman_J,_Cheruku_P,_Chattopadhyaya_J2004" class="citation journal cs1">Isaksson J, Acharya S, Barman J, Cheruku P, Chattopadhyaya J (2004). "Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern". Biochemistry. 43 (51): 15996-6010. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048221v">10.1021/bi048221v</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15609994">15609994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Single-stranded+adenine-rich+DNA+and+RNA+retain+structural+characteristics+of+their+respective+double-stranded+conformations+and+show+directional+differences+in+stacking+pattern&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=15996-6010&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi048221v&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15609994&rft.au=Isaksson+J%2C+Acharya+S%2C+Barman+J%2C+Cheruku+P%2C+Chattopadhyaya+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/newsletter/misc/DNA.html">Designation of the two strands of DNA</a> JCBN/NC-IUB Newsletter 1989. Retrieved 7 May 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHüttenhofer_A,_Schattner_P,_Polacek_N2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_2005-05_21_5/page/289">"Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?"</a>. Trends Genet. 21 (5): 289-97. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007">10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15851066">15851066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNAs%3A+hope+or+hype%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=289-97&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2005.03.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15851066&rft.au=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-genetics_2005-05_21_5%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe_SH2004" class="citation journal cs1">Munroe SH (2004). "Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns". J Cell Biochem. 93 (4): 664-71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20252">10.1002/jcb.20252</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15389973">15389973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Cell+Biochem&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+antisense+regulation+in+eukaryotes%3A+multiple+mechanisms%2C+emerging+patterns&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=664-71&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcb.20252&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15389973&rft.au=Munroe+SH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMakalowska_I,_Lin_CF,_Makalowski_W2005" class="citation journal cs1">Makalowska I, Lin CF, Makalowski W (2005). "Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes". Comput Biol Chem. 29 (1): 1-12. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compbiolchem.2004.12.006">10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.12.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15680581">15680581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comput+Biol+Chem&rft.atitle=Overlapping+genes+in+vertebrate+genomes&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.compbiolchem.2004.12.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15680581&rft.au=Makalowska+I%2C+Lin+CF%2C+Makalowski+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_ZI,_Chisholm_SW2004" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson ZI, Chisholm SW (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525685">"Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes"</a>. Genome Res. 14 (11): 2268-72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2433104">10.1101/gr.2433104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525685">525685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15520290">15520290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&rft.atitle=Properties+of+overlapping+genes+are+conserved+across+microbial+genomes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2268-72&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC525685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15520290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.2433104&rft.au=Johnson+ZI%2C+Chisholm+SW&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC525685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLamb_RA,_Horvath_CM1991" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb RA, Horvath CM (1991). "Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses". Trends Genet. 7 (8): 261-6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9525%2891%2990326-L">10.1016/0168-9525(91)90326-L</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1771674">1771674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+coding+strategies+in+influenza+viruses&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=261-6&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0168-9525%2891%2990326-L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1771674&rft.au=Lamb+RA%2C+Horvath+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBenham_CJ,_Mielke_SP2005" class="citation journal cs1">Benham CJ, Mielke SP (2005). "DNA mechanics". Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 7: 21-53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016">10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16004565">16004565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biomed+Eng&rft.atitle=DNA+mechanics&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=21-53&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16004565&rft.au=Benham+CJ%2C+Mielke+SP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champoux-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Champoux_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champoux_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFChampoux_JJ2001" class="citation journal cs1">Champoux JJ (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2001_70/page/369">"DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism"</a>. Annu Rev Biochem. 70: 369-413. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.369">10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11395412">11395412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.atitle=DNA+topoisomerases%3A+structure%2C+function%2C+and+mechanism&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=369-413&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.70.1.369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11395412&rft.au=Champoux+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2001_70%2Fpage%2F369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWang_JC2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wang JC (2002). "Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (6): 430-40. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm831">10.1038/nrm831</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12042765">12042765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Cellular+roles+of+DNA+topoisomerases%3A+a+molecular+perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=430-40&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrm831&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12042765&rft.au=Wang+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBasu_HS,_Feuerstein_BG,_Zarling_DA,_Shafer_RH,_Marton_LJ1988" class="citation journal cs1">Basu HS, Feuerstein BG, Zarling DA, Shafer RH, Marton LJ (1988). "Recognition of Z-RNA and Z-DNA determinants by polyamines in solution: experimental and theoretical studies". J Biomol Struct Dyn. 6 (2): 299-309. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07391102.1988.10507714">10.1080/07391102.1988.10507714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2482766">2482766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Biomol+Struct+Dyn&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Z-RNA+and+Z-DNA+determinants+by+polyamines+in+solution%3A+experimental+and+theoretical+studies&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-309&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07391102.1988.10507714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2482766&rft.au=Basu+HS%2C+Feuerstein+BG%2C+Zarling+DA%2C+Shafer+RH%2C+Marton+LJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin_RE,_Gosling_RG1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (6. marts 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.iucr.org/q/issues/1953/08-09/00/a00979/a00979.pdf">"The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. The Influence of Water Content"</a> (PDF). Acta Crystallogr. 6 (8-9): 673-7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939">10.1107/S0365110X53001939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+Sodium+Thymonucleate+Fibres+I.+The+Influence+of+Water+Content&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8-9&rft.pages=673-7&rft.date=1953-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X53001939&rft.au=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iucr.org%2Fq%2Fissues%2F1953%2F08-09%2F00%2Fa00979%2Fa00979.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin_RE,_Gosling_RG1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (1953). "The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function". Acta Crystallogr. 6 (8-9): 678-85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940">10.1107/S0365110X53001940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+sodium+thymonucleate+fibres.+II.+The+cylindrically+symmetrical+Patterson+function&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8-9&rft.pages=678-85&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0365110X53001940&rft.au=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatFranGos-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatFranGos_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatFranGos_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin_RE,_Gosling_RG1953" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin RE, Gosling RG (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">"Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate. Franklin R. and Gosling R.G"</a> (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 740-1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..740F">1953Natur.171..740F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171740a0">10.1038/171740a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054694">13054694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+Configuration+in+Sodium+Thymonucleate.+Franklin+R.+and+Gosling+R.G&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=740-1&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171740a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..740F&rft.au=Franklin+RE%2C+Gosling+RG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Ffranklingosling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatWilk-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatWilk_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatWilk_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins_MH,_Stokes_AR,_Wilson_HR1953" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkins MH, Stokes AR, Wilson HR (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf">"Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids"</a> (PDF). Nature. 171 (4356): 738-740. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..738W">1953Natur.171..738W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171738a0">10.1038/171738a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13054693">13054693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+Structure+of+Deoxypentose+Nucleic+Acids&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4356&rft.pages=738-740&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13054693&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171738a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..738W&rft.au=Wilkins+MH%2C+Stokes+AR%2C+Wilson+HR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fdna50%2Fwilkins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_AG,_Arnott_S,_Chandrasekaran_R,_Ratliff_RL1980" class="citation journal cs1">Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL (1980). "Polymorphism of DNA double helices". J. Mol. Biol. 143 (1): 49-72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-2836%2880%2990124-2">10.1016/0022-2836(80)90124-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7441761">7441761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Polymorphism+of+DNA+double+helices&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-72&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-2836%2880%2990124-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7441761&rft.au=Leslie+AG%2C+Arnott+S%2C+Chandrasekaran+R%2C+Ratliff+RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBaianu,_I.C.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Baianu, I.C. (1980). "Structural Order and Partial Disorder in Biological systems". Bull. Math. Biol. 42 (4): 137-141. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8240%2880%2980083-8">10.1016/s0092-8240(80)80083-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Math.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Structural+Order+and+Partial+Disorder+in+Biological+systems&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=137-141&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0092-8240%2880%2980083-8&rft.au=Baianu%2C+I.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cogprints.org/3822/">http://cogprints.org/3822/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Hosemann R., Bagchi R.N., Direct analysis of diffraction by matter, North-Holland Publs., Amsterdam – New York, 1962. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBaianu,_I.C.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Baianu, I.C. (1978). "X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems". Acta Crystallogr A. 34 (5): 751-753. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978AcCrA..34..751B">1978AcCrA..34..751B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0567739478001540">10.1107/S0567739478001540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr+A&rft.atitle=X-ray+scattering+by+partially+disordered+membrane+systems&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=751-753&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0567739478001540&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978AcCrA..34..751B&rft.au=Baianu%2C+I.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWahl_MC,_Sundaralingam_M1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wahl MC, Sundaralingam M (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_biopolymers_1997_44_1/page/45">"Crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes"</a>. Biopolymers. 44 (1): 45-63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0282%281997%2944%3A1%3C45%3A%3AAID-BIP4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1997)44:1<45::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-#</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9097733">9097733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+of+A-DNA+duplexes&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0282%281997%2944%3A1%3C45%3A%3AAID-BIP4%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9097733&rft.au=Wahl+MC%2C+Sundaralingam+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_biopolymers_1997_44_1%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLu_XJ,_Shakked_Z,_Olson_WK2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lu XJ, Shakked Z, Olson WK (2000). "A-form conformational motifs in ligand-bound DNA structures". J. Mol. Biol. 300 (4): 819-40. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3690">10.1006/jmbi.2000.3690</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10891271">10891271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=A-form+conformational+motifs+in+ligand-bound+DNA+structures&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=819-40&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmbi.2000.3690&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10891271&rft.au=Lu+XJ%2C+Shakked+Z%2C+Olson+WK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRothenburg_S,_Koch-Nolte_F,_Haag_F2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rothenburg S, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F (2001). "DNA methylation and Z-DNA formation as mediators of quantitative differences in the expression of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allele (ikke skrevet endnu)">alleles</a>". Immunol Rev. 184: 286-98. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x">10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12086319">12086319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunol+Rev&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+and+Z-DNA+formation+as+mediators+of+quantitative+differences+in+the+expression+of+alleles&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=286-98&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12086319&rft.au=Rothenburg+S%2C+Koch-Nolte+F%2C+Haag+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFOh_DB,_Kim_YG,_Rich_A2002" class="citation journal cs1">Oh DB, Kim YG, Rich A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139201">"Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo"</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16666-71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916666O">2002PNAS...9916666O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.262672699">10.1073/pnas.262672699</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139201">139201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12486233">12486233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Z-DNA-binding+proteins+can+act+as+potent+effectors+of+gene+expression+in+vivo&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=16666-71&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC139201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12486233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.262672699&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...9916666O&rft.au=Oh+DB%2C+Kim+YG%2C+Rich+A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC139201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-arsenic_extremophile-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arsenic_extremophile_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2010" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Jason (2. december 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943">"Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life"</a>. BBC News. Hentet 2. december 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Arsenic-loving+bacteria+may+help+in+hunt+for+alien+life&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-11886943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBortman2010" class="citation news cs1">Bortman, Henry (2. december 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html">"Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Opens New Possibilities for Alien Life"</a>. Space.com. Hentet 2. december 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Arsenic-Eating+Bacteria+Opens+New+Possibilities+for+Alien+Life&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft.aulast=Bortman&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Farsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKatsnelson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Katsnelson, Alla (2. december 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html">"Arsenic-eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life"</a>. Nature News. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.645">10.1038/news.2010.645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Arsenic-eating+microbe+may+redefine+chemistry+of+life&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2010.645&rft.aulast=Katsnelson&rft.aufirst=Alla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F101202%2Ffull%2Fnews.2010.645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCressey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cressey, Daniel (3. oktober 2012). "'Arsenic-life' Bacterium Prefers Phosphorus after all". Nature News. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2012.11520">10.1038/nature.2012.11520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=%27Arsenic-life%27+Bacterium+Prefers+Phosphorus+after+all&rft.date=2012-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2012.11520&rft.aulast=Cressey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Created from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html">NDB UD0017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607063640/http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html">Arkiveret</a> 7. juni 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greider-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greider_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greider_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGreider_CW,_Blackburn_EH1985" class="citation journal cs1">Greider CW, Blackburn EH (1985). "Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts". Cell. 43 (2 Pt 1): 405-13. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9">10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3907856">3907856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+specific+telomere+terminal+transferase+activity+in+Tetrahymena+extracts&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2+Pt+1&rft.pages=405-13&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2885%2990170-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3907856&rft.au=Greider+CW%2C+Blackburn+EH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFNugent_CI,_Lundblad_V1998" class="citation journal cs1">Nugent CI, Lundblad V (1998). "The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation". Genes Dev. 12 (8): 1073-85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.12.8.1073">10.1101/gad.12.8.1073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9553037">9553037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.atitle=The+telomerase+reverse+transcriptase%3A+components+and+regulation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1073-85&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.12.8.1073&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9553037&rft.au=Nugent+CI%2C+Lundblad+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWright_WE,_Tesmer_VM,_Huffman_KE,_Levene_SD,_Shay_JW1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wright WE, Tesmer VM, Huffman KE, Levene SD, Shay JW (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316649">"Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end"</a>. Genes Dev. 11 (21): 2801-9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.11.21.2801">10.1101/gad.11.21.2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316649">316649</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9353250">9353250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.atitle=Normal+human+chromosomes+have+long+G-rich+telomeric+overhangs+at+one+end&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2801-9&rft.date=1997&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC316649%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9353250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.11.21.2801&rft.au=Wright+WE%2C+Tesmer+VM%2C+Huffman+KE%2C+Levene+SD%2C+Shay+JW&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC316649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Burge-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burge_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burge_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBurge_S,_Parkinson_GN,_Hazel_P,_Todd_AK,_Neidle_S2006" class="citation journal cs1">Burge S, Parkinson GN, Hazel P, Todd AK, Neidle S (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468">"Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (19): 5402-15. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl655">10.1093/nar/gkl655</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468">1636468</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17012276">17012276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.atitle=Quadruplex+DNA%3A+sequence%2C+topology+and+structure&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5402-15&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1636468%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17012276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl655&rft.au=Burge+S%2C+Parkinson+GN%2C+Hazel+P%2C+Todd+AK%2C+Neidle+S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1636468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson_GN,_Lee_MP,_Neidle_S2002" class="citation journal cs1">Parkinson GN, Lee MP, Neidle S (2002). "Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA". Nature. 417 (6891): 876-80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.417..876P">2002Natur.417..876P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature755">10.1038/nature755</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12050675">12050675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+parallel+quadruplexes+from+human+telomeric+DNA&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6891&rft.pages=876-80&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12050675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature755&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.417..876P&rft.au=Parkinson+GN%2C+Lee+MP%2C+Neidle+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith_JD,_Comeau_L,_Rosenfield_S,_Stansel_RM,_Bianchi_A,_Moss_H,_de_Lange_T1999" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith JD, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel RM, Bianchi A, Moss H, de Lange T (1999). "Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop". Cell. 97 (4): 503-14. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980760-6">10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10338214">10338214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Mammalian+telomeres+end+in+a+large+duplex+loop&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503-14&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980760-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10338214&rft.au=Griffith+JD%2C+Comeau+L%2C+Rosenfield+S%2C+Stansel+RM%2C+Bianchi+A%2C+Moss+H%2C+de+Lange+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSeeman_NC2005" class="citation journal cs1">Seeman NC (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478329">"DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter"</a>. Q. Rev. Biophys. 38 (4): 363-71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033583505004087">10.1017/S0033583505004087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478329">3478329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515737">16515737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Q.+Rev.+Biophys.&rft.atitle=DNA+enables+nanoscale+control+of+the+structure+of+matter&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=363-71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3478329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16515737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033583505004087&rft.au=Seeman+NC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3478329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHu_Q,_Rosenfeld_MG2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hu Q, Rosenfeld MG (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488762">"Epigenetic regulation of human embryonic stem cells"</a>. Frontiers in Genetics. 3: 238. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2012.00238">10.3389/fgene.2012.00238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488762">3488762</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23133442">23133442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Epigenetic+regulation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3488762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23133442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2012.00238&rft.au=Hu+Q%2C+Rosenfeld+MG&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3488762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKlose_RJ,_Bird_AP2006" class="citation journal cs1">Klose RJ, Bird AP (2006). "Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators". Trends Biochem Sci. 31 (2): 89-97. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.12.008">10.1016/j.tibs.2005.12.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16403636">16403636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Biochem+Sci&rft.atitle=Genomic+DNA+methylation%3A+the+mark+and+its+mediators&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-97&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibs.2005.12.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16403636&rft.au=Klose+RJ%2C+Bird+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBird_A2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bird A (2002). "DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory". Genes Dev. 16 (1): 6-21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.947102">10.1101/gad.947102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11782440">11782440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+patterns+and+epigenetic+memory&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-21&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgad.947102&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11782440&rft.au=Bird+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh_CP,_Xu_GL2006" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh CP, Xu GL (2006). "Cytosine methylation and DNA repair". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 301: 283-315. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-31390-7_11">10.1007/3-540-31390-7_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/3-540-29114-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/3-540-29114-8"><bdi>3-540-29114-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16570853">16570853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Top+Microbiol+Immunol&rft.atitle=Cytosine+methylation+and+DNA+repair&rft.volume=301&rft.pages=283-315&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16570853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-31390-7_11&rft.isbn=3-540-29114-8&rft.au=Walsh+CP%2C+Xu+GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKriaucionis_S,_Heintz_N2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263819">"The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain"</a>. Science. 324 (5929): 929-30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..929K">2009Sci...324..929K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1169786">10.1126/science.1169786</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3263819">3263819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19372393">19372393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+nuclear+DNA+base+5-hydroxymethylcytosine+is+present+in+Purkinje+neurons+and+the+brain&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5929&rft.pages=929-30&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3263819%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19372393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1169786&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...324..929K&rft.au=Kriaucionis+S%2C+Heintz+N&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3263819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRatel_D,_Ravanat_JL,_Berger_F,_Wion_D2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ratel D, Ravanat JL, Berger F, Wion D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754416">"N6-methyladenine: the other methylated base of DNA"</a>. BioEssays. 28 (3): 309-15. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20342">10.1002/bies.20342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754416">2754416</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16479578">16479578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=N6-methyladenine%3A+the+other+methylated+base+of+DNA&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-15&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2754416%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16479578&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20342&rft.au=Ratel+D%2C+Ravanat+JL%2C+Berger+F%2C+Wion+D&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2754416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGommers-Ampt_JH,_Van_Leeuwen_F,_de_Beer_AL,_Vliegenthart_JF,_Dizdaroglu_M,_Kowalak_JA,_Crain_PF,_Borst_P1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gommers-Ampt JH, Van Leeuwen F, de Beer AL, Vliegenthart JF, Dizdaroglu M, Kowalak JA, Crain PF, Borst P (1993). "beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei". Cell. 75 (6): 1129-36. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990322-H">10.1016/0092-8674(93)90322-H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8261512">8261512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil%3A+a+novel+modified+base+present+in+the+DNA+of+the+parasitic+protozoan+T.+brucei&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1129-36&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2893%2990322-H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8261512&rft.au=Gommers-Ampt+JH%2C+Van+Leeuwen+F%2C+de+Beer+AL%2C+Vliegenthart+JF%2C+Dizdaroglu+M%2C+Kowalak+JA%2C+Crain+PF%2C+Borst+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Created from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1JDG">PDB 1JDG</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922150848/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1JDG">Arkiveret</a> 22. september 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDouki_T,_Reynaud-Angelin_A,_Cadet_J,_Sage_E2003" class="citation journal cs1">Douki T, Reynaud-Angelin A, Cadet J, Sage E (2003). "Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation". Biochemistry. 42 (30): 9221-6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi034593c">10.1021/bi034593c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12885257">12885257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Bipyrimidine+photoproducts+rather+than+oxidative+lesions+are+the+main+type+of+DNA+damage+involved+in+the+genotoxic+effect+of+solar+UVA+radiation&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=9221-6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi034593c&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12885257&rft.au=Douki+T%2C+Reynaud-Angelin+A%2C+Cadet+J%2C+Sage+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCadet_J,_Delatour_T,_Douki_T,_Gasparutto_D,_Pouget_JP,_Ravanat_JL,_Sauvaigo_S1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cadet J, Delatour T, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Pouget JP, Ravanat JL, Sauvaigo S (1999). "Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage". Mutat Res. 424 (1-2): 9-21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0027-5107%2899%2900004-4">10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00004-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10064846">10064846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.atitle=Hydroxyl+radicals+and+DNA+base+damage&rft.volume=424&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=9-21&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0027-5107%2899%2900004-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10064846&rft.au=Cadet+J%2C+Delatour+T%2C+Douki+T%2C+Gasparutto+D%2C+Pouget+JP%2C+Ravanat+JL%2C+Sauvaigo+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman_KB,_Ames_BN1997" class="citation journal cs1">Beckman KB, Ames BN (1997). "Oxidative decay of DNA". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (32): 19633-6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.32.19633">10.1074/jbc.272.32.19633</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9289489">9289489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Oxidative+decay+of+DNA&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=19633-6&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.272.32.19633&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9289489&rft.au=Beckman+KB%2C+Ames+BN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFValerie_K,_Povirk_LF2003" class="citation journal cs1">Valerie K, Povirk LF (2003). "Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair". Oncogene. 22 (37): 5792-812. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1206679">10.1038/sj.onc.1206679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12947387">12947387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncogene&rft.atitle=Regulation+and+mechanisms+of+mammalian+double-strand+break+repair&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=5792-812&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1206679&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12947387&rft.au=Valerie+K%2C+Povirk+LF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_George2010" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, George (28. december 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/28/health/28cancer.html">"Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <q>If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unearthing+Prehistoric+Tumors%2C+and+Debate&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.au=Johnson%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F12%2F28%2Fhealth%2F28cancer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAlberts,_B,_Johnson_A,_Lewis_J2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, B, Johnson A, Lewis J; et al. (2002). "The Preventable Causes of Cancer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26897/">Molecular biology of the cell</a> (4th udgave). New York: Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-8153-4072-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-8153-4072-9"><bdi>0-8153-4072-9</bdi></a>. <q>A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in Chapter 5. If a human could live long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Preventable+Causes+of+Cancer&rft.btitle=Molecular+biology+of+the+cell&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8153-4072-9&rft.au=Alberts%2C+B%2C+Johnson+A%2C+Lewis+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK26897%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In: New Research on DNA Damages (Editors: Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1–47. open access, but read only <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247">https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025091740/https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247">Arkiveret</a> 25. oktober 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-1604565812" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-1604565812">978-1604565812</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHoeijmakers_JH2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hoeijmakers JH (oktober 2009). "DNA damage, aging, and cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (15): 1475-85. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0804615">10.1056/NEJMra0804615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19812404">19812404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=DNA+damage%2C+aging%2C+and+cancer&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1475-85&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0804615&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19812404&rft.au=Hoeijmakers+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFreitas_AA,_de_Magalhães_JP2011" class="citation journal cs1">Freitas AA, de Magalhães JP (2011). "A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing". Mutat. Res. 728 (1-2): 12-22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2011.05.001">10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21600302">21600302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutat.+Res.&rft.atitle=A+review+and+appraisal+of+the+DNA+damage+theory+of+ageing&rft.volume=728&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=12-22&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mrrev.2011.05.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21600302&rft.au=Freitas+AA%2C+de+Magalh%C3%A3es+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson_LR,_Denny_WA1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson LR, Denny WA (1991). "The genetic toxicology of acridines". Mutat Res. 258 (2): 123-60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0165-1110%2891%2990006-H">10.1016/0165-1110(91)90006-H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1881402">1881402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.atitle=The+genetic+toxicology+of+acridines&rft.volume=258&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-60&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0165-1110%2891%2990006-H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1881402&rft.au=Ferguson+LR%2C+Denny+WA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFStephens_TD,_Bunde_CJ,_Fillmore_BJ2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens TD, Bunde CJ, Fillmore BJ (2000). "Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis". Biochem Pharmacol. 59 (12): 1489-99. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-2952%2899%2900388-3">10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00388-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10799645">10799645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Pharmacol&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+action+in+thalidomide+teratogenesis&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1489-99&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-2952%2899%2900388-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10799645&rft.au=Stephens+TD%2C+Bunde+CJ%2C+Fillmore+BJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_AM1985" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffrey AM (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacology-therapeutics_1985_28_2/page/237">"DNA modification by chemical carcinogens"</a>. Pharmacol Ther. 28 (2): 237-72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0163-7258%2885%2990013-0">10.1016/0163-7258(85)90013-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3936066">3936066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol+Ther&rft.atitle=DNA+modification+by+chemical+carcinogens&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-72&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0163-7258%2885%2990013-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3936066&rft.au=Jeffrey+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_pharmacology-therapeutics_1985_28_2%2Fpage%2F237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBraña_MF,_Cacho_M,_Gradillas_A,_de_Pascual-Teresa_B,_Ramos_A2001" class="citation journal cs1">Braña MF, Cacho M, Gradillas A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ramos A (2001). "Intercalators as anticancer drugs". Curr Pharm Des. 7 (17): 1745-80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1381612013397113">10.2174/1381612013397113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11562309">11562309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Pharm+Des&rft.atitle=Intercalators+as+anticancer+drugs&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=1745-80&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1381612013397113&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11562309&rft.au=Bra%C3%B1a+MF%2C+Cacho+M%2C+Gradillas+A%2C+de+Pascual-Teresa+B%2C+Ramos+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVenter_JC,_Adams_MD,_Myers_EW,_Li_PW,_Mural_RJ,_Sutton_GG2001" class="citation journal cs1">Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, Li PW, Mural RJ, Sutton GG; et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304-51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...291.1304V">2001Sci...291.1304V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040">10.1126/science.1058040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11181995">11181995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome&rft.volume=291&rft.issue=5507&rft.pages=1304-51&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11181995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1058040&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...291.1304V&rft.au=Venter+JC%2C+Adams+MD%2C+Myers+EW%2C+Li+PW%2C+Mural+RJ%2C+Sutton+GG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFolkersen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Folkersen, Lasse (2021-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videnskab.dk/forskerzonen/krop-sundhed/hvad-er-dna">"Hvad er DNA"</a>. Videnskab.dk. København: Videnskab.dk. Hentet 2021-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Videnskab.dk&rft.atitle=Hvad+er+DNA&rft.date=2021-05-31&rft.aulast=Folkersen&rft.aufirst=Lasse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvidenskab.dk%2Fforskerzonen%2Fkrop-sundhed%2Fhvad-er-dna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFThanbichler_M,_Wang_SC,_Shapiro_L2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thanbichler M, Wang SC, Shapiro L (2005). "The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure". J Cell Biochem. 96 (3): 506-21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcb.20519">10.1002/jcb.20519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15988757">15988757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Cell+Biochem&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+nucleoid%3A+a+highly+organized+and+dynamic+structure&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-21&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjcb.20519&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988757&rft.au=Thanbichler+M%2C+Wang+SC%2C+Shapiro+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWolfsberg_TG,_McEntyre_J,_Schuler_GD2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfsberg TG, McEntyre J, Schuler GD (2001). "Guide to the draft human genome". Nature. 409 (6822): 824-6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..824W">2001Natur.409..824W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35057000">10.1038/35057000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11236998">11236998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+draft+human+genome&rft.volume=409&rft.issue=6822&rft.pages=824-6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11236998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35057000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409..824W&rft.au=Wolfsberg+TG%2C+McEntyre+J%2C+Schuler+GD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_TR2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gregory TR (2005). "The C-value enigma in plants and animals: a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership". Annals of Botany. 95 (1): 133-46. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci009">10.1093/aob/mci009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15596463">15596463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+C-value+enigma+in+plants+and+animals%3A+a+review+of+parallels+and+an+appeal+for+partnership&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-46&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmci009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15596463&rft.au=Gregory+TR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBirney_E,_Stamatoyannopoulos_JA,_Dutta_A,_Guigó_R,_Gingeras_TR,_Margulies_EH2007" class="citation journal cs1">Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Dutta A, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Margulies EH; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2212820">"Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project"</a>. Nature. 447 (7146): 799-816. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..799B">2007Natur.447..799B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874">10.1038/nature05874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2212820">2212820</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17571346">17571346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identification+and+analysis+of+functional+elements+in+1%25+of+the+human+genome+by+the+ENCODE+pilot+project&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7146&rft.pages=799-816&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2212820%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17571346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05874&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.447..799B&rft.au=Birney+E%2C+Stamatoyannopoulos+JA%2C+Dutta+A%2C+Guig%C3%B3+R%2C+Gingeras+TR%2C+Margulies+EH&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2212820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Skabt fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1MSW">PDB 1MSW</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPidoux_AL,_Allshire_RC2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pidoux AL, Allshire RC (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569473">"The role of heterochromatin in centromere function"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 360 (1455): 569-79. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2004.1611">10.1098/rstb.2004.1611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1569473">1569473</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15905142">15905142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+role+of+heterochromatin+in+centromere+function&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=1455&rft.pages=569-79&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1569473%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15905142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2004.1611&rft.au=Pidoux+AL%2C+Allshire+RC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1569473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison_PM,_Hegyi_H,_Balasubramanian_S,_Luscombe_NM,_Bertone_P,_Echols_N,_Johnson_T,_Gerstein_M2002" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison PM, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe NM, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, Gerstein M (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155275">"Molecular Fossils in the Human Genome: Identification and Analysis of the Pseudogenes in Chromosomes 21 and 22"</a>. Genome Res. 12 (2): 272-80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.207102">10.1101/gr.207102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155275">155275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11827946">11827946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&rft.atitle=Molecular+Fossils+in+the+Human+Genome%3A+Identification+and+Analysis+of+the+Pseudogenes+in+Chromosomes+21+and+22&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-80&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC155275%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11827946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.207102&rft.au=Harrison+PM%2C+Hegyi+H%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+Luscombe+NM%2C+Bertone+P%2C+Echols+N%2C+Johnson+T%2C+Gerstein+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC155275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison_PM,_Gerstein_M2002" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison PM, Gerstein M (2002). "Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution". J Mol Biol. 318 (5): 1155-74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2900109-2">10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12083509">12083509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=Studying+genomes+through+the+aeons%3A+protein+families%2C+pseudogenes+and+proteome+evolution&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1155-74&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2900109-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12083509&rft.au=Harrison+PM%2C+Gerstein+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Blehm Bidstrup, Bodil: Bioteknologi 4, 2011, Forlaget Nucleus, s. 16-17 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAlbà_M2001" class="citation journal cs1">Albà M (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150442">"Replicative DNA polymerases"</a>. Genome Biol. 2 (1): reviews3002.1-reviews3002.4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2001-2-1-reviews3002">10.1186/gb-2001-2-1-reviews3002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150442">150442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11178285">11178285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&rft.atitle=Replicative+DNA+polymerases&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=reviews3002.1-reviews3002.4&rft.date=2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC150442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11178285&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2001-2-1-reviews3002&rft.au=Alb%C3%A0+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC150442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tani_2010-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Tani_2010_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFTaniNasu2010" class="citation book cs1">Tani, Katsuji; Nasu, Masao (2010). "Roles of Extracellular DNA in Bacterial Ecosystems". I Kikuchi, Yo; Rykova, Elena Y. (red.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extracellularnuc00kiku">Extracellular Nucleic Acids</a>. Springer. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/extracellularnuc00kiku/page/n35">25</a>–38. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-3-642-12616-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-3-642-12616-1"><bdi>978-3-642-12616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roles+of+Extracellular+DNA+in+Bacterial+Ecosystems&rft.btitle=Extracellular+Nucleic+Acids&rft.pages=25-38&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-12616-1&rft.aulast=Tani&rft.aufirst=Katsuji&rft.au=Nasu%2C+Masao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fextracellularnuc00kiku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vlassov_2007-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Vlassov_2007_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVlassovLaktionovRykova2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vlassov, V. V.; Laktionov, P. P.; Rykova, E. Y. (2007). "Extracellular nucleic acids". BioEssays. 29: 654-667. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20604">10.1002/bies.20604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=Extracellular+nucleic+acids&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=654-667&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20604&rft.aulast=Vlassov&rft.aufirst=V.+V.&rft.au=Laktionov%2C+P.+P.&rft.au=Rykova%2C+E.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel_2001-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2001_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelKolter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Finkel, S. E.; Kolter, R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623235850/http://jb.asm.org/content/183/21/6288.full">"DNA as a nutrient: novel role for bacterial competence gene homologs"</a>. J. Bacteriol. 183: 6288-6293. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.183.21.6288-6293.2001">10.1128/JB.183.21.6288-6293.2001</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/content/183/21/6288.full">originalen</a> 23. juni 2017. Hentet 17. juni 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&rft.atitle=DNA+as+a+nutrient%3A+novel+role+for+bacterial+competence+gene+homologs&rft.volume=183&rft.pages=6288-6293&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJB.183.21.6288-6293.2001&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Kolter%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F183%2F21%2F6288.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulcahy_2008-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2008_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMulcahyCharron-MazenodLewenza2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mulcahy, H.; Charron-Mazenod, L.; Lewenza, S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000213">"Extracellular DNA chelates cations and induces antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms"</a>. PLoS Pathog. 4: e1000213. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000213">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Pathog.&rft.atitle=Extracellular+DNA+chelates+cations+and+induces+antibiotic+resistance+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilms&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=e1000213&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000213&rft.aulast=Mulcahy&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Charron-Mazenod%2C+L.&rft.au=Lewenza%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplospathogens%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berne_2010-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Berne_2010_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBerneKyselaBrun2010" class="citation journal cs1">Berne, C.; Kysela, D. T.; Brun, Y. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07267.x/full">"A bacterial extracellular DNA inhibits settling of motile progeny cells within a biofilm"</a>. Mol. Microbiol. 77: 815-829. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2010.07267.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07267.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=A+bacterial+extracellular+DNA+inhibits+settling+of+motile+progeny+cells+within+a+biofilm&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=815-829&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2010.07267.x&rft.aulast=Berne&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Kysela%2C+D.+T.&rft.au=Brun%2C+Y.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2010.07267.x%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitchurch_2002-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitchurch_2002_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWhitchurchTolker-NielsenRagasMattick2002" class="citation journal cs1">Whitchurch, C. B.; Tolker-Nielsen, T.; Ragas, P. C.; Mattick, J. S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cynthia_Whitchurch/publication/11503087_Extracellular_DNA_required_for_bacterial_biofilm_formation/links/02e7e516ca71ea7d6e000000.pdf">"Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation"</a> (PDF). Science. 295: 1487. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.295.5559.1487">10.1126/science.295.5559.1487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Extracellular+DNA+required+for+bacterial+biofilm+formation&rft.volume=295&rft.pages=1487&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.295.5559.1487&rft.aulast=Whitchurch&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft.au=Tolker-Nielsen%2C+T.&rft.au=Ragas%2C+P.+C.&rft.au=Mattick%2C+J.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FCynthia_Whitchurch%2Fpublication%2F11503087_Extracellular_DNA_required_for_bacterial_biofilm_formation%2Flinks%2F02e7e516ca71ea7d6e000000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hu_2012-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Hu_2012_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHuLiSharmaWang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, W.; Li, L.; Sharma, S.; Wang, J.; McHardy, I.; Lux, R.; Yang, Z.; He, X.; Gimzewski, J. K.; Li, Y.; Shi, W. (2012). "DNA Builds and Strengthens the Extracellular Matrix in Myxococcus xanthus Biofilms by Interacting with Exopolysaccharides". PLoS ONE. 7 (12): e51905. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...751905H">2012PLoSO...751905H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051905">10.1371/journal.pone.0051905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=DNA+Builds+and+Strengthens+the+Extracellular+Matrix+in+Myxococcus+xanthus+Biofilms+by+Interacting+with+Exopolysaccharides&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e51905&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051905&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...751905H&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Li%2C+L.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+S.&rft.au=Wang%2C+J.&rft.au=McHardy%2C+I.&rft.au=Lux%2C+R.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Z.&rft.au=He%2C+X.&rft.au=Gimzewski%2C+J.+K.&rft.au=Li%2C+Y.&rft.au=Shi%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSandman_K,_Pereira_SL,_Reeve_JN1998" class="citation journal cs1">Sandman K, Pereira SL, Reeve JN (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_1998-12_54_12/page/1350">"Diversity of prokaryotic chromosomal proteins and the origin of the nucleosome"</a>. Cell Mol Life Sci. 54 (12): 1350-64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000180050259">10.1007/s000180050259</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9893710">9893710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Mol+Life+Sci&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+prokaryotic+chromosomal+proteins+and+the+origin+of+the+nucleosome&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1350-64&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs000180050259&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9893710&rft.au=Sandman+K%2C+Pereira+SL%2C+Reeve+JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_1998-12_54_12%2Fpage%2F1350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDame_RT2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dame RT (2005). "The role of nucleoid-associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin". Mol. Microbiol. 56 (4): 858-70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04598.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04598.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15853876">15853876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=The+role+of+nucleoid-associated+proteins+in+the+organization+and+compaction+of+bacterial+chromatin&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=858-70&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2005.04598.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15853876&rft.au=Dame+RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLuger_K,_Mäder_AW,_Richmond_RK,_Sargent_DF,_Richmond_TJ1997" class="citation journal cs1">Luger K, Mäder AW, Richmond RK, Sargent DF, Richmond TJ (1997). "Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution". Nature. 389 (6648): 251-60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.389..251L">1997Natur.389..251L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F38444">10.1038/38444</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9305837">9305837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+the+nucleosome+core+particle+at+2.8+A+resolution&rft.volume=389&rft.issue=6648&rft.pages=251-60&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9305837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F38444&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.389..251L&rft.au=Luger+K%2C+M%C3%A4der+AW%2C+Richmond+RK%2C+Sargent+DF%2C+Richmond+TJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJenuwein_T,_Allis_CD2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jenuwein T, Allis CD (2001). "Translating the histone code". Science. 293 (5532): 1074-80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1063127">10.1126/science.1063127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11498575">11498575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Translating+the+histone+code&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=5532&rft.pages=1074-80&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1063127&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11498575&rft.au=Jenuwein+T%2C+Allis+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFIto_T2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ito T (2003). "Nucleosome assembly and remodelling". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 274: 1-22. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-55747-7_1">10.1007/978-3-642-55747-7_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-3-540-44208-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-3-540-44208-0"><bdi>978-3-540-44208-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12596902">12596902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Top+Microbiol+Immunol&rft.atitle=Nucleosome+assembly+and+remodelling&rft.volume=274&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12596902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-55747-7_1&rft.isbn=978-3-540-44208-0&rft.au=Ito+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFIftode_C,_Daniely_Y,_Borowiec_JA1999" class="citation journal cs1">Iftode C, Daniely Y, Borowiec JA (1999). "Replication protein A (RPA): the eukaryotic SSB". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 34 (3): 141-80. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10409239991209255">10.1080/10409239991209255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10473346">10473346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Biochem+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=Replication+protein+A+%28RPA%29%3A+the+eukaryotic+SSB&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141-80&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10409239991209255&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10473346&rft.au=Iftode+C%2C+Daniely+Y%2C+Borowiec+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMyers_LC,_Kornberg_RD2000" class="citation journal cs1">Myers LC, Kornberg RD (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2000_69/page/729">"Mediator of transcriptional regulation"</a>. Annu Rev Biochem. 69: 729-49. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.729">10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966474">10966474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.atitle=Mediator+of+transcriptional+regulation&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=729-49&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.69.1.729&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966474&rft.au=Myers+LC%2C+Kornberg+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2000_69%2Fpage%2F729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegelman_BM,_Heinrich_R2004" class="citation journal cs1">Spiegelman BM, Heinrich R (2004). "Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators". Cell. 119 (2): 157-67. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.09.037">10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15479634">15479634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Biological+control+through+regulated+transcriptional+coactivators&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-67&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2004.09.037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15479634&rft.au=Spiegelman+BM%2C+Heinrich+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLi_Z,_Van_Calcar_S,_Qu_C,_Cavenee_WK,_Zhang_MQ,_Ren_B2003" class="citation journal cs1">Li Z, Van Calcar S, Qu C, Cavenee WK, Zhang MQ, Ren B (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200">"A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100 (14): 8164-9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.8164L">2003PNAS..100.8164L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1332764100">10.1073/pnas.1332764100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200">166200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12808131">12808131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=A+global+transcriptional+regulatory+role+for+c-Myc+in+Burkitt%27s+lymphoma+cells&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=8164-9&rft.date=2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166200%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12808131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1332764100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..100.8164L&rft.au=Li+Z%2C+Van+Calcar+S%2C+Qu+C%2C+Cavenee+WK%2C+Zhang+MQ%2C+Ren+B&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC166200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Skabt fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1RVA">PDB 1RVA</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBickle_TA,_Krüger_DH1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bickle TA, Krüger DH (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918">"Biology of DNA restriction"</a>. Microbiol Rev. 57 (2): 434-50. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372918">372918</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8336674">8336674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiol+Rev&rft.atitle=Biology+of+DNA+restriction&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=434-50&rft.date=1993&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372918%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8336674&rft.au=Bickle+TA%2C+Kr%C3%BCger+DH&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doherty-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty_AJ,_Suh_SW2000" class="citation journal cs1">Doherty AJ, Suh SW (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121">"Structural and mechanistic conservation in DNA ligases"</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (21): 4051-8. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.21.4051">10.1093/nar/28.21.4051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121">113121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11058099">11058099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.atitle=Structural+and+mechanistic+conservation+in+DNA+ligases&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4051-8&rft.date=2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC113121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11058099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F28.21.4051&rft.au=Doherty+AJ%2C+Suh+SW&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC113121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSchoeffler_AJ,_Berger_JM2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schoeffler AJ, Berger JM (2005). "Recent advances in understanding structure-function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism". Biochem Soc Trans. 33 (Pt 6): 1465-70. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST20051465">10.1042/BST20051465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16246147">16246147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Soc+Trans&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+understanding+structure-function+relationships+in+the+type+II+topoisomerase+mechanism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=Pt+6&rft.pages=1465-70&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBST20051465&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16246147&rft.au=Schoeffler+AJ%2C+Berger+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFTuteja_N,_Tuteja_R2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tuteja N, Tuteja R (2004). "Unraveling DNA helicases. Motif, structure, mechanism and function". Eur J Biochem. 271 (10): 1849-63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.2004.04094.x">10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04094.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15128295">15128295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Biochem&rft.atitle=Unraveling+DNA+helicases.+Motif%2C+structure%2C+mechanism+and+function&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1849-63&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.2004.04094.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15128295&rft.au=Tuteja+N%2C+Tuteja+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyce-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Joyce_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce_CM,_Steitz_TA1995" class="citation journal cs1">Joyce CM, Steitz TA (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480">"Polymerase structures and function: variations on a theme?"</a>. J Bacteriol. 177 (22): 6321-9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480">177480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7592405">7592405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&rft.atitle=Polymerase+structures+and+function%3A+variations+on+a+theme%3F&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=6321-9&rft.date=1995&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC177480%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7592405&rft.au=Joyce+CM%2C+Steitz+TA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC177480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHubscher_U,_Maga_G,_Spadari_S2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hubscher U, Maga G, Spadari S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2002_71/page/133">"Eukaryotic DNA polymerases"</a>. Annu Rev Biochem. 71: 133-63. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.71.090501.150041">10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.090501.150041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12045093">12045093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.atitle=Eukaryotic+DNA+polymerases&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=133-63&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.71.090501.150041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12045093&rft.au=Hubscher+U%2C+Maga+G%2C+Spadari+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2002_71%2Fpage%2F133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson_A,_O'Donnell_M2005" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson A, O'Donnell M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2005_74/page/283">"Cellular DNA replicases: components and dynamics at the replication fork"</a>. Annu Rev Biochem. 74: 283-315. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.73.011303.073859">10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15952889">15952889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.atitle=Cellular+DNA+replicases%3A+components+and+dynamics+at+the+replication+fork&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=283-315&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.biochem.73.011303.073859&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15952889&rft.au=Johnson+A%2C+O%27Donnell+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_2005_74%2Fpage%2F283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFTarrago-Litvak_L,_Andréola_ML,_Nevinsky_GA,_Sarih-Cottin_L,_Litvak_S1994" class="citation journal cs1">Tarrago-Litvak L, Andréola ML, Nevinsky GA, Sarih-Cottin L, Litvak S (1. maj 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_faseb-journal_1994-05_8_8/page/497">"The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1: from enzymology to therapeutic intervention"</a>. FASEB J. 8 (8): 497-503. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7514143">7514143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+J&rft.atitle=The+reverse+transcriptase+of+HIV-1%3A+from+enzymology+to+therapeutic+intervention&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=497-503&rft.date=1994-05-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7514143&rft.au=Tarrago-Litvak+L%2C+Andr%C3%A9ola+ML%2C+Nevinsky+GA%2C+Sarih-Cottin+L%2C+Litvak+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_faseb-journal_1994-05_8_8%2Fpage%2F497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez_E2002" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez E (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-molecular-biology_2002-12_50_6/page/925">"Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription"</a>. Plant Mol Biol. 50 (6): 925-47. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021258713850">10.1023/A:1021258713850</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12516863">12516863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=Multi-protein+complexes+in+eukaryotic+gene+transcription&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=925-47&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021258713850&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12516863&rft.au=Martinez+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_plant-molecular-biology_2002-12_50_6%2Fpage%2F925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Skabt fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1M6G">PDB 1M6G</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCremer_T,_Cremer_C2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cremer T, Cremer C (2001). "Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells". Nature Reviews Genetics. 2 (4): 292-301. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35066075">10.1038/35066075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11283701">11283701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=Chromosome+territories%2C+nuclear+architecture+and+gene+regulation+in+mammalian+cells&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=292-301&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35066075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11283701&rft.au=Cremer+T%2C+Cremer+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPál_C,_Papp_B,_Lercher_MJ2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pál C, Papp B, Lercher MJ (2006). "An integrated view of protein evolution". Nature Reviews Genetics. 7 (5): 337-48. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1838">10.1038/nrg1838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16619049">16619049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=An+integrated+view+of+protein+evolution&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=337-48&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg1838&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16619049&rft.au=P%C3%A1l+C%2C+Papp+B%2C+Lercher+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFO'Driscoll_M,_Jeggo_PA2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Driscoll M, Jeggo PA (2006). "The role of double-strand break repair – insights from human genetics". Nature Reviews Genetics. 7 (1): 45-54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1746">10.1038/nrg1746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16369571">16369571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+role+of+double-strand+break+repair+%E2%80%93+insights+from+human+genetics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-54&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg1746&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16369571&rft.au=O%27Driscoll+M%2C+Jeggo+PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVispé_S,_Defais_M1997" class="citation journal cs1">Vispé S, Defais M (1997). "Mammalian Rad51 protein: a RecA homologue with pleiotropic functions". Biochimie. 79 (9-10): 587-92. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2897%2982007-X">10.1016/S0300-9084(97)82007-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9466696">9466696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimie&rft.atitle=Mammalian+Rad51+protein%3A+a+RecA+homologue+with+pleiotropic+functions&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=9-10&rft.pages=587-92&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2897%2982007-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9466696&rft.au=Visp%C3%A9+S%2C+Defais+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFNeale_MJ,_Keeney_S2006" class="citation journal cs1">Neale MJ, Keeney S (2006). "Clarifying the mechanics of DNA strand exchange in meiotic recombination". Nature. 442 (7099): 153-8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442..153N">2006Natur.442..153N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04885">10.1038/nature04885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16838012">16838012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Clarifying+the+mechanics+of+DNA+strand+exchange+in+meiotic+recombination&rft.volume=442&rft.issue=7099&rft.pages=153-8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16838012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.442..153N&rft.au=Neale+MJ%2C+Keeney+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDickman_MJ,_Ingleston_SM,_Sedelnikova_SE,_Rafferty_JB,_Lloyd_RG,_Grasby_JA,_Hornby_DP2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dickman MJ, Ingleston SM, Sedelnikova SE, Rafferty JB, Lloyd RG, Grasby JA, Hornby DP (2002). "The RuvABC resolvasome". Eur J Biochem. 269 (22): 5492-501. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-1033.2002.03250.x">10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03250.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12423347">12423347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Biochem&rft.atitle=The+RuvABC+resolvasome&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=5492-501&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1432-1033.2002.03250.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12423347&rft.au=Dickman+MJ%2C+Ingleston+SM%2C+Sedelnikova+SE%2C+Rafferty+JB%2C+Lloyd+RG%2C+Grasby+JA%2C+Hornby+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-135"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce_GF2002" class="citation journal cs1">Joyce GF (2002). "The antiquity of RNA-based evolution". Nature. 418 (6894): 214-21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.418..214J">2002Natur.418..214J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F418214a">10.1038/418214a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12110897">12110897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+antiquity+of+RNA-based+evolution&rft.volume=418&rft.issue=6894&rft.pages=214-21&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12110897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F418214a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.418..214J&rft.au=Joyce+GF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFOrgel_LE2004" class="citation journal cs1">Orgel LE (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 39 (2): 99-123. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10409230490460765">10.1080/10409230490460765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15217990">15217990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Biochem+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=Prebiotic+chemistry+and+the+origin+of+the+RNA+world&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-123&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10409230490460765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15217990&rft.au=Orgel+LE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport_RJ2001" class="citation journal cs1">Davenport RJ (2001). "Ribozymes. Making copies in the RNA world". Science. 292 (5520): 1278. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.292.5520.1278a">10.1126/science.292.5520.1278a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11360970">11360970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ribozymes.+Making+copies+in+the+RNA+world&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5520&rft.pages=1278&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.292.5520.1278a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11360970&rft.au=Davenport+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSzathmáry_E1992" class="citation journal cs1">Szathmáry E (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48712">"What is the optimum size for the genetic alphabet?"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89 (7): 2614-8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992PNAS...89.2614S">1992PNAS...89.2614S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.89.7.2614">10.1073/pnas.89.7.2614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC48712">48712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1372984">1372984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=What+is+the+optimum+size+for+the+genetic+alphabet%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2614-8&rft.date=1992&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC48712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1372984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.89.7.2614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992PNAS...89.2614S&rft.au=Szathm%C3%A1ry+E&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC48712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLindahl_T1993" class="citation journal cs1">Lindahl T (1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature. 362 (6422): 709-15. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.362..709L">1993Natur.362..709L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F362709a0">10.1038/362709a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8469282">8469282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Instability+and+decay+of+the+primary+structure+of+DNA&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=6422&rft.pages=709-15&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8469282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F362709a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993Natur.362..709L&rft.au=Lindahl+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVreeland_RH,_Rosenzweig_WD,_Powers_DW2000" class="citation journal cs1">Vreeland RH, Rosenzweig WD, Powers DW (2000). "Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal". Nature. 407 (6806): 897-900. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35038060">10.1038/35038060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11057666">11057666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+250+million-year-old+halotolerant+bacterium+from+a+primary+salt+crystal&rft.volume=407&rft.issue=6806&rft.pages=897-900&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35038060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11057666&rft.au=Vreeland+RH%2C+Rosenzweig+WD%2C+Powers+DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHebsgaard_MB,_Phillips_MJ,_Willerslev_E2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hebsgaard MB, Phillips MJ, Willerslev E (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-05_13_5/page/212">"Geologically ancient DNA: fact or artefact?"</a>. Trends Microbiol. 13 (5): 212-20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2005.03.010">10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15866038">15866038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Geologically+ancient+DNA%3A+fact+or+artefact%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=212-20&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2005.03.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15866038&rft.au=Hebsgaard+MB%2C+Phillips+MJ%2C+Willerslev+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-05_13_5%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFNickle_DC,_Learn_GH,_Rain_MW,_Mullins_JI,_Mittler_JE2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nickle DC, Learn GH, Rain MW, Mullins JI, Mittler JE (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2002-01_54_1/page/134">"Curiously modern DNA for a "250 million-year-old" bacterium"</a>. J Mol Evol. 54 (1): 134-7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-001-0025-x">10.1007/s00239-001-0025-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734907">11734907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&rft.atitle=Curiously+modern+DNA+for+a+%22250+million-year-old%22+bacterium&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134-7&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-001-0025-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11734907&rft.au=Nickle+DC%2C+Learn+GH%2C+Rain+MW%2C+Mullins+JI%2C+Mittler+JE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2002-01_54_1%2Fpage%2F134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Callahan-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Callahan_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCallahan_MP,_Smith_KE,_Cleaves_HJ,_Ruzicka_J,_Stern_JC,_Glavin_DP,_House_CH,_Dworkin_JP2011" class="citation journal cs1">Callahan MP, Smith KE, Cleaves HJ, Ruzicka J, Stern JC, Glavin DP, House CH, Dworkin JP (august 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161613">"Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases"</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (34): 13995-8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..10813995C">2011PNAS..10813995C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1106493108">10.1073/pnas.1106493108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3161613">3161613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21836052">21836052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Carbonaceous+meteorites+contain+a+wide+range+of+extraterrestrial+nucleobases&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=13995-8&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3161613%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21836052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1106493108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..10813995C&rft.au=Callahan+MP%2C+Smith+KE%2C+Cleaves+HJ%2C+Ruzicka+J%2C+Stern+JC%2C+Glavin+DP%2C+House+CH%2C+Dworkin+JP&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3161613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Steigerwald-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Steigerwald_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSteigerwald2011" class="citation web cs1">Steigerwald, John (8. august 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426055700/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/dna-meteorites.html">"NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/dna-meteorites.html">originalen</a> 26. april 2020. Hentet 10. august 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Researchers%3A+DNA+Building+Blocks+Can+Be+Made+in+Space&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.aulast=Steigerwald&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ftopics%2Fsolarsystem%2Ffeatures%2Fdna-meteorites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNA-145"><a href="#cite_ref-DNA_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFScienceDaily_Staff2011" class="citation web cs1">ScienceDaily Staff (9. august 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110808220659.htm">"DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space, NASA Evidence Suggests"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ScienceDaily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ScienceDaily (ikke skrevet endnu)">ScienceDaily</a>. Hentet 9. august 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Building+Blocks+Can+Be+Made+in+Space%2C+NASA+Evidence+Suggests&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.au=ScienceDaily+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2011%2F08%2F110808220659.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20150303-146"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150303_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMarlaire2015" class="citation web cs1">Marlaire, Ruth (3. marts 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305083306/http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory/">"NASA Ames Reproduces the Building Blocks of Life in Laboratory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory">originalen</a> 5. marts 2015. Hentet 5. marts 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Ames+Reproduces+the+Building+Blocks+of+Life+in+Laboratory&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.aulast=Marlaire&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fnasa-ames-reproduces-the-building-blocks-of-life-in-laboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGoff_SP,_Berg_P1976" class="citation journal cs1">Goff SP, Berg P (1976). "Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells". Cell. 9 (4 PT 2): 695-705. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2876%2990133-1">10.1016/0092-8674(76)90133-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/189942">189942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Construction+of+hybrid+viruses+containing+SV40+and+lambda+phage+DNA+segments+and+their+propagation+in+cultured+monkey+cells&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4+PT+2&rft.pages=695-705&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2876%2990133-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F189942&rft.au=Goff+SP%2C+Berg+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHoudebine_LM2007" class="citation journal cs1">Houdebine LM (2007). "Transgenic animal models in biomedical research". Methods Mol Biol. 360: 163-202. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1385%2F1-59745-165-7%3A163">10.1385/1-59745-165-7:163</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-59745-165-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-59745-165-7"><bdi>1-59745-165-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17172731">17172731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol+Biol&rft.atitle=Transgenic+animal+models+in+biomedical+research&rft.volume=360&rft.pages=163-202&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17172731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1385%2F1-59745-165-7%3A163&rft.isbn=1-59745-165-7&rft.au=Houdebine+LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDaniell_H,_Dhingra_A2002" class="citation journal cs1">Daniell H, Dhingra A (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857">"Multigene engineering: dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology"</a>. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 13 (2): 136-41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2802%2900297-5">10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00297-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857">3481857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11950565">11950565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Multigene+engineering%3A+dawn+of+an+exciting+new+era+in+biotechnology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-41&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3481857%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11950565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2802%2900297-5&rft.au=Daniell+H%2C+Dhingra+A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3481857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJob_D2002" class="citation journal cs1">Job D (2002). "Plant biotechnology in agriculture". Biochimie. 84 (11): 1105-10. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2802%2900013-5">10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12595138">12595138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimie&rft.atitle=Plant+biotechnology+in+agriculture&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1105-10&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2802%2900013-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12595138&rft.au=Job+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCollins_A,_Morton_NE1994" class="citation journal cs1">Collins A, Morton NE (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126">"Likelihood ratios for DNA identification"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91 (13): 6007-11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.6007C">1994PNAS...91.6007C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.13.6007">10.1073/pnas.91.13.6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126">44126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8016106">8016106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Likelihood+ratios+for+DNA+identification&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=6007-11&rft.date=1994&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC44126%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8016106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.91.13.6007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PNAS...91.6007C&rft.au=Collins+A%2C+Morton+NE&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC44126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWeir_BS,_Triggs_CM,_Starling_L,_Stowell_LI,_Walsh_KA,_Buckleton_J1997" class="citation journal cs1">Weir BS, Triggs CM, Starling L, Stowell LI, Walsh KA, Buckleton J (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-forensic-sciences_1997-03_42_2/page/213">"Interpreting DNA mixtures"</a>. J Forensic Sci. 42 (2): 213-22. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9068179">9068179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Forensic+Sci&rft.atitle=Interpreting+DNA+mixtures&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-22&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9068179&rft.au=Weir+BS%2C+Triggs+CM%2C+Starling+L%2C+Stowell+LI%2C+Walsh+KA%2C+Buckleton+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-forensic-sciences_1997-03_42_2%2Fpage%2F213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys_AJ,_Wilson_V,_Thein_SL1985" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL (1985). "Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA". Nature. 316 (6023): 76-9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.316...76J">1985Natur.316...76J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F316076a0">10.1038/316076a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2989708">2989708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Individual-specific+%27fingerprints%27+of+human+DNA&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=6023&rft.pages=76-9&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2989708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F316076a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.316...76J&rft.au=Jeffreys+AJ%2C+Wilson+V%2C+Thein+SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214004903/http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1">Colin Pitchfork — first murder conviction on DNA evidence also clears the prime suspect</a> Forensic Science Service Accessed 23 December 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Søgaard2010" class="citation news cs1">Jan Søgaard (1. november 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekstrabladet.dk/112/article1442164.ece">"Mordet i Fasanskoven"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ekstra_Bladet" title="Ekstra Bladet">Ekstra Bladet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mordet+i+Fasanskoven&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.au=Jan+S%C3%B8gaard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fekstrabladet.dk%2F112%2Farticle1442164.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/65iaRzWFB?url=http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/">"DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents"</a>. National Institute of Justice. september 2006. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/">originalen</a> 25. februar 2012. Hentet 30. maj 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Identification+in+Mass+Fatality+Incidents&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Justice&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmassfatality.dna.gov%2FIntroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/health/paternity-blood-tests-that-work-early-in-a-pregnancy.html?pagewanted=all">"Paternity Blood Tests That Work Early in a Pregnancy" New York Times June 20, 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breaker_223–229-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breaker_223–229_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breaker_223–229_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBreakerJoyce1994" class="citation journal cs1">Breaker, Ronald R.; Joyce, Gerald F. (1994-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/article/1074552194900140/abstract">"A DNA enzyme that cleaves RNA"</a>. Chemistry & Biology. 1 (4): 223-229. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1074-5521%2894%2990014-0">10.1016/1074-5521(94)90014-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-5521">1074-5521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9383394">9383394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=A+DNA+enzyme+that+cleaves+RNA&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=223-229&rft.date=1994-01-12&rft.issn=1074-5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9383394&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1074-5521%2894%2990014-0&rft.aulast=Breaker&rft.aufirst=Ronald+R.&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Gerald+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Farticle%2F1074552194900140%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFChandraSachdevaSilverman" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, Madhavaiah; Sachdeva, Amit; Silverman, Scott K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nchembio.201">"DNA-catalyzed sequence-specific hydrolysis of DNA"</a>. Nature Chemical Biology. 5 (10): 718-720. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio.201">10.1038/nchembio.201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746877">2746877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19684594">19684594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemical+Biology&rft.atitle=DNA-catalyzed+sequence-specific+hydrolysis+of+DNA&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=718-720&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2746877%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19684594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio.201&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Madhavaiah&rft.au=Sachdeva%2C+Amit&rft.au=Silverman%2C+Scott+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fdoifinder%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio.201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCarmiShultzBreaker1996" class="citation journal cs1">Carmi, Nir; Shultz, Lisa A.; Breaker, Ronald R. (1996-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cell.com/article/S1074552196901702/abstract">"In vitro selection of self-cleaving DNAs"</a>. Chemistry & Biology. 3 (12): 1039-1046. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2896%2990170-2">10.1016/S1074-5521(96)90170-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-5521">1074-5521</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9000012">9000012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=In+vitro+selection+of+self-cleaving+DNAs&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1039-1046&rft.date=1996-01-12&rft.issn=1074-5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9000012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1074-5521%2896%2990170-2&rft.aulast=Carmi&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft.au=Shultz%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Breaker%2C+Ronald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Farticle%2FS1074552196901702%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFTorabiWuMcGheeChen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Torabi, Seyed-Fakhreddin; Wu, Peiwen; McGhee, Claire E.; Chen, Lu; Hwang, Kevin; Zheng, Nan; Cheng, Jianjun; Lu, Yi (2015-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/19/5903">"In vitro selection of a sodium-specific DNAzyme and its application in intracellular sensing"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (19): 5903-5908. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1420361112">10.1073/pnas.1420361112</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4434688">4434688</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25918425">25918425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=In+vitro+selection+of+a+sodium-specific+DNAzyme+and+its+application+in+intracellular+sensing&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5903-5908&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4434688%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25918425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1420361112&rft.aulast=Torabi&rft.aufirst=Seyed-Fakhreddin&rft.au=Wu%2C+Peiwen&rft.au=McGhee%2C+Claire+E.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Lu&rft.au=Hwang%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Nan&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Lu%2C+Yi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F112%2F19%2F5903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBaldiBrunak2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Baldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Baldi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Baldi, Pierre</a>; Brunak, Soren (2001). Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-262-02506-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-262-02506-5"><bdi>978-0-262-02506-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/45951728">45951728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics%3A+The+Machine+Learning+Approach&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45951728&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02506-5&rft.aulast=Baldi&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Brunak%2C+Soren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Gusfield, Dan. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 15 January 1997. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-521-58519-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-521-58519-4">978-0-521-58519-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSjölander_K2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sjölander K (2004). "Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function: advances and challenges". Bioinformatics. 20 (2): 170-9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbth021">10.1093/bioinformatics/bth021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14734307">14734307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+inference+of+protein+molecular+function%3A+advances+and+challenges&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbth021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14734307&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6lander+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Mount_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMount_DM2004" class="citation book cs1">Mount DM (2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2 udgave). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-87969-712-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-87969-712-1"><bdi>0-87969-712-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55106399">55106399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics%3A+Sequence+and+Genome+Analysis&rft.place=Cold+Spring+Harbor%2C+NY&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55106399&rft.isbn=0-87969-712-1&rft.au=Mount+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRothemund_PW2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rothemund PW (2006). "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns". Nature. 440 (7082): 297-302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..297R">2006Natur.440..297R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04586">10.1038/nature04586</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16541064">16541064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Folding+DNA+to+create+nanoscale+shapes+and+patterns&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7082&rft.pages=297-302&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16541064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04586&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..297R&rft.au=Rothemund+PW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen_ES,_Dong_M,_Nielsen_MM,_Jahn_K,_Subramani_R,_Mamdouh_W,_Golas_MM,_Sander_B,_Stark_H,_Oliveira_CL,_Pedersen_JS,_Birkedal_V,_Besenbacher_F,_Gothelf_KV,_Kjems_J2009" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen ES, Dong M, Nielsen MM, Jahn K, Subramani R, Mamdouh W, Golas MM, Sander B, Stark H, Oliveira CL, Pedersen JS, Birkedal V, Besenbacher F, Gothelf KV, Kjems J (2009). "Self-assembly of a nanoscale DNA box with a controllable lid". Nature. 459 (7243): 73-6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459...73A">2009Natur.459...73A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07971">10.1038/nature07971</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19424153">19424153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Self-assembly+of+a+nanoscale+DNA+box+with+a+controllable+lid&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7243&rft.pages=73-6&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19424153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459...73A&rft.au=Andersen+ES%2C+Dong+M%2C+Nielsen+MM%2C+Jahn+K%2C+Subramani+R%2C+Mamdouh+W%2C+Golas+MM%2C+Sander+B%2C+Stark+H%2C+Oliveira+CL%2C+Pedersen+JS%2C+Birkedal+V%2C+Besenbacher+F%2C+Gothelf+KV%2C+Kjems+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFIshitsuka_Y,_Ha_T2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ishitsuka Y, Ha T (2009). "DNA nanotechnology: a nanomachine goes live". Nat Nanotechnol. 4 (5): 281-2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NatNa...4..281I">2009NatNa...4..281I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2009.101">10.1038/nnano.2009.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19421208">19421208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Nanotechnol&rft.atitle=DNA+nanotechnology%3A+a+nanomachine+goes+live&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=281-2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19421208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnnano.2009.101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NatNa...4..281I&rft.au=Ishitsuka+Y%2C+Ha+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAldaye_FA,_Palmer_AL,_Sleiman_HF2008" class="citation journal cs1">Aldaye FA, Palmer AL, Sleiman HF (2008). "Assembling materials with DNA as the guide". Science. 321 (5897): 1795-9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321.1795A">2008Sci...321.1795A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1154533">10.1126/science.1154533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18818351">18818351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Assembling+materials+with+DNA+as+the+guide&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5897&rft.pages=1795-9&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18818351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1154533&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321.1795A&rft.au=Aldaye+FA%2C+Palmer+AL%2C+Sleiman+HF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWray_GA2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wray GA (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454">"Dating branches on the Tree of Life using DNA"</a>. Genome Biol. 3 (1): reviews0001.1-reviews0001.7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1525-142X.1999.99010.x">10.1046/j.1525-142X.1999.99010.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454">150454</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11806830">11806830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&rft.atitle=Dating+branches+on+the+Tree+of+Life+using+DNA&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=reviews0001.1-reviews0001.7&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC150454%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11806830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1525-142X.1999.99010.x&rft.au=Wray+GA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC150454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Lost Tribes of Israel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nova_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nova (TV series) (ikke skrevet endnu)">NOVA</a>, PBS air-date: 22 February 2000. Transcript available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2706israel.html">PBS.org</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Kleiman, Yaakov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp">"The Cohanim/DNA Connection: The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425030950/http://www.aish.com/societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp">Arkiveret</a> 25. april 2016 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> aish.com (13 January 2000). Retrieved 4 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman_N,_Bertone_P,_Chen_S,_Dessimoz_C,_LeProust_EM,_Sipos_B,_Birney_E2013" class="citation journal cs1">Goldman N, Bertone P, Chen S, Dessimoz C, LeProust EM, Sipos B, Birney E (23. januar 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672958">"Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA"</a>. Nature. 494 (7435): 77-80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.494...77G">2013Natur.494...77G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11875">10.1038/nature11875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672958">3672958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354052">23354052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Towards+practical%2C+high-capacity%2C+low-maintenance+information+storage+in+synthesized+DNA&rft.volume=494&rft.issue=7435&rft.pages=77-80&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3672958%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23354052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11875&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.494...77G&rft.au=Goldman+N%2C+Bertone+P%2C+Chen+S%2C+Dessimoz+C%2C+LeProust+EM%2C+Sipos+B%2C+Birney+E&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3672958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFNaik2013" class="citation news cs1">Naik, Gautam (24. januar 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324539304578259883507543150.html">"Storing Digital Data in DNA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>. Hentet 24. januar 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Storing+Digital+Data+in+DNA&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=Gautam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424127887324539304578259883507543150.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Miescher, Friedrich (1871) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA441#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen"</a>, Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen, 4 : 441–460. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA456#v=onepage&q&f=false">Fra p. 456:</a> "Ich habe mich daher später mit meinen Versuchen an die ganzen Kerne gehalten, die Trennung der Körper, die ich einstweilen ohne weiteres Präjudiz als lösliches und unlösliches Nuclein bezeichnen will, einem günstigeren Material überlassend." </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDahm_R2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dahm R (2008). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Hum. Genet. 122 (6): 565-81. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-007-0433-0">10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17901982">17901982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Discovering+DNA%3A+Friedrich+Miescher+and+the+early+years+of+nucleic+acid+research&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=565-81&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-007-0433-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17901982&rft.au=Dahm+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Se: <ul><li>Albrect Kossel (1879) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.cr/books?id=4H5NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA284#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Ueber Nucleïn der Hefe"</a> Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 3 : 284-291.</li> <li>Albrect Kossel (1880) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.cr/books?id=u4s1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Ueber Nucleïn der Hefe II"</a> Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 4 : 290-295.</li> <li>Albrect Kossel (1881) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.cr/books?id=xYs1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA267#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Ueber die Verbreitung des Hypoxanthins im Thier- und Pflanzenreich"</a> Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 5 : 267-271.</li> <li>Albrect Kossel, Untersuchungen über die Nucleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte (Strassburg, Germany: K.J. Trübne, 1881), 19 pages.</li> <li>Albrect Kossel (1882) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.cr/books?id=z4s1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA422#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Ueber Xanthin und Hypoxanthin"</a>, Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 6 : 422-431.</li> <li>Albrect Kossel (1883) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.cr/books?id=2os1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Zur Chemie des Zellkerns"</a>, Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 7 : 7-22.</li> <li>Albrect Kossel (1886) "Weitere Beiträge zur Chemie des Zellkerns", Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie, 10 : 248-264. Tilgængelig online på: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit16615/index_html?pn=1&ws=1.5">Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany</a>. på p. 264 bemærker Kossel: "Der Erforschung der quantitativen Verhältnisse der vier stickstoffreichen Basen, der Abhängigkeit ihrer Menge von den physiologischen Zuständen der Zelle, verspricht wichtige Aufschlüsse über die elementaren physiologisch-chemischen Vorgänge." </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale_Jones_1953-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Yale_Jones_1953_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJones_ME1953" class="citation journal cs1">Jones ME (september 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599350">"Albrecht Kossel, A Biographical Sketch"</a>. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information (ikke skrevet endnu)">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a>. 26 (1): 80-97. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2599350">2599350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13103145">13103145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Albrecht+Kossel%2C+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-97&rft.date=1953-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2599350%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13103145&rft.au=Jones+ME&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2599350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLevene_P,1919" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">Levene P, (1. december 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1919-12_40_2/page/415">"The structure of yeast nucleic acid"</a>. J Biol Chem. 40 (2): 415-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+yeast+nucleic+acid&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=415-24&rft.date=1919-12-01&rft.au=Levene+P%2C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-biological-chemistry_1919-12_40_2%2Fpage%2F415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Ekstra punktum (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Ekstra_punktum" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Ekstra punktum">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> See: <ul><li>W. T. Astbury and Florence O. Bell (1938) "Some recent developments in the X-ray study of proteins and related structures," Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 6 : 109-121. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/heritage/Astbury/bibliography/CSHSQB_Astbury_and_Bell_1938.pdf">University of Leeds.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204539/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/heritage/Astbury/bibliography/CSHSQB_Astbury_and_Bell_1938.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 14. juli 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Astbury, W. T., (1947) "X-ray studies of nucleic acids," Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 1 : 66-76. Available on-line at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/dna/papers/astbury-xray.html">Oregon State University.</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Koltsov foreslog, at en celles genetiske information blev kodet i en lang kæde af aminosyrer. Se: <ul><li>Н. К. Кольцов, "Физико-химические основы морфологии" (The physical-chemical basis of morphology) -- speech given at the 3rd All-Union Meeting of Zoologist, Anatomists, and Histologists at Leningrad, U.S.S.R., December 12, 1927.</li> <li>Genoptrykt i: Успехи экспериментальной биологии (Advances in Experimental Biology), series B, 7 (1) : ?-? (1928).</li> <li>Genoptrykt på tysk som: Nikolaj K. Koltzoff (1928) "Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen der Morphologie", Biologisches Zentralblatt, 48 (6) : 345-369.</li> <li>I 1934 argumenterede Koltsov for, at proteinerne, der indeholder en celles genetiske information, undergik replikation. Se: N. K. Koltzoff (October 5, 1934) "The structure of the chromosomes in the salivary glands of Drosophila," Science, 80 (2075) : 312-313. Citat side 313: "I think that the size of the chromosomes in the salivary glands [of Drosophila] is determined through the multiplication of genonemes. By this term I designate the axial thread of the chromosome, in which the geneticists locate the linear combination of genes; … In the normal chromosome there is usually only one genoneme; before cell-division this genoneme has become divided into two strands."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soyfer-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Soyfer_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSoyfer_VN2001" class="citation journal cs1">Soyfer VN (2001). "The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science". Nature Reviews Genetics. 2 (9): 723-729. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35088598">10.1038/35088598</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11533721">11533721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+consequences+of+political+dictatorship+for+Russian+science&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=723-729&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35088598&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11533721&rft.au=Soyfer+VN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith_F1928" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith F (januar 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167760">"The significance of pneumococcal types"</a>. The Journal of Hygiene (London). 27 (2): 113-59. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022172400031879">10.1017/S0022172400031879</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167760">2167760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20474956">20474956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hygiene+%28London%29&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+pneumococcal+types&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-59&rft.date=1928-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2167760%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20474956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022172400031879&rft.au=Griffith+F&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2167760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz_MG,_Wackernagel_W1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372978">"Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment"</a>. Microbiol. Rev. 58 (3): 563-602. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372978">372978</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7968924">7968924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiol.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Bacterial+gene+transfer+by+natural+genetic+transformation+in+the+environment&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=563-602&rft.date=1994&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7968924&rft.au=Lorenz+MG%2C+Wackernagel+W&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAvery_OT,_Macleod_CM,_McCarty_M1944" class="citation journal cs1">Avery OT, Macleod CM, McCarty M (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135445">"Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type Iii"</a>. J Exp Med. 79 (2): 137-158. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.79.2.137">10.1084/jem.79.2.137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2135445">2135445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19871359">19871359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+Chemical+Nature+of+the+Substance+Inducing+Transformation+of+Pneumococcal+Types%3A+Induction+of+Transformation+by+a+Desoxyribonucleic+Acid+Fraction+Isolated+from+Pneumococcus+Type+Iii&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-158&rft.date=1944&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2135445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19871359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1084%2Fjem.79.2.137&rft.au=Avery+OT%2C+Macleod+CM%2C+McCarty+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2135445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFHershey_AD,_Chase_M1952" class="citation journal cs1">Hershey AD, Chase M (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147348">"Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage"</a>. J Gen Physiol. 36 (1): 39-56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.36.1.39">10.1085/jgp.36.1.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2147348">2147348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12981234">12981234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Gen+Physiol&rft.atitle=Independent+Functions+of+Viral+Protein+and+Nucleic+Acid+in+Growth+of+Bacteriophage&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-56&rft.date=1952&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2147348%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12981234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1085%2Fjgp.36.1.39&rft.au=Hershey+AD%2C+Chase+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2147348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> The B-DNA X-ray pattern <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/sci9.001.5.html">on the right of this linked image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710023025/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/sci9.001.5.html">Arkiveret</a> 10. juli 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> was obtained by <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin" title="Rosalind Franklin">Rosalind Franklin</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Gosling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Gosling (ikke skrevet endnu)">Raymond Gosling</a> in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as "Photo 51" </li> <li id="cite_note-NatureDNA50-188"><a href="#cite_ref-NatureDNA50_188-0">^</a> Nature Archives <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html">Double Helix of DNA: 50 Years</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130111849/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/franklin-typeBphoto.html">"Original X-ray diffraction image"</a>. Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/franklin-typeBphoto.html">originalen</a> 30. januar 2009. Hentet 6. februar 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+X-ray+diffraction+image&rft.pub=Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosulibrary.oregonstate.edu%2Fspecialcollections%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fdna%2Fpictures%2Ffranklin-typeBphoto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962</a> Nobelprize .org Accessed 22 December 06 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMaddox_B2003" class="citation journal cs1">Maddox B (23. januar 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017011403/http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf">"The double helix and the 'wronged heroine'"</a> (PDF). Nature. 421 (6921): 407-408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..407M">2003Natur.421..407M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01399">10.1038/nature01399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12540909">12540909</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf">originalen</a> (PDF) 17. oktober 2016. Hentet 30. maj 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+double+helix+and+the+%27wronged+heroine%27&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6921&rft.pages=407-408&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12540909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01399&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..407M&rft.au=Maddox+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomath.nyu.edu%2Findex%2Fcourse%2Fhw_articles%2Fnature4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Crick, F.H.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf">On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis (PDF).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404124001/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 4. april 2015 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> genome.wellcome.ac.uk (Lecture, 1955). Retrieved 22 December 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMeselson_M,_Stahl_FW1958" class="citation journal cs1">Meselson M, Stahl FW (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642">"The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli"</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 44 (7): 671-82. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PNAS...44..671M">1958PNAS...44..671M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.44.7.671">10.1073/pnas.44.7.671</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528642">528642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16590258">16590258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=The+replication+of+DNA+in+Escherichia+coli&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=671-82&rft.date=1958&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC528642%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16590258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.44.7.671&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PNAS...44..671M&rft.au=Meselson+M%2C+Stahl+FW&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC528642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968</a> Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 December 06 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yderligere_læsning">Yderligere læsning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Redigér afsnit: Yderligere læsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Yderligere læsning">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBerry,_Andrew;_Watson,_James.2003" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson">Watson, James</a>. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dnasecretoflife00wats">DNA: the secret of life</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-375-41546-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-375-41546-7"><bdi>0-375-41546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DNA%3A+the+secret+of+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-41546-7&rft.au=Berry%2C+Andrew%3B+Watson%2C+James.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdnasecretoflife00wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFCalladine,_Chris_R.;_Drew,_Horace_R.;_Luisi,_Ben_F._and_Travers,_Andrew_A.2003" class="citation book cs1">Calladine, Chris R.; Drew, Horace R.; Luisi, Ben F. and Travers, Andrew A. (2003). Understanding DNA: the molecule & how it works. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-12-155089-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-12-155089-3"><bdi>0-12-155089-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+DNA%3A+the+molecule+%26+how+it+works&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-12-155089-3&rft.au=Calladine%2C+Chris+R.%3B+Drew%2C+Horace+R.%3B+Luisi%2C+Ben+F.+and+Travers%2C+Andrew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDennis,_Carina;_Julie_Clayton2003" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Carina; Julie Clayton (2003). 50 years of DNA. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-4039-1479-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-4039-1479-6"><bdi>1-4039-1479-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+years+of+DNA&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4039-1479-6&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Carina%3B+Julie+Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) (engelsk)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Freeland_Judson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Freeland Judson (ikke skrevet endnu)">Judson, Horace F</a>. 1979. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Touchstone Books, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-671-22540-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-671-22540-5">0-671-22540-5</a>. 2nd edition: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996 paperback: <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-87969-478-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-87969-478-5">0-87969-478-5</a>. (engelsk)</li> <li>Micklas, David. 2003. DNA Science: A First Course. Cold Spring Harbor Press: <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-87969-636-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-87969-636-8">978-0-87969-636-8</a>. (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFOlby,_Robert_C.1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Olby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Olby (ikke skrevet endnu)">Olby, Robert C.</a> (1994). The path to the double helix: the discovery of DNA. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-486-68117-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-486-68117-3"><bdi>0-486-68117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+path+to+the+double+helix%3A+the+discovery+of+DNA&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-486-68117-3&rft.au=Olby%2C+Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988">, first published in October 1974 by MacMillan, with foreword by Francis Crick;the definitive DNA textbook,revised in 1994 with a 9-page postscript. (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFOlby,_Robert_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Olby, Robert C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franciscrickhunt0000olby">Francis Crick: A Biography</a>. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-87969-798-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-87969-798-9"><bdi>0-87969-798-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Crick%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Plainview%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-87969-798-9&rft.au=Olby%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranciscrickhunt0000olby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRidley,_Matt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matt_Ridley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matt Ridley (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ridley, Matt</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franciscrickdisc00ridl">Francis Crick: discoverer of the genetic code</a>. Ashland, OH: Eminent Lives, Atlas Books. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-06-082333-X" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-06-082333-X"><bdi>0-06-082333-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Crick%3A+discoverer+of+the+genetic+code&rft.place=Ashland%2C+OH&rft.pub=Eminent+Lives%2C+Atlas+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-06-082333-X&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranciscrickdisc00ridl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> (engelsk)</li> <li>Rosenfeld, Israel. 2010. DNA: A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World. Columbia University Press: <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-231-14271-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-231-14271-7">978-0-231-14271-7</a>. (engelsk)</li> <li>Schultz, Mark and Zander Cannon. 2009. The Stuff of Life: A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA. Hill and Wang: <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-8090-8947-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-8090-8947-5">0-8090-8947-5</a>. (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFStent,_Gunther_Siegmund;_Watson,_James.1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunther_Stent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunther Stent (ikke skrevet endnu)">Stent, Gunther Siegmund</a>; Watson, James. (1980). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Double_Helix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Double Helix (ikke skrevet endnu)">The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-393-95075-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-393-95075-1"><bdi>0-393-95075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+double+helix%3A+a+personal+account+of+the+discovery+of+the+structure+of+DNA&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-393-95075-1&rft.au=Stent%2C+Gunther+Siegmund%3B+Watson%2C+James.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>) (engelsk)</li> <li>Watson, James. 2004. DNA: The Secret of Life. Random House: <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-09-945184-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-09-945184-6">978-0-09-945184-6</a> (engelsk)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins,_Maurice2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Wilkins (ikke skrevet endnu)">Wilkins, Maurice</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdmanofdouble0000wilk">The third man of the double helix: the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins</a>. Cambridge, Eng: University Press. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-19-860665-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-19-860665-6"><bdi>0-19-860665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+third+man+of+the+double+helix%3A+the+autobiography+of+Maurice+Wilkins&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-860665-6&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdmanofdouble0000wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"> (engelsk)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">redigér</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger">rediger kildetekst</a>]</div> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> har flere filer relateret til <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DNA">DNA</a> </div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biotechacademy.dk/?s=Dna">En oversigt på dansk til det molekylære grundlag for den moderne genteknologi. Biotech Academy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaftb.org/#molecules">DNA from the beginning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2949629.stm">17 April, 2003, BBC News: Most ancient DNA ever?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3499877.stm">18 February, 2004, BBC News: Human genome data to be released</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3703935.stm">12 May, 2004, BBC News: 'Junk' throws up precious secret</a> Citat: "..."It is very lucky that entire genomes were mapped, as this work is showing." He added: "I think other bits of 'junk' DNA will turn out not to be junk. I think this is the tip of the iceberg, and that there will be many more similar findings."..."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=836">Lov om oprettelse af et centralt dna-profilregister</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/artikel/289689:Kultur--DNA---Det-Nedarves-Altsammen">DNA = Det Nedarves Altsammen? | Kristeligt Dagblad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/dna-analyser-afslorer-mindst-11-ulve-i-danmark?">DNA-analyser afslører: Mindst 11 ulve i Danmark. Videnskab.dk</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11780210"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752089">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Typer_af_nukleinsyrer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11746895">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Nukleinsyrer" title="Skabelon:Nukleinsyrer"><abbr title="Se denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skabelondiskussion:Nukleinsyrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skabelondiskussion:Nukleinsyrer (ikke skrevet endnu)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Nukleinsyrer" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Nukleinsyrer"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Typer_af_nukleinsyrer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Typer af <a href="/wiki/Nukleinsyre" title="Nukleinsyre">nukleinsyrer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bestanddele</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukleinbaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleinbaser">Nukleinbaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleosid" title="Nukleosid">Nukleosider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleotider" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleotider">Nukleotider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxynukleotider" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxynukleotider">Deoxynukleotider</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">Ribonukleinsyrer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRNA" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-mRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-mRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">pre-mRNA/hnRNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRNA" title="TRNA">tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRNA" title="RRNA">rRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">aRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">gRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MiRNA">miRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NcRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="NcRNA">ncRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PiRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PiRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">piRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ShRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">shRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">siRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnRNA" title="SnRNA">snRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SnoRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SnoRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">snoRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=StRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="StRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">stRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta-siRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta-siRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">ta-siRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TmRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TmRNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">tmRNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deoxyribonukleinsyrer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDNA" title="CDNA">cDNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">gDNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MsDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MsDNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">msDNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleinsyreanalog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleinsyreanalog (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nukleinsyreanaloger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">GNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">LNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">PNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Threosenukleinsyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Threosenukleinsyre (ikke skrevet endnu)">TNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morpholino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morpholino (ikke skrevet endnu)">morpholino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA" title="Hachimoji DNA">Hachimoji DNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vektor_(biologi)" title="Vektor (biologi)">Kloningsvektorer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phagemid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phagemid (ikke skrevet endnu)">phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambdaphag" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambdaphag">lambdaphag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmid (ikke skrevet endnu)">cosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P1_phag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P1 phag (ikke skrevet endnu)">P1 phag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosmid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosmid (ikke skrevet endnu)">fosmid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_Artificial_Chromosome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (ikke skrevet endnu)">BAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YAC (ikke skrevet endnu)">YAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HAC (ikke skrevet endnu)">HAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi">Biokemiske</a> hovedfamilier</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharid" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosaccharid">Saccharider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulhydrat" title="Kulhydrat">Kulhydrater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosid">Glycosider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminosyre" title="Aminosyre">Aminosyrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptid" title="Peptid">Peptider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycoprotein">Glycoproteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpen" title="Terpen">Terpener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoider</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">Alkaloider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleobase">Nukleobaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleinsyre" title="Nukleinsyre">Nukleinsyrer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cofactor_(biokemi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cofactor (biokemi) (ikke skrevet endnu)">Enzym cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polyketid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polyketid (ikke skrevet endnu)">Polyketider</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrapyrrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrapyrrol (ikke skrevet endnu)">Tetrapyrroler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritetsdata" title="Autoritetsdata">Autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85037008">sh85037008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4070512-2">4070512-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119649178">cb119649178</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119649178">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_parlamentsbibliotek" title="Nationale parlamentsbibliotek">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561484">00561484</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjekkisk_nationalbibliotek" title="Tjekkisk nationalbibliotek">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116977&CON_LNG=ENG">ph116977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniens_nationalbibliotek" title="Spaniens nationalbibliotek">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527602">XX527602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//denstoredanske.lex.dk/DNA">DNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra "<a dir="ltr" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=11890146">https://da.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=11890146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Kategorier" title="Speciel:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:DNA" title="Kategori:DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biologi" title="Kategori:Biologi">Biologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bioteknologi" title="Kategori:Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Genetik" title="Kategori:Genetik">Genetik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Liv" title="Kategori:Liv">Liv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Nukleinsyrer" title="Kategori:Nukleinsyrer">Nukleinsyrer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biometri" title="Kategori:Biometri">Biometri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kv%C3%A6lstofforbindelser" title="Kategori:Kvælstofforbindelser">Kvælstofforbindelser</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skjulte kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sider_med_Webarchive-skabelon_som_henviser_til_Wayback_Machine" title="Kategori:Sider med Webarchive-skabelon som henviser til Wayback Machine">Sider med Webarchive-skabelon som henviser til Wayback Machine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Ekstra_punktum" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Ekstra punktum">CS1-vedligeholdelse: Ekstra punktum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1:_Juliansk-gregoriansk_usikkerhed" title="Kategori:CS1: Juliansk-gregoriansk usikkerhed">CS1: Juliansk-gregoriansk usikkerhed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Commons-kategori_p%C3%A5_Wikidata_er_ens_med_lokalt_link" title="Kategori:Commons-kategori på Wikidata er ens med lokalt link">Commons-kategori på Wikidata er ens med lokalt link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_LCCN_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med LCCN autoritetsdata-ID">Wikipedia artikler med LCCN autoritetsdata-ID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_GND_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med GND autoritetsdata-ID">Wikipedia artikler med GND autoritetsdata-ID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_BNF_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med BNF autoritetsdata-ID">Wikipedia artikler med BNF autoritetsdata-ID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_NDL_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med NDL autoritetsdata-ID">Wikipedia artikler med NDL autoritetsdata-ID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia_artikler_med_Den_Store_Danske_autoritetsdata-ID" title="Kategori:Wikipedia artikler med Den Store Danske autoritetsdata-ID">Wikipedia artikler med Den Store Danske autoritetsdata-ID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Gode_artikler" title="Kategori:Gode artikler">Gode artikler</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne side blev senest ændret den 28. oktober 2024 kl. 09:35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst er tilgængelig under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.da">Creative Commons Navngivelse/Del på samme vilkår 4.0</a>; yderligere betingelser kan være gældende. Se <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/da">brugsbetingelserne</a> for flere oplysninger.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privatlivspolitik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Om">Om Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Generelle_forbehold">Forbehold</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Udviklere</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/da.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie-erklæring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//da.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilvisning</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lt4nx","wgBackendResponseTime":299,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.686","walltime":"2.148","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14135,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":439521,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8322,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":609860,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1857.572 1 -total"," 78.33% 1455.050 2 Skabelon:Reflist"," 58.36% 1084.091 146 Skabelon:Cite_journal"," 5.52% 102.586 6 Skabelon:Cite_web"," 5.04% 93.590 1 Skabelon:Nukleinsyrer"," 4.76% 88.399 10 Skabelon:ISBN"," 3.97% 73.682 1 Skabelon:Navboks"," 3.89% 72.284 15 Skabelon:Cite_book"," 2.91% 54.051 21 Skabelon:Main_other"," 2.70% 50.168 1 Skabelon:God"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.016","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4508735,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getSiteLinkPageName","160","14.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","14.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","13.0"],["?","80","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","80","7.4"],["rawset","20","1.9"],["match","20","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","20","1.9"],["[others]","160","14.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7d588db968-9f4w9","timestamp":"20241105012637","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"DNA","url":"https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7430","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7430","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Bidragsydere til Wikimedia-projekter"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-18T11:13:41Z","dateModified":"2024-10-28T08:35:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png","headline":"kemisk stof, som b\u00e6rer genetisk information, kimplasma eller"}</script> </body> </html>