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</li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Tsunami" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tsunami" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tsunami (disambiguation)">Tsunami (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_wave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tidal wave (disambiguation)">Tidal wave</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sunami" redirects here. For the hardcore punk band, see <a href="/wiki/Sunami_(band)" title="Sunami (band)">Sunami (band)</a>.</div> A tsunami (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/(t)suːˈnɑːmi, (t)sʊˈ-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">(t)soo-NAH-mee, (t)suu-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 津波, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'harbour wave',<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tsɯnami]</a>) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis_in_lakes" title="Tsunamis in lakes">large lake</a>. <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_explosion" title="Underwater explosion">underwater explosions</a> (including detonations, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">glacier calvings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteorite impacts</a> and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Unlike normal <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">ocean waves, which are generated by wind</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, which are in turn generated by the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_pull" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational pull">gravitational pull</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/300px-2004-tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/450px-2004-tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2004-tsunami.jpg/600px-2004-tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1114"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ao_Nang" title="Ao Nang">Ao Nang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krabi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi Province">Krabi Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/300px--NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm/NOAA_Tsunami_Animation-2016.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>3D tsunami animation</figcaption></figure> Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">sea waves</a> because their <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave#Formation" title="Wind wave">wavelength</a> is far longer.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Rather than appearing as a <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">breaking wave</a>, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> For this reason, it is often referred to as a tidal wave,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with <a href="/wiki/Period_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (physics)">periods</a> ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Wave_packet" title="Wave packet">wave train</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Fradin_2008-11">[11]</a> Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> suggested in his 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a> that tsunamis were related to <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">submarine earthquakes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Thucydides_3.89.1-4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smid,_T._C._103f.-13">[13]</a> but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century, and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do. This ongoing research is designed to help accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across oceans as well as how tsunami waves interact with shorelines. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Tsunami">1.1 Tsunami</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Tidal_wave">1.2 Tidal wave</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Seismic_sea_wave">1.3 Seismic sea wave</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Other_terms">1.4 Other terms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Causes">3 Causes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Seismicity">3.1 Seismicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Landslides">3.2 Landslides</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Volcanic_eruptions">3.3 Volcanic eruptions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Meteorological">3.4 Meteorological</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Human-made_or_triggered_tsunamis">3.5 Human-made or triggered tsunamis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Characteristics">4 Characteristics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Drawback">5 Drawback</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Scales_of_intensity_and_magnitude">6 Scales of intensity and magnitude</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Intensity_scales">6.1 Intensity scales</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Magnitude_scales">6.2 Magnitude scales</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tsunami_heights">7 Tsunami heights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Warnings_and_predictions">8 Warnings and predictions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Possible_animal_reaction">8.1 Possible animal reaction</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Mitigation">9 Mitigation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami">Tsunami</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Tsunami</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/80px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 41px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/80px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" data-width="80" data-height="41" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/160px-Tsunami_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="infobox-caption">"Tsunami" in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">津波</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">tsunami</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The term "tsunami" is a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">borrowing</a> from the Japanese tsunami 津波, meaning "harbour wave." For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an s, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Some English speakers alter the word's initial /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>/ to an /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ by dropping the "t," since English does not natively permit /ts/ at the beginning of words, though the original Japanese pronunciation is /ts/. The term has become commonly accepted in English, although its literal Japanese meaning is not necessarily descriptive of the waves, which do not occur only in harbours. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_wave">Tidal wave</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh,_Indonesia,_2005._Photo-_AusAID_(10730863873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg/300px-Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg/300px-Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg/450px-Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg/600px-Tsunami_2004_aftermath._Aceh%2C_Indonesia%2C_2005._Photo-_AusAID_%2810730863873%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tsunami aftermath in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, December 2004</figcaption></figure> Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as tidal waves.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of a tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a>. Tsunamis and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of a tsunami, the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because the causes of tsunamis have nothing to do with those of <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling"<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> or "having the form or character of"<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> tides, use of the term tidal wave is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers. A 1969 episode of the TV crime show <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)" title="Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)">Hawaii Five-O</a> entitled "Forty Feet High and It Kills!" used the terms "tsunami" and "tidal wave" interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_sea_wave">Seismic sea wave</h3></div> The term seismic sea wave is also used to refer to the phenomenon because the waves most often are generated by <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> activity such as earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Prior to the rise of the use of the term tsunami in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term seismic sea wave rather than tidal wave. However, like tidal wave, seismic sea wave is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes—including underwater <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">slumping</a> into the ocean, <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly—can generate such waves by displacing water.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3></div> The use of the term tsunami for waves created by landslides entering bodies of water has become internationally widespread in both scientific and popular literature, although such waves are distinct in origin from large waves generated by earthquakes. This distinction sometimes leads to the use of other terms for landslide-generated waves, including landslide-triggered tsunami, displacement wave, non-seismic wave, impact wave, and, simply, giant wave.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tsunamis" title="List of tsunamis">List of tsunamis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/300px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 178px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/300px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/450px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/600px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Lisbon earthquake and tsunami</a> in November 1755</figcaption></figure> While Japan may have the longest <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> of tsunamis,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] the sheer destruction caused by the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a> event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatran</a> region is also accustomed to tsunamis, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and parts of Europe. Of historical and current (with regard to risk assumptions) importance are the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami</a> (which was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Azores%E2%80%93Gibraltar_transform_fault" title="Azores–Gibraltar transform fault">Azores–Gibraltar transform fault</a>), the <a href="/wiki/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes" title="1783 Calabrian earthquakes">1783 Calabrian earthquakes</a>, each causing several tens of thousands of deaths and the <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a> and tsunami. The tsunami claimed more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Storegga_Slide" title="Storegga Slide">Storegga Slide</a> in the Norwegian Sea and some examples of <a href="/wiki/Tsunamis_affecting_the_British_Isles" title="Tsunamis affecting the British Isles">tsunamis affecting the British Isles</a> refer to landslide and <a href="/wiki/Meteotsunami" title="Meteotsunami">meteotsunamis</a>, predominantly and less to earthquake-induced waves. <a href="/wiki/426_BC_Malian_Gulf_tsunami" title="426 BC Malian Gulf tsunami">As early as 426 BC</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> inquired in his book <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a> about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause.<a href="#cite_note-Thucydides_3.89.1-4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smid,_T._C._103f.-13">[13]</a> The oldest human record of a tsunami dates back to <a href="/wiki/479_BC_Potidaea_earthquake" title="479 BC Potidaea earthquake">479 BC</a>, in the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Potidaea" title="Potidaea">Potidaea</a>, thought to be triggered by an earthquake. The tsunami may have saved the colony from an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smid,_T._C._103f.-13">[13]</a> <blockquote>The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen.<a href="#cite_note-Thucydides_3.89.5-26">[26]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> (Res Gestae 26.10.15–19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the <a href="/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake" title="365 Crete earthquake">365 AD tsunami</a> devastated <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly,_Gavin_(2004)-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanley,_Jean-Daniel_&_Jorstad,_Thomas_F._(2005)-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The principal generation mechanism of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This displacement of water is usually caused by earthquakes,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> but can also be attributed to landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, the possibility of a meteorite causing a tsunami is debated.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismicity">Seismicity</h3></div> Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">convergent</a> or destructive <a href="/wiki/Plate_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate boundaries">plate boundaries</a> move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Dip-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">normal (extensional) faults</a> can also cause displacement of the seabed, but only the largest of such events (typically related to flexure in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">outer trench swell</a>) cause enough displacement to give rise to a significant tsunami, such as the <a href="/wiki/1977_Sumba_earthquake" title="1977 Sumba earthquake">1977 Sumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/1933_Sanriku_earthquake" title="1933 Sanriku earthquake">1933 Sanriku</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kanamori_1971-38">[38]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq-gen1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake"><noscript><img alt="Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eq-gen1.svg/328px-Eq-gen1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="115"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 219px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eq-gen1.svg/328px-Eq-gen1.svg.png" data-alt="Drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake" data-width="219" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eq-gen1.svg/491px-Eq-gen1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eq-gen1.svg/655px-Eq-gen1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate boundary">tectonic plate boundary</a> before <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq-gen2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift."><noscript><img alt="Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eq-gen2.svg/317px-Eq-gen2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="119"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 212px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eq-gen2.svg/317px-Eq-gen2.svg.png" data-alt="Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift." data-width="212" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eq-gen2.svg/475px-Eq-gen2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Eq-gen2.svg/633px-Eq-gen2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq-gen3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water."><noscript><img alt="Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/282px-Eq-gen3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 188px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/282px-Eq-gen3.svg.png" data-alt="Plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water." data-width="188" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/423px-Eq-gen3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Eq-gen3.svg/564px-Eq-gen3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plate slips, causing <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> and releasing energy into water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq-gen4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The energy released produces tsunami waves."><noscript><img alt="The energy released produces tsunami waves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/279px-Eq-gen4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="140"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/279px-Eq-gen4.svg.png" data-alt="The energy released produces tsunami waves." data-width="186" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/419px-Eq-gen4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Eq-gen4.svg/558px-Eq-gen4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The energy released produces tsunami waves.</div> </li> </ul> Tsunamis have a small wave height offshore, and a very long <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> (often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a <a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">wave shoaling</a> process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, the 8.6 Mw  <a href="/wiki/1946_Aleutian_Islands_earthquake" title="1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake">Aleutian Islands earthquake</a> occurred with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of VI (Strong). It generated a tsunami which inundated <a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a> on the island of Hawaii with a 14-metre high (46 ft) surge. Between 165 and 173 were killed. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> floor is <a href="/wiki/Subducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Subducting">subducting</a> (or being pushed downwards) under Alaska. Examples of tsunamis originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include <a href="/wiki/Storegga" class="mw-redirect" title="Storegga">Storegga</a> about 8,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Banks">Grand Banks</a> in 1929, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> in 1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilised sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before travelling transoceanic distances. The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc.). The <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">Mw</a> 9.5), <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska earthquake</a> (Mw 9.2), <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> (Mw 9.2), and <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake</a> (Mw9.0) are recent examples of powerful <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">megathrust earthquakes</a> that generated tsunamis (known as <a href="/wiki/Teletsunamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletsunamis">teletsunamis</a>) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw 4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can devastate stretches of coastline, but can do so in only a few minutes at a time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landslides">Landslides</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tauredunum_event" title="Tauredunum event">Tauredunum event</a> was a large tsunami on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> in 563 CE, caused by sedimentary deposits destabilised by a landslide. In the 1950s, it was discovered that tsunamis larger than had previously been believed possible can be caused by giant <a href="/wiki/Submarine_landslides" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine landslides">submarine landslides</a>. These large volumes of rapidly displaced water transfer energy at a faster rate than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in <a href="/wiki/1958_Lituya_Bay,_Alaska_earthquake_and_megatsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami">Lituya Bay</a>, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (1,719 ft).<a href="#cite_note-drgeorgepc.com-40">[40]</a> The wave did not travel far as it struck land almost immediately. The wave struck three boats—each with two people aboard—anchored in the bay. One boat rode out the wave, but the wave sank the other two, killing both people aboard one of them.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from <a href="/wiki/Monte_Toc" title="Monte Toc">Monte Toc</a> entered the reservoir behind the <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262-metre (860 ft)-high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died.<a href="#cite_note-petley-blog-vajont-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-50th-anniv-45">[45]</a> Scientists named these waves <a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunamis</a>. Some geologists claim that large landslides from volcanic islands, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja" title="Cumbre Vieja">Cumbre Vieja</a> on <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja_tsunami_hazard" title="Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard">Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, may be able to generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans, but this is disputed by many others. In general, landslides generate displacements mainly in the shallower parts of the coastline, and there is conjecture about the nature of large landslides that enter the water. This has been shown to subsequently affect water in enclosed bays and lakes, but a landslide large enough to cause a transoceanic tsunami has not occurred within recorded history. Susceptible locations are believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Big Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fogo,_Cape_Verde" title="Fogo, Cape Verde">Fogo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Islands">Cape Verde Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">La Reunion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cumbre_Vieja" title="Cumbre Vieja">Cumbre Vieja</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>; along with other volcanic ocean islands. This is because large masses of relatively unconsolidated volcanic material occurs on the flanks and in some cases detachment planes are believed to be developing. However, there is growing controversy about how dangerous these slopes actually are.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_eruptions">Volcanic eruptions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_tsunami" title="Volcanic tsunami">Volcanic tsunami</a></div> Other than by landslides or <a href="/wiki/Sector_collapse" title="Sector collapse">sector collapse</a>, volcanoes may be able to generate waves by <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> submergence, caldera collapse, or underwater explosions.<a href="#cite_note-Paris-47">[47]</a> Tsunamis have been triggered by a number of volcanic eruptions. The best-known is perhaps the massive tsunami caused by the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a> volcano around 1600 BC, which is often mentioned as driving the destruction of many harbours in the region and ultimately the decline of Minoan civilization - a question still subject to open debate. Others include the <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa#Tsunamis_and_distant_effects" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2022_Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%27apai_eruption_and_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami">2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption</a>. Over 20% of all fatalities caused by volcanism during the past 250 years are estimated to have been caused by <a href="/wiki/Volcanogenic_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanogenic tsunami">volcanogenic</a> tsunamis.<a href="#cite_note-Latter-48">[48]</a> Debate has persisted over the origins and source mechanisms of such tsunamis as those generated by Krakatoa in 1883,<a href="#cite_note-Latter-48">[48]</a> and they remain lesser understood than their seismic relatives. This poses the larger problem of awareness and preparedness, as exemplified by the eruption and collapse of <a href="/wiki/2018_Sunda_Strait_tsunami" title="2018 Sunda Strait tsunami">Anak Krakatoa in 2018</a>, which killed 426 and injured thousands when no warning was available. In all cases, developing better tsunami forecasting models and assessing the risks for densely populated coastal areas to be hit by severe tsunamis is a matter of global priority.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It is still regarded that lateral landslides and ocean-entering pyroclastic currents are most likely to generate the largest and most hazardous waves from volcanism;<a href="#cite_note-DayVolcano-50">[50]</a> however, field investigation of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%27apai_eruption_and_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami">Tongan event</a>, as well as developments in numerical modelling methods, currently aim to expand the understanding of the other source mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Battershill-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorological">Meteorological</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meteotsunami" title="Meteotsunami">Meteotsunami</a></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> conditions, especially rapid changes in barometric pressure, as seen with the passing of a front, can displace bodies of water enough to cause trains of waves with wavelengths. These are comparable to seismic tsunamis, but usually with lower energies. Essentially, they are dynamically equivalent to seismic tsunamis, the only differences being 1) that meteotsunamis lack the transoceanic reach of significant seismic tsunamis, and 2) that the force that displaces the water is sustained over some length of time such that meteotsunamis cannot be modelled as having been caused instantaneously. In spite of their lower energies, on shorelines where they can be amplified by resonance, they are sometimes powerful enough to cause localised damage and potential for loss of life. They have been documented in many places, including the Great Lakes, the Aegean Sea, the English Channel, and the Balearic Islands, where they are common enough to have a local name, rissaga. In Sicily they are called marubbio and in Nagasaki Bay, they are called abiki. Some examples of destructive meteotsunamis include 31 March 1979 at Nagasaki and 15 June 2006 at Menorca, the latter causing damage in the tens of millions of euros.<a href="#cite_note-Monserrat-53">[53]</a> Meteotsunamis should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Storm_surges" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm surges">storm surges</a>, which are local increases in sea level associated with the low barometric pressure of passing tropical cyclones, nor should they be confused with setup, the temporary local raising of sea level caused by strong on-shore winds. Storm surges and setup are also dangerous causes of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a> in severe weather but their dynamics are completely unrelated to tsunami waves.<a href="#cite_note-Monserrat-53">[53]</a> They are unable to propagate beyond their sources, as waves do. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human-made_or_triggered_tsunamis">Human-made or triggered tsunamis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_bomb" title="Tsunami bomb">Tsunami bomb</a></div> The accidental <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a> in 1917 triggered an 18-metre (59 ft) high tsunami in the harbour at <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> There have been studies of the potential for the use of explosives to induce tsunamis as a <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_weapon" title="Tectonic weapon">tectonic weapon</a>. As early as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945), consideration of the use of conventional explosives was explored, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand's military forces</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/Project_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Seal">Project Seal</a>, which attempted to create small tsunamis with explosives in the area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Shakespear_Regional_Park" title="Shakespear Regional Park">Shakespear Regional Park</a> at the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Whangapar%C4%81oa_Peninsula" title="Whangaparāoa Peninsula">Whangaparāoa Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>; the attempt failed.<a href="#cite_note-PART2-P9-56">[56]</a> There has been considerable speculation about the possibility of using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> to cause tsunamis near an enemy coastline. Nuclear testing in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Proving Ground">Pacific Proving Ground</a> by the United States generated poor results. In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> in July 1946, two 20-kilotonne-of-TNT (84 TJ) bombs were detonated, one in the air over and one underwater within the shallow waters of the 50-metre (164 ft) deep <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a>. The bombs detonated about 6 km (3.7 mi; 3.2 nmi) from the nearest island, where the waves were no higher than 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) when they reached the shoreline. Other underwater tests, mainly <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I" title="Operation Hardtack I">Operation Hardtack I</a>/Wahoo in deep water and Operation Hardtack I/Umbrella in shallow water, confirmed the results. Analysis of the effects of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_explosion#shallow_underwater_explosions" title="Underwater explosion">shallow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_explosion#deep_underwater_explosions" title="Underwater explosion">deep</a> underwater explosions indicate that the energy of the explosions does not easily generate the kind of deep, all-ocean waveforms typical of tsunamis because most of the energy creates <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, causes vertical fountains above the water, and creates compressional waveforms.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Tsunamis are hallmarked by permanent large vertical displacements of very large volumes of water which do not occur in explosions. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/250px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 131px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/250px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif" data-width="250" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif/375px-Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tsunami2.JPG/250px-Tsunami2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 114px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tsunami2.JPG/250px-Tsunami2.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tsunami2.JPG/375px-Tsunami2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tsunami2.JPG/500px-Tsunami2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The wave further slows and amplifies as it hits land. Only the largest waves crest.</figcaption></figure> Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, glacier calvings, and <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolides</a>. They cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying a large amount of debris with it, even with waves that do not appear to be large. While everyday <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wind waves</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> (from crest to crest) of about 100 metres (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2 metres (6.6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a much larger wavelength of up to 200 kilometres (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), but owing to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 metre (3.3 ft).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water, where ships are unable to feel their passage. The velocity of a tsunami can be calculated by obtaining the square root of the depth of the water in metres multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximated to 10 m/s2). For example, if the Pacific Ocean is considered to have a depth of 5000 metres, the velocity of a tsunami would be √5000 × 10 = √50000 ≈ 224 metres per second (730 ft/s), which equates to a speed of about 806 kilometres per hour (501 mph). This is the formula used for calculating the velocity of <a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations#Wave_modelling_by_shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow-water</a> waves. Even the deep ocean is shallow in this sense because a tsunami wave is so long (horizontally from crest to crest) by comparison. The reason for the Japanese name "harbour wave" is that sometimes a village's <a href="/wiki/Fishermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishermen">fishermen</a> would sail out, and encounter no unusual waves while out at sea fishing, and come back to land to find their village devastated by a huge wave. As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, <a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">wave shoaling</a> compresses the wave and its speed decreases below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously—in accord with <a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a>. Since the wave still has the same very long <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">period</a>, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">break</a>, but rather appears like a fast-moving <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walrus-59">[59]</a> Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunami's wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Walrus-59">[59]</a> A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run-up.<a href="#cite_note-Tulane-60">[60]</a> About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. However, tsunami interactions with shorelines and the seafloor topography are extremely complex, which leaves some countries more vulnerable than others. For example, the Pacific coasts of the United States and Mexico lie adjacent to each other, but the United States has recorded ten tsunamis in the region since 1788, while Mexico has recorded twenty-five since 1732.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Similarly, Japan has had more than a hundred tsunamis in recorded history, while the neighbouring island of Taiwan has registered only two, in 1781 and 1867.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Drawback">Drawback</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shallow_water_wave.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shallow_water_wave.gif/440px-Shallow_water_wave.gif" decoding="async" width="440" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="70"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 66px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Shallow_water_wave.gif/440px-Shallow_water_wave.gif" data-width="440" data-height="66" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Shallow_water_wave.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An illustration of the rhythmic "drawback" of surface water associated with a wave. It follows that a very large drawback may herald the arrival of a very large wave.</figcaption></figure> All <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a> have a positive and negative peak; that is, a ridge and a trough. In the case of a propagating wave like a tsunami, either may be the first to arrive. If the first part to arrive at the shore is the ridge, a massive breaking wave or sudden flooding will be the first effect noticed on land. However, if the first part to arrive is a trough, a drawback will occur as the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. The drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed. A typical wave period for a damaging tsunami is about twelve minutes. Thus, the sea recedes in the drawback phase, with areas well below sea level exposed after three minutes. For the next six minutes, the wave trough builds into a ridge which may flood the coast, and destruction ensues. During the next six minutes, the wave changes from a ridge to a trough, and the flood waters recede in a second drawback. Victims and debris may be swept into the ocean. The process repeats with succeeding waves. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Scales_of_intensity_and_magnitude">Scales of intensity and magnitude</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events.<a href="#cite_note-Gusiakov-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity_scales">Intensity scales</h3></div> The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunamis were the <a href="/wiki/August_Heinrich_Sieberg" title="August Heinrich Sieberg">Sieberg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ambraseys" title="Nicholas Ambraseys">Ambraseys</a> scale (1962), used in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the Imamura-Iida intensity scale (1963), used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev (1972), who calculated the tsunami intensity "I" according to the formula: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {I}}={\frac {1}{2}}+\log _{2}{\mathit {H}}_{av}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">I</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {I}}={\frac {1}{2}}+\log _{2}{\mathit {H}}_{av}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f99bd3423c50839012730472df0aa233d9520855" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.874ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {I}}={\frac {1}{2}}+\log _{2}{\mathit {H}}_{av}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.874ex;height: 5.176ex;vertical-align: -1.838ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f99bd3423c50839012730472df0aa233d9520855" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {I}}={\frac {1}{2}}+\log _{2}{\mathit {H}}_{av}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.626ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.626ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  is the "tsunami height" in metres, averaged along the nearest coastline, with the tsunami height defined as the rise of the water level above the normal tidal level at the time of occurrence of the tsunami.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> This scale, known as the Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the NGDC/NOAA<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. This formula yields: <ul><li>I = 2 for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.626ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.626ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  = 2.8 metres</li> <li>I = 3 for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.626ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.626ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  = 5.5 metres</li> <li>I = 4 for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.626ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.626ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  = 11 metres</li> <li>I = 5 for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.626ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.626ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1102c9e9bccf34cf4c1acd823fed93a88f77b28" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  = 22.5 metres</li> <li>etc.</li></ul> In 2013, following the intensively studied tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, a new 12-point scale was proposed, the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012), intended to match as closely as possible to the modified <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Seismic_Intensity_scale" title="Environmental Seismic Intensity scale">ESI2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_macroseismic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="European macroseismic scale">EMS</a> earthquake intensity scales.<a href="#cite_note-Lekkas_et_al_2013-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnitude_scales">Magnitude scales</h3></div> The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.<a href="#cite_note-Gusiakov-65">[65]</a> Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced the tsunami magnitude scale <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/792dd1d4f7bfd797f21266809fb7dbeb5796b352" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.91ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.91ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/792dd1d4f7bfd797f21266809fb7dbeb5796b352" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , calculated from, <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}={a}\log h+{b}\log R+{\mathit {D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">M</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}={a}\log h+{b}\log R+{\mathit {D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dacbcd854fcf703ecf6598a5cd090ddf8da74409" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.046ex; width:26.313ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}={a}\log h+{b}\log R+{\mathit {D}}}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26.313ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dacbcd854fcf703ecf6598a5cd090ddf8da74409" data-alt="{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}={a}\log h+{b}\log R+{\mathit {D}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </dd></dl> where h is the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distance R from the epicentre, a, b and D are constants used to make the Mt scale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Tsunami_heights">Tsunami heights</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami_run-up,_height,_and_inundation.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png/300px-Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="159"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 115px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png/300px-Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png" data-width="300" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Tsunami_run-up%2C_height%2C_and_inundation.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diagram showing several measures to describe a tsunami size, including height, inundation and run-up</figcaption></figure> Several terms are used to describe the different characteristics of tsunami in terms of their height:<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <ul><li>Amplitude, Wave Height, or Tsunami Height: Refers to the height of a tsunami relative to the normal sea level at the time of the tsunami, which may be tidal High Water, or Low Water. It is different from the crest-to-trough height which is commonly used to measure other type of wave height.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Run-up Height, or Inundation Height: The height reached by a tsunami on the ground above sea level, Maximum run-up height refers to the maximum height reached by water above sea level, which is sometimes reported as the maximum height reached by a tsunami.</li> <li>Flow Depth: Refers to the height of tsunami above ground, regardless of the height of the location or sea level.</li> <li>(Maximum) Water Level: Maximum height above sea level as seen from trace or water mark. Different from maximum run-up height in the sense that they are not necessarily water marks at inundation line/limit.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Warnings_and_predictions">Warnings and predictions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system" title="Tsunami warning system">Tsunami warning system</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This Section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tsunami" title="Special:EditPage/Tsunami">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this Section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tsunami%22">"Tsunami"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tsunami%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tsunami%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tsunami%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tsunami%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tsunami%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg/300px-Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 279px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg/300px-Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="279" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg/450px-Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg/600px-Calculated_Travel_Time_Map_for_1964_Alaska_Tsunami.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Calculated travel time map for the <a href="/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake#Tsunami" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 Alaska tsunami</a> (in hours)</figcaption></figure> Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound) can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings. In 2004, ten-year-old <a href="/wiki/Tilly_Smith" title="Tilly Smith">Tilly Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England, was on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maikhao_beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maikhao beach (page does not exist)">Maikhao beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phuket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket Province">Phuket</a>, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other east-facing coasts that it reached. This was because the initial wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Megathrust_earthquake" title="Megathrust earthquake">megathrust</a> and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographer">oceanographers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seismologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismologist">seismologists</a> analyse each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column. Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use <a href="/wiki/Tsunami_warning_system" title="Tsunami warning system">tsunami warning systems</a> to warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to tsunamis from the Pacific Ocean, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the populace is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along Japanese shorelines, tsunami warning signs remind people of the natural hazards along with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliffs of surrounding hills.<a href="#cite_note-Chanson_2010-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center" title="Pacific Tsunami Warning Center">Pacific Tsunami Warning System</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a>. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate a tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsunami hazard sign at Bamfield, British Columbia"><noscript><img alt="Tsunami hazard sign at Bamfield, British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg/240px-Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg/240px-Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg" data-alt="Tsunami hazard sign at Bamfield, British Columbia" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg/360px-Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg/480px-Bamfield_Tsunami_Hazard_Zone_sign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tsunami hazard sign at <a href="/wiki/Bamfield" title="Bamfield">Bamfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tsunami warning sign in Kamakura, Japan"><noscript><img alt="A tsunami warning sign in Kamakura, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg/240px-A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg/240px-A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg" data-alt="A tsunami warning sign in Kamakura, Japan" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg/360px-A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg/480px-A_tsunami_warning_sign_in_Kamakura%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tsunami warning sign in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura,_Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamakura, Kanagawa">Kamakura</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish – English) in Iquique, Chile"><noscript><img alt="A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish – English) in Iquique, Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg/135px-Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg/135px-Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg" data-alt="A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish – English) in Iquique, Chile" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg/202px-Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg/270px-Zona_de_Inundabilidad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish – English) in <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsunami Evacuation Route signage along U.S. Route 101, in Washington"><noscript><img alt="Photo of evacuation sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg/180px-Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="549"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg/180px-Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg" data-alt="Photo of evacuation sign" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg/270px-Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg/361px-Tsunami_Evacuation_Route_signage_south_of_Aberdeen_Washington.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tsunami Evacuation Route signage along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_Washington" title="U.S. Route 101 in Washington">U.S. Route 101</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></div> </li> </ul> As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dart_tsunamicover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dart_tsunamicover.jpg/170px-Dart_tsunamicover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 209px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dart_tsunamicover.jpg/170px-Dart_tsunamicover.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dart_tsunamicover.jpg/255px-Dart_tsunamicover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dart_tsunamicover.jpg/340px-Dart_tsunamicover.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the deep water <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">DART</a> tsunami warning system</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">Computer models</a> can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors can relay information in <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">real time</a>. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloor's shape (<a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a>) and coastal <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami. All <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a> countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practise evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population. Along the United States west coast, in addition to sirens, warnings are sent on television and radio via the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System" title="Emergency Alert System">Emergency Alert System</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_animal_reaction">Possible animal reaction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Infrasound#Animal_reaction" title="Infrasound">Infrasound § Animal reaction</a></div> Some zoologists hypothesise that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonic <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_wave" title="Rayleigh wave">Rayleigh waves</a> from an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behaviour could provide advance warning of earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted. There are unsubstantiated claims about the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Lisbon quake</a> that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> It is possible that certain animals (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants' reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">Seawall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsunami_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of seawall, with building in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsunami_wall.jpg/170px-Tsunami_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsunami_wall.jpg/170px-Tsunami_wall.jpg" data-alt="Photo of seawall, with building in background" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsunami_wall.jpg/255px-Tsunami_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsunami_wall.jpg/340px-Tsunami_wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a> in Japan</figcaption></figure> In some tsunami-prone countries, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">earthquake engineering</a> measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore. Japan, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a <a href="/wiki/1896_Sanriku_earthquake" title="1896 Sanriku earthquake">disaster in 1896</a>, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres (39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built <a href="/wiki/Floodgate" title="Floodgate">floodgates</a> of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from an incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunamis often overtop the barriers. The <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> was directly triggered by the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a>, when waves exceeded the height of the plant's sea wall and flooded the emergency generators.<a href="#cite_note-:18-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture" title="Iwate Prefecture">Iwate Prefecture</a>, which is an area at high risk from tsunami, had tsunami barriers walls (<a href="/wiki/Taro_sea_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro sea wall">Taro sea wall</a>) totalling 25 kilometres (16 mi) long at coastal towns. The 2011 tsunami toppled more than 50% of the walls and caused catastrophic damage.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1993_Okushiri_earthquake#Tsunami" title="1993 Okushiri earthquake">Okushiri, Hokkaidō tsunami</a>, which struck within two to five minutes of the <a href="/wiki/1993_Okushiri_earthquake" title="1993 Okushiri earthquake">earthquake on July 12, 1993</a>, created waves 30 metres (100 ft) tall—as high as a 10-storey building. The port town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aonae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aonae (page does not exist)">Aonae</a> was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/32px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="524"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/32px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/48px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TsunamiHazardSign.svg/64px-TsunamiHazardSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tsunamis" title="Portal:Tsunamis">Tsunamis portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">Emergency management</a> – Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Project" title="Higher Ground Project">Higher Ground Project</a> – Worldwide campaign following 2004 tsunami</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_wave_articles" title="Index of wave articles">Index of wave articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura_Peninsula" title="Kaikōura Peninsula">Kaikōura Canyon landslide tsunami hazard</a> – Peninsula in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tsunamis" title="List of tsunamis">List of tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">List of natural disasters by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes" title="Lists of earthquakes">Lists of earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tsunamis_affecting_New_Zealand" title="List of tsunamis affecting New Zealand">List of tsunamis affecting New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a> – Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a> – Unexpectedly large transient ocean surface wave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a> – Standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneaker_wave" title="Sneaker wave">Sneaker wave</a> – Disproportionately large coastal wave</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> – Volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauredunum_event" title="Tauredunum event">Tauredunum event</a> – Ancient Tsunami on Lake Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami_deposit" title="Tsunami deposit">Tsunami deposit</a> – Sedimentary unit deposited by a tsunami</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami-proof_building" title="Tsunami-proof building">Tsunami-proof building</a> – Building designed to withstand extreme floods</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1990" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. 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Harlow, England: Longman. p. 736. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05383-0"><bdi>978-0-582-05383-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+pronunciation+dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pages=736&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-582-05383-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> Entry: "tsunami" </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/tsunami">"tsunami"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Dictionary">Macmillan Dictionary</a>. 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Shore & Beach. 78 (1): 52–54. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-4237">0037-4237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shore+%26+Beach&rft.atitle=Tsunami+Warning+Signs+on+the+Enshu+Coast+of+Japan&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0037-4237&rft.au=Chanson%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A203103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambourne2005" class="citation news cs1">Lambourne, Helen (2005-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4269847.stm">"Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tsunami%3A+Anatomy+of+a+disaster&rft.date=2005-03-27&rft.aulast=Lambourne&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F4269847.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneally2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kenneally" title="Christine Kenneally">Kenneally, Christine</a> (2004-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2111608">"Surviving the Tsunami: What Sri Lanka's animals knew that humans didn't"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+Tsunami%3A+What+Sri+Lanka%27s+animals+knew+that+humans+didn%27t&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft.aulast=Kenneally&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2111608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/tsunami-japan/">"Journalist's Resource: Research for Reporting, from Harvard Shorenstein Center"</a>. Content.hks.harvard.edu. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journalist%27s+Resource%3A+Research+for+Reporting%2C+from+Harvard+Shorenstein+Center&rft.pub=Content.hks.harvard.edu&rft.date=2012-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Fstudies%2Fgovernment%2Finternational%2Ftsunami-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-80"><a href="#cite_ref-:18_80-0">^</a> Phillip Lipscy, Kenji Kushida, and Trevor Incerti. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/~plipscy/LipscyKushidaIncertiEST2013.pdf">The Fukushima Disaster and Japan’s Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200435/http://www.stanford.edu/~plipscy/LipscyKushidaIncertiEST2013.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Environmental Science and Technology 47 (May), 6082–6088. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukada,_Takahiro2011" class="citation news cs1">Fukada, Takahiro (21 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110921f1.html">"Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. p. 3. Retrieved 2016-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Iwate+fisheries+continue+struggle+to+recover&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.au=Fukada%2C+Takahiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnn20110921f1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Pararas-Carayannis" class="citation web cs1">George Pararas-Carayannis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami1993JAPANOkushiri.html">"The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea"</a>. drgeorgepc.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drgeorgepc.com&rft.atitle=The+Earthquake+and+Tsunami+of+July+12%2C+1993+in+the+Sea+of+Japan%2FEast+Sea&rft.au=George+Pararas-Carayannis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drgeorgepc.com%2FTsunami1993JAPANOkushiri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsunami" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1328&Itemid=1142&lang=en">IOC Tsunami Glossary</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission" title="Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission</a> (IOC) at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php">International Tsunami Information Centre</a> (ITIC) of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225143835/http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html">Tsunami Terminology</a> at <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a></li> <li>In June 2011, the VOA <a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Special English</a> service of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> broadcast a 15-minute programme on tsunamis as part of its weekly Science in the News series. The programme included an interview with an NOAA official who oversees the agency's tsunami warning system. A transcript and MP3 of the programme, intended for English learners, can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/science-technology/Large-Tsunamis-Do-Not-Happen-Often-But-the-Threat-is-Always-Present-123226568.html">The Ever-Present Threat of Tsunamis.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abelard.org/briefings/tsunami.php">abelard.org.</a> tsunamis: tsunamis travel fast but not at infinite speed. retrieved March 29, 2005.</li> <li>Dudley, Walter C. & Lee, Min (1988: 1st edition) Tsunami! <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1125-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1125-9">0-8248-1125-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717025233/http://www.tsunami.org/references.html">website</a></li> <li>Iwan, W.D., editor, 2006, Summary report of the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian Ocean tsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication #2006-06, 11 chapters, 100-page summary, plus CD-ROM with complete text and supplementary photographs, EERI Report 2006–06. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932884-19-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-932884-19-X">1-932884-19-X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eeri.org/">website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Kenneally" title="Christine Kenneally">Kenneally, Christine</a> (December 30, 2004). "Surviving the Tsunami." Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2111608/">website</a></li> <li>Lambourne, Helen (March 27, 2005). "Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster." <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4381395.stm">website</a></li> <li>Macey, Richard (January 1, 2005). "The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy," <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>, p 11—quoting Dr Mark Leonard, seismologist at Geoscience Australia.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/hazards/">Interactive Map of Historical Tsunamis</a> from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information</li> <li>Tappin, D; 2001. Local tsunamis. Geoscientist. 11–8, 4–7.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480192/Girl-10-used-geography-lesson-to-save-lives.html">Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph.co.uk">Telegraph.co.uk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noypi.ph/index.php/nation/3283-key-locations-in-philippines-warned-to-prepare-for-tsunami.html">Philippines warned to prepare for Japan's tsunami</a>, Noypi.ph</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li>Boris Levin, Mikhail Nosov: Physics of tsunamis. Springer, Dordrecht 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8855-1">978-1-4020-8855-1</a>.</li> <li>Edward Bryant: Tsunami: the underrated hazard. Springer, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-5407-4273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-5407-4273-9">978-3-5407-4273-9</a></li> <li>Kontar, Y. A. et al.: Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned: Environmental and Societal Significance. Springer, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7268-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7268-7">978-94-007-7268-7</a> (print); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7269-4">978-94-007-7269-4</a> (eBook).</li> <li>Kristy F. Tiampo: Earthquakes: simulations, sources and tsunamis. Birkhäuser, Basel 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-8756-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-8756-3">978-3-7643-8756-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Maria_Koldau" title="Linda Maria Koldau">Linda Maria Koldau</a>: Tsunamis. Entstehung, Geschichte, Prävention, (Tsunami development, history and prevention) C.H. Beck, Munich 2013 (C.H. Beck Reihe Wissen 2770), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-64656-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-64656-0">978-3-406-64656-0</a> (in German).</li> <li>Walter C. Dudley, Min Lee: Tsunami! University of Hawaii Press, 1988, 1998, Tsunami! University of Hawai'i Press 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1125-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1125-9">0-8248-1125-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1969-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1969-9">978-0-8248-1969-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Mader" title="Charles L. Mader">Charles L. Mader</a>: Numerical Modeling of Water Waves CRC Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2311-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2311-8">0-8493-2311-8</a>.</li> <li>Harvey Segur, Anjan Kundu, Tsunami and Nonlinear Waves, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-71255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-71255-8">978-3-540-71255-8</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style 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plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tsunamis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tsunamis">Tsunamis</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Reporting Centers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/joho.html">Tsunami alert</a> page (in English) from <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">Japan Meteorological Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/">NOAA Centre</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctic.ioc-unesco.org/">Caribbean Tsunami Information Centre</a> (CTIC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html">Recent and Historical Tsunami Events and Relevant Data</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Marine_Environmental_Laboratory" title="Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory">Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>History & Research</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1328&Itemid=1142&lang=en">IOC Tsunami Glossary</a> – International Tsunami Information Center (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu.shtml">Tsunami Data and Information</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information" title="National Centers for Environmental Information">National Centers for Environmental Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.com/records/biggest-tsunami.shtml">World's Tallest Tsunami</a> – geology.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/">Tsunami & Earthquake Research at the USGS</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission</a> – <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Oceanographic_Commission" title="Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tsunami/">Wave That Shook The World</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (American TV series)">Nova</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>News & animations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4w27IczOTk">Raw Video: Tsunami Slams Northeast Japan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feXCIfatJYo">Tsunami animation – Geoscience Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&oldid=1274641429">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&oldid=1274641429</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsunami&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 February 2025, at 13:53 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%AB_beuna" title="Ië beuna – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ië beuna" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsoenami" title="Tsoenami – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsoenami" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="त्सूनामी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="त्सूनामी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تسونامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسونامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="ছুনামি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছুনামি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%C3%A1mi" title="Sunámi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sunámi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunami" title="Sunami – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sunami" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تسونامی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تسونامی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="সুনামি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুনামি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-ti%C3%B2ng" title="Hái-tiòng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-tiòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolnop" title="Dolnop – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dolnop" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تسونامي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تسونامي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_nit%C3%A9%C3%A9l_nits%C3%A1go%CA%BC_ats%C3%A1g%C3%A1%C3%A1" title="Tó nitéél nitságoʼ atságáá – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó nitéél nitságoʼ atságáá" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9" title="Τσουνάμι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσουνάμι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunamo" title="Cunamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cunamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سونامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سونامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwaarr_bhaata" title="Jwaarr bhaata – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jwaarr bhaata" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3%C3%B0aldur" title="Flóðaldur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Flóðaldur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%BBnamy" title="Tsûnamy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsûnamy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAn%C3%A1ma%C3%AD" title="Súnámaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súnámaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="海嘯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="海嘯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80" title="સુનામી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સુનામી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3i-siau" title="Hói-siau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hói-siau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%BC" title="지진해일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지진해일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB" title="Ցունամի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցունամի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सूनामी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूनामी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondego" title="Ondego – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ondego" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3%C3%B0bylgja" title="Flóðbylgja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flóðbylgja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maremoto" title="Maremoto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maremoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99" title="צונאמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צונאמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunaami" title="Cunaami – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cunaami" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸುನಾಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುನಾಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცუნამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცუნამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radmare" title="Radmare – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radmare" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunam%C3%AE" title="Tsunamî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tsunamî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4" title="ຊູນາມິ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊູນາມິ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacyma" title="Megacyma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Megacyma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunamis" title="Cunamis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cunamis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="സുനാമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുനാമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="त्सुनामी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्सुनामी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ცუნამი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცუნამი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i-l%C3%A2ung" title="Hāi-lâung – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi-lâung" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE" title="ဆူနာမီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူနာမီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleuigolve" title="Vleuigolve – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vleuigolve" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="शुनामी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शुनामी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E6%B3%A2" title="津波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="津波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flodb%C3%B8lgje" title="Flodbølgje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flodbølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF" title="ସୁନାମି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁନାମି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamis" title="Tsunamis – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tsunamis" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੁਨਾਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਨਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سونامی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونامی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsun%C3%A2mi" title="Tsunâmi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tsunâmi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/pabalad" title="pabalad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="pabalad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सुनामी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुनामी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱢᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱢᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92" title="සුනාමි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුනාමි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="سونامي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سونامي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تسۆنامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تسۆنامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunami" title="Sunami – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sunami" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஆழிப்பேரலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆழிப்பேரலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цунами – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цунами" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="సునామి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సునామి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4" title="สึนามิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สึนามิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Цунамі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цунамі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سونامی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونامی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haij_Rongx" title="Haij Rongx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haij Rongx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunami" title="Cunami – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Cunami" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Sóng thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sóng thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%A4%E7%80%BE" title="濤瀾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="濤瀾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humatol" title="Humatol – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Humatol" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="海嘯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海嘯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99" title="צונאמי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צונאמי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" title="海嘯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海嘯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunamis" title="Cunamis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Cunamis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="海啸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tsunami" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 13:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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