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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nizozemsko</h1> <div class="tagline"> stát v severozápadní Evropě </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Jazyk" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Jazyk </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote noprint"> Na tento článek je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedie:P%C5%99esm%C4%9Brov%C3%A1n%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedie:Přesměrování">přesměrováno</a> heslo Nizozemí. Tento článek je o současném státu v západní Evropě. Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C3%AD_(rozcestn%C3%ADk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nizozemí (rozcestník)">Nizozemí (rozcestník)</a>. </div> Nizozemsko (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemština">nizozemsky</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9dia:Nl-Nederland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="zvuk"><img alt="zvuk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/12px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/18px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Nl-Nederland.ogg" class="internal" title="Nl-Nederland.ogg">Nederland</a>), dříve česky Nizozemí, někdy nesprávně označované podle nejznámější provincie jako Holandsko,<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3">[p 1]</a> je jedna ze čtyř zemí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské království">Nizozemského království</a>, která leží převážně v severozápadní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropa">Evropě</a> na pobřeží <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní moře">Severního moře</a>, jeho součástí jsou ale i 3 ostrovy v Karibském moři – tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karibsk%C3%A9_Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karibské Nizozemsko">Karibské Nizozemsko</a>. Na východě hraničí s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Německo">Německem</a> a na jihu s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgií</a>. Na rozloze 41 526 km² žije přibližně 17,9 milionu<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-749cb702c62b89cd8868fb5c496cfa82218dae87-4">[3]</a> obyvatel. S hustotou zalidnění 408 obyvatel na km² je Nizozemsko na 15. místě na světě. Skoro polovinu těchto obyvatel zahrnuje konurbace <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, kterou tvoří čtyři velké <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aglomerace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aglomerace">aglomerace</a> – <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haag</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. Oficiálním hlavním městem je Amsterdam. Většinu funkcí hlavního města však plní Haag, který je sídlem nizozemského krále, parlamentu a vlády. V Haagu sídlí také <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_soudn%C3%AD_dv%C5%AFr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní soudní dvůr">Mezinárodní soudní dvůr</a>. <table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 300px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #eaeaea;">Nizozemsko Nederland</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:middle;"> <div class="framedpicture"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="vlajka Nizozemska"><img alt="vlajka Nizozemska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> </div><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská vlajka">vlajka</a></td> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="znak Nizozemska"><img alt="znak Nizozemska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/90px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/135px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/180px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1045"></a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_znak_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Státní znak Nizozemska">znak</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_hymna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Státní hymna">Hymna</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_hymna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská hymna">Wilhelmus van Nassouwe</a> <center> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_(tempo_corrected).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=pap&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pap" label="Papiamentu ‪(pap)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Het_Wilhelmus_%28tempo_corrected%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio> </center></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motto">Motto</a> Ik zal handhaven</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eaeaea;">Geografie</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> <div style="padding:2px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:EU-Netherlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Poloha Nizozemska"><img alt="Poloha Nizozemska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/290px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/435px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/580px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a> Poloha Nizozemska </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bsto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlavní město">Hlavní město</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (sídlo královského dvora, politické instituce jsou v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rozloha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rozloha">Rozloha</a></th> <td>41 543 km² (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_rozlohy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle rozlohy">132. na světě</a>) z toho 18,41 % vodní plochy</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_nejvy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%ADch_hor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle nejvyšších hor">Nejvyšší bod</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Scenery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Scenery">Mount Scenery</a> (887 m n. m.), v Evropě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaalserberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaalserberg">Vaalserberg</a> (322,5 m m n. m.)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Casov%C3%A9_p%C3%A1smo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Časové pásmo">Časové pásmo</a></th> <td>+1</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zem%C4%9Bpisn%C3%A9_sou%C5%99adnice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeměpisné souřadnice">Poloha</a></th> <td class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language%3Dcs%26pagename%3DNizozemsko%26params%3D52.316666666667_N_5.55_E_type:landmark">52°19′ s. š., 5°33′ v. d.</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geodata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geodata">Geodata</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenStreetMap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenStreetMap">OSM</a>)</th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/47796">OSM</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tools.wmflabs.org/wiwosm/osm-on-ol/kml-on-ol.php?lang%3Dwikidata%26uselang%3Dcs%26title%3DQ55">WMF</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eaeaea;">Obyvatelstvo</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obyvatelstvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obyvatelstvo">Počet obyvatel</a></th> <td>17 815 000 (2023)<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_po%C4%8Dtu_obyvatel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle počtu obyvatel">66. na světě</a>, 2017)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hustota_zalidn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hustota zalidnění">Hustota zalidnění</a></th> <td>408 ob. / km² (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_hustoty_zalidn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle hustoty zalidnění">30. na světě</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Index_lidsk%C3%A9ho_rozvoje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Index lidského rozvoje">HDI</a></th> <td>▲ 0.941 (velmi vysoký) (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_indexu_lidsk%C3%A9ho_rozvoje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle indexu lidského rozvoje">10. na světě</a>, 2021)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jazyk_(lingvistika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jazyk (lingvistika)">Jazyk</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemština">nizozemština</a> (úřední), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1padofr%C3%AD%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Západofríština">západofríština</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angličtina">angličtina</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papiamento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papiamento">papiamento</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsk%C3%A1_dolnosas%C5%A1tina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nizozemská dolnosasština (stránka neexistuje)">nizozemská dolnosasština</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsk%C3%A1_znakov%C3%A1_%C5%99e%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nizozemská znaková řeč (stránka neexistuje)">nizozemská znaková řeč</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbur%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburština">limburština</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sintsk%C3%A1_rom%C5%A1tina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sintská romština (stránka neexistuje)">sintská romština</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jidiš">jidiš</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Náboženství">Náboženství</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantismus">protestantské</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolicismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolicismus">katolické</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isl%C3%A1m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islám">islám</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eaeaea;">Státní útvar</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_podle_st%C3%A1tn%C3%ADho_z%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států podle státního zřízení">Státní zřízení</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Království">konstituční monarchie</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_data_vzniku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle data vzniku">Vznik</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23._kv%C4%9Bten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23. květen">23. května</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1568?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1568">1568</a> (osvobozením od španělské nadvlády)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_p%C5%99edstavitel%C5%AF_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam představitelů Nizozemska">Král</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Alexandr_Nizozemsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém Alexandr Nizozemský">Vilém Alexandr</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_p%C5%99edstavitel%C5%AF_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam představitelů Nizozemska">Předseda vlády</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dick_Schoof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_m%C4%9Bn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam měn">Měna</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a> (EUR)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_produkt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hrubý domácí produkt">HDP</a>/obyv. (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parita_kupn%C3%AD_s%C3%ADly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parita kupní síly">PPP</a>)</th> <td>70 728<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Americk%C3%BD_dolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Americký dolar">USD</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_sv%C4%9Bta_podle_HDP_na_obyvatele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam států světa podle HDP na obyvatele">11. na světě</a>, 2022)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #eaeaea;">Mezinárodní identifikace</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a></th> <td>528 NLD <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2:NL">NL</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADch_pozn%C3%A1vac%C3%ADch_zna%C4%8Dek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam mezinárodních poznávacích značek">MPZ</a></th> <td>NL</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADch_sm%C4%9Brov%C3%BDch_%C4%8D%C3%ADsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam mezinárodních směrových čísel">Telefonní předvolba</a></th> <td>+31</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dom%C3%A9na_nejvy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%ADho_%C5%99%C3%A1du?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_dom%C3%A9na_nejvy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%ADho_%C5%99%C3%A1du" title="Doména nejvyššího řádu">Národní TLD</a></th> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.nl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".nl">.nl</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Netherlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Netherlands">multimediální obsah na Commons</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Vedle Nizozemců, kteří tvoří převážnou většinu obyvatelstva, žije v zemi také původní menšina <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frísko">Frísů</a>. V Nizozemsku také žijí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imigrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imigrace">imigranti</a> ze stávajících a bývalých nizozemských zámořských území <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surinam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surinam">Surinamu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_Antily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské Antily">Nizozemských Antil</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a>. Další poměrně početné jsou komunity přistěhovalců z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroko">Maroka</a> a jiných <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabsk%C3%BD_sv%C4%9Bt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabský svět">arabských</a> zemí, z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turecko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turecko">Turecka</a> a mnoha <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asie">asijských</a> zemí. Nezávislé Nizozemí (pouze severní část) bylo vyhlášeno po <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmdes%C3%A1tilet%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmdesátiletá válka">Osmdesátileté válce</a> v roce 1581 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listina_Verlatinghe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listina Verlatinghe">Listinou Verlatinghe</a> a trvalo do roku 1795, kdy bylo obsazeno Francií. Ta na jeho území ustanovila v letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1795?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1795">1795</a>–<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bat%C3%A1vsk%C3%A1_republika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batávská republika">Batávskou republiku</a> a poté v letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a>–<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1810?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1810">1810</a> podřízené Holandské království, které bylo až do roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> připojeno k <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francie">Francii</a>. Na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%ADde%C5%88sk%C3%BD_kongres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vídeňský kongres">Vídeňském kongresu</a> bylo v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> vyhlášeno <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_Nizozemsk%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spojené království Nizozemské">Spojené království Nizozemské</a>, ke kterému patřily do roku 1830 také Belgie a Lucembursko. Po odtržení Belgie vzniklo současné <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské království">Nizozemské království</a>, spojené až do roku 1890 personální unií s Lucemburskem. Od roku 1890 existuje Nizozemsko v té podobě, jak je známe dnes. Poslední změnou území bylo v říjnu 2010 připojení 3 karibských ostrovů, tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karibsk%C3%A9_Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karibské Nizozemsko">Karibského Nizozemska</a>, jako zvláštních správních obvodů, předtím byly součástí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_Antily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské Antily">Nizozemských Antil</a>. V současnosti je Nizozemsko <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstitu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_monarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstituční monarchie">konstituční monarchií</a>. Ústavním zákonem z roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> byl zaveden systém <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bikameralismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bikameralismus">dvoukomorového</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlament">parlamentu</a> a až do dneška se skládá nizozemská <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1konod%C3%A1rn%C3%A1_moc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zákonodárná moc">zákonodárná moc</a> (Staten-Generaal van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) z dolní (doslova Druhé: Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal) a horní komory (vlastně První: Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal). Nizozemsko je světoznámé svým <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_hospod%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vodní hospodářství">vodohospodářstvím</a>. Na mnoha místech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní moře">Severního moře</a> obyvatelé země zpevnili písečné valy a přesypy, postavili hráze a odčerpáváním vody vznikla nově získaná území, tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polder">poldery</a>. Ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20. století">20. století</a> byly realizovány dva rozsáhlé vodohospodářské projekty – <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuiderzeewerken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuiderzeewerken">Zuiderzeewerken</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deltawerken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deltawerken">Deltawerken</a>. Projekt Zuiderzeewerken (dokončen v roce 1975) spočíval ve vytvoření umělého jezera <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IJsselmeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> pomocí hráze <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afsluitdijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a> a jeho následném částečném vysušení a zapoldrování. Deltawerken je systém hrází v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delta_%C5%99eky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta řeky">deltě řek</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BDn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rýn">Rýn</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A1za?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Máza">Máza</a>, který plní protipovodňovou ochranu podstatné části jižního Nizozemska. Tento rozsáhlý projekt byl realizován mezi lety 1953 až 1997. Nizozemsko se vyznačuje vysokou kvalitou života, je zařazeno na desáté místo v celosvětovém <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Index_lidsk%C3%A9ho_rozvoje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Index lidského rozvoje">indexu lidského rozvoje</a>. Je známé svým relativně liberálním postojem vůči <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psychoaktivn%C3%AD_droga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psychoaktivní droga">psychoaktivním drogám</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prostituce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prostituce">prostituci</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutanazie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eutanazie">eutanazii</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homosexualita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homosexualita">homosexualitě</a>. Proslulá je nizozemská malířská tradice, která má svůj počátek již ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Středověk">středověku</a>. Z produktů a služeb jsou nejznámější <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kv%C4%9Btina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Květina">květiny</a> a jejich propagace v největším květinovém parku Evropy <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keukenhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keukenhof">Keukenhofu</a> a v největším <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dra%C5%BEba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dražba">aukčním</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trh_(ekonomie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trh (ekonomie)">trhu</a> květin a rostlin na světě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FloraHolland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FloraHolland">FloraHolland</a>. Tradiční nizozemské produkty jsou: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulip%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulipán">tulipány</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C5%99ev%C3%A1ky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dřeváky">dřeváky</a>, různé druhy <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BDr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sýr">sýrů</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouda_(s%C3%BDr)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouda (sýr)">goudský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edam">edamský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leerdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leerdam">leerdamský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">leidenský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frísko">fríský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Holandsko">severoholandský</a> a jiné) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delft">delftský</a> modrý <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porcel%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porcelán">porcelán</a>. Lidé v Nizozemsku používají velký počet <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%ADzdn%C3%AD_kolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jízdní kolo">jízdních kol</a>, jejichž nejrůznější druhy včetně kol s elektromotory jsou v zemi také vyráběny. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdamsk%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdamský přístav">Rotterdamský přístav</a> je největším přístavem v Evropě.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Z turistických atrakcí jsou nejznámější početné <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C4%9Btrn%C3%BD_ml%C3%BDn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Větrný mlýn">větrné mlýny</a> a městské <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_kan%C3%A1l?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vodní kanál">vodní kanály</a>, tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gracht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gracht">grachten</a>, například v Amsterdamu. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="cs" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Obsah</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymologie">1 Etymologie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C4%9Bjiny">2 Dějiny</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_symboly">3 Státní symboly</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vlajka">3.1 Vlajka</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Znak">3.2 Znak</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hymna">3.3 Hymna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dal%C5%A1%C3%AD_symboly">3.4 Další symboly</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografie">4 Geografie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hydrosf%C3%A9ra">4.1 Hydrosféra</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Podneb%C3%AD">4.2 Podnebí</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fl%C3%B3ra_a_fauna">4.3 Flóra a fauna</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Krajina">4.4 Krajina</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politick%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m">5 Politický systém</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vl%C3%A1da">5.1 Vláda</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politick%C3%A9_strany">5.2 Politické strany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%A1_rodina">5.3 Královská rodina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administrativn%C3%AD_d%C4%9Blen%C3%AD">5.4 Administrativní dělení</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%8Clenstv%C3%AD_v_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADch_organizac%C3%ADch">5.5 Členství v mezinárodních organizacích</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekonomika">6 Ekonomika</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Energie">6.1 Energie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pr%C5%AFmysl">6.2 Průmysl</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Obchod">6.3 Obchod</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blstv%C3%AD">6.4 Zemědělství</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Doprava">6.5 Doprava</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cestovn%C3%AD_ruch">6.6 Cestovní ruch</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Obyvatelstvo">7 Obyvatelstvo</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demografie">7.1 Demografie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imigrace">7.2 Imigrace</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Jazyk">7.3 Jazyk</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD">7.4 Náboženství</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kultura">8 Kultura</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%BDtvarn%C3%A9_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD">8.1 Výtvarné umění</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatura">8.2 Literatura</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hudba">8.3 Hudba</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Film">8.4 Film</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C4%9Bda_a_%C5%A1kolstv%C3%AD">9 Věda a školství</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C5%A0kolstv%C3%AD">9.1 Školství</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C4%9Bda">9.2 Věda</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">10 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C5%BDivotn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD">11 Životní prostředí</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Odkazy">12 Odkazy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pozn%C3%A1mky">12.1 Poznámky</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reference">12.2 Reference</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatura_2">12.3 Literatura</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky">12.4 Související články</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Extern%C3%AD_odkazy">12.5 Externí odkazy</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymologie">Etymologie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Etymologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Název Nizozemsko (Nederland) je složen ze slov neder = nízká a land = země. Většina tohoto nízko a blízko moře položeného území patřilo ve středověku k <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundsk%C3%A9_hrabstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundské hrabství">Burgundskému hrabství</a>, které existovalo v letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/867?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="867">867</a> až <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1678?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1678">1678</a> a nacházelo se na území dnešního <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francie">francouzského</a> regionu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>. V letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1581?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1581">1581</a>–<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1714?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1714">1714</a> ovládala toto území <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Bl%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Habsburkov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Španělští Habsburkové">španělská větev</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburkov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburkové">Habsburků</a> a nazývalo se <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsbursk%C3%A9_Nizozem%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburské Nizozemí">Habsburské Nizozemí</a>. V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1581?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1581">1581</a> se od celku Habsburského Nizozemí, jež ovládali <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_%C5%A1pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%BDch_vl%C3%A1dc%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam španělských vládců">španělští králové</a>, odtrhla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republika_spojen%C3%BDch_nizozemsk%C3%BDch_provinci%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika spojených nizozemských provincií">Republika spojených nizozemských provincií</a>. Území, jež zůstalo pod španělskou nadvládou, pak vešlo ve známost jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A9_Nizozem%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Španělské Nizozemí">Španělské Nizozemí</a>. Současný název Nederland existuje od roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1830">1830</a>, kdy se po <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgick%C3%A1_revoluce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgická revoluce">Belgické revoluci</a> odtrhla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgie</a>. Předtím se užívaly názvy: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C3%AD_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemí (region)">Nízká země</a> (le Pays-Bas), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republika_spojen%C3%BDch_nizozemsk%C3%BDch_provinci%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika spojených nizozemských provincií">Republika spojených nizozemských provincií</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bat%C3%A1vsk%C3%A1_republika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batávská republika">Batávská republika</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_Nizozemsk%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spojené království Nizozemské">Spojené království Nizozemské</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské království">Nizozemské království</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Dějiny">Dějiny</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Dějiny" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dějiny Nizozemska">Dějiny Nizozemska</a>. </div> Území dnešního Nizozemska bylo osídleno od poslední <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doba_ledov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doba ledová">doby ledové</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[5]</a> V <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drenthe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> byla nalezena pravěká kánoe z doby asi 8000 př. n. l., která je považována za nejstarší loď světa.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zemědělství">Zemědělství</a> se dostalo do Nizozemska někdy kolem roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5._tis%C3%ADcilet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5. tisíciletí př. n. l.">5000 př. n. l.</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Z té doby pochází i první keramika na tomto území.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starověk">starověku</a> se na území dnešního Nizozemska usídlily <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germ%C3%A1ni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germáni">germánské</a> kmeny (zejm. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batavov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batavové">Batavové</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frísové">Frísové</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A1l%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Frankov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sálští Frankové">Sálští Frankové</a>) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keltov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keltové">Keltové</a>. Tyto kmeny pak mezi sebou soupeřily o moc.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg/180px-Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="874"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg/180px-Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg/270px-Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg/360px-Ruitermasker_matilo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Římská maska nalezená blízko <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">Leidenu</a> </figcaption> </figure> V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/58_p%C5%99._n._l.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="58 př. n. l.">58 př. n. l.</a> si oblast podmanil se svými vojsky <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%BD_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Římský císař">římský císař</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Římská říše">Římané</a> zde postavili první města a vytvořili provincii <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_Germ%C3%A1nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolní Germánie">Germania Inferior</a> (Dolní Germánie). Hranice římské říše ležela podél <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BDn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rýn">Rýna</a>, provincie Dolní Germanie tedy zahrnovala území Nizozemí na západ a jih od Rýnu, naopak na východ od Rýnu byla tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germánie">svobodná Germánie</a>. Část dnešního nizozemského území spadala i do provincie <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Belgica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>. Římané zde postavili první vojenské pevnosti. Nejdůležitější z nich byl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nijmegen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> (Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (Trajectum ad Rhenum).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a> V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/69?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="69">69</a> propuklo velmi úspěšné <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Bat%C3%A1v%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Povstání Batávů">povstání Batávů</a>, pod vedením Batáva <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Civilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaius Julius Civilis">Julia Civilise</a>. Potlačil ho <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespasianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vespasianus">Vespasianus</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg/220px-Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="545"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg/220px-Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg/330px-Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg/440px-Sint_Willibrordus_predikt_langs_de_oevers_van_de_Schelde.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Willibrord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svatý Willibrord">Svatý Willibrord</a> </figcaption> </figure> Po rozpadu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1pado%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Západořímská říše">Západořímské říše</a> vzniklo roku 650 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fríské království">Fríské království</a>, které se ale postupem času, zejména za vlády <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chlodv%C3%ADk_I.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chlodvík I.">Chlodvíka</a>, dostalo pod vliv <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fransk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franská říše">Franské říše</a>. Roku 734 jí bylo plně pohlceno.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Spolu s tím přišla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianizace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianizace">christianizace</a>, které svobodní Frísové, zejména král <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radbod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radbod">Radbod</a>, předtím velmi tvrdě vzdorovali.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Klíčovou roli v ní sehrál <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Willibrord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svatý Willibrord">Svatý Willibrord</a>, „apoštol Frísů“.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Když byla v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/843?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="843">843</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verdunsk%C3%A1_smlouva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verdunská smlouva">Verdunskou smlouvou</a> po smrti <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_I._Pobo%C5%BEn%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludvík I. Pobožný">Ludvíka Pobožného</a> rozdělena Franská říše mezi jeho syny, celé Nizozemí se stalo součástí středního císařského údělu, tj. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotharingie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotharingie">Lotharingie</a>. Poté, co panovník Lotharingie <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lothar_II._Lotrinsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lothar II. Lotrinský">Lothar II.</a> záhy zemřel na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C5%99ipka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chřipka">chřipku</a>, byl jeho syn prohlášen Lotharovými bratry a vládci sousedních říší <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_II._Hol%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel II. Holý">Karlem Holým</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_II._N%C4%9Bmec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludvík II. Němec">Ludvíkem Němcem</a> za nelegitimního dědice a celá Lotharingie byla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meerssensk%C3%A1_smlouva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meerssenská smlouva">smlouvou z Meerssenu</a> v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="870">870</a> rozdělena mezi <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDchodofransk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Východofranská říše">Východofranskou</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1padofransk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Západofranská říše">Západofranskou říši</a>. Nizozemí a zvláště pak severní část zahrnující dnešní Nizozemsko se stala součástí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDchodofransk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Východofranská říše">Východofranské říše</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg/220px-2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg/220px-2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg/330px-2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg/440px-2018-03-04_Nijmegen_Sint-Nicolaaskapel_Waalbrug.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kaple sv. Mikuláše v Nijmegenu z 11. století, jedna z nejstarších dochovaných staveb v Nizozemsku </figcaption> </figure> Přibližně v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10. století">10. století</a> došlo k rozdrobení země na jednotlivá <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kn%C3%AD%C5%BEectv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knížectví">knížectví</a> přináležející ke <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svat%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e_%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svatá říše římská">Svaté říši římské</a> (zejm. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holandsk%C3%A9_hrabstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holandské hrabství">Holandské hrabství</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henegavsk%C3%A9_hrabstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henegavské hrabství">Henegavské hrabství</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flandersk%C3%A9_hrabstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flanderské hrabství">Flanderské hrabství</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geldernsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geldernské vévodství">Geldernské vévodství</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brabantsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brabantské vévodství">Brabantské vévodství</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrechtsk%C3%A9_kn%C3%AD%C5%BEec%C3%AD_biskupstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrechtské knížecí biskupství">Utrechtské knížecí biskupství</a>), ve kterých vznikala města s kvetoucím obchodem a řemesly. Bohatá města si začala od panovníka kupovat určitá privilegia. V praxi to znamenalo, že nejbohatší města se stala kvazi-nezávislými republikami, s vlastními zákony. Nejdůležitějšími z nich byly <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruggy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruggy">Bruggy</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antverpy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antverpy">Antverpy</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> V 11. století byla zaznamenána první nizozemsky psaná věta (hebban olla volala nestas bigunnan hinase hic anda thu). V roce 1247 byl zvolen Vilém II. Hollandský římským králem. V letech 1249 byla započata výstavba Rytířského sálu Vilémem II. V roce 1256 padl Vilém II. v bitvě u Hoogwoudu v boji proti Frísům a následníkem byl zvolen Floris V. Ten v roce 1275 udělil obyvatelům Amsterdamu privilegium na vybírání mýta. V roce 1288 porazil vévoda brabantský s pomocí kolínského lidu své protivníky u Woeringenu a získal Limbursko.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1384?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1384">1384</a> zdědil téměř celé Nizozemí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundské vévodství">burgundský vévoda</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filip_II._Burgundsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filip II. Burgundský">Filip Smělý</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> V letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1433?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1433">1433</a>–<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1477?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1477">1477</a> tím pádem bylo Nizozemí součástí Burgundského vévodství. Když v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1477?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1477">1477</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitva_u_Nancy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitva u Nancy">bitvě u Nancy</a>, která rozhodla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundské války">burgundské války</a>, padl burgundský (a také <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucembursk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucemburské vévodství">lucemburský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brabantsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brabantské vévodství">brabantský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geldernsk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geldernské vévodství">geldernský</a>) vévoda <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_Sm%C4%9Bl%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel Smělý">Karel Smělý</a>, jeho dědička, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Burgundsk%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie Burgundská">Marie Burgundská</a>, se vdala za <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maxmili%C3%A1n_I._Habsbursk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maxmilián I. Habsburský">Maxmiliána I. Habsburského</a>, takže z burgundského dědictví připadlo celé burgundské Nizozemí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburkov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburkové">Habsburkům</a>. Nizozemci však nebyli s vládou Habsburků spokojeni a rozpoutali mnoho povstání. Nejvýznamnější bylo to, které v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1488?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1488">1488</a> krvavě potlačil regent <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maxmili%C3%A1n_I._Habsbursk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maxmilián I. Habsburský">Maxmilián I.</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Po smrti Marie Burgundské v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1482?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1482">1482</a> se vládcem Nizozemí stal její syn <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filip_I._Kastilsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filip I. Kastilský">Filip I. Sličný</a>. V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1496?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1496">1496</a> si vzal <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jana_I._Kastilsk%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jana I. Kastilská">Johanu Šílenou</a>, čímž se Habsburkové stali dědici <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seznam_%C5%A1pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%BDch_vl%C3%A1dc%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seznam španělských vládců">španělského trůnu</a>. Filipův syn <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_V.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel V.">Karel V.</a> od roku 1515 zpočátku vládl ještě z Nizozemí, v roce 1516 byl zvolen španělským králem a v roce 1519 císařem . V roce 1533 se v Dillenburgu narodil Vilém Oranžský. V roce 1555, král Karel V. odstoupil ze své funkce a jeho nástupcem se stal <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filip_II._%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filip II. Španělský">Filip II.</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a>Ten však roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1559?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1559">1559</a> natrvalo odjel do Španělska, a Nizozemci tak byli od té doby ovládáni z ciziny, což pro ně bylo velmi ponižující.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/180px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/180px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/270px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg/360px-Philip_II_of_Spain_berating_William_the_Silent_Prince_of_Orange_by_Cornelis_Kruseman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filip_II._%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filip II. Španělský">Filip II.</a> nadává <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém I. Oranžský">Vilémovi Oranžskému</a> (obraz Cornelise Krusemana) </figcaption> </figure> Vláda bigotně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolicismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolicismus">katolických</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Bl%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Habsburkov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Španělští Habsburkové">španělských Habsburků</a> se stala ještě větším problémem, když se v Nizozemsku začal šířit <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantismus">protestantismus</a>, zejména <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalvinismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalvinismus">kalvinismus</a> (klíčovými osobnostmi v této expanzi byli <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_%C3%A0_Lasco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes à Lasco">Johannes à Lasco</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guy_de_Bray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guy de Bray">Guy de Bray</a>).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Filip II. odpověděl násilnou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rekatolizace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rekatolizace">rekatolizací</a>. Reakcí bylo povstání nizozemských protestantů.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nejmenovan%C3%BD-20230526100442-27">[26]</a> Od roku 1568 probíhaly boje Nizozemců za nezávislost na Španělsku v tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osmdes%C3%A1tilet%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osmdesátiletá válka">osmdesátileté válce</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nejmenovan%C3%BD-20230526100442-27">[26]</a> V průběhu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_revoluce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská revoluce">Nizozemské revoluce</a>, kterou spustil <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém I. Oranžský">Vilém I. Oranžský</a>, vznikla v severních oblastech země tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrechtsk%C3%A1_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrechtská unie">Utrechtská unie</a>, na jejímž ustavení měl zásadní podíl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a>, a tato unie pak v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1581?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1581">1581</a> vyhlásila vznik <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_provincie_nizozemsk%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spojené provincie nizozemské">Spojených provincií nizozemských</a>. Za jejich vládce byl prohlášen Vilém, který je považován za klíčovou osobnost nizozemských dějin a je dosud oslavován i ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_hymna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská hymna">státní hymně</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> I proto, že vyhlášením Spojených provincií začal <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%BD_zlat%C3%BD_v%C4%9Bk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemský zlatý věk">zlatý věk nizozemských dějin</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a> 17. století je díky němu někdy nazýváno „Nizozemským stoletím“.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Dutch_Empire35.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/220px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="893"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/220px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/330px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/440px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Mapa <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_kolonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizozemské kolonie">nizozemských kolonií</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/220px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="528"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/220px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/330px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg/440px-Vereinigte_Ostindische_Compagnie_bond_-_Middelburg_-_Amsterdam_-_1622.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Akcie <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sjednocen%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodoindick%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sjednocená východoindická společnost">Sjednocené východoindické společnosti</a> z roku 1623, první moderní akcie světa </figcaption> </figure> V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1575?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1575">1575</a> Vilém založil v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">Leidenu</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Univerzita_v_Leidenu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Univerzita v Leidenu">první univerzitu</a> na území současného Nizozemska.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> To mělo i velký společenský vliv: Nizozemsko se stalo první zemí, kde se univerzitní vzdělání stalo podmínkou k zisku veřejné funkce. V 17. století pak došlo k velikému ekonomickému růstu, rozvíjela se věda a umění, v nábožensky tolerantní zemi působili umělci a myslitelé jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rembrandt_van_Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt van Rijn">Rembrandt</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Vermeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Vermeer">Vermeer</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Amos_Komensk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Amos Komenský">Komenský</a>. V této době také Nizozemci zabezpečovali přibližně polovinu světového obchodu a země se stala jednou z nejvýznamnějších <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolonialismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolonialismus">koloniálních</a> mocností světa.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> V roce 1596 dosáhla první lodní flotila břehů Jávy, Bali a Moluk a roku 1600 se mořeplavec Olivier van Noord vydal obeplout svět. V roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1602?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1602">1602</a> byla založena klíčová kolonizační instituce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sjednocen%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodoindick%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sjednocená východoindická společnost">Sjednocená Východoindická společnost</a> (největší obchodní společnost 17. století), roku 1621 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_z%C3%A1padoindick%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská západoindická společnost">Nizozemská západoindická společnost</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_koloni%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská koloniální říše">Nizozemská koloniální říše</a> zahrnovala <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Indie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská východní Indie">Nizozemskou východní Indii</a> (dnešní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a>), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_Guyana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská Guyana">Nizozemskou Guyanu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_Braz%C3%ADlie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská Brazílie">Nizozemskou Brazílii</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kapsk%C3%A1_kolonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kapská kolonie">Kapskou kolonii</a> (dnešní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jihoafrick%C3%A1_republika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jihoafrická republika">Jihoafrická republika</a>). Nizozemci se chvilku realizovali i v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Amerika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Amerika">severní Americe</a>, kde kupříkladu stáli u kořenů města <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York">New York</a> (původně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nový Amsterdam">Nový Amsterdam</a>). Na objevné plavby se vydávali nizozemští mořeplavci jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willem_Barents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willem Barents">Willem Barents</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abel_Tasman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Nizozemsko se stalo hlavní námořní mocností světa. Získalo načas <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monopol">monopol</a> na obchod s exotickými komoditami (koření, drahé látky a dřeva, některé plodiny) a na obchod s veškerým <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japonsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonsko">japonským</a> zbožím.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Nizozemci však v obchodu prosazovali i inovace: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdamsk%C3%A1_banka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdamská banka">Amsterdamská banka</a> (založená 1609) je někdy označována za první moderní banku světa a také první faktickou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_banka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centrální banka">centrální banku</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdamsk%C3%A1_burza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdamská burza">Amsterdamská burza</a> (založená 1631) za první moderní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burza_cenn%C3%BDch_pap%C3%ADr%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burza cenných papírů">burzu cenných papírů</a>. Právě ona umožnila úplně nové financování koloniálních projektů - a posléze i všech ostatních obchodních projektů. Podle některých interpretací se právě v nizozemském zlatém věku zrodil <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kapitalismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kapitalismus">kapitalismus</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Nieuwpoort.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nieuwpoort.jpg/220px-Nieuwpoort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="444"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nieuwpoort.jpg/220px-Nieuwpoort.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nieuwpoort.jpg/330px-Nieuwpoort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nieuwpoort.jpg/440px-Nieuwpoort.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mo%C5%99ic_Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mořic Oranžský">Mořic Oranžský</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemská revoluce byla v zásadě protestantská (byť měla i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stavy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stavy">stavovský</a> charakter, dle <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxismus">marxistů</a> pak <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C5%99%C3%ADdn%C3%AD_boj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Třídní boj">třídní</a>, s klíčovou rolí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%9B%C5%A1%C5%A5anstvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Měšťanstvo">měšťanstva</a>). To vedlo k tomu, že jižní část Nizozemí zůstala katolická a pod nadvládou španělských králů. Stejně tak zůstala na rozdíl od severu součástí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svat%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e_%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svatá říše římská">Svaté říše římské</a>. Ač se Nizozemci později pokusili tuto oblast znovu přičlenit (1815), nikdy se to již zcela nepovedlo (čehož výsledkem je dnešní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgie</a>). Toto rozetnutí Nizozemí vedlo k tomu, že sever se rychle kalvinizoval, ačkoli ještě na počátku revoluce protestanti netvořili většinu. Dalším důsledkem byla koroze <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchismus">monarchistických</a> idejí. Utrechtská unie si sice do svého čela zvolila formálně dědičného panovníka, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_z_Anjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="František z Anjou">Františka z Anjou</a>, ale když po vzniku Spojených provincií zjistil, že má na politiku mizivý vliv a vše rozhoduje jen místodržitel Vilém, v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1583?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1583">1583</a> opustil zemi. Po smrti Viléma byl nový stát prohlášen <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republika">republikou</a> v čele s místodržitelem. Jistý dědičný princip byl ale uchován, když Viléma ve funkci vystřídal jeho syn <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mo%C5%99ic_Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mořic Oranžský">Mořic Oranžský</a> (v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1747?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1747">1747</a> byla dědičnost funkce místodržitele v rodu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oran%C5%BEsko-nasavsk%C3%A1_dynastie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oranžsko-nasavská dynastie">oranžsko-nasavském</a> formálně uzákoněna). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg/220px-Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4887" data-file-height="3531"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg/220px-Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg/330px-Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg/440px-Allegory_of_theological_dispute-Abraham_van_der_Eyk-MBA_Lyon_H1151-IMG_0428.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Alegorie sporu mezi arminianisty a jejich oponenty </figcaption> </figure> Nový stát se rozvíjel poklidně, vášnivé byly jen náboženské spory, mezi nimž nejslavnější je spor o <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Predestinace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Predestinace">predestinaci</a>, který rozdmýchal fanatický kalvinista <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a>. Proti němu se postavili tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arminianismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arminianismus">arminianisté</a>, tedy zejména <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Arminius">Jakub Arminius</a>, Oldenbarnevelt či <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugo_Grotius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Na stranu Gomara se postavil vládce Mořic Oranžský, což Oldenbarnevelta stálo život a Grotia doživotní vězení (podařilo se mu uprchnout). Tato radikalizace přispěla k ještě větší separaci severu a jihu Nizozemí a nemožnosti znovusjednocení. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Storck,_Four_Days_Battle.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/220px-Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="910"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/220px-Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/330px-Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/440px-Storck%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cty%C5%99denn%C3%AD_bitva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čtyřdenní bitva">Čtyřdenní bitva</a> během <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_anglo-nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Druhá anglo-nizozemská válka">druhé anglo-nizozemské války</a> roku 1666 </figcaption> </figure> Zpočátku se Angličané domnívali, že by v novém protestantském státě mohli mít značný vliv a vyslali do něj dokonce regenta <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1._hrab%C4%9B_z_Leicesteru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Dudley, 1. hrabě z Leicesteru">Roberta Dudleye</a>, hraběte z Leicesteru. Ale brzy se musel vrátit do vlasti, neboť sílící Nizozemci se pro Angličany rychle stali spíše konkurenty, zejména v oblasti námořního obchodu. Přetahování o nadvládu nad ním nakonec vedlo ke čtyřem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_anglo-nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="První anglo-nizozemská válka">anglo–nizozemským válkám</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_anglo-nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="První anglo-nizozemská válka">První</a> vypukla v letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1652?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1652">1652</a>–1654. Šlo o první válečný konflikt mezi dvěma protestantskými státy a první v historii, který obě strany otevřeně zdůvodňovaly hospodářskými zájmy. Angličané v první válce vyhráli, ale Nizozemci se nedali a v dalších dvou válkách zvítězili. V letech 1665–1667 se konala druhá Nizozemsko–anglická válka a výsledkem podepsané mírové smlouvy ve městě Breda, bylo přenechání Nového Amsterdamu do anglické správy a původně anglická kolonie Surinam byl přenechán Nizozemsku.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> Boje skončili roku 1784 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Ctvrt%C3%A1_anglo-nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čtvrtá anglo-nizozemská válka">čtvrtou válkou</a>. Přestože Británie nebyla jejím jasným vítězem a musela vrátit téměř všechny ukořistěné nizozemské kolonie, byl výsledek konfliktu pro Spojené provincie katastrofou, protože musely výměnou za to garantovat britským lodím velice cenná privilegia v oblasti obchodu a plavby v nizozemských vodách. Vládu nad moři tak na dlouhou dobu ukořistila Británie a Nizozemsko svou obchodní moc již nikdy neobnovilo.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg/160px-Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="2500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg/160px-Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg/241px-Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg/320px-Johan_Heinrich_Neuman_-_Johan_Rudolf_Thorbecke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_Rudolph_Thorbecke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan Rudolph Thorbecke">Johan Rudolph Thorbecke</a> </figcaption> </figure> Po <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_francouzsk%C3%A1_revoluce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velká francouzská revoluce">Francouzské revoluci</a> se v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1795?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1795">1795</a> nizozemských provincií zmocnila francouzská vojska. Francouzi na tomto území vyhlásili <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bat%C3%A1vsk%C3%A1_republika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batávská republika">Batávskou republiku</a> a později <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holandsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holandské království">Holandské království</a>, které bylo v letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1810?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1810">1810</a> až <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1814?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1814">1814</a> připojeno přímo k <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_Francouzsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="První Francouzské císařství">napoleonské Francii</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[42]</a> V tomto roce také Británie obsazuje Surinam, kolonie u mysu Dobré naděje a Ceylon. 1796 proběhlo první zasedání Národního shromáždění a probíhá snaha o vypracování ústavy. Po proběhnutí bitvy u Waterloo bylo na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%ADde%C5%88sk%C3%BD_kongres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vídeňský kongres">Vídeňském kongresu</a> v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a> bylo vyhlášeno <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_Nizozemsk%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spojené království Nizozemské">Spojené království Nizozemské</a>, ke kterému patřila do roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1830">1830</a> také <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgie</a> (resp. do <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1839?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1839">1839</a>, kdy Nizozemsko její nezávislost <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lond%C3%BDnsk%C3%A1_smlouva_(1839)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londýnská smlouva (1839)">definitivně uznalo</a>) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucembursko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucembursko">Lucembursko</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Po odtržení Belgie vzniklo Nizozemské království, spojené až do roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1890">1890</a> personální unií s Lucemburskem. Obnovené Nizozemsko již nesehrávalo tak významnou roli v mezinárodním obchodu a ztratilo i svou koloniální moc, na úkor Británie a Francie.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demokracie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demokracie">Demokracie</a> se v Nizozemsku počala rozvíjet po roce 1848. Za jejího otce je považován <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalismus">liberál</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_Rudolph_Thorbecke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan Rudolph Thorbecke">Johan Rudolph Thorbecke</a>, který toho roku vypracoval návrh změn <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9Astava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ústava">ústavy</a>, které zásadním způsobem oslabily moc <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%BD_kr%C3%A1l?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizozemský král">krále</a> a posílily roli parlamentu.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/220px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2269"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/220px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/330px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/440px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> po <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bombardov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Rotterdamu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bombardování Rotterdamu">německém bombardování</a> v roce 1940 </figcaption> </figure> Během <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="První světová válka">první světové války</a> si Nizozemsko uchovalo neutralitu.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Druhá světová válka">druhé světové válce</a> ho však obsadila německá armáda (viz <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitva_o_Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitva o Nizozemsko">Bitva o Nizozemsko</a>). Stálo to život 200 tisíc civilistů, z poloviny <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Židé">Židů</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Po skončení války přišlo Nizozemsko o většinu kolonií včetně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Indie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská východní Indie">Nizozemské východní Indie</a>, nyní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Jediným pozůstatkem bývalého impéria je šest <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karibsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karibské moře">karibských</a> ostrovů <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_Antily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské Antily">Nizozemských Antil</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika,_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg/180px-Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2885" data-file-height="2704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg/180px-Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg/270px-Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg/360px-Vertrek_Minister_President_Drees_naar_Amerika%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-9200.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willem_Drees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a>, premiér v letech 1948-1958 </figcaption> </figure> V roce 1949 Nizozemsko patřilo mezi 12 zakládajících členských států <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severoatlantick%C3%A1_aliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severoatlantická aliance">NATO</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Roku 1951 se stalo signatářem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_smlouva_(1951)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pařížská smlouva (1951)">Pařížské smlouvy</a>, a patří tak k šesti zakladatelským státům <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropská unie">Evropské unie</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Od té doby patří k motorům <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_integrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropská integrace">evropské integrace</a> (tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vnit%C5%99n%C3%AD_%C5%A1estka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vnitřní šestka">Vnitřní šestka</a>), ačkoli v roce 2005 to byli nizozemští voliči, kteří poslali ke dnu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smlouva_o_%C3%9Astav%C4%9B_pro_Evropu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smlouva o Ústavě pro Evropu">evropskou ústavu</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Po pádu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berl%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_ze%C4%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlínská zeď">Berlínské zdi</a> v roce 1989 se <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severoatlantick%C3%A1_aliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severoatlantická aliance">Severoatlantická aliance</a> angažovala ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Jugosl%C3%A1vii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Válka v Jugoslávii">válce v Jugoslávii</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[55]</a> První vojenské operace NATO proběhly mezi lety 1992 a 1995 při <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Bosn%C4%9B_a_Hercegovin%C4%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Válka v Bosně a Hercegovině">válce v Bosně a Hercegovině</a> a později v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operace_Spojeneck%C3%A1_s%C3%ADla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operace Spojenecká síla">1999 v Jugoslávii</a>. V ovzduší občanské války v Jugoslávii přijala <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rada_bezpe%C4%8Dnosti_OSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rada bezpečnosti OSN">Rada bezpečnosti OSN</a> rezoluci č. 824, která vyhlásila města <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarajevo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuzla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuzla">Tuzla</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biha%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gora%C5%BEde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goražde">Goradže</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDepa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Žepa">Žepa</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Srebrenica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a> bezpečnými zónami pod záštitou Ochranných sil Spojených národů (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNPROFOR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNPROFOR">UNPROFOR</a>), v nichž klíčovou roli hrála nizozemská armáda. 11. července 1995 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Srbov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Srbové">Srbové</a> dobyli <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bos%C5%88%C3%A1ci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosňáci">bosňáckou</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enkl%C3%A1va?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enkláva">enklávu</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Srebrenica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenici</a>, obléhanou od léta 1992. Zahynulo a zůstalo nezvěstných 8373 bosňáckých mužů a chlapců ve věku od 13 do 77 let, což z „bezpečné zóny“ učinilo dějiště <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Srebrenick%C3%BD_masakr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Srebrenický masakr">největšího hromadného masakru</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropa">Evropě</a> po druhé světové válce. Tehdy fatálně selhali nizozemští vojáci UNPROFOR.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[56]</a> V červnu roku 2017 odvolací soud v Haagu v zásadě potvrdil rozsudek civilního soudu z roku 2014, na základě kterého nese Nizozemsko část viny na masakru bosenských muslimů v roce 1995. Podle rozsudku je stát zodpovědný za smrt asi 300 muslimských mužů, jejichž deportaci z tzv. bezpečné zóny OSN do rukou bosensko-srbských jednotek umožnili nizozemští vojáci.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[57]</a> V roce 2001 Nizozemsko jako první země na světě umožnilo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stejnopohlavn%C3%AD_man%C5%BEelstv%C3%AD_v_Nizozemsku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stejnopohlavní manželství v Nizozemsku">sňatky homosexuálů</a> a adopci dětí homosexuály.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Rok poté si Nizozemsko připsalo další prvenství, když jako první země na světě uzákonilo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eutanazie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eutanazie">eutanazii</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Státní_symboly">Státní symboly</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Státní symboly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vlajka">Vlajka</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Vlajka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_vlajka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská vlajka">Nizozemská vlajka</a>. </div> Nizozemská vlajka je tvořena listem o poměru stran 2:3 se třemi vodorovnými pruhy v barvách červené, bílé a modré. Při oslavách týkajících se nizozemské královské rodiny se spolu s nizozemskou vlajkou zavěšuje i vlajka královská. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Znak">Znak</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Znak" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_znak_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Státní znak Nizozemska">Státní znak Nizozemska</a>. </div> Nizozemský státní znak je tvořen modrým štítem, posypaný zlatými šindely a se zlatým lvem s napřaženým mečem v jedné a svazkem sedmi šípů v druhé tlapě. Pod štítem je francouzské motto „Je Maintiendrai“ (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čeština">česky</a> Já udržím). Na štít je položena královská koruna, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%ADtono%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Štítonoš">štítonoši</a> jsou dva zlatí lvi Je-li panovníkem muž, může být koruna nahrazena přílbou s klenotem ottonské větve Nasavských: černá křídla, přeložená prohnutým stříbrným kosmým břevnem, na kterém jsou tři zelené lipové listy řapíky vzhůru. Celý znak je položen na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erbovn%C3%AD_pl%C3%A1%C5%A1%C5%A5_a_stan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erbovní plášť a stan">královský stan</a> pod další královskou korunou. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hymna">Hymna</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Hymna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_hymna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská hymna">Nizozemská hymna</a>. </div> Nizozemská hymna je píseň Wilhelmus van Nassouwe (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Čeština">česky</a> Vilém Nasavský). Pochází nejméně z roku 1572, což z ní činí nejstarší národní hymnu, která se dnes používá (za předpokladu, že je definována jako skládající se jak z melodie, tak z textu). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Další_symboly">Další symboly</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Další symboly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oran%C5%BEov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oranžová">Oranžová barva</a> je všeobecně považována za symbol Nizozemska. Toto se projevuje nejenom v barvě sportovních stejnokrojů, ale tato barva převládá u nizozemských sportovních <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanou%C5%A1ek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fanoušek">fanoušků</a>. Národní rostlinou Nizozemska je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulip%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulipán">tulipán</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_(1).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizozemští fotbaloví fanoušci, oranžová je národním symbolem"> <noscript> <img alt="Nizozemští fotbaloví fanoušci, oranžová je národním symbolem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg/120px-Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg/120px-Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="Nizozemští fotbaloví fanoušci, oranžová je národním symbolem" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg/180px-Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg/240px-Dutch_football_supporters_20120609_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Nizozemští fotbaloví fanoušci, oranžová je národním symbolem </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zahrada Keukenhof a její tulipány, velké symboly Nizozemska"> <noscript> <img alt="Zahrada Keukenhof a její tulipány, velké symboly Nizozemska" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg/120px-Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg/120px-Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg" data-alt="Zahrada Keukenhof a její tulipány, velké symboly Nizozemska" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg/180px-Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg/240px-Tulip_H%C3%A0_Lan_8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Zahrada <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keukenhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keukenhof">Keukenhof</a> a její tulipány, velké symboly Nizozemska </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Geografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Netherlands,_Zoetermeer,_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_(1).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/220px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1140"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/220px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/330px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/440px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Polder 5,53 metru pod úrovní moře </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemsko je nížinatá země na pobřeží <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní moře">Severního moře</a>. Na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDchod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Východ">východě</a> hraničí s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Německo">Německem</a> (délka hranice 577 km) a na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jih?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jih">jihu</a> s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgií</a> (délka hranice 450 km). Na jihozápadě se táhne lesnatá plošina, kde se nachází nejvyšší vrchol Nizozemska, 322,5 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metr">metrů</a> vysoký <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaalserberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaalserberg">Vaalserberg</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1602"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Satelitní pohled na Nizozemsko </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hydrosféra">Hydrosféra</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Hydrosféra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Pro pobřežní oblasti Nizozemska jsou typické prolákliny mělkých přílivových plošin. Existují dva druhy těchto plošin – <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Watty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Watty">watty</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar%C5%A1e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marše">marše</a>. Watty se vyskytují v okrajovém moři <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waddenzee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Waddenzee">Waddenzee</a> a jsou přílivem zaplavovány a odlivem obnažovány. Na mnoha místech obyvatelé země zpevnili písečné valy a přesypy, postavili hráze a odčerpáváním vody udržují watty vysušené – takto rozšiřují území státu, tyto plochy se nazývají <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polder">poldery</a>, jejich podstatná část vznikla v rámci projektu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuiderzeewerken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuiderzeewerken">Zuiderzeewerken</a> během 20. století. Marše jsou úrodné pobřežní nížiny na říčních nánosech. Při jejich dostatečném odvodnění se mění v úrodná pole. Na východě a jihu Nizozemska se nachází pahorkatina, jejichž údolími protékají velké evropské řeky. Na pomezí Waddenzze a Severního moře se nacházejí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1padofr%C3%ADsk%C3%A9_ostrovy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Západofríské ostrovy">Západofríské ostrovy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Podnebí">Podnebí</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Podnebí" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> V Nizozemsku převládá <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oce%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_podneb%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceánské podnebí">oceánské podnebí</a>. Roční úhrn <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Srážky">srážek</a> je poměrně vysoký, pohybuje se v rozmezí 750–850 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Milimetr" title="Metr">mm</a>. Velmi často se ve vnitrozemí objevují mlhy a často vane silný <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%ADtr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vítr">vítr</a>. Na pobřeží často zuří bouře. Tyto bouře mohou způsobovat záplavy. Jen šest dní v roce je v Nizozemsku bezvětrno. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podneb%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podnebí">Podnebí</a> v Nizozemsku ovlivňuje také teplý <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golfsk%C3%BD_proud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golfský proud">Golfský proud</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantsk%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlantský oceán">Atlantském oceánu</a>. Díky němu jsou zimy relativně teplé, naopak léta příliš teplá nejsou. <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> Dlouholeté teplotní průměry v letech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1971">1971</a> až <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000">2000</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-KNMI-61">[60]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>Led</th> <th>Úno</th> <th>Bře</th> <th>Dub</th> <th>Kvě</th> <th>Čer</th> <th>Čev</th> <th>Srp</th> <th>Zář</th> <th>Říj</th> <th>Lis</th> <th>Pro</th> <th>Roční průměr</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Průměrná nejvyšší teplota</th> <td>5,2</td> <td>6,1</td> <td>9,6</td> <td>12,9</td> <td>17,6</td> <td>19,8</td> <td>22,1</td> <td>22,3</td> <td>18,7</td> <td>14,2</td> <td>9,1</td> <td>6,4</td> <td>13,7</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Průměrná nejnižší teplota</th> <td>0,0</td> <td>-0,1</td> <td>2,0</td> <td>3,5</td> <td>7,5</td> <td>10,2</td> <td>12,5</td> <td>12,0</td> <td>9,6</td> <td>6,5</td> <td>3,2</td> <td>1,3</td> <td>5,7</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Průměrná teplota (°C)</th> <td>2,8</td> <td>3,0</td> <td>5,8</td> <td>8,3</td> <td>12,7</td> <td>15,2</td> <td>17,4</td> <td>17,2</td> <td>14,2</td> <td>10,3</td> <td>6,2</td> <td>4,0</td> <td>9,8</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Průměrné srážky (mm)</th> <td>67</td> <td>48</td> <td>65</td> <td>45</td> <td>62</td> <td>72</td> <td>70</td> <td>58</td> <td>72</td> <td>77</td> <td>81</td> <td>77</td> <td>793</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Průměrný sluneční svit</th> <td>52</td> <td>79</td> <td>114</td> <td>158</td> <td>204</td> <td>187</td> <td>196</td> <td>192</td> <td>133</td> <td>106</td> <td>60</td> <td>44</td> <td>1524</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Flóra_a_fauna">Flóra a fauna</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Flóra a fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Ve srovnání s prehistorickou dobou se silně snížil rozsah lesů (nyní necelých 9 % plochy Nizozemska) a bažin. Většina dubových a březových porostů na východě byla vysazena, stejně tak jako rozsáhlé jehličnaté a listnaté lesy na pahorcích v centrální oblasti <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veluwe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>. Značnou část zemědělské půdy nyní zabírají komerční lesní pěstitelské školky. Na severu tvoří zajímavý biogeografický komplex moře Waddenzee s pískovými lavicemi, waty a bažinami. Jedná se o nejvýznamnější watové (periodicky přílivem zaplavované a odlivem obnažované území) v západní Evropě, kde se vyskytuje řada druhů původních a stěhovavých ptáků, ryb a korýšů. Pobřežní duny pokrývá specifický travní porost helm a další tvrdé trávy, zatímco waty přitahují slanomilné rostliny, jako je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slanoro%C5%BEec_evropsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slanorožec evropský">slanorožec</a>. Původní zvířenu představují oblasti polderů s vyskytujícími se <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vydra_%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vydra říční">vydrami</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/220px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3539" data-file-height="2654"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/220px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/330px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/440px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Krajina ve Frísku </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Krajina">Krajina</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Krajina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Nizozemská <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krajina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krajina">krajina</a> je většinou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kulturn%C3%AD_krajina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kulturní krajina">kulturní krajina</a>, tedy vzniklá zásahy člověka do různých krajinných typů. Nejznámější nizozemské krajinné typy podle <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zemina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zemina">zeminy</a> jsou: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duna">písečné duny</a>, říční a přímořské <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%ADl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jíl">jílové</a> naplaveniny, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ra%C5%A1elini%C5%A1t%C4%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rašeliniště">rašeliniště</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C5%99%C3%ADda_(hornina)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Křída (hornina)">křídové</a> útesy v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limburg_(nizozemsk%C3%A1_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburg (nizozemská provincie)">Limburgu</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polder">poldery</a> v provincii <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flevoland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a>. V Nizozemsku je několik chráněných oblastí, zejména tam, kde je ještě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Les?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Les">les</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C5%99esovi%C5%A1t%C4%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vřesoviště">vřesoviště</a> a asi dvacet <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Národní park">národních parků</a>, z nichž nejznámější jsou: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Oosterschelde&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Oosterschelde (stránka neexistuje)">Oosterschelde</a> v provincii <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Veluwezoom&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Veluwezoom (stránka neexistuje)">Veluwezoom</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=De_Hoge_Veluwe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="De Hoge Veluwe (stránka neexistuje)">De Hoge Veluwe</a> v provincii <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gelderland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>. Uprostřed konurbací <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, kterou tvoří čtyři velké <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aglomerace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aglomerace">aglomerace</a> – <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haag</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> je založena čistě kulturní krajina, které se říká „Zelené srdce“ (Het groene Hart). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Politický_systém">Politický systém</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Politický systém" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vláda">Vláda</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Vláda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/220px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/220px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/330px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/440px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binnenhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a> je centrum nizozemské politické scény </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemsko je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstitu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_monarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstituční monarchie">konstituční (dědičná) monarchie</a> a státoprávně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlamentn%C3%AD_demokracie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlamentní demokracie">parlamentní demokracie</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlava_st%C3%A1tu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlava státu">Hlavou státu</a> je od roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013">2013</a> král <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Alexandr_Nizozemsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém Alexandr Nizozemský">Vilém Alexandr</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_monarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská monarchie">Král</a> sdílí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDkonn%C3%A1_moc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Výkonná moc">výkonnou moc</a> s Radou ministrů prostřednictvím Státní rady, jejíž je ústavním předsedou, ale praktický vliv krále na exekutivu je velmi omezený. Předsedou Rady ministrů je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C5%99edseda_vl%C3%A1dy_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Předseda vlády Nizozemska">Minister-president</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C5%99edseda_vl%C3%A1dy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Předseda vlády">premiér</a>). Spolu s ostatními ministry a náměstky tvoří nizozemský kabinet a spolu s králem tvoří nizozemskou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vl%C3%A1da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vláda">vládu</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binnenhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a> je centrum nizozemské politické scény nepřetržitě již od 16. století a zároveň zde bydlí i nizozemský král. Jako moderní konstituční monarchie a parlamentní demokracie je v Nizozemsku uznáván systém „trias politica“ neboli rozdělení moci do tří skupin: <ol> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1konod%C3%A1rn%C3%A1_moc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zákonodárná moc">zákonodárná moc</a>: Staten-Generaal — <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sen%C3%A1t?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senát">horní</a> (75 členů) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poslaneck%C3%A1_sn%C4%9Bmovna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poslanecká sněmovna">dolní komora</a> (150 členů) — <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vl%C3%A1da?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vláda">vláda</a> — <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panovn%C3%ADk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panovník">král</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministr">ministři</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDkonn%C3%A1_moc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Výkonná moc">výkonná moc</a>: Král a Rada ministrů s Radou státu (Raad van State) jako poradního orgánu</li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudn%C3%AD_moc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudní moc">soudní moc</a>: soudci jsou jmenováni králem na celý život</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Politické_strany">Politické strany</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Politické strany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Vzhledem k <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluralismus_(politick%C3%A1_teorie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluralismus (politická teorie)">pluralitnímu</a> politickému systému a velkému množství politických stran se od osmnáctého století nepodařilo žádné politické straně získat v parlamentu absolutní většinu. Obecně lze říci, že na politické scéně dominují v Nizozemsku tři bloky: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christen_Democratisch_App%C3%A8l?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen Democratisch Appèl">Křesťanskodemokratická výzva</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partij_van_de_Arbeid_(Nederland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partij van de Arbeid (Nederland)">Strana práce</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkspartij_voor_Vrijheid_en_Democratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie">Lidová strana pro svobodu a demokracii</a>. V roce 2002 se stala velmi populární strana zavražděného politika <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pima Fortuyna</a> a v roce 2006 získala devět mandátu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strana_pro_svobodu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strana pro svobodu">Strana pro svobodu</a> politika <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geert_Wilders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geert Wilders">Geerta Wilderse</a>. V Nizozemsku, na rozdíl od Česka se do parlamentu může dostat prakticky každá strana, získá-li ve volbách do dolní komory potřebný počet voličů na základě tzv. volebního dělitele. Příklad výpočtu: 10.000.000 hlasů pro 150 mandátů dává volebního dělitele 66.667. V tomto případě získá každá strana za každých 66.667 hlasů 1 mandát. Nevýhodou tohoto systému je velké množství zbytkových hlasů, které jsou velmi složitým způsobem přidělovány největším stranám. Výhodou je, že nevznikají patové situace a že prakticky každá strana může mít zastoupení v parlamentu. <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="left">Název v nizozemštině</th> <th rowspan="2" align="left">Zkratka</th> <th rowspan="2">Vznik</th> <th rowspan="2" align="left">Název v češtině</th> <th colspan="3">Počet</th> <th rowspan="2">Členů (2007)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>TK*2017</th> <th>EK*2015</th> <th>EP*2014  </th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christen_Democratisch_App%C3%A8l?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christen Democratisch Appèl">Christen Democratisch Appèl</a></td> <td>CDA</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a></td> <td>Křesťanskodemokratická výzva</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">69.200</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partij_van_de_Arbeid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partij van de Arbeid">Partij van de Arbeid</a></td> <td>PvdA</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1946?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1946">1946</a></td> <td>Strana práce</td> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="right">8</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">59.327</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialistick%C3%A1_strana_(Nizozemsko)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialistická strana (Nizozemsko)">Socialistische Partij</a></td> <td>SP</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1971">1971</a></td> <td>Socialistická strana</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">50.238</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkspartij_voor_Vrijheid_en_Democratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie">Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie</a></td> <td>VVD</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948">1948</a></td> <td>Lidová strana pro svobodu a demokracii</td> <td align="right">33</td> <td align="right">13</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">36.832</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partij_voor_de_Vrijheid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partij voor de Vrijheid">Partij voor de Vrijheid</a></td> <td>PVV</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a></td> <td>Strana pro svobodu</td> <td align="right">20</td> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GroenLinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></td> <td>GL</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a></td> <td>Zelená levice</td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">21.901</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%A1_unie_(Nizozemsko)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Křesťanská unie (Nizozemsko)">ChristenUnie</a></td> <td>CU</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001">2001</a></td> <td>Křesťanská unie</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">27.683</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democraten_66?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Democraten 66">Democraten 66</a></td> <td>D66</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1966?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1966">1966</a></td> <td>Demokraté 66</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">10</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">10.370</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staatkundig_Gereformeerde_Partij?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij">Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij</a></td> <td>SGP</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a></td> <td>Státně reformační strana</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">26.906</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partij_voor_de_Dieren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partij voor de Dieren">Partij voor de Dieren</a></td> <td>PvdD</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a></td> <td>Strana pro zvířata</td> <td align="right">5</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">6.972</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Onafhankelijke_Senaatsfractie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie (stránka neexistuje)">Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie</a></td> <td>OSF</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1995?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1995">1995</a></td> <td>Nezávislá senátní frakce</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/50PLUS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="50PLUS">50PLUS</a></td> <td>50+</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2009</a></td> <td>50PLUS</td> <td align="right">4</td> <td align="right">2</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right">0</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> *TK = Tweede Kamer (Poslanecká sněmovna), (+3 mandáty Denk- v nizozemštině: mysli, v turečtině: rovnost,+2 mandáty Forum voor Demokratie, FvD) *EK = Eerste Kamer (Senát) *EP = Europees parlament (Evropský parlament) </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Královská_rodina">Královská rodina</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Královská rodina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynastie_Nasavsk%C3%BDch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastie Nasavských">Dynastie Nasavských</a> nebo jen <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasav%C5%A1t%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasavští">Nasavští</a> je vládnoucí dynastie v Nizozemsku a do roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1962">1962</a> také v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucembursko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucembursko">Lucembursku</a>. Rod je původem z německého <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nassavsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassavsko">Nassavska</a>, podle kterého nese jméno a kde nejdříve jeho příslušníci vládli jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hrab%C4%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hrabě">hrabata</a> a později jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A9voda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vévoda">vévodové</a>. Později se rod rozdělil na syny nassavského hraběte <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_II._Nasavsk%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hendrik II. Nasavský (stránka neexistuje)">Hendrika II.</a> a na Ottonskou a Walramskou linii, z nichž později vznikly větvě Nassau-Weilburg, Nassau-Dillenburg, Oranje-Nassau, Nassau-Siegen a další. Nejslavnějšími členy rodu jsou: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém I. Oranžský">Vilém I. Oranžský</a>, vůdce nizozemského povstání za nezávislost proti <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Bl%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Habsburkov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Španělští Habsburkové">španělským Habsburkům</a>, jeho pravnuk <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_III._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém III. Oranžský">Vilém III. Oranžský</a>, který se stal na přelomu 17. a 18. století anglickým králem, první nizozemský král <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._Nizozemsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém I. Nizozemský">Vilém I. Nizozemský</a> a bývalá královna <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrix_Nizozemsk%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrix Nizozemská">Beatrix</a>. Po <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genealogie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genealogie">genealogické</a> stránce je dynastie Nassavských v hlavních liniích vymřelá, ale nizozemská ústava označuje rod Oranžsko-nasavský jako vládnoucí. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Administrativní_dělení">Administrativní dělení</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Administrativní dělení" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Nizozemsko je rozděleno na dvanáct provincií: <div style="clear:both"></div> <table style="background:white;text-align:center" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Provincie</th> <th>Hlavní město</th> <th>Největší město</th> <th>Rozloha (km²)</th> <th>Obyvatelstvo</th> <th>Hustota zalidnění (ob./km²)</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Drenthe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drenthe"> <noscript> <img alt="Drenthe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png" data-alt="Drenthe" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Drenthe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Drenthe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drenthe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assen">Assen</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assen">Assen</a></td> <td>2 641</td> <td>&0000000000486197.000000486 197</td> <td>184</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #F8F8FF;"> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Flevoland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Flevoland"> <noscript> <img alt="Flevoland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png" data-alt="Flevoland" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Flevoland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Flevoland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flevoland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lelystad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Almere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Almere">Almere</a></td> <td>1 417</td> <td>&0000000000374424.000000374 424</td> <td>264</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Frisian_flag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Frísko"> <noscript> <img alt="Frísko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/23px-Frisian_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="630"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/23px-Frisian_flag.svg.png" data-alt="Frísko" data-width="23" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/35px-Frisian_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/46px-Frisian_flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frísko">Frísko</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeuwarden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeuwarden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></td> <td>3 341</td> <td>&0000000000642209.000000642 209</td> <td>192</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #F8F8FF;"> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Gelderland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Gelderland"> <noscript> <img alt="Gelderland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png" data-alt="Gelderland" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Gelderland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gelderland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gelderland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnhem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nijmegen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></td> <td>4 971</td> <td>&0000000001979059.0000001 979 059</td> <td>398</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_Groningen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Groningen"> <noscript> <img alt="Groningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/23px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/23px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png" data-alt="Groningen" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/35px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/46px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groningen_(provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groningen (provincie)">Groningen</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></td> <td>2 333</td> <td>&0000000000573614.000000573 614</td> <td>246</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #F8F8FF;"> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Jižní Holandsko"> <noscript> <img alt="Jižní Holandsko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png" data-alt="Jižní Holandsko" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jižní Holandsko">Jižní Holandsko</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haag</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></td> <td>2 814</td> <td>&0000000003455097.0000003 455 097</td> <td>1228</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Limburg_(Netherlands).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Limburg"> <noscript> <img alt="Limburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png" data-alt="Limburg" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Limburg_%28Netherlands%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limburg_(nizozemsk%C3%A1_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburg (nizozemská provincie)">Limburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maastricht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maastricht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></td> <td>2 150</td> <td>&0000000001127805.0000001 127 805</td> <td>525</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #F8F8FF;"> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Overijssel.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Overijssel"> <noscript> <img alt="Overijssel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png" data-alt="Overijssel" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/46px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overijssel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zwolle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enschede?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></td> <td>3 325</td> <td>&0000000001116374.0000001 116 374</td> <td>336</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:North_Brabant-Flag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Severní Brabantsko"> <noscript> <img alt="Severní Brabantsko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/23px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/23px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png" data-alt="Severní Brabantsko" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/35px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/46px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Brabantsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Brabantsko">Severní Brabantsko</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eindhoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a></td> <td>4 916</td> <td>&0000000002419042.0000002 419 042</td> <td>492</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #F8F8FF;"> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_North_Holland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Severní Holandsko"> <noscript> <img alt="Severní Holandsko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png" data-alt="Severní Holandsko" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Holland.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Holland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Holandsko">Severní Holandsko</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haarlem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td> <td>2 671</td> <td>&0000000002613070.0000002 613 070</td> <td>978</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Utrecht_(province)-Flag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Utrecht"> <noscript> <img alt="Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/23px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/23px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png" data-alt="Utrecht" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/35px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/46px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht_(provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht (provincie)">Utrecht</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></td> <td>1 385</td> <td>&0000000001190604.0000001 190 604</td> <td>860</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #F8F8FF;"> <td align="left"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flag_of_Zeeland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Zeeland"> <noscript> <img alt="Zeeland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png" data-alt="Zeeland" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middelburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middelburg">Middelburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middelburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middelburg">Middelburg</a></td> <td>1 787</td> <td>&0000000000380497.000000380 497</td> <td>213</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Kromě provincií spadají pod Nizozemsko též 3 zvláštní správní obvody Bonaire, Saba a Svatý Eustach, pro které se používá společné pojmenování „<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karibsk%C3%A9_Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karibské Nizozemsko">Karibské Nizozemsko</a>“. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Členství_v_mezinárodních_organizacích">Členství v mezinárodních organizacích</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Členství v mezinárodních organizacích" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_(24200800796).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg/220px-Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4273" data-file-height="2849"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg/220px-Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg/330px-Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg/440px-Aankomst_EU_Commissie_-_Arrival_EU_Commission_%2824200800796%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Nizozemský premiér <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Rutte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> a předseda Evropské komise <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> 7. ledna 2016 </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benelux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benelux">Ekonomická unie mezi Belgií, Nizozemskem a Lucemburskem (BENELUX)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropská unie">Evropská unie (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severoatlantick%C3%A1_aliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severoatlantická aliance">Severoatlantická aliance (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organizace_spojen%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1rod%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizace spojených národů">Organizace spojených národů (OSN)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rada_Evropy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rada Evropy">Rada Evropy (EC)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organizace_pro_bezpe%C4%8Dnost_a_spolupr%C3%A1ci_v_Evrop%C4%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizace pro bezpečnost a spolupráci v Evropě">Organizace pro bezpečnost a spolupráci v Evropě (OBSE)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organizace_pro_hospod%C3%A1%C5%99skou_spolupr%C3%A1ci_a_rozvoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizace pro hospodářskou spolupráci a rozvoj">Organizace pro hospodářskou spolupráci a rozvoj (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_banka_pro_obnovu_a_rozvoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní banka pro obnovu a rozvoj">Mezinárodní banka pro obnovu a rozvoj (IBRD)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interpol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interpol">Mezinárodní kriminálně-policejní organizace (Interpol)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_organizace_pro_normalizaci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní organizace pro normalizaci">Mezinárodní organizace pro normalizaci (ISO)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_telekomunika%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní telekomunikační unie">Mezinárodní telekomunikační unie (ITU)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_organizace_du%C5%A1evn%C3%ADho_vlastnictv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Světová organizace duševního vlastnictví">Světová organizace duševního vlastnictví (WIPO)</a></li> </ul> a mnoho jiných. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Ekonomika">Ekonomika</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Ekonomika" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekonomika_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekonomika Nizozemska">Ekonomika Nizozemska</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/220px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/220px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/330px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg/440px-Economic_growth_of_the_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dlouhodobý vývoj nizozemského <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_produkt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hrubý domácí produkt">HDP</a> na obyvatele </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemsko je jednou z nejbohatších zemí na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sv%C4%9Bt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svět">světě</a> a celosvětově vzato se řadí mezi dvacet největších ekonomik. Země je členem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euroz%C3%B3na?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurozóna">Eurozóny</a>, platí se <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">eurem</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hrub%C3%BD_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_produkt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hrubý domácí produkt">HDP</a> se v současné době pohybuje okolo 38 600 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Americk%C3%BD_dolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Americký dolar">USD</a> na obyvatele. Hlavní obchodní partneři jsou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Německo">Německo</a> (25,2 %), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgie</a> (14,6 %), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francie">Francie</a> (8,4 %), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spojené království">Spojené království Velké Británie a Severního Irska</a> (8,9%) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/It%C3%A1lie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itálie">Itálie</a> (4,6%).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fact-62">[61]</a> Podle <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Index_ekonomick%C3%A9_svobody?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Index ekonomické svobody">Indexu ekonomické svobody</a> má Nizozemsko osmou nejsvobodnější ekonomiku světa (k roku 2023).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Podle <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Glob%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_index_inovac%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Globální index inovací (stránka neexistuje)">globálního indexu inovací</a> je pátou nejinovativnější zemí na světě (k roku 2022).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Základem nizozemského hospodářství je průmysl, obchod a doprava. Určitou roli hraje i zemědělství. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Energie">Energie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Energie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Nejdůležitější těžbou nerostné suroviny je těžba <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zemn%C3%AD_plyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zemní plyn">zemního plynu</a> (Nizozemsko je v těžbě zemního plynu 6. na světě). Ten je určen především k výrobě elektrické <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie">energie</a>, kterou vyrábějí tepelné elektrárny na zemní plyn, a na export. Kromě něj se těží ještě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ropa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ropa">ropa</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halit">sůl kamenná</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drasl%C3%ADk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Draslík">draselno</a>-<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C4%8D%C3%ADk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hořčík">hořečnaté</a> soli, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A1penec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vápenec">vápenec</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sl%C3%ADn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slín">slín</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keramick%C3%A1_hl%C3%ADna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keramická hlína">keramická hlína</a>. Zajímavostí je, že Nizozemsko bylo v 70. letech první zemí, kde byl vypozorován jev sporného a paradoxně negativního dopadu objevu přírodních zdrojů na ekonomiku. Od té doby se hovoří o tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holandsk%C3%A1_nemoc_(hospod%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holandská nemoc (hospodářství)">holandské nemoci</a> (jež je jedním z aspektů obecnějšího <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proklet%C3%AD_p%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%ADch_zdroj%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prokletí přírodních zdrojů">prokletí přírodních zdrojů</a>).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Průmysl">Průmysl</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Průmysl" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1506"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Former_Heineken_Brewery_in_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Historické sídlo společnosti <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heineken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heineken">Heineken</a> v Amsterdamu </figcaption> </figure> Zvláště zpracování ropy je velmi rozvinuté, největší rafinerie se nachází u <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdamu</a>, dále je rozvinutý <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_pr%C5%AFmysl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemický průmysl">průmysl chemický</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrochemick%C3%BD_pr%C5%AFmysl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrochemický průmysl">petrochemický</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stroj%C3%ADrenstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strojírenství">strojírenský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elektrotechnick%C3%BD_pr%C5%AFmysl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elektrotechnický průmysl">elektrotechnický</a> (např. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philips?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philips">Philips</a> nebo výrobce navigací <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TomTom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TomTom">TomTom</a>), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potravin%C3%A1%C5%99stv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potravinářství">potravinářský</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heineken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heineken">Heineken</a> je největší <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDroba_piva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Výroba piva">pivovarnickou</a> firmou Evropy a druhou největší na světě<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[65]</a>), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDroba_skla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Výroba skla">sklářský</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textiln%C3%AD_pr%C5%AFmysl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Textilní průmysl">textilní</a>, keramický, papírenský a hutnictví <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDelezo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Železo">železa</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlin%C3%ADk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hliník">hliníku</a>, loděnice např. Royal Huisman se zakázkami mimo jiné pro Britskou královskou rodinu. Jednou z největších <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personalistika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personalistika">personalistických</a> firem světa je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randstad_Holding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randstad Holding">Randstad</a>. Finančním gigantem je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ING_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ING Group">ING</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Obchod">Obchod</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Obchod" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Beursplein_5_(cropped_and_edited).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/220px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4948" data-file-height="3898"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/220px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/330px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg/440px-Beursplein_5_%28cropped_and_edited%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Budova Amsterdamské burzy </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Amsterdamská burza</a> je nejstarší <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burza_cenn%C3%BDch_pap%C3%ADr%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burza cenných papírů">burzou cenných papírů</a> na světě, stála u kolébky moderního kapitalismu.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Roku 2000 se sloučila s bruselskou a pařížskou burzou, aby vytvořila společnost <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euronext?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>, tedy největšího obchodníka s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dluhopis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dluhopis">dluhopisy</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_fond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Investiční fond">fondovými</a> investičními nástroji na světě, celkově pak šestou největší burzu na světě.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Díky velmi výhodné poloze u moře se velmi dobře daří obchodu a dopravě, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdamsk%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdamský přístav">Rotterdamský přístav</a> je největším námořním i kontejnerovým přístavem v Evropě a desátým největším kontejnerovým přístavem na světě.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Do začátku 21. století byl největším přístavem na světě, pak byl předstižen mohutnou asijskou konkurencí.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Táhne se v délce 40 kilometrů od centra města až po umělý výběžek v Severním moři. Je zároveň obří průmyslovou zónou s množstvím chemických továren a elektráren. Do roku 2030 chce být evropským lídrem v přepravě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelen%C3%BD_vod%C3%ADk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelený vodík">zeleného vodíku</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zemědělství">Zemědělství</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Zemědělství" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg/220px-Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="568"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg/220px-Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg/330px-Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg/440px-Kaasmarkt2_close.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Trh se sýry ve městě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gouda_(Nizozemsko)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gouda (Nizozemsko)">Gouda</a> </figcaption> </figure> V Nizozemsku je převaha nížin, je zde mírné vlhké podnebí a úrodné půdy, proto jsou zde předpoklady pro dobře rozvinuté zemědělství. Nizozemské zemědělství je vysoce rozvinuté, intenzivní, výkonné a mechanizované. Zaměstnává ale jen 3,7 % obyvatelstva. Pěstují se různé plodiny, nejvíce ale obilí, cukrová řepa, kukuřice a brambory. Živočišná výroba se na zemědělské produkci podílí celými 70 % a zaměřuje se především na chov skotu (mléčné výrobky → nizozemské sýry), drůbeže a prasat. Pěstují se též květiny, např. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulip%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulipán">tulipány</a>. Tulipán je národní rostlina Nizozemska. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Doprava">Doprava</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Doprava" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Maasvlakte-europort.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maasvlakte-europort.jpg/220px-Maasvlakte-europort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maasvlakte-europort.jpg/220px-Maasvlakte-europort.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maasvlakte-europort.jpg/330px-Maasvlakte-europort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maasvlakte-europort.jpg/440px-Maasvlakte-europort.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Letecký pohled na část přístavu v Rotterdamu </figcaption> </figure> Toto odvětví je pro Nizozemskou ekonomii velmi důležité, hlavně následující kategorie:<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fact-62">[61]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silnice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silnice">silniční</a> síť je se svojí délkou 136 827 km jednou z nejhustších v Evropě. Všechny silnice, včetně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A1lnice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dálnice">dálnic</a> jsou bez <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BDtn%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mýtné">mýtného</a> a všechna vozidla musí platit <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silni%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_da%C5%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silniční daň">silniční daň</a>. Zatímco před 2. světovou válkou byly v ulicích nizozemských obcí v převaze koňské povozy a cyklisté, od konce války do začátku 70. let 20. století došlo v Nizozemí k růstu životní úrovně a tak rychlému vzestupu vlastnictví motorových vozidel, že územní plány některých měst počítaly v centrech s vytvářením parkovišť na úkor tamních budov.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cyclopaths-72">[71]</a> <ul> <li>Typické pro Nizozemsko jsou speciální, od vozovky oddělené postranní pruhy pro cyklisty u většiny silnic první třídy a některých dálnic. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stezka_pro_cyklisty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stezka pro cyklisty">Cyklostezky</a> byly masivně budovány po období prvního <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ropn%C3%BD_%C5%A1ok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ropný šok">ropného šoku</a> v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1973?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1973">1973</a>, který revidoval výhledy motoristů, a po protestech obyvatel s neudržitelnou dopravní politikou s mnoha mrtvými cyklisty a chodci na silnicích.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cyclopaths-72">[71]</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_doprava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Železniční doprava">železniční doprava</a> – železniční síť má celkovou délku 2896 km, z toho 2084 km elektrifikovaných.</li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lodn%C3%AD_doprava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodní doprava">lodní doprava</a> je možná do přístavů na pobřeží <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní moře">Severního moře</a>; <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haarlem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Harlingen_(stad)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Harlingen (stad) (stránka neexistuje)">Harlingen</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=IJmuiden&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="IJmuiden (stránka neexistuje)">IJmuiden</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Terneuzen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Terneuzen (stránka neexistuje)">Terneuzen</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlissingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a>, ale i přes síť kanálů (6215 km) a řek <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BDn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rýn">Rýn</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A1za?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Máza">Máza</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0elda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šelda">Šelda</a> do některých měst ve vnitrozemí; <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Delfzijl&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Delfzijl (stránka neexistuje)">Delfzijl</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dordrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eemshaven&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eemshaven (stránka neexistuje)">Eemshaven</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maastricht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> i pro lodě nad 50 tun výtlaku, které spojují nizozemské <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADstav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Přístav">přístavy</a> s okolními zeměmi a umožňují proplutí až k <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní moře">Severnímu moři</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leteck%C3%A1_doprava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Letecká doprava">letecká doprava</a> – největším mezinárodním letištěm v Nizozemsku je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schiphol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiphol">Schiphol</a>. Větší letiště, hlavně pro mezinárodní nízkonákladovou a regionální dopravu, jsou v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eindhoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eindhoven">Eindhovenu</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a>. Celkem bylo v Nizozemsku v roce 2009 27 letišť. Národní leteckou společností je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KLM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KLM">KLM</a>, zároveň jde o nejstarší aerolinky na světě, založeny byly roku 1919.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li>produktovody – v Nizozemsku je přes 3,816 km potrubí pro přepravu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zemn%C3%AD_plyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zemní plyn">zemního plynu</a>, 365 km potrubí pro přepravu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ropa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ropa">ropy</a> a 716 km potrubí pro přepravu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ropn%C3%BD_produkt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ropný produkt">ropných produktů</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cestovní_ruch">Cestovní ruch</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Cestovní ruch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg/220px-Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4574" data-file-height="2801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg/220px-Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg/330px-Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg/440px-Den_Haag_Scheveningen_Kurhaus_03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scheveningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> </figcaption> </figure> Klíčovými destinacemi jsou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haag</a> (Den Haag oder 's Gravenhage) se soustavou splavných kanálů (grachten), s mnoha historickými budovami, muzei a kulturními institucemi. K Haagu patří také mořské letovisko <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scheveningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> s rozsáhlou pláží a promenádou s atrakcemi. Mnoho dalších měst nabízí rozsáhlé soubory historických památek, například <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. Dále stojí za návštěvu města v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Holandsko">Severním Holandsku</a> jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alkmaar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edam">Edam</a> nabízející pohled do historie přípravy sýrů (mj. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eidam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eidam">Eidam</a>). Další turistickou atrakcí je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keukenhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keukenhof">Keukenhof</a> - Zahrada Evropy, kde každoročně vykvete 6-7 milionů cibulovitých okrasných rostlin, především <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulip%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulipán">tulipánů</a>. K turistickým atrakcím patří i miniaturní městečko <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madurodam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madurodam">Madurodam</a> v Haagu nebo zábavní parky <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Efteling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Efteling">Efteling</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walibi_World?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walibi World">Walibi World</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg/220px-Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg/220px-Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg/330px-Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg/440px-Rietveld_schr%C3%B6der_house.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C5%AFm_Rietvelda_a_Schr%C3%B6derov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dům Rietvelda a Schröderové">Dům Rietvelda a Schröderové</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:VN5_HDR2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VN5_HDR2.jpg/220px-VN5_HDR2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2589"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VN5_HDR2.jpg/220px-VN5_HDR2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VN5_HDR2.jpg/330px-VN5_HDR2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VN5_HDR2.jpg/440px-VN5_HDR2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tov%C3%A1rna_Van_Nelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Továrna Van Nelle">Továrna Van Nelle</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemsko láká i na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architektura">architektonické</a> památky. Velkou roli v nizozemské architektuře sehrálo hnutí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Stijl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> založené roku 1917. Z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architekt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architekt">architektů</a> byl jeho členem zejména <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>. Zásady hnutí se pokusil uplatnit v projektu domu v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrechtu</a>, který je znám jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C5%AFm_Rietvelda_a_Schr%C3%B6derov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dům Rietvelda a Schröderové">Dům Rietvelda a Schröderové</a>. Ten byl roku 2000 zapsán na seznam <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A9_d%C4%9Bdictv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Světové dědictví">Světového dědictví</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Z pověstných <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C4%9Btrn%C3%BD_ml%C3%BDn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Větrný mlýn">větrných mlýnů</a>, které se staly symbolem Nizozemska, se na seznam Světového dědictví dostala <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%AD%C5%A5_ml%C3%BDn%C5%AF_v_Kinderdijk-Elshout?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Síť mlýnů v Kinderdijk-Elshout">síť mlýnů v Kinderdijk-Elshout</a>. Ostatní zapsané architektonické památky se týkají unikátního nizozemského způsobu nakládání s vodou (odvodňování, hrazení apod.) – <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obrann%C3%A1_linie_Amsterdamu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obranná linie Amsterdamu">obranná linie Amsterdamu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D._F._Woudova_parn%C3%AD_%C4%8Derpac%C3%AD_stanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D. F. Woudova parní čerpací stanice">D. F. Woudova parní čerpací stanice</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdamsk%C3%A9_kan%C3%A1ly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdamské kanály">systém kanálů okolo Amsterdamu ze 17. století</a> a další. Na seznam se dostala i jedna industriální stavba, ukázkově <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern%C3%AD_architektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moderní architektura">modernistická</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tov%C3%A1rna_Van_Nelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Továrna Van Nelle">továrna Van Nelle</a> z 20. let 20. století. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="3074"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_Royal_Palace_1699.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%BD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Amsterdamu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Královský palác v Amsterdamu">Královský palác v Amsterdamu</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_-_Eggertstraat_-_View_WSW_on_Nieuwe_Kerk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> v Amsterdamu </figcaption> </figure> Turisty však lákají také jiné proslulé stavby jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barokn%C3%AD_architektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barokní architektura">barokní</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%BD_pal%C3%A1c_v_Amsterdamu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Královský palác v Amsterdamu">Královský palác v Amsterdamu</a>, symbol zlatého věku Holandska v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17. století">17. století</a>. V současnosti je oficiálním sídlem královské rodiny, která však disponuje ještě dvěma paláci, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A1c_Noordeinde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palác Noordeinde">Noordeinde</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huis_ten_Bosch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huis ten Bosch">Huis ten Bosch</a>. Ze sakrální architektury patří k největším památkám <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_svat%C3%A9ho_Martina_z_Tours_(Utrecht)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katedrála svatého Martina z Tours (Utrecht)">Katedrála svatého Martina z Tours</a> v Utrechtu, jediný kostel v Nizozemsku ve stylu klasické francouzské <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gotick%C3%A1_architektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gotická architektura">gotiky</a>. Jinak byla typickou spíše úspornější, tzv. vlámská gotika, již reprezentuje například chrám <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> ve městě Delft, nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> v Amsterdamu, kde se konají korunovace a svatby královské rodiny. Světské užití tohoto druhu gotiky lze prostudovat v Haagu na komplexu budov <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Binnenhof?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a>, kde se scházely nizozemské generální stavy, takže byl dlouho hlavním centrem nizozemského politického života. V blízkosti Binnenhofu se nachází moderní budova nizozemského <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlament">parlamentu</a>. Nizozemskou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renesan%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_architektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renesanční architektura">renesanci</a> dobře ilustruje jiný chrám, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westerkerk_(Amsterdam)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westerkerk (Amsterdam)">Westerkerk</a> v Amsterdamu. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historismus_(um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historismus (umění)">Historismus</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19. století">19. století</a> pak reprezentuje <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A1c_m%C3%ADru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palác míru">Palác míru</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a>, kde dnes zasedá <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_soudn%C3%AD_dv%C5%AFr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní soudní dvůr">Mezinárodní soudní dvůr</a>, nebo koncertní dům <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concertgebouw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concertgebouw">Concertgebouw</a> v Amsterdamu, sídlo symfonického orchestru <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>. Z technických staveb vyniká most <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erasmusbrug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a> v Rotterdamu, dokončený v roce 1996. Nizozemsko zaznamenává také drogovou turistiku, neboť tu jsou legální tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coffee_shop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coffee shop">coffee shops</a>, tedy obchody s legální marihuanou.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[73]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Obyvatelstvo">Obyvatelstvo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Obyvatelstvo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Obyvatelstvo_Nizozemska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Obyvatelstvo Nizozemska">Obyvatelstvo Nizozemska</a>. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Demografie">Demografie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Demografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Population_Netherlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Population_Netherlands.svg/220px-Population_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Population_Netherlands.svg/220px-Population_Netherlands.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Population_Netherlands.svg/330px-Population_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Population_Netherlands.svg/440px-Population_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dlouhodobý graf populačního růstu </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemsko mělo v roce 2018 cca 17 400 000 obyvatel a s hustotou 397,7/km² tak bylo pátou nejhustěji osídlenou zemí v Evropě a nejhustěji osídlenou velkou evropskou zemí, neboť je v tomto ohledu předstihováno jen ostrovní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malta">Maltou</a> a malými <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Městský stát">městskými státy</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monako?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monako">Monako</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Marino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatik%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatikán">Vatikán</a>).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CBS-75">[74]</a> Je také šestnáctou nejhustěji osídlenou zemí světa. Skoro polovina obyvatel žije v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konurbace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Konurbace">konurbaci</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Randstad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, kterou tvoří čtyři velké <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aglomerace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aglomerace">aglomerace</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haag</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. Také v jiných provinciích: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Brabantsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Brabantsko">Severní Brabantsko</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limburg_(nizozemsk%C3%A1_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburg (nizozemská provincie)">Limburg</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gelderland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overijssel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> žije většina obyvatel ve větších městech. Vzhledem k této situaci má Nizozemsko velmi hustou síť železnic i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A1lnice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dálnice">dálnic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Imigrace">Imigrace</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Imigrace" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_(20).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg/210px-Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg/210px-Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg/315px-Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg/420px-Flickr_-_FaceMePLS_-_Zomercarnaval_Rotterdam_2010_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Letní karneval v Rotterdamu, kde žije početná afro-karibská komunita z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_Antily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské Antily">Antil</a> a Surinamu </figcaption> </figure> Vzhledem k silné koloniální a postkoloniální imigraci začal v Nizozemsku nábor zahraničních pracovních sil již v šedesátých letech 20. století. Ty přicházely výhradně z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turecko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turecko">Turecka</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroko">Maroka</a>. Podíl Turků na celkové cizinecké populaci se zvýšil od roku 1976 do roku 1986 z 21,8 % na 28,3 %, v případě Maročanů došlo ke zvýšení z 12 % na 21,1 %. Stěhování dalších rodinných příslušníků se ve zvýšené míře projevilo až po ukončení náboru, což se časově shodovalo s obdobím hospodářské recese a rostoucí nezaměstnanosti. V roce 1979 bylo konstatováno, že Nizozemsko se stalo na základě nevratných migračních procesů polyetnickou a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multikulturalismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multikulturalismus">multikulturní</a> společností. Poté se realizovalo zrovnoprávnění imigrantů po sociální stránce a byla přijata opatření k posílení jejich politické participace. To se dělo např. v podobě rozšíření volebního práva na komunální úrovni i pro cizince spolu s usnadněním přístupu k nabývání občanství a se státní i komunální podporou organizovaných skupin zájmů. Ani tato opatření nezabránila výrazným etnicko-sociálně podmíněným nerovnostem v oblasti zaměstnanosti. Bylo poukazováno na to, že rubem multikulturní mnohotvárnosti s omezenou autonomií organizovaných skupinových zájmů je smíření s trvalou „minorizací“ imigrantských skupin na podřadné sociální úrovni. Zákon z roku 1998 ukládal všem nizozemským obcím, aby po „integračním šetření“ nabízely státem podporované integrační programy přizpůsobené individuálním potřebám nových přistěhovalců. „Nově příchozí“ se těchto programů museli aktivně účastnit pod hrozbou odnětí sociálních dávek nebo použitím jiných trestů.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Podle údajů nizozemského statistického úřadu (CBS) z 1. ledna 2005 žilo v Nizozemsku 80,9 % Nizozemců, 2,4 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésie">Indonésanů</a>, 2,4 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%9Bmci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Němci">Němců</a>, 2,2 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turecko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turecko">Turků</a>, 2,0 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surinam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surinam">Surinámců</a>, 1,9 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroko">Marokánců</a>, 0,8 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_Antily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemské Antily">Antiliánů</a> a 6,0 % jiných menšin.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CBS-75">[74]</a> Ve srovnání se zbytkem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropa">Evropy</a> rostl počet obyvatel v Nizozemsku velmi rychle: 3 miliony v roce 1850, 5 milionů v roce 1900, 10 milionů v roce 1950 a 16 milionů v roce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000">2000</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Ze 17 milionů obyvatel Nizozemska v roce 2016 bylo 3,8 milionu imigrantského původu.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Nejvíce přistěhovalců se usazuje ve velkých městech. Podle údajů CBS z roku 2006 byla přibližně jedna třetina obyvatel <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdamu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdamu</a> neevropského původu. Neevropského či „nezápadního“ původu byla i více než polovina mladých lidí v Amsterdamu a Rotterdamu.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Velkým problémem některých komunit je nízká účast na trhu práce. V roce 2006 mělo práci pouze 38,7% Maročanů a 43,9% Turků ve věku 15-64 let. Více než 30% Turků a Maročanů patřilo mezi příjemce dávek sociálního zabezpečení, v porovnání se 13% autochtonních Nizozemců.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[79]</a> K září 2016 bylo v Nizozemsku registrováno 64,000 uprchlíků ze <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%BDrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sýrie">Sýrie</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Jazyk">Jazyk</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Jazyk" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png/220px-BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="417"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png/220px-BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png/330px-BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/BevolkinsdichtheidNederland.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hustota_zalidn%C4%9Bn%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hustota zalidnění">Hustota zalidnění</a> v jednotlivých provinciích </figcaption> </figure> Oficiální řečí v Nizozemsku je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemština">nizozemština</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%AD%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fríština">fríština</a>. Obě řeči patří uvnitř <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indoevropsk%C3%A9_jazyky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indoevropské jazyky">indoevropské jazykové</a> rodiny mezi <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1padogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Západogermánské jazyky">západogermánské jazyky</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemština">Nizozemština</a> je mimo Nizozemska také oficiální řečí v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgii</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vl%C3%A1msko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlámsko">Vlámsko</a>) a mimo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropa">Evropu</a> i v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surinam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surinam">Surinamu</a> a na nizozemských ostrovech v Karibiku (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aruba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saba">Saba</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Eustach_(ostrov)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svatý Eustach (ostrov)">Svatý Eustach</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Martin_(nizozemsk%C3%A1_%C4%8D%C3%A1st)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svatý Martin (nizozemská část)">Svatý Martin</a>). Někdy se používá také nepřesné označení holandština, které může označovat i dialekty provincií <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Holandsko">Severní</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jižní Holandsko">Jižní Holandsko</a>. Vlámština je naproti tomu souhrnný název pro mluvenou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemština">nizozemštinu</a> ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vl%C3%A1msko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlámsko">Vlámsku</a>. Základem jazyka bylo hornofranské nářečí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolnon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolnoněmčina">dolnoněmčina</a>, ze kterého se tento jazyk vyvíjel již před <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12. století">12. stol.</a> V <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexikologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lexikologie">lexikologii</a> i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morfologie_(lingvistika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Morfologie (lingvistika)">morfologii</a> má hodně společných znaků s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Němčina">němčinou</a>, liší se od ní zejména ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%BDslovnost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Výslovnost">výslovnosti</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pravopis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pravopis">pravopisu</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolnon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolnoněmčina">Dolnoněmčina</a> má v Nizozemsku mnoho oblastních nářečí: groningština, drentština, stellingwerfština, sallandština, twentština, veluwština a achterhoekština. Oblastním nářečím je i limburština, kterým se hovoří v provincii <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limburg_(nizozemsk%C3%A1_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburg (nizozemská provincie)">Limburg</a>. Zásluhou výuky jednoho i více cizích jazyků již na základních školách, mluví většina Nizozemců také <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angličtina">anglicky</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Němčina">německy</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francouz%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francouzština">francouzsky</a>. Počty hovořících: <ul> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dolnon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dolnoněmčina">Dolnoněmčina</a> 1.798.000<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbur%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limburština">Limburština</a> 825.000<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frísko">Fríština</a> 453.000<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Brabantsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Brabantsko">Brabantština</a> ?<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeeland">Zeelandština</a> ?<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Znakov%C3%BD_jazyk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Znakový jazyk">Znakový jazyk</a> 20.000</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Náboženství">Náboženství</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Náboženství" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> Podle současných údajů nizozemského centrálního statistického úřadu (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek – CBS)<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD-87">[86]</a> se hlásilo v roce 2008 ke <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolicismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolicismus">katolicismu</a> 30 % obyvatel, k <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantismus">protestantismu</a> 21 %, k jiným náboženstvím 10 % (z toho 5 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muslim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muslim">muslimů</a> a 5 % <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduista">hinduistů</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhista">buddhistů</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Židé">židů</a> a ostatních). Žádné náboženství neuvedlo v roce 2008 40 % obyvatel.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD-87">[86]</a> Z předválečného počtu 140 tisíc <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9_v_Nizozemsku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Židé v Nizozemsku">Židů</a>, kteří tvořili 10 % obyvatel Amsterdamu, většina zahynula během <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holokaust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holokaust">holocaustu</a>. Od 70. let 20. století provádí Nizozemsko liberální imigrační politiku a v roce 2011 žilo v zemi více než 1 milion <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isl%C3%A1m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islám">muslimů</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Zastoupení církví v Nizozemsku v % podle CBS<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD-87">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Rok</th> <th><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformovan%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformovaná církev">Nizozemská reformovaná církev</a></th> <th><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalvinismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalvinismus">Nizozemská kalvinistická církev</a></th> <th><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformovan%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformovaná církev">Reformovaná církev</a></th> <th><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmskokatolick%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Římskokatolická církev">Římsko- katolická církev</a></th> <th>Jiné náboženství</th> <th>Žádné náboženství</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td align="center">23</td> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">38</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td align="center">21</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">38</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">37</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">8</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">33</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">38</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td align="center">14</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">33</td> <td align="center">8</td> <td align="center">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td align="center">14</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">32</td> <td align="center">8</td> <td align="center">41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">29</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">42</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">30</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">43</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td align="center">30</td> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">40</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Kultura" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Výtvarné_umění">Výtvarné umění</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Výtvarné umění" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Související informace naleznete také v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_v%C4%9Bk_nizozemsk%C3%A9ho_mal%C3%AD%C5%99stv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý věk nizozemského malířství">Zlatý věk nizozemského malířství</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="2953"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_132.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rembrandt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (autoportrét) </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemci se mohou pochlubit slavnou malířskou tradicí, jejich <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mal%C3%AD%C5%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malíř">malíři</a> patří nejen k nejslavnějším Nizozemcům, ale někteří nizozemští malíři patří k nejslavnějším vůbec. Týká se to především pěti velikánů: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Brueghel">Pieter Brueghel</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rembrandt_van_Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt van Rijn">Rembrandt van Rijn</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Vermeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Vermeer">Jan Vermeer</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. Díky těmto mistrům v Nizozemsku vznikly některé z nejslavnějších obrazů dějin. Boschova <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zahrada_pozemsk%C3%BDch_rozko%C5%A1%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zahrada pozemských rozkoší">Zahrada pozemských rozkoší</a>, Brueghelova <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stavba_babylonsk%C3%A9_v%C4%9B%C5%BEe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stavba babylonské věže">Stavba babylonské věže</a>, Rembrandtova <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_hl%C3%ADdka_(obraz)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noční hlídka (obraz)">Noční hlídka</a>, Vermeerova <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%ADvka_s_perlou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dívka s perlou">Dívka s perlou</a>, Van Goghovy <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dnice_(van_Gogh)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slunečnice (van Gogh)">Slunečnice</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A1_noc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hvězdná noc">Hvězdná noc</a>. Noční hlídka je k vidění v amsterdamském <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rijksmuseum Amsterdam">Rijksmuseu</a>, Dívka s perlou v haagském muzeu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mauritshuis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a>. Na vrcholu období zvaného „zlatý věk Nizozemska“, tedy kolem roku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1650?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1650">1650</a>, pracovalo v této zemi zhruba 700 malířů – umělců, kteří ročně vytvářeli asi 70 tisíc obrazů.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Do učebnic světového malířství ovšem vstoupili (chronologické seřazení podle data narození) i mj. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieric_Bouts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieric Bouts">Dieric Bouts</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_van_Mander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel van Mander">Karel van Mander</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans_Hals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frans Hals">Frans Hals</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hendrick_Avercamp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hendrick Avercamp">Hendrick Avercamp</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_Leyster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith Leyster">Judith Leyster</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerrit_Dou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerrit Dou">Gerrit Dou</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aelbert_Cuyp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aelbert Cuyp">Aelbert Cuyp</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Steen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob van Ruisdael">Jacob van Ruisdael</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a>. Ve <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20. století">20. století</a> pak představitelé hnutí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Stijl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet_Mondrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a>, fauvista <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kees_van_Dongen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kees van Dongen">Kees van Dongen</a>, abstraktní expresionista <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_Appel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel Appel">Karel Appel</a>, spoluzakladatel skupiny <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CoBrA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CoBrA">CoBrA</a>. V nedávné době na sebe upoutal pozornost svými geometrickými hříčkami <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M._C._Escher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>. V oboru <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architektura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architektura">architektury</a> je vysoce oceňován <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modernismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Modernismus">modernistický</a> architekt <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a>. Představitelem slavného hnutí <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_Stijl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> byl designér <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>. Hlavní město <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> je proslaveno muzei, jako jsou například <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijksmuseum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_muzeum_Amsterodam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Městské muzeum Amsterodam">Stedelijk museum</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mauritshuis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muzeum_Kr%C3%B6llerov%C3%A9-M%C3%BCllerov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muzeum Kröllerové-Müllerové">Muzeum Kröllerové-Müllerové</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rembrandt%C5%AFv_d%C5%AFm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rembrandtův dům">Rembrandtův dům</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C5%AFm_Anne_Frankov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dům Anne Frankové">Dům Anne Frankové</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Van_Goghovo_muzeum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Van Goghovo muzeum">Van Goghovo muzeum</a> prezentuje největší sbírku obrazů <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Van_Gogh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Gogh">Vincenta van Gogha</a> na světě. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%BD_institut_d%C4%9Bjin_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemský institut dějin umění">Nizozemský institut dějin umění</a> je největším archivem dějin výtvarného umění na světě. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_(Ecclesia%27s_Paradise).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Hieronymus Bosch: Zahrada pozemských rozkoší (asi 1495–1505)"> <noscript> <img alt="Hieronymus Bosch: Zahrada pozemských rozkoší (asi 1495–1505)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg/112px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="4315"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg/112px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg" data-alt="Hieronymus Bosch: Zahrada pozemských rozkoší (asi 1495–1505)" data-width="112" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg/167px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg/223px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_%28Ecclesia%27s_Paradise%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>: Zahrada pozemských rozkoší (asi 1495–1505) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieter Bruegel: Stavba Babylónské věže (1563)"> <noscript> <img alt="Pieter Bruegel: Stavba Babylónské věže (1563)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/120px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/120px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg" data-alt="Pieter Bruegel: Stavba Babylónské věže (1563)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/180px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/240px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pieter Bruegel">Pieter Bruegel</a>: Stavba Babylónské věže (1563) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Rembrandt: Noční hlídka (1642)"> <noscript> <img alt="Rembrandt: Noční hlídka (1642)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg/120px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="2796"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg/120px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg" data-alt="Rembrandt: Noční hlídka (1642)" data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg/180px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg/240px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn-De_Nachtwacht-1642.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rembrandt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>: Noční hlídka (1642) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Vermeer: Dívka s perlou (1665)"> <noscript> <img alt="Jan Vermeer: Dívka s perlou (1665)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/102px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="4794"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 102px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/102px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg" data-alt="Jan Vermeer: Dívka s perlou (1665)" data-width="102" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/154px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg/205px-Meisje_met_de_parel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Vermeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Vermeer">Jan Vermeer</a>: Dívka s perlou (1665) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincent van Gogh: Hvězdná obloha (1889)"> <noscript> <img alt="Vincent van Gogh: Hvězdná obloha (1889)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="23756"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 95px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Vincent van Gogh: Hvězdná obloha (1889)" data-width="120" data-height="95" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>: Hvězdná obloha (1889) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Piet_Mondriaan,_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red,_Blue,_and_Yellow.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Piet Mondrian: Kompozice II. v červené, modré a žluté (1930)"> <noscript> <img alt="Piet Mondrian: Kompozice II. v červené, modré a žluté (1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/118px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5918" data-file-height="6000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/118px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg" data-alt="Piet Mondrian: Kompozice II. v červené, modré a žluté (1930)" data-width="118" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/178px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg/237px-Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piet_Mondrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>: Kompozice II. v červené, modré a žluté (1930) </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_literatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská literatura">Nizozemská literatura</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="1293"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portret_van_de_schrijver_Multatuli_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multatuli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a> </figcaption> </figure> Za klasika nizozemské literatury je považován zejména <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multatuli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a>. V červnu 2002 vyhlásila Společnost pro nizozemskou literaturu (Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde) jeho román Max Havelaar za nejvýznamnější nizozemsky psané literární dílo všech dob.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Ke klíčovým autorům holandského zlatého věku v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17._stolet%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17. století">17. století</a> patřili <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joost van den Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft">Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Cats?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Cats">Jacob Cats</a>. Představitelkou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osv%C3%ADcenstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osvícenství">osvícenství</a> 18. století byla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isabelle_de_Charri%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isabelle de Charrière">Isabelle de Charrière</a>. V první polovině 20. století zaujal svými psychologickými romány <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Couperus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a>. Za druhé světové války vracel naději čtenářům svou vlasteneckou poezií <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertus_Aafjes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertus Aafjes">Bertus Aafjes</a>, jinak představitel menšinového <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolicismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolicismus">katolicismu</a>. Ve druhé polovině tohoto století uhranul světu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Den%C3%ADk_Anne_Frankov%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deník Anne Frankové">Deník Anne Frankové</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Později nizozemská literární kritika hovořila o tzv. Velké trojce (De Grote Drie): <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_Mulisch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry Mulisch">Harry Mulisch</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_Reve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard Reve">Gerard Reve</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willem_Frederik_Hermans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willem Frederik Hermans">Willem Frederik Hermans</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Spolu s nimi byli hojně překládáni např. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees Nooteboom</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Vestdijk">Simon Vestdijk</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Wolkers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Wolkers">Jan Wolkers</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hella_S._Haasse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hella S. Haasse">Hella S. Haasse</a>. V oblasti knih pro děti se prosadili <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dick_Bruna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dick Bruna">Dick Bruna</a>, jehož nejznámější postavičkou je králičí holčička Miffy, a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annie_M._G._Schmidtov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annie M. G. Schmidtová">Annie M. G. Schmidtová</a> se svými příběhy o Jipovi a Janneke. V žánrové literatuře vynikl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_van_Gulik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert van Gulik">Robert van Gulik</a> s detektivními příběhy o <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudce_Ti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudce Ti">soudci Ti</a>. Nejvýznamnější bibliotékou v zemi je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%A1_knihovna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská královská knihovna">Nizozemská královská knihovna</a>. V její budově v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haag">Haagu</a> má sídlo i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_knihovna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropská knihovna">Evropská knihovna</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hudba">Hudba</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Hudba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Ti%C3%ABsto_@_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg/220px-Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="2298"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg/220px-Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg/330px-Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg/440px-Ti%C3%ABsto_%40_Airbeat_One_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiësto">Tiësto</a> </figcaption> </figure> V hudbě se Nizozemci prosadili především v žánru elektronické hudby, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armin van Buuren">Armin van Buuren</a> či DJ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ti%C3%ABsto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiësto">Tiësto</a> již patří k jejím klasikům. Populární je v současnosti i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Garrix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Garrix">Martin Garrix</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicky_Romero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicky Romero">Nicky Romero</a>, trio <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noisia">Noisia</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Don_Diablo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Don Diablo">Don Diablo</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sander_van_Doorn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sander van Doorn">Sander van Doorn</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrojack?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrojack">Afrojack</a> či <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardwell">Hardwell</a>. Přímo v Nizozemsku vznikl elektronický hudební styl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hardstyle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hardstyle">hardstyle</a>. V tradičním popu se proslavila na konci 60. let skupina <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shocking_Blue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shocking Blue">Shocking Blue</a>, zejména díky svému hitu Venus.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Legendou žánru <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurodance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurodance">eurodance</a> je duo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_Unlimited?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 Unlimited">2 Unlimited</a>. V žánru pop-jazzu na sebe dokázaly mezinárodně upozornit zpěvačky <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caro_Emerald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caro Emerald">Caro Emeraldová</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trijntje_Oosterhuis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trijntje Oosterhuis">Trijntje Oosterhuisová</a>, v evropském <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Country">country</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilse_DeLange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilse DeLange">Ilse DeLangeová</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Nightwish_2022.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nightwish_2022.jpg/220px-Nightwish_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1283"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nightwish_2022.jpg/220px-Nightwish_2022.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nightwish_2022.jpg/330px-Nightwish_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nightwish_2022.jpg/440px-Nightwish_2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floor_Jansen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floor Jansen">Floor Jansenová</a> s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nightwish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nightwish">Nightwish</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eddie_Van_Halen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eddie Van Halen">Eddie Van Halen</a> patří k zakladatelům známé metalové skupiny <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Van_Halen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Van Halen">Van Halen</a>. Ke klasikům nizozemského rocku patří kapely <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Earring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden Earring">Golden Earring</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Focus_(hudebn%C3%AD_skupina)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Focus (hudební skupina)">Focus</a>. Ke známým rockovým hudebníkům současnosti patří skupiny <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Within_Temptation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Within Temptation">Within Temptation</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epica_(hudebn%C3%AD_skupina)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epica (hudební skupina)">Epica</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delain">Delain</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ayreon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ayreon">Ayreon</a> či zpěvačky <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anouk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anouk">Anouk</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Floor_Jansen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Floor Jansen">Floor Jansenová</a>, která se proslavila ve finské metalové kapele <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nightwish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nightwish">Nightwish</a>. Mezi interprety vážné hudby proslul houslista <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="André Rieu">André Rieu</a>, houslistka <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janine_Jansenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janine Jansenová">Janine Jansenová</a>, houslista <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Haitink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Haitink">Bernard Haitink</a> nebo dirigent <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ton_Koopman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ton Koopman">Ton Koopman</a>. Nejvýznamnějším skladatelem klasické hudby je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a>, ze současných autorů pak <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Andriessen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a>. Nejslavnějším tělesem je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%BD_orchestr_Concertgebouw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Královský orchestr Concertgebouw">Královský orchestr Concertgebouw</a>. Zvláštní místo v moderní hudbě drží hudební experimentátor <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yuri_Landman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yuri Landman">Yuri Landman</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Film">Film</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Film" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg/220px-Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="297"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg/220px-Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg/330px-Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg/440px-Basic_Instinct_Cannes_1992.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a> při představení filmu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_instinkt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Základní instinkt">Základní instinkt</a> v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filmov%C3%BD_festival_v_Cannes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filmový festival v Cannes">Cannes</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nejslavnějším nizozemským filmovým režisérem je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a>, autor sci-fi klasik jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robocop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robocop">Robocop</a> či <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Total_Recall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Total Recall">Total Recall</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Mezi dokumentaristy vynikl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joris_Ivens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Režisér <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fons_Rademakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fons Rademakers">Fons Rademakers</a> získal <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oscar_za_nejlep%C5%A1%C3%AD_cizojazy%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oscar za nejlepší cizojazyčný film">Oscara za nejlepší neanglicky mluvený film</a> v roce 1986, jakožto první Nizozemec.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Dokázali ho napodobit <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marleen_Gorrisov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marleen Gorrisová">Marleen Gorrisová</a> v roce 1995 a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_van_Diem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mike van Diem">Mike van Diem</a> roku 1998. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_de_Bont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan de Bont">Jan de Bont</a> je režijně, producentsky či kameramansky podepsán pod hollywoodskými trháky jako <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebezpe%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_rychlost_(film,_1994)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebezpečná rychlost (film, 1994)">Nebezpečná rychlost</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twister_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twister (film)">Twister</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smrtonosn%C3%A1_past?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smrtonosná past">Smrtonosná past</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hon_na_ponorku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hon na ponorku">Hon na ponorku</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_instinkt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Základní instinkt">Základní instinkt</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anton_Corbijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anton Corbijn">Anton Corbijn</a> proslul jako režisér videoklipů, pro skupiny <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirvana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Depeche_Mode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roxette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roxette">Roxette</a>. Filmař <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theo_van_Gogh_(re%C5%BEis%C3%A9r)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theo van Gogh (režisér)">Theo van Gogh</a> se stal světově proslulý po svém zavraždění v roce 2004, k němuž došlo kvůli protiislámskému snímku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podvolen%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podvolení">Podvolení</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Známým dokumentaristou byl levicově orientovaný <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joris_Ivens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joris Ivens">Joris Ivens</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_(2).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg/220px-Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg/220px-Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg/330px-Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg/440px-Famke_Janssen_by_Gage_Skidmore_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famke_Janssenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famke Janssenová">Famke Janssenová</a> </figcaption> </figure> Někteří herci získali slávu díky zahraničním produkcím, zejména britským a americkým: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famke_Janssenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famke Janssenová">Famke Janssenová</a> je známá z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bondovka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bondovka">bondovky</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%A9_oko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlaté oko">Zlaté oko</a> nebo ze série filmů <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X-Men_(filmov%C3%A1_s%C3%A9rie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X-Men (filmová série)">X-men</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeroen Krabbé">Jeroen Krabbé</a> z bondovky <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dech_%C5%BEivota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dech života">Dech života</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carice_van_Houtenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carice van Houtenová">Carice van Houtenová</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michiel_Huisman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michiel Huisman">Michiel Huisman</a> ze seriálu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hra_o_tr%C5%AFny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hra o trůny">Hra o trůny</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylvia_Kristel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylvia Kristel">Sylvia Kristelová</a> ztvárnila hlavní představitelku ve čtyřech ze sedmi klasických erotických snímků z cyklu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emmanuelle_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emmanuelle (film)">Emmanuelle</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutger_Hauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a> vstoupil do širokého povědomí ve filmech <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blade_Runner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> či <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_City_%E2%80%93_m%C4%9Bsto_h%C5%99%C3%ADchu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin City – město hříchu">Sin City</a>. Nizozemsko má dobře rozvinutý televizní trh s mnoha komerčními i veřejnoprávními stanicemi. Zajímavostí je, že prakticky všechny zahraniční pořady jsou uváděny v původním znění s titulky. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dabing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dabing">Dabují</a> se pouze zahraniční pořady pro děti. Televizní exporty z Nizozemska mají většinou podobu licencí specifických formátů, zejména vyvinutých produkčním konglomerátem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endemol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endemol">Endemol</a>, který má přibližně 90 společností ve více než 30 zemích. K takovým původně nizozemským formátům patří <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Big_Brother?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Big Brother">Big Brother</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Voice_%C4%8Cesko_Slovensko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Voice Česko Slovensko">The Voice</a>. V modelingu se prosadila <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doutzen_Kroesov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doutzen Kroesová">Doutzen Kroesová</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Věda_a_školství">Věda a školství</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Věda a školství" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Školství">Školství</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Školství" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0kolstv%C3%AD_v_Nizozemsku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Školství v Nizozemsku">Školství v Nizozemsku</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png/220px-Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png/220px-Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png/330px-Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png/440px-Academiegebouw-utrecht-the-netherlands.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Univerzita_v_Utrechtu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Univerzita v Utrechtu">Univerzita v Utrechtu</a> </figcaption> </figure> V Nizozemsku je povinná školní docházka od prvního dne v měsíci, kdy bylo dítěti pět let, až do konce školního roku, kdy mu bylo šestnáct let. Většina dětí ale dochází do základních škol již od jejich čtvrtého roku (tzv. přípravný rok). Ve školním roce, kdy bude dítěti sedmnáct let, je školní docházka jenom částečně povinná (minimálně dva dny v týdnu). Jedná-li se o odbornou školu, která je smluvně napojená na nějaký podnik, je docházka povinná jenom jeden den v týdnu, ostatní čtyři dny je placená praxe v podniku. Výuka začíná v podstatě již ve školce od druhého roku dítěte. Potom začíná tzv. primární vzdělávání (od 6 do 13 let) a pokračuje sekundárním (12 až 20 let), které žáky připravuje podle jejich schopností na různé směry vyššího vzdělávání (středoškolské, vyšší odborné nebo univerzitní). V Nizozemsku je velké množství privátních i státních vyšších odborných škol, vysokých škol a universit (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Nizozemsko/Univerzity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portál:Nizozemsko/Univerzity">Nizozemské univerzity a vysoké školy</a>). Nejstarší universitou v Nizozemsku je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universiteit_Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiteit Leiden">Universiteit Leiden</a> založená v roce 1575 <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._Oran%C5%BEsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilém I. Oranžský">Vilémem I. Oranžským</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[98]</a> V současnosti má tato univerzita devět fakult a v akademickém roce 2006/2007 na ní studovalo 17 630 studentů. V <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0anghajsk%C3%BD_%C5%BEeb%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šanghajský žebříček">Šanghajském žebříčku</a>, který tradičně hierarchizuje nejlepší vysoké školy na světě, má Nizozemsko (k roku 2021) dvě univerzity v první stovce. Nejvyšší prestiž má <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Univerzita_v_Utrechtu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Univerzita v Utrechtu">Univerzita v Utrechtu</a>, která je žebříčkem vyhodnocena jako 50. nejlepší univerzita na světě. Druhou nejkvalitnější školou v Nizozemsku má být <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijksuniversiteit_Groningen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rijksuniversiteit Groningen">Rijksuniversiteit Groningen</a> (64. na světě).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Věda">Věda</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Věda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/160px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2547"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/160px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" data-width="160" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/240px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/320px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nizozemsko stálo u počátků novověku. Proto nalezneme v počátcích moderní vědy zhusta právě Nizozemce: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> je otcem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikrobiologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikrobiologie">mikrobiologie</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[100]</a>, astronom a fyzik <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> započal vědecké zkoumání <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Světlo">světla</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[101]</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willebrord_Snellius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willebrord Snellius">Willebrord Snellius</a> definoval zákon lomu světla, matematik <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludolph_van_Ceulen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludolph van Ceulen">Ludolph van Ceulen</a> zpřesnil výpočet <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%AD_(%C4%8D%C3%ADslo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pí (číslo)">čísla Pí</a> tak, že se dodnes nazývá Ludolfovo číslo<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[102]</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> položil základy moderní <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatomie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatomie">anatomie</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a> bývá označován za „otce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fyziologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fyziologie">fyziologie</a>“, stejně jako jeho žák <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albrecht von Haller">Albrecht von Haller</a>, jedním z prvních chemiků byl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a>, průkopníkem botaniky byl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carolus_Clusius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornelius_Drebbel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornelius Drebbel">Cornelius Drebbel</a> vynalezl první <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponorka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponorka">ponorku</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[103]</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Lippershey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Lippershey">Hans Lippershey</a> je jedním z kandidátů na titul vynálezce <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalekohled?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalekohled">dalekohledu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pieter van Musschenbroek">Pieter van Musschenbroek</a> objevil kapacitní odpor a vynalezl tzv. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leydensk%C3%A1_l%C3%A1hev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leydenská láhev">Leydenskou láhev</a>, první kondenzátor <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A1_energie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elektrická energie">elektrické energie</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Stevin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> jako první pracoval s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vektor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vektor">vektory</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a> za pomoci mikroskopu jako první prokázal, že vajíčko, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larva">larva</a> a hmyz jsou tři fáze vývoje stejného jedince, jedním z nejvýznamnějších středověkých <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kartografie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kartografie">kartografů</a> byl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrus_Plancius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrus Plancius">Petrus Plancius</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg/220px-Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg/220px-Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg/330px-Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg/440px-Ben_Feringa_-_april_2017_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Feringa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a> </figcaption> </figure> Ovšem nizozemská věda neztratila úroveň ani v 19. a 20. století: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a> oprášil dílo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregor_Mendel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregor Mendel">Mendelovo</a> a rozvinul moderní genetiku<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[105]</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luitzen_Egbertus_Jan_Brouwer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer">Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer</a> významně rozvinul geometrický obor <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topologie">topologie</a>, fyzik <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willem de Sitter">Willem de Sitter</a> propracovával Einsteinovu relativitu a předpověděl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temn%C3%A1_hmota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temná hmota">temnou hmotu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Eugene_Uhlenbeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="George Eugene Uhlenbeck">George Eugene Uhlenbeck</a> definoval elektronový spin<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[106]</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobus Kapteyn">Jacobus Kapteyn</a> objevil rotaci <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galaxie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galaxie">galaxií</a>, po <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerardu Kuiperovi</a> se jmenuje známý <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuiper%C5%AFv_p%C3%A1s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuiperův pás">Kuiperův pás</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Oort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> rozvíjel <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radioastronomie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioastronomie">radioastronomii</a>, astronom <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Gehrels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Gehrels">Tom Gehrels</a> se proslavil <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fotometrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fotometrie">fotometrií</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asteroid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asteroid">asteroidů</a>, jeho blízkou spolupracovnicí byla <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ingrid_van_Houten-Groeneveldov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveldová">Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveldová</a>, zoolog <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coenraad Jacob Temminck">Coenraad Jacob Temminck</a> proslul studiem ptáků, v oblasti <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Informatika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Informatika">informatiky</a> se prosadil <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Edsger Dijkstra</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> či <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleoantropologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleoantropologie">paleoantropolog</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a> objevil existenci <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hominid%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hominidé">hominida</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_erectus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a>, do vývoje letadel i první světové války významně zasáhl <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Fokker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthony Fokker">Anthony Fokker</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a> patří ke třem otcům zakladatelům <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etologie">etologie</a>, za což také dostal <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziologii_nebo_l%C3%A9ka%C5%99stv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelova cena za fyziologii nebo lékařství">Nobelovu cenu za fyziologii</a>. Ta se však ve 20. století nevyhýbala ani dalším Nizozemcům: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_fyziku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobelova cena za fyziku">za fyziku</a> ji získali <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frits_Zernike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andre_Geim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_chemii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobelova cena za chemii">za chemii</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Debye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben_Feringa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a>, za fyziologii a medicínu krom Tinbergena <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willem_Einthoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg/160px-Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1134"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg/160px-Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg/241px-Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg/321px-Benedictus_de_Spinoza_-_Franz_Wulfhagen_-_1664.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Holbein-erasmus.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/160px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="2290"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/160px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/239px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/319px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erasmus_Rotterdamsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erasmus Rotterdamský">Erasmus Rotterdamský</a> </figcaption> </figure> V oblasti <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanitn%C3%AD_v%C4%9Bdy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanitní vědy">humanitních</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spole%C4%8Densk%C3%A9_v%C4%9Bdy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Společenské vědy">sociálních věd</a> patří k největším Nizozemcům dva středověcí filozofové: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erasmus_Rotterdamsk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erasmus Rotterdamský">Erasmus Rotterdamský</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>. Již ve 13. století patřil k významným filozofům <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siger_z_Brabantu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siger z Brabantu">Siger z Brabantu</a>. K významným autorům patří i autor známé Bajky o včelách <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a>. V oblasti teologie proslul <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Arminius">Jakub Arminius</a> nebo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Kempensk%C3%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomáš Kempenský">Tomáš Kempenský</a>, autor spisu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1sledov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Krista?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Následování Krista">Následování Krista</a>, jiný duchovní, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a>, v 17. století vytvořil originální nizozemský teologický směr zvaný <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jansenismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jansenismus">jansenismus</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labadismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labadismus">Labadismus</a> propagovala <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anna_Maria_van_Schurmanov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anna Maria van Schurmanová">Anna Maria van Schurmanová</a>, jedna z nejvzdělanějších žen své doby. Klasikem právní teorie je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugo_Grotius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>. Právník <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobias_Asser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> zase získal <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_m%C3%ADr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobelova cena za mír">Nobelovu cenu za mír</a> za vytvoření Haagského tribunálu. Mezinárodní věhlas získal i kulturní teoretik <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_Huizinga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a> či sociální psycholog <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geert_Hofstede?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geert Hofstede">Geert Hofstede</a>. Socioložka <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saskia_Sassenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saskia Sassenová">Saskia Sassenová</a> zavedla známý termín „<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glob%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_m%C4%9Bsto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Globální město">globální město</a>“.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> získali <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobelova_pam%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_cena_za_ekonomii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobelova pamětní cena za ekonomii">Nobelovu cenu za ekonomii</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_(5580078187)_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="714"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-08-02-1947_02334B_Fanny_Blankers-Koen_%285580078187%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanny_Blankers-Koenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fanny Blankers-Koenová">Fanny Blankers-Koenová</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nejúspěšnější nizozemskou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atletika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atletika">atletkou</a> všech dob je běžkyně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanny_Blankers-Koenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fanny Blankers-Koenová">Fanny Blankers-Koenová</a>, držitelka čtyř zlatých olympijských medailí ze čtyř různých běžeckých disciplín (100 m, 200 m, 80 m překážek, štafeta).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Všechny medaile vybojovala na jedněch hrách, v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letn%C3%AD_olympijsk%C3%A9_hry_1948?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letní olympijské hry 1948">Londýně roku 1948</a>. Velmi úspěšní jsou Nizozemci také v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plav%C3%A1n%C3%AD_(sport)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plavání (sport)">plavání</a>, plavkyně <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inge_de_Bruijnov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inge de Bruijnová">Inge de Bruijnová</a> má čtyři zlata z OH. Další silnou nizozemskou disciplínou je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyklistika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyklistika">cyklistika</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Janssen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Janssen">Jan Janssen</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joop_Zoetemelk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joop Zoetemelk">Joop Zoetemelk</a> vyhráli <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tour_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vuelta a España">Vueltu</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Dumoulin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Dumoulin">Tom Dumoulin</a> triumfoval na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[112]</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leontien_van_Moorselov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leontien van Moorselová">Leontien van Moorselová</a> má čtyři cyklistická zlata z olympiád. Ze zimních her vozí Nizozemci medaile především z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rychlobruslen%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rychlobruslení">rychlobruslení</a>. Na olympijských hrách jsou v čele historické tabulky medailistů v této disciplíně. Rychlobruslařka <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ireen_W%C3%BCstov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ireen Wüstová">Ireen Wüstová</a> má pět zlatých olympijských medailí<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[113]</a>, její kolega <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sven_Kramer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sven Kramer">Sven Kramer</a> čtyři.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Nizozemci jedny olympijské hry také pořádaly, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letn%C3%AD_olympijsk%C3%A9_hry_1928?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letní olympijské hry 1928">roku 1928 v Amsterdamu</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg/220px-%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg/220px-%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg/330px-%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg/440px-%C3%96AMTC_Welt_des_Motorsports_2016-72.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Verstappen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Verstappen">Max Verstappen</a> </figcaption> </figure> Nejúspěšnějším nizozemským tenistou byl vítěz <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wimbledon_(tenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wimbledon (tenis)">Wimbledonu</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Krajicek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Krajicek">Richard Krajicek</a>. Šachistou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Euwe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henk_van_Kessel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henk van Kessel">Henk van Kessel</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_de_Vries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan de Vries">Jan de Vries</a> se stali <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Bta_silni%C4%8Dn%C3%ADch_motocykl%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství světa silničních motocyklů">mistry světa v závodech silničních motocyklů</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Verstappen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Verstappen">Max Verstappen</a> se roku 2021 stal prvním nizozemským <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Bta_jezdc%C5%AF_F1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství světa jezdců F1">mistrem světa ve Formuli 1</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Z kolektivních sportů jsou Nizozemci mimořádně úspěšní v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozemn%C3%AD_hokej?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pozemní hokej">pozemním hokeji</a>, ženy mají tři olympijská zlata, muži dvě. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teun_de_Nooijer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teun de Nooijer">Teun de Nooijer</a> byl třikrát vyhlášen nejlepším pozemním hokejistou světa, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephan_Veen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephan Veen">Stephan Veen</a> dvakrát. Mezi ženami dvakrát v anketě triumfovaly <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naomi_van_Asov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naomi van Asová">Naomi van Asová</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maartje_Paumenov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maartje Paumenová">Maartje Paumenová</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_mu%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_volejbalov%C3%A1_reprezentace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská mužská volejbalová reprezentace">Volejbalisté</a> i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_%C5%BEensk%C3%A1_volejbalov%C3%A1_reprezentace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská ženská volejbalová reprezentace">volejbalistky</a> vyhráli mistrovství Evropy, muži navíc ještě <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volejbal_na_Letn%C3%ADch_olympijsk%C3%BDch_hr%C3%A1ch_1996?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volejbal na Letních olympijských hrách 1996">olympijské zlato</a> (1996). Členy síně slávy <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_volejbalov%C3%A1_federace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní volejbalová federace">Mezinárodní volejbalové federace</a> jsou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Blang%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Blangé">Peter Blangé</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ron_Zwerver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ron Zwerver">Ron Zwerver</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_van_de_Goor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas van de Goor">Bas van de Goor</a>.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_(onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo,_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg/220px-Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="2450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg/220px-Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg/330px-Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg/440px-Johan_Cruijff_krijgt_in_Amstelveen_Ballon_dor_%28onderscheiding_voor_Europees_vo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_925-5239.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_Cruijff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan Cruijff">Johan Cruijff</a> se <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1971">Zlatým míčem 1971</a> </figcaption> </figure> Zdaleka nejpopulárnějším sportem je v Nizozemsku ovšem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fotbal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fotbal">fotbal</a>. Od 70. let patří Nizozemci k evropské špičce v tomto sportu. Z <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Bta_ve_fotbale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství světa ve fotbale">mistrovství světa</a> přivezli třikrát stříbro (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Bta_ve_fotbale_1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 1974">1974</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Bta_ve_fotbale_1978?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 1978">1978</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_sv%C4%9Bta_ve_fotbale_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 2010">2010</a>). <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_Evropy_ve_fotbale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale">Mistrovství Evropy</a> se jim podařilo v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_Evropy_ve_fotbale_1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale 1988">roce 1988</a> vyhrát.<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Nejúspěšnějším fotbalovým klubem je <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AFC_Ajax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="AFC Ajax">Ajax Amsterdam</a>, který čtyřikrát vyhrál <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_mistr%C5%AF_UEFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liga mistrů UEFA">Ligu mistrů</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poh%C3%A1r_mistr%C5%AF_evropsk%C3%BDch_zem%C3%AD_1970/71?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohár mistrů evropských zemí 1970/71">1971</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poh%C3%A1r_mistr%C5%AF_evropsk%C3%BDch_zem%C3%AD_1971/72?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohár mistrů evropských zemí 1971/72">1972</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poh%C3%A1r_mistr%C5%AF_evropsk%C3%BDch_zem%C3%AD_1972/73?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohár mistrů evropských zemí 1972/73">1973</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_mistr%C5%AF_UEFA_1994/95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga mistrů UEFA 1994/95">1995</a>). Jednou se to povedlo i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feyenoord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoordu Rotterdam</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poh%C3%A1r_mistr%C5%AF_evropsk%C3%BDch_zem%C3%AD_1969/70?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohár mistrů evropských zemí 1969/70">1970</a>) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PSV Eindhoven">PSV Eindhoven</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poh%C3%A1r_mistr%C5%AF_evropsk%C3%BDch_zem%C3%AD_1987/88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohár mistrů evropských zemí 1987/88">1988</a>). Tři Nizozemci získali <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč">Zlatý míč</a> pro nejlepšího fotbalistu Evropy: <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_Cruijff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan Cruijff">Johan Cruijff</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1971?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1971">1971</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1973?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1973">1973</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1974">1974</a>), <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marco_van_Basten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marco van Basten">Marco van Basten</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1988">1988</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1989">1989</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1992?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1992">1992</a>) a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruud_Gullit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruud Gullit">Ruud Gullit</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlat%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D_1987?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlatý míč 1987">1987</a>). Ke slavným hráčům patřili i <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rob_Rensenbrink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rob Rensenbrink">Rob Rensenbrink</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruud_Krol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruud Krol">Ruud Krol</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Rijkaard">Frank Rijkaard</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_Bergkamp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis Bergkamp">Dennis Bergkamp</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arjen_Robben?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arjen Robben">Arjen Robben</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_van_Persie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin van Persie">Robin van Persie</a> či <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wesley_Sneijder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wesley Sneijder">Wesley Sneijder</a>. V současnosti se prosazuje například <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil_van_Dijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil van Dijk">Virgil van Dijk</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frenkie_de_Jong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frenkie de Jong">Frenkie de Jong</a>. V roce 2000 Nizozemsko spolupořádalo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_Evropy_ve_fotbale_2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale 2000">evropský šampionát</a>. Finále se hrálo na stadiónu <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feijenoord_Stadion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feijenoord Stadion">De Kuip</a> v Rotterdamu. Také <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_%C5%BEensk%C3%A1_fotbalov%C3%A1_reprezentace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská ženská fotbalová reprezentace">nizozemské fotbalistky</a> patří k evropské špičce a již mají na svém kontě titul <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_Evropy_ve_fotbale_%C5%BEen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale žen">mistryň Evropy</a> (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mistrovstv%C3%AD_Evropy_ve_fotbale_%C5%BEen_2017?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale žen 2017">2017</a>).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[120]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Životní_prostředí">Životní prostředí</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Životní prostředí" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Související informace naleznete také v článku <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_parky_v_Nizozemsku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Národní parky v Nizozemsku">Národní parky v Nizozemsku</a>. </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soubor:NL-Nationaleparken.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NL-Nationaleparken.svg/180px-NL-Nationaleparken.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NL-Nationaleparken.svg/180px-NL-Nationaleparken.svg.png" data-width="180" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NL-Nationaleparken.svg/270px-NL-Nationaleparken.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/NL-Nationaleparken.svg/360px-NL-Nationaleparken.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Národní parky v Nizozemsku </figcaption> </figure> Vzhledem k velmi vysoké hustotě obyvatelstva (489/km² v roce 2009)<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CBS-75">[74]</a> se Nizozemsko potýká s mnohými problémy souvisejícími s ochranou <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Životní prostředí">životního prostředí</a>. Již v roce 1875 byly uzákoněny základní principy ochrany životního prostředí, ale teprve v roce 1993 byl tento zákon novelizován a byla stanovena povinná oprávnění omezující možnosti znečištění. Tento zákon byl postupně formulován od roku 1972, kdy vyšla zpráva <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%BD_klub?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Římský klub">Římského klubu</a> (Club of Rome) pod názvem <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meze_r%C5%AFstu_(kniha)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meze růstu (kniha)">Meze růstu</a>. V této zprávě byl modelován vývoj hlavních globálních ukazatelů a vzájemně se ovlivňujících vztahů mezi nimi. V současnosti jsou prakticky všechny nizozemské zákony související s ochranou životního prostředí sladěny s předpisy <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_unie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evropská unie">Evropské unie</a>. V Nizozemsku spadá ochrana životního prostředí pod ministerstvo VROM (Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer).<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-VROM-122">[121]</a> Od roku 2009 jsou zavedeny dvě tzv. „čisté oblasti“ v <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utrecht">Utrechtu</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eindhoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eindhoven">Eindhovenu</a>. Do těchto oblastí mohou jezdit jenom <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamion">kamiony</a> s <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motorov%C3%A1_nafta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motorová nafta">dieselovým</a> pohonem, které mají zabudované filtrování sazí ve výfukovém potrubí. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Poznámky">Poznámky</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Poznámky" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-0">↑</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizozemí">Nizozemí</a> je v češtině ještě v poslední třetině 20. století oficiální termín pro „Nizozemsko“. Zejména to platí v historickém kontextu, kdy se Nizozemí vztahovalo na nízko položené území v okolí ústí řek <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BDn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rýn">Rýn</a>, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%A0elda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Šelda">Šelda</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A1za?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Máza">Máza</a>, které zhruba odpovídá území dnešních tří států Nizozemsko, <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgie">Belgie</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucembursko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucembursko">Lucembursko</a>, pro které se dnes vžil nový souhrnný název <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benelux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>. Holandsko je sice běžné neformální označení pro celé Nizozemsko, které pochází od názvu bývalého hrabství <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holandsko">Holandsko</a>, které zahrnuje dnešní provincie <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severní Holandsko">Severní</a> a <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Holandsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jižní Holandsko">Jižní Holandsko</a>, ale je technicky a formálně nesprávné. V hovorové mluvě je označení „Holandsko“ přijatelné, podobně jako označení osoby „Holanďan“ (místo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemci">Nizozemec</a>) a jazyka „holandština“ (místo <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemština">nizozemština</a>).</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, Den Haag/Heerlen: Bevolking; kerncijfers 26 november 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/%23/CBS/nl/dataset/37230NED/table">k</a>, staženo 01. března 2023 (nizozemsky).</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">Světová banka. GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) [online]. [cit. 2024-03-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?year_high_desc%3Dtrue">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=GDP+per+capita%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD%3Fyear_high_desc%3Dtrue&rft.aucorp=Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1+banka"> </li> <li id="cite_note-749cb702c62b89cd8868fb5c496cfa82218dae87-4"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-749cb702c62b89cd8868fb5c496cfa82218dae87_4-0">↑</a> Bevolking; kerncijfers (1950-2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/%23/CBS/nl/dataset/85496NED/table?ts%3D1724328667989">Dostupné online</a>. [cit. 2024-08-22].</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> THE JOC TOP 50 WORLD CONTAINER PORTS [online]. Journal of Commerce [cit. 2013-03-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.joc.com/sites/default/files/u48783/pdf/Top50-container-2012.pdf">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=THE+JOC+TOP+50+WORLD+CONTAINER+PORTS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joc.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fu48783%2Fpdf%2FTop50-container-2012.pdf&rft.pub=Journal+of+Commerce"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">VOS, Peter; MEULEN, Michiel van der; WEERTS, Henk. Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands: Landscape and Habitation Since the Last Ice Age. [s.l.]: Amsterdam University Press 96 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books/about/Atlas_of_the_Holocene_Netherlands.html?id%3DlB3bywEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-94-6372-443-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-94-6372-443-2">978-94-6372-443-2</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: lB3bywEACAAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Holocene+Netherlands%3A+Landscape+and+Habitation+Since+the+Last+Ice+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FAtlas_of_the_Holocene_Netherlands.html%3Fid%3DlB3bywEACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=978-94-6372-443-2&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Meulen%2C+Michiel+van+der&rft.au=Weerts%2C+Henk&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.tpages=96"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">LEIGH, Lex. Europe’s Famous Mesolithic Pesse Canoe: Earth’s Oldest Known Boat. Ancient Origins [online]. 2022-09-21 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient-technology/pesse-canoe-0017298">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Origins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-origins.net%2Fartifacts-ancient-technology%2Fpesse-canoe-0017298&rft.atitle=Europe%E2%80%99s+Famous+Mesolithic+Pesse+Canoe%3A+Earth%E2%80%99s+Oldest+Known+Boat&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Lex"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">ROFFELSEN, Cees. History of the Netherlands: The Stone Age (c. 250,000–2100 BC) [online]. 2016-10-16 [cit. 2023-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405074548/https://medium.com/@ceesroffelsen/history-of-the-netherlands-the-stone-age-c-250-000-2100-bc-b104993d0910">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2023-04-05. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Netherlands%3A+The+Stone+Age+%28c.+250%2C000%E2%80%932100+BC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40ceesroffelsen%2Fhistory-of-the-netherlands-the-stone-age-c-250-000-2100-bc-b104993d0910&rft.aulast=Roffelsen&rft.aufirst=Cees"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">GIJN, A. V.; MAZZUCCO, N. Domestic activities at the Linear Pottery site of Elsloo (Netherlands) : a look from under the microscoop. www.semanticscholar.org [online]. 2013 [cit. 2023-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Domestic-activities-at-the-Linear-Pottery-site-of-%253A-Gijn-Mazzucco/689cb5cc3d861ca2c12bee9dbc292fcde493f05f">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.semanticscholar.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FDomestic-activities-at-the-Linear-Pottery-site-of-%253A-Gijn-Mazzucco%2F689cb5cc3d861ca2c12bee9dbc292fcde493f05f&rft.atitle=Domestic+activities+at+the+Linear+Pottery+site+of+Elsloo+%28Netherlands%29+%3A+a+look+from+under+the+microscoop&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gijn&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft.au=Mazzucco%2C+N."> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HARVEY, Alun. linear pottery culture in limburg [online]. 2020-02-20 [cit. 2023-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hunebednieuwscafe.nl/2020/02/the-linear-pottery-culture-in-limburg/">Dostupné online</a>. (nizozemsky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=linear+pottery+culture+in+limburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hunebednieuwscafe.nl%2F2020%2F02%2Fthe-linear-pottery-culture-in-limburg%2F&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Alun"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HULL, Kenneth. Dutch DNA: are the Dutch actually Dutch? [online]. DutchReview, 2020-09-18 [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dutchreview.com/culture/dutchness/are-the-dutch-actually-dutch/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Dutch+DNA%3A+are+the+Dutch+actually+Dutch%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchreview.com%2Fculture%2Fdutchness%2Fare-the-dutch-actually-dutch%2F&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.pub=DutchReview"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">ROFFELSEN, Cees. History of the Netherlands: The Roman Occupation (57 BC — 406 AD). Medium [online]. 2016-10-16 [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130081308/https://medium.com/@ceesroffelsen/history-of-the-netherlands-the-roman-occupation-57-bc-406-ad-8fee386016e4">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://medium.com/@ceesroffelsen/history-of-the-netherlands-the-roman-occupation-57-bc-406-ad-8fee386016e4">originálu</a> dne 2021-01-30. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40ceesroffelsen%2Fhistory-of-the-netherlands-the-roman-occupation-57-bc-406-ad-8fee386016e4&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Netherlands%3A+The+Roman+Occupation+%2857+BC+%E2%80%94+406+AD%29&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft.aulast=Roffelsen&rft.aufirst=Cees"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">PELLEGRINO, Frida. The Urbanisation of the North-Western Provinces of the Roman Empire: A Juridical and Functional Approach to Town Life in Roman Gaul, Germania Inferior and Britain. [s.l.]: Archaeopress <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1bjc391">Dostupné online</a>. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv1bjc391.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Urbanisation+of+the+North-Western+Provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Juridical+and+Functional+Approach+to+Town+Life+in+Roman+Gaul%2C+Germania+Inferior+and+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1bjc391&rft.aulast=Pellegrino&rft.aufirst=Frida&rft.pub=Archaeopress"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> The Batavian Revolt. Ancient History Encyclopedia [online]. [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ancient.eu/article/286/the-batavian-revolt/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2Farticle%2F286%2Fthe-batavian-revolt%2F&rft.atitle=The+Batavian+Revolt"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">BRUNT, P. A. Tacitus on the Batavian revolt. Latomus. 1960, roč. 19, čís. 3, s. 494–517. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41523591">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-04-05]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0023-8856">0023-8856</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41523591&rft.atitle=Tacitus+on+the+Batavian+revolt&rft.date=1960&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=494%E2%80%93517&rft.issn=0023-8856&rft.aulast=Brunt&rft.aufirst=P.+A."> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HINES, John; IJSSENNAGGER, Nelleke; PLUIJM, Nelleke IJssennagger-van der. Frisians of the Early Middle Ages. [s.l.]: Boydell & Brewer 438 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books/about/Frisians_of_the_Early_Middle_Ages.html?id%3DkEI3EAAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-1-78327-561-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-1-78327-561-8">978-1-78327-561-8</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: kEI3EAAAQBAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Frisians+of+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FFrisians_of_the_Early_Middle_Ages.html%3Fid%3DkEI3EAAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=978-1-78327-561-8&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=IJssennagger%2C+Nelleke&rft.au=Pluijm%2C+Nelleke+IJssennagger-van+der&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.tpages=438"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">FOUNTOUKIS, Athanasios. Redbad. World History Encyclopedia [online]. [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldhistory.org/Redbad/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FRedbad%2F&rft.atitle=Redbad&rft.aulast=Fountoukis&rft.aufirst=Athanasios"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Willibrord - The 'Apostle of Frisia' | Christian Library. www.christianstudylibrary.org [online]. [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.christianstudylibrary.org/article/willibrord-apostle-frisia">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.christianstudylibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianstudylibrary.org%2Farticle%2Fwillibrord-apostle-frisia&rft.atitle=Willibrord+-+The+%27Apostle+of+Frisia%27+%7C+Christian+Library"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">VAN HOUTTE, J. A. The Rise and Decline of the Market of Bruges. The Economic History Review. 1966, roč. 19, čís. 1, s. 29–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592791">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%252F2592791">10.2307/2592791</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2592791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592791&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Market+of+Bruges&rft.date=1966&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29%E2%80%9347&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft.aulast=Van+Houtte&rft.aufirst=J.+A."> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">BOLTON, J. L.; BRUSCOLI, Francesco Guidi. When Did Antwerp Replace Bruges as the Commercial and Financial Centre of North-Western Europe? The Evidence of the Borromei Ledger for 1438. The Economic History Review. 2008, roč. 61, čís. 2, s. 360–379. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40057511">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40057511&rft.atitle=When+Did+Antwerp+Replace+Bruges+as+the+Commercial+and+Financial+Centre+of+North-Western+Europe%3F+The+Evidence+of+the+Borromei+Ledger+for+1438&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=360%E2%80%93379&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Bruscoli%2C+Francesco+Guidi"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21">↑ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_21-0">a</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_21-1">b</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_21-2">c</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HORST, Han van der. Dějiny Nizozemska. [s.l.]: Lidové noviny, 2005. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/80-7106-487-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/80-7106-487-4">80-7106-487-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=D%C4%9Bjiny+Nizozemska&rft.isbn=80-7106-487-4&rft.aulast=Horst&rft.aufirst=Han+van+der&rft.pub=Lidov%C3%A9+noviny&rft.date=2005"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">PIRENNE, H. The Formation and Constitution of the Burgundian State (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries). The American Historical Review. 1909, roč. 14, čís. 3, s. 477–502. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836443">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%252F1836443">10.2307/1836443</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1836443&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1836443&rft.atitle=The+Formation+and+Constitution+of+the+Burgundian+State+%28Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries%29&rft.date=1909&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477%E2%80%93502&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=H."> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> Buylaert, Frederik, et al. “Urban Militias, Nobles and Mercenaries: The Organization of the Antwerp Army in the Flemish–Brabantine Revolt of the 1480s.” Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume IX: Soldiers, Weapons and Armies in the Fifteenth Century, edited by ANNE CURRY and ADRIAN R. BELL, vol. 9, Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY, 2011, pp. 146–166. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.cttn345h.12. Accessed 22 Jan. 2021.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">TRACY, James D. Holland Under Habsburg Rule, 1506-1566: The Formation of a Body Politic. [s.l.]: University of California Press 350 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books/about/Holland_Under_Habsburg_Rule_1506_1566.html?id%3DNXaCvVb9hvcC%26redir_esc%3Dy">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-520-06882-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-520-06882-7">978-0-520-06882-7</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: NXaCvVb9hvcC.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Holland+Under+Habsburg+Rule%2C+1506-1566%3A+The+Formation+of+a+Body+Politic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FHolland_Under_Habsburg_Rule_1506_1566.html%3Fid%3DNXaCvVb9hvcC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06882-7&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.tpages=350"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">CONSTANCE, Sr. M. Spanish Rule in the Netherlands under Philip II. The Catholic Historical Review. 1928, roč. 14, čís. 3, s. 365–422. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25012544">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-04-05]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0008-8080">0008-8080</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25012544&rft.atitle=Spanish+Rule+in+the+Netherlands+under+Philip+II&rft.date=1928&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365%E2%80%93422&rft.issn=0008-8080&rft.aulast=Constance&rft.aufirst=Sr.+M."> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">SPOHNHOLZ, Jesse; VAN VEEN, Mirjam G. K. The Disputed Origins of Dutch Calvinism: Religious Refugees in the Historiography of the Dutch Reformation. Church History. 2017, roč. 86, čís. 2, s. 398–426. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26784722">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-04-05]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26784722&rft.atitle=The+Disputed+Origins+of+Dutch+Calvinism%3A+Religious+Refugees+in+the+Historiography+of+the+Dutch+Reformation&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=398%E2%80%93426&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft.aulast=Spohnholz&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=van+Veen%2C+Mirjam+G.+K."> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nejmenovaný-20230526100442-27">↑ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nejmenovan%C3%BD-20230526100442_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nejmenovan%C3%BD-20230526100442_27-1">b</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">PARKER, Geoffrey. The Dutch Revolt. [s.l.]: Penguin 334 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books/about/The_Dutch_Revolt.html?id%3DKf_QAAAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-14-139132-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-14-139132-8">978-0-14-139132-8</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: Kf_QAAAACAAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Revolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Dutch_Revolt.html%3Fid%3DKf_QAAAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139132-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.tpages=334"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">NWANAZIA, Chuka. The history of the Dutch national anthem: the Wilhelmus [online]. DutchReview, 2018-05-02 [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/history-of-dutch-national-anthem/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Dutch+national+anthem%3A+the+Wilhelmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchreview.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fhistory-of-dutch-national-anthem%2F&rft.aulast=Nwanazia&rft.aufirst=Chuka&rft.pub=DutchReview"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Netherlands - Dutch civilization in the Golden Age (1609–1713). Encyclopedia Britannica [online]. [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNetherlands&rft.atitle=Netherlands+-+Dutch+civilization+in+the+Golden+Age+%281609%E2%80%931713%29"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">FREIST, Dagmar. The 'Dutch Century'. European History Online [online]. [cit. 2023-07-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/the-dutch-century/dagmar-freist-the-dutch-century">Dostupné online</a>. (německy)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=European+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Fmodels-and-stereotypes%2Fthe-dutch-century%2Fdagmar-freist-the-dutch-century&rft.atitle=The+%27Dutch+Century%27&rft.aulast=Freist&rft.aufirst=Dagmar"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> It began with William of Orange. Leiden University [online]. [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/dossiers/leiden-and-the-royal-family/founding-of-the-university">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Leiden+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fen%2Fdossiers%2Fleiden-and-the-royal-family%2Ffounding-of-the-university&rft.atitle=It+began+with+William+of+Orange"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">WESTSTEIJN, Arthur. Republican empire: colonialism, commerce and corruption in the Dutch Golden Age. Renaissance Studies. 2012, roč. 26, čís. 4, s. 491–509. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420170">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0269-1213">0269-1213</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24420170&rft.atitle=Republican+empire%3A+colonialism%2C+commerce+and+corruption+in+the+Dutch+Golden+Age&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491%E2%80%93509&rft.issn=0269-1213&rft.aulast=Weststeijn&rft.aufirst=Arthur"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">MOORE, Bob; NIEROP, Henk van. Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850. [s.l.]: Routledge 223 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQb1BDgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-1-351-95050-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-1-351-95050-3">978-1-351-95050-3</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: Qb1BDgAAQBAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Colonial+Empires+Compared%3A+Britain+and+the+Netherlands%2C+1750%E2%80%931850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQb1BDgAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-1-351-95050-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Nierop%2C+Henk+van&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.tpages=223"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">KOEKKOEK, René; RICHARD, Anne-Isabelle; WESTSTEIJN, Arthur. The Dutch Empire between Ideas and Practice, 1600–2000. [s.l.]: Springer Nature 246 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3vG-DwAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-3-030-27516-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-3-030-27516-7">978-3-030-27516-7</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Empire+between+Ideas+and+Practice%2C+1600%E2%80%932000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vG-DwAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-3-030-27516-7&rft.aulast=Koekkoek&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Richard%2C+Anne-Isabelle&rft.au=Weststeijn%2C+Arthur&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.tpages=246"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Dutch Exploration and Colonization | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com [online]. [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dutch-exploration-and-colonization">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fdutch-exploration-and-colonization&rft.atitle=Dutch+Exploration+and+Colonization+%7C+Encyclopedia.com"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">ARASARATNAM, S. Monopoly and Free Trade in Dutch-Asian Commercial Policy: Debate and Controversy within the VOC. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 1973, roč. 4, čís. 1, s. 1–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070024">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-07-01]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0022-4634">0022-4634</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20070024&rft.atitle=Monopoly+and+Free+Trade+in+Dutch-Asian+Commercial+Policy%3A+Debate+and+Controversy+within+the+VOC&rft.date=1973&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9315&rft.issn=0022-4634&rft.aulast=Arasaratnam&rft.aufirst=S."> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">QUINN, Stephen; ROBERDS, Roberds. The Big Problem of Large Bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the Origins of Central Banking- Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. www.atlantafed.org [online]. [cit. 2023-07-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.atlantafed.org/research/publications/wp/2005/16">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.atlantafed.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantafed.org%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fwp%2F2005%2F16&rft.atitle=The+Big+Problem+of+Large+Bills%3A+The+Bank+of+Amsterdam+and+the+Origins+of+Central+Banking-+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Atlanta&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Roberds%2C+Roberds"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BRAUDEL, Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. II: The Wheels of Commerce. [s.l.]: University of California Press 678 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWPDbSXQsvGIC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DCivilization%2Band%2Bcapitalism%2B15th%25E2%2580%259318th%2Bcentury:%2BThe%2Bwheels%2Bof%2Bcommerce%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-520-08115-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-520-08115-4">978-0-520-08115-4</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: WPDbSXQsvGIC.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Civilization+and+Capitalism%2C+15th-18th+Century%2C+Vol.+II%3A+The+Wheels+of+Commerce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPDbSXQsvGIC%26newbks%3D0%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DCivilization%2Band%2Bcapitalism%2B15th%25E2%2580%259318th%2Bcentury%3A%2BThe%2Bwheels%2Bof%2Bcommerce%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08115-4&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.tpages=678"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">GODBEY, John C. Arminius and Predestination. The Journal of Religion. 1973, roč. 53, čís. 4, s. 491–498. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1201735">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0022-4189">0022-4189</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1201735&rft.atitle=Arminius+and+Predestination&rft.date=1973&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491%E2%80%93498&rft.issn=0022-4189&rft.aulast=Godbey&rft.aufirst=John+C."> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Anglo-Dutch Wars | European history. Encyclopedia Britannica [online]. [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/event/Anglo-Dutch-Wars">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAnglo-Dutch-Wars&rft.atitle=Anglo-Dutch+Wars+%7C+European+history"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SCHAMA, Simon. Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780-1813. [s.l.]: Vintage Books 745 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books?id%3DmJ2oPwAACAAJ%26hl%3Dcs%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-679-72949-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-679-72949-5">978-0-679-72949-5</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: mJ2oPwAACAAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Patriots+and+Liberators%3A+Revolution+in+the+Netherlands%2C+1780-1813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJ2oPwAACAAJ%26hl%3Dcs%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72949-5&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.tpages=745"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BRUIJN, Jaap R. The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. [s.l.]: Liverpool University Press 254 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2HVvEAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-1-78694-890-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-1-78694-890-8">978-1-78694-890-8</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: 2HVvEAAAQBAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Navy+of+the+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2HVvEAAAQBAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-890-8&rft.aulast=Bruijn&rft.aufirst=Jaap+R.&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.tpages=254"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">JOOR, Johan. The Napoleonic Period in Holland from a Dutch Historical Perspective. Příprava vydání Ute Planert. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK (War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137455475_4">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-1-137-45547-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-1-137-45547-5">978-1-137-45547-5</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1057%252F9781137455475_4">10.1057/9781137455475_4</a>. S. 53–66. (anglicky) DOI: 10.1057/9781137455475_4.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Period+in+Holland+from+a+Dutch+Historical+Perspective&rft_id=info:doi/10.1057%2F9781137455475_4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9781137455475_4&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45547-5&rft.aulast=Joor&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.series=War%2C+Culture+and+Society%2C+1750%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=53%E2%80%9366"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">LESAFFER, Randall. The Formation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1814–1815). Oxford Public International Law [online]. [cit. 2023-04-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opil.ouplaw.com/page/932">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Public+International+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopil.ouplaw.com%2Fpage%2F932&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+the+Netherlands+%281814%E2%80%931815%29&rft.aulast=Lesaffer&rft.aufirst=Randall"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">WILSON, C. H. The Economic Decline of the Netherlands. The Economic History Review. 1939, roč. 9, čís. 2, s. 111–127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590218">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%252F2590218">10.2307/2590218</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2590218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2590218&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Decline+of+the+Netherlands&rft.date=1939&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111%E2%80%93127&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=C.+H."> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">HOMAN, Gerlof D. Constitutional Reform In the Netherlands in 1848. The Historian. 1966, roč. 28, čís. 3, s. 405–425. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24438612">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2021-01-22]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24438612&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Reform+In+the+Netherlands+in+1848&rft.date=1966&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405%E2%80%93425&rft.issn=0018-2370&rft.aulast=Homan&rft.aufirst=Gerlof+D."> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BOERSEMA, K. H. Johan Rudolf Thorbecke. [s.l.]: Brill book s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBUG2zwEACAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: BUG2zwEACAAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Johan+Rudolf+Thorbecke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUG2zwEACAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.aulast=Boersema&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.tpages=book"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">ABBENHUIS, Maartje M. The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914-1918. [s.l.]: Amsterdam University Press 428 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books/about/The_Art_of_Staying_Neutral.html?id%3DlNlmAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-90-5356-818-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-90-5356-818-7">978-90-5356-818-7</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: lNlmAAAAMAAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Staying+Neutral%3A+The+Netherlands+in+the+First+World+War%2C+1914-1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Art_of_Staying_Neutral.html%3Fid%3DlNlmAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-818-7&rft.aulast=Abbenhuis&rft.aufirst=Maartje+M.&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.tpages=428"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Netherlands in World War II. WW2DB [online]. [cit. 2023-04-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ww2db.com/country/Netherlands">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=WW2DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fcountry%2FNetherlands&rft.atitle=Netherlands+in+World+War+II"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">PRESSER, Jacob; PRESSER, Jacques. Ashes in the Wind: The Destruction of Dutch Jewry. [s.l.]: Wayne State University Press 608 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dix6SV7SCZJwC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-8143-2036-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-8143-2036-5">978-0-8143-2036-5</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: ix6SV7SCZJwC.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Ashes+in+the+Wind%3A+The+Destruction+of+Dutch+Jewry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dix6SV7SCZJwC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2036-5&rft.aulast=Presser&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Presser%2C+Jacques&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.tpages=608"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">BAUDET, Henri. The Netherlands after the Loss of Empire. Journal of Contemporary History. 1969, roč. 4, čís. 1, s. 127–139. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/259796">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-04-04]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259796&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands+after+the+Loss+of+Empire&rft.date=1969&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127%E2%80%93139&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft.aulast=Baudet&rft.aufirst=Henri"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">OOSTINDIE, Gert. Postcolonial Netherlands: Sixty-five Years of Forgetting, Commemorating, Silencing. [s.l.]: Amsterdam University Press 290 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDhp5liUoCAYC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-90-8964-353-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-90-8964-353-7">978-90-8964-353-7</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: Dhp5liUoCAYC.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Netherlands%3A+Sixty-five+Years+of+Forgetting%2C+Commemorating%2C+Silencing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhp5liUoCAYC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-353-7&rft.aulast=Oostindie&rft.aufirst=Gert&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.tpages=290"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Členské státy NATO. Ministerstvo obrany České republiky [online]. 16.2.2009 [cit. 9.7.2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910003405/http://www.mocr.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id%3D13426">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mocr.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id%3D13426">originálu</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Ministerstvo+obrany+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+republiky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mocr.army.cz%2Fscripts%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D13426&rft.atitle=%C4%8Clensk%C3%A9+st%C3%A1ty+NATO&rft.date=16.2.2009"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SEGERS, Mathieu. The Netherlands and European Integration, 1950 to Present. [s.l.]: Amsterdam University Press 335 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.cz/books/about/The_Netherlands_and_European_Integration.html?id%3D3q_UDwAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-90-485-5203-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-90-485-5203-0">978-90-485-5203-0</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: 3q_UDwAAQBAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=The+Netherlands+and+European+Integration%2C+1950+to+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Netherlands_and_European_Integration.html%3Fid%3D3q_UDwAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rft.isbn=978-90-485-5203-0&rft.aulast=Segers&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.tpages=335"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Nizozemci odmítli euroústavu. iROZHLAS [online]. Český rozhlas, 2005-06-02 [cit. 2023-04-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-svet/nizozemci-odmitli-euroustavu_200506021054_mmatusu">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=iROZHLAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irozhlas.cz%2Fzpravy-svet%2Fnizozemci-odmitli-euroustavu_200506021054_mmatusu&rft.atitle=Nizozemci+odm%C3%ADtli+euro%C3%BAstavu&rft.date=2005-06-02&rft.pub=%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+rozhlas"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BOTH, Norbert. From Indifference to Entrapment: The Netherlands and the Yugoslav Crisis, 1990-1995. [s.l.]: Amsterdam University Press 274 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DevUpTn_g_cgC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-90-5356-453-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-90-5356-453-0">978-90-5356-453-0</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: evUpTn_g_cgC.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=From+Indifference+to+Entrapment%3A+The+Netherlands+and+the+Yugoslav+Crisis%2C+1990-1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DevUpTn_g_cgC%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-453-0&rft.aulast=Both&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.tpages=274"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">ŠAJTAR, Jaroslav. Před 25 lety vzplála válka v Jugoslávii, nejkrvavější konflikt v poválečné Evropě. Reflex.cz [online]. Czech News Center,a.s., 31.3.2017 [cit. 9.7.2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.reflex.cz/clanek/historie/78507/pred-25-lety-vzplala-valka-v-jugoslavii-nejkrvavejsi-konflikt-v-povalecne-evrope.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Reflex.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reflex.cz%2Fclanek%2Fhistorie%2F78507%2Fpred-25-lety-vzplala-valka-v-jugoslavii-nejkrvavejsi-konflikt-v-povalecne-evrope.html&rft.atitle=P%C5%99ed+25+lety+vzpl%C3%A1la+v%C3%A1lka+v+Jugosl%C3%A1vii%2C+nejkrvav%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD+konflikt+v+pov%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%A9+Evrop%C4%9B&rft.date=31.3.2017&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ajtar&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft.pub=Czech+News+Center%2Ca.s."> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">ČTK. Soud v Haagu: Nizozemsko nese část viny na masakru v Srebrenici. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BDden.cz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Týden.cz">Týden.cz</a> [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empresa_Media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empresa Media">EMPRESA MEDIA</a>, 27.6.2017 [cit. 9.7.2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/zahranici/evropa/nizozemsko-nese-cast-viny-za-masakr-ve-srebrenici_435998.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BDden.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyden.cz%2Frubriky%2Fzahranici%2Fevropa%2Fnizozemsko-nese-cast-viny-za-masakr-ve-srebrenici_435998.html&rft.atitle=Soud+v+Haagu%3A+Nizozemsko+nese+%C4%8D%C3%A1st+viny+na+masakru+v+Srebrenici&rft.date=27.6.2017&rft.aulast=%C4%8CTK&rft.pub=EMPRESA+MEDIA"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Homosexuální sňatky: Nizozemsko následovalo již devět zemí. ČT24 [online]. Česká televize, 1. 4. 2011 [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/svet/1275287-homosexualni-snatky-nizozemsko-nasledovalo-jiz-devet-zemi">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%C4%8CT24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fct24.ceskatelevize.cz%2Fsvet%2F1275287-homosexualni-snatky-nizozemsko-nasledovalo-jiz-devet-zemi&rft.atitle=Homosexu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD+s%C5%88atky%3A+Nizozemsko+n%C3%A1sledovalo+ji%C5%BE+dev%C4%9Bt+zem%C3%AD&rft.date=1.+4.+2011&rft.pub=%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1+televize"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Před patnácti lety Nizozemsko jako první země světa povolilo eutanazii. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novinky.cz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novinky.cz">Novinky.cz</a> [online]. Borgis [cit. 2021-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.novinky.cz/zahranicni/evropa/clanek/pred-patnacti-lety-nizozemsko-jako-prvni-zeme-sveta-povolilo-eutanazii-40029177">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Novinky.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinky.cz%2Fzahranicni%2Fevropa%2Fclanek%2Fpred-patnacti-lety-nizozemsko-jako-prvni-zeme-sveta-povolilo-eutanazii-40029177&rft.atitle=P%C5%99ed+patn%C3%A1cti+lety+Nizozemsko+jako+prvn%C3%AD+zem%C4%9B+sv%C4%9Bta+povolilo+eutanazii&rft.pub=Borgis"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KNMI-61"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-KNMI_61-0">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Dlouholeté teplotní průměry [online]. Nizozemsko: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.knmi.nl/index_en.html">Dostupné online</a>. (nizozemsky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Dlouholet%C3%A9+teplotn%C3%AD+pr%C5%AFm%C4%9Bry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knmi.nl%2Findex_en.html&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute+%28KNMI%29"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-62">↑ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fact_62-0">a</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fact_62-1">b</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> The World Factbook [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_st%C3%A1ty_americk%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spojené státy americké">USA</a>: Central Intelligence Agency (<a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>), 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515122703/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2020-05-15. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fnl.html&rft.place=%5B%5BSpojen%C3%A9+st%C3%A1ty+americk%C3%A9%7CUSA%5D%5D&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28%5B%5BCentral+Intelligence+Agency%7CCIA%5D%5D%29"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom. www.heritage.org [online]. [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110910/http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking">originálu</a> dne 2017-10-26. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.heritage.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Findex%2Franking&rft.atitle=Country+Rankings%3A+World+%26+Global+Economy+Rankings+on+Economic+Freedom"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition. www.wipo.int [online]. [cit. 2023-07-19]. DOI: 10.34667/tind.46596. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2022%2Findex.html&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2022%2C+15th+Edition"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">VYBÍRAL, Jaroslav. Sláva, či prokletí přírodního bohatství? Nizozemci by mohli vyprávět. Hospodářské noviny (HN.cz) [online]. 2022-09-21 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hn.cz/c1-67116490-slava-ci-prokleti-prirodniho-bohatstvi-nizozemci-by-mohli-vypravet">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%A9+noviny+%28HN.cz%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhn.cz%2Fc1-67116490-slava-ci-prokleti-prirodniho-bohatstvi-nizozemci-by-mohli-vypravet&rft.atitle=Sl%C3%A1va%2C+%C4%8Di+proklet%C3%AD+p%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%ADho+bohatstv%C3%AD%3F+Nizozemci+by+mohli+vypr%C3%A1v%C4%9Bt&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Vyb%C3%ADral&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Produkce piva se rekordně propadla. Mohou za to Číňané. BusinessInfo [online]. 2019-07-28 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.businessinfo.cz/clanky/produkce-piva-se-rekordne-propadla-mohou-za-to-cinane/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=BusinessInfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinfo.cz%2Fclanky%2Fprodukce-piva-se-rekordne-propadla-mohou-za-to-cinane%2F&rft.atitle=Produkce+piva+se+rekordn%C4%9B+propadla.+Mohou+za+to+%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%88an%C3%A9&rft.date=2019-07-28"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BRAUDEL, Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century. [s.l.]: Harper & Row 680 s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dn_PtAAAAMAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-06-014845-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-06-014845-4">978-0-06-014845-4</a>. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: n_PtAAAAMAAJ.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Civilization+and+Capitalism%2C+15th-18th+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_PtAAAAMAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Dcs&rft.isbn=978-0-06-014845-4&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.tpages=680"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Akciové trhy – 10 největších burz světa a jaký na ně má vliv politika?. lynxbroker.cz [online]. 2019-09-05 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lynxbroker.cz/investovani/burzovni-trhy/burzovni-informace/obchodovani-burza/akciovy-trh-a-vliv-politiky/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=lynxbroker.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lynxbroker.cz%2Finvestovani%2Fburzovni-trhy%2Fburzovni-informace%2Fobchodovani-burza%2Fakciovy-trh-a-vliv-politiky%2F&rft.atitle=Akciov%C3%A9+trhy+%E2%80%93+10+nejv%C4%9Bt%C5%A1%C3%ADch+burz+sv%C4%9Bta+a+jak%C3%BD+na+n%C4%9B+m%C3%A1+vliv+politika%3F&rft.date=2019-09-05"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Lloyd’s List One Hundred Ports 2020. Lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com [online]. [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2020">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com%2Fone-hundred-container-ports-2020&rft.atitle=Lloyd%E2%80%99s+List+One+Hundred+Ports+2020"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Rotterdamský přístav se posouvá do moře. Technický týdeník. 2006-01-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.technickytydenik.cz/rubriky/archiv/rotterdamsky-pristav-se-posouva-do-more_17563.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-07-19].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Technick%C3%BD+t%C3%BDden%C3%ADk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technickytydenik.cz%2Frubriky%2Farchiv%2Frotterdamsky-pristav-se-posouva-do-more_17563.html&rft.atitle=Rotterdamsk%C3%BD+p%C5%99%C3%ADstav+se+posouv%C3%A1+do+mo%C5%99e&rft.date=2006-01-01"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">TRAMBA, David. Rotterdamský přístav si chce udržet svou slávu. Místo ropy a uhlí se zaměří na zelený vodík. Ekonomický deník. 2022-09-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ekonomickydenik.cz/rotterdamsky-pristav-si-chce-udrzet-svou-slavu-misto-ropy-a-uhli-se-zameri-na-zeleny-vodik/">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2023-07-19].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Ekonomick%C3%BD+den%C3%ADk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekonomickydenik.cz%2Frotterdamsky-pristav-si-chce-udrzet-svou-slavu-misto-ropy-a-uhli-se-zameri-na-zeleny-vodik%2F&rft.atitle=Rotterdamsk%C3%BD+p%C5%99%C3%ADstav+si+chce+udr%C5%BEet+svou+sl%C3%A1vu.+M%C3%ADsto+ropy+a+uhl%C3%AD+se+zam%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD+na+zelen%C3%BD+vod%C3%ADk&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Tramba&rft.aufirst=David"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyclopaths-72">↑ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cyclopaths_72-0">a</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cyclopaths_72-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DXuBdf9jYj7o">How the Dutch got their cyclopaths</a></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">MUSIL, Lukáš. 10 nejstarších leteckých společností světa. Czechairliners.net [online]. 2014-11-27 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.czechairliners.net/index.php/archiv-clanku-1/314-10-nejstarsich-leteckych-spolecnosti-na-svete.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Czechairliners.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechairliners.net%2Findex.php%2Farchiv-clanku-1%2F314-10-nejstarsich-leteckych-spolecnosti-na-svete.html&rft.atitle=10+nejstar%C5%A1%C3%ADch+leteck%C3%BDch+spole%C4%8Dnost%C3%AD+sv%C4%9Bta&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Inbound and domestic tourism [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_st%C3%A1ty_americk%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spojené státy americké">USA</a>: Netherlands board of tourism & conventions (NBTC), 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213000919/http://www.nbtc.nl/corporate/en/">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2010-02-13. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Inbound+and+domestic+tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbtc.nl%2Fcorporate%2Fen%2F&rft.place=%5B%5BSpojen%C3%A9+st%C3%A1ty+americk%C3%A9%7CUSA%5D%5D&rft.pub=Netherlands+board+of+tourism+%26+conventions+%28NBTC%29"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-75">↑ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CBS_75-0">a</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CBS_75-1">b</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CBS_75-2">c</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Population; key figures [online]. Nizozemsko: Centraal Bureau voor de statistiek, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM%3DSLEN%26PA%3D37296eng%26D1%3D0-51,56-68%26D2%3D0,10,20,30,40,50,57-59%26LA%3DEN%26VW%3DT">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Population%3B+key+figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLEN%26PA%3D37296eng%26D1%3D0-51%2C56-68%26D2%3D0%2C10%2C20%2C30%2C40%2C50%2C57-59%26LA%3DEN%26VW%3DT&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+statistiek"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BADE, Klaus L. Evropa v pohybu. 1. vyd. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2005. 497 s. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/80-7106-559-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/80-7106-559-5">80-7106-559-5</a>. S. 332–334.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Evropa+v+pohybu&rft.isbn=80-7106-559-5&rft.aulast=Bade&rft.aufirst=Klaus+L.&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Nakladatelstv%C3%AD+Lidov%C3%A9+noviny&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=1&rft.tpages=497&rft.pages=332%E2%80%93334"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">LAHMEYER, Jan J. Historical demographical data of the whole country [online]. Anglie: Population statistics, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226211443/http://www.populstat.info/Europe/netherlc.htm">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2011-12-26. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Historical+demographical+data+of+the+whole+country&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FEurope%2Fnetherlc.htm&rft.aulast=Lahmeyer&rft.aufirst=Jan+J&rft.place=Anglie&rft.pub=Population+statistics"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2016/47/migration-background-still-plays-a-role">Migration background still plays a role</a>". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS). 21. listopadu 2016.</li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2006/31/half-of-young-big-city-dwellers-have-non-western-background">Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background</a>". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS). 1. srpna 2006.</li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/The-Netherlands.2644.0.html?L%3D1">Netherlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430110347/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/The-Netherlands.2644.0.html?L%3D1">Archivováno</a> 30. 4. 2017 na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.". Federal Agency for Civic Education (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung).</li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2016/09/some-64000-syrians-are-now-officially-resident-in-the-netherlands/">Some 64,000 Syrians are now officially resident in the Netherlands</a>". DutchNews.nl. 28. září 2016.</li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Language in the Netherlands, Low Saxon [online]. Nizozemsko: Streektaal.net, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305213254/http://taal.phileon.nl/eng/lowsaxon.php">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2005-03-05. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Low+Saxon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Feng%2Flowsaxon.php&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Streektaal.net"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Language in the Netherlands, Limburgish [online]. Nizozemsko: Streektaal.net, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610211439/http://taal.phileon.nl/eng/limburgish.php">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2021-06-10. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Limburgish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Feng%2Flimburgish.php&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Streektaal.net"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Language in the Netherlands, Frisian [online]. Nizozemsko: Streektaal.net, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231081721/http://taal.phileon.nl/eng/frisian.php">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2009-12-31. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Frisian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Feng%2Ffrisian.php&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Streektaal.net"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Language in the Netherlands, Brabantisch [online]. Nizozemsko: Streektaal.net, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.webcitation.org/66tPn9vVI?url%3Dhttp://taal.phileon.nl/eng/brabantish.php">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2012-04-13. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Brabantisch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Feng%2Fbrabantish.php&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Streektaal.net"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Language in the Netherlands, Zeelandic [online]. Nizozemsko: Streektaal.net, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519204645/http://taal.phileon.nl/eng/zeelandic.php">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2007-05-19. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+Netherlands%2C+Zeelandic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaal.phileon.nl%2Feng%2Fzeelandic.php&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Streektaal.net"> </li> <li id="cite_note-náboženství-87">↑ <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_87-0">a</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_87-1">b</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_87-2">c</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Participation in social activities [online]. Nizozemsko: Centraal Bureau voor de statistiek, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM%3DSLEN%26PA%3D60027eng%26D1%3D91-101%26D2%3D0-2%26D3%3Da%26LA%3DEN%26VW%3DT">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Participation+in+social+activities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLEN%26PA%3D60027eng%26D1%3D91-101%26D2%3D0-2%26D3%3Da%26LA%3DEN%26VW%3DT&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+statistiek"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/zahranici/evropa/zpochybnujete-vyvrazdovani-zidu-jste-asi-na-hlavu_192915.html">Zpochybňujete vyvražďování Židů? Jste asi na hlavu... </a>". Týden. 4. února 2011.</li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Výstava v Národní galerii přináší díla Rembrandta a jeho žáků. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IROZHLAS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IROZHLAS">iROZHLAS</a> [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_rozhlas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Český rozhlas">Český rozhlas</a> [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.irozhlas.cz/kultura_vytvarne-umeni/vystava-v-narodni-galerii-prinasi-dila-rembrandta-a-jeho-zaku_201202100953_mdvorakova">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=iROZHLAS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irozhlas.cz%2Fkultura_vytvarne-umeni%2Fvystava-v-narodni-galerii-prinasi-dila-rembrandta-a-jeho-zaku_201202100953_mdvorakova&rft.atitle=V%C3%BDstava+v+N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+galerii+p%C5%99in%C3%A1%C5%A1%C3%AD+d%C3%ADla+Rembrandta+a+jeho+%C5%BE%C3%A1k%C5%AF&rft.pub=%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+rozhlas"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker), Max Havelaar. www.moneymuseum.com [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/archive/multatuli-eduard-douwes-dekker-570?%26slbox%3Dtrue">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.moneymuseum.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneymuseum.com%2Fen%2Farchive%2Fmultatuli-eduard-douwes-dekker-570%3F%26slbox%3Dtrue&rft.atitle=Multatuli+%28Eduard+Douwes+Dekker%29%2C+Max+Havelaar"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Proč vyšel kompletní Deník Anny Frankové až po 54 letech. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novinky.cz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novinky.cz">Novinky.cz</a> [online]. Borgis [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.novinky.cz/zena/styl/clanek/proc-vysel-kompletni-denik-anny-frankove-az-po-54-letech-41772">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Novinky.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinky.cz%2Fzena%2Fstyl%2Fclanek%2Fproc-vysel-kompletni-denik-anny-frankove-az-po-54-letech-41772&rft.atitle=Pro%C4%8D+vy%C5%A1el+kompletn%C3%AD+Den%C3%ADk+Anny+Frankov%C3%A9+a%C5%BE+po+54+letech&rft.pub=Borgis"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">SCHOUTEN, Rob. De Grote Drie: afscheid van strijdende vorsten. Trouw [online]. 2010-11-08 [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.trouw.nl/gs-b3987180">Dostupné online</a>. (nizozemsky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fgs-b3987180&rft.atitle=De+Grote+Drie%3A+afscheid+van+strijdende+vorsten&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=Rob"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">SCHUSTER, Martin. Píseň Bohyně, kterou zpívá Pavel Sedláček, je coververzí hitu Venus holandské skupiny Shocking Blue. České Budějovice [online]. Český rozhlas, 2022-10-29 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://budejovice.rozhlas.cz/pisen-bohyne-kterou-zpiva-pavel-sedlacek-je-coververzi-hitu-venus-holandske-8856900">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+Bud%C4%9Bjovice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbudejovice.rozhlas.cz%2Fpisen-bohyne-kterou-zpiva-pavel-sedlacek-je-coververzi-hitu-venus-holandske-8856900&rft.atitle=P%C3%ADse%C5%88+Bohyn%C4%9B%2C+kterou+zp%C3%ADv%C3%A1+Pavel+Sedl%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%2C+je+coververz%C3%AD+hitu+Venus+holandsk%C3%A9+skupiny+Shocking+Blue&rft.date=2022-10-29&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.pub=%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+rozhlas"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Nizozemský režisér Paul Verhoeven slaví osmdesátiny. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BDden.cz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Týden.cz">Týden.cz</a> [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empresa_Media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empresa Media">EMPRESA MEDIA</a>, 2018-07-18 [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/kultura/film/nizozemsky-reziser-paul-verhoeven-slavi-osmdesatiny_489091.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BDden.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyden.cz%2Frubriky%2Fkultura%2Ffilm%2Fnizozemsky-reziser-paul-verhoeven-slavi-osmdesatiny_489091.html&rft.atitle=Nizozemsk%C3%BD+re%C5%BEis%C3%A9r+Paul+Verhoeven+slav%C3%AD+osmdes%C3%A1tiny&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.pub=EMPRESA+MEDIA"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Joris Ivens: Filmař světa. Dafilms.cz [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dafilms.cz/program/699-joris-ivens">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Dafilms.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdafilms.cz%2Fprogram%2F699-joris-ivens&rft.atitle=Joris+Ivens%3A+Filma%C5%99+sv%C4%9Bta"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">FORSBERG, Myra. Film; 'the Assault': The Long Trail to an Oscar. The New York Times. 1987-04-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/12/arts/film-the-assault-the-long-trail-to-an-oscar.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F04%2F12%2Farts%2Ffilm-the-assault-the-long-trail-to-an-oscar.html&rft.atitle=Film%3B+%27the+Assault%27%3A+The+Long+Trail+to+an+Oscar&rft.date=1987-04-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Forsberg&rft.aufirst=Myra"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">LHOŤAN, Lukáš. Theo van Gogh: Vražda kritika islámu a ohrožení svobody slova. Reflex.cz [online]. 2019-11-02 [cit. 2023-04-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reflex.cz//clanek/historie/90954/vrazda-nizozemskeho-rezisera-thea-van-gogha-smrt-kritika-islamu-prispela-k-autocenzure-medii.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Reflex.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reflex.cz%2F%2Fclanek%2Fhistorie%2F90954%2Fvrazda-nizozemskeho-rezisera-thea-van-gogha-smrt-kritika-islamu-prispela-k-autocenzure-medii.html&rft.atitle=Theo+van+Gogh%3A+Vra%C5%BEda+kritika+isl%C3%A1mu+a+ohro%C5%BEen%C3%AD+svobody+slova&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft.aulast=Lho%C5%A5an&rft.aufirst=Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Zemřela Emmanuelle, erotický sen jedné generace. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aktu%C3%A1ln%C4%9B.cz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aktuálně.cz">Aktuálně.cz</a> [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economia">Economia</a>, 2012-10-18 [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://magazin.aktualne.cz/kultura/film/zemrela-emmanuelle-eroticky-sen-jedne-generace/r~i:article:760745/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Aktu%C3%A1ln%C4%9B.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazin.aktualne.cz%2Fkultura%2Ffilm%2Fzemrela-emmanuelle-eroticky-sen-jedne-generace%2Fr~i%3Aarticle%3A760745%2F&rft.atitle=Zem%C5%99ela+Emmanuelle%2C+erotick%C3%BD+sen+jedn%C3%A9+generace&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft.pub=Economia"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Oldest Universities in the Netherlands by foundation year. www.4icu.org [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.4icu.org/nl/oldest/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.4icu.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.4icu.org%2Fnl%2Foldest%2F&rft.atitle=Oldest+Universities+in+the+Netherlands+by+foundation+year"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities. www.shanghairanking.com [online]. [cit. 2022-01-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.shanghairanking.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Farwu%2F2021&rft.atitle=ShanghaiRanking%27s+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">TRONNER, Pavel. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Muž, který objevil mikrosvět. VTM.cz [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vtm.zive.cz/clanky/antoni-van-leeuwenhoek-muz-ktery-objevil-mikrosvet/sc-870-a-191198/default.aspx">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=VTM.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtm.zive.cz%2Fclanky%2Fantoni-van-leeuwenhoek-muz-ktery-objevil-mikrosvet%2Fsc-870-a-191198%2Fdefault.aspx&rft.atitle=Antoni+van+Leeuwenhoek%3A+Mu%C5%BE%2C+kter%C3%BD+objevil+mikrosv%C4%9Bt&rft.aulast=Tronner&rft.aufirst=Pavel"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Christiaan Huygens | Eduportál Techmania. edu.techmania.cz [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://edu.techmania.cz/cs/encyklopedie/vedec/1188/huygens">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=edu.techmania.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedu.techmania.cz%2Fcs%2Fencyklopedie%2Fvedec%2F1188%2Fhuygens&rft.atitle=Christiaan+Huygens+%7C+Eduport%C3%A1l+Techmania"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">TRONNER, Pavel. Ludolf van Ceulen: Jak spočítat kruh?. VTM.cz [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vtm.zive.cz/clanky/ludolf-van-ceulen-jak-spocitat-kruh/sc-870-a-193569/default.aspx">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=VTM.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtm.zive.cz%2Fclanky%2Fludolf-van-ceulen-jak-spocitat-kruh%2Fsc-870-a-193569%2Fdefault.aspx&rft.atitle=Ludolf+van+Ceulen%3A+Jak+spo%C4%8D%C3%ADtat+kruh%3F&rft.aulast=Tronner&rft.aufirst=Pavel"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Ponorka pre kráľa Jakuba: Drebbelov vynález ľudí ohúril, nechápali, ako sa dá pod vodou tak dlho dýchať. history.hnonline.sk [online]. [cit. 2020-08-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://history.hnonline.sk/starsie-dejiny/2127541-ponorka-pre-krala-jakuba-drebbelov-vynalez-ludi-ohuril-nechapali-ako-sa-da-pod-vodou-tak-dlho-dychat">Dostupné online</a>. (slovensky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=history.hnonline.sk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hnonline.sk%2Fstarsie-dejiny%2F2127541-ponorka-pre-krala-jakuba-drebbelov-vynalez-ludi-ohuril-nechapali-ako-sa-da-pod-vodou-tak-dlho-dychat&rft.atitle=Ponorka+pre+kr%C3%A1%C4%BEa+Jakuba%3A+Drebbelov+vyn%C3%A1lez+%C4%BEud%C3%AD+oh%C3%BAril%2C+nech%C3%A1pali%2C+ako+sa+d%C3%A1+pod+vodou+tak+dlho+d%C3%BDcha%C5%A5"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Leydenská láhev - Časopis Elektro - Odborné časopisy. Odbornecasopisy.cz [online]. [cit. 2020-08-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.odbornecasopisy.cz/elektro/casopis/tema/leydenska-lahev--11389">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Odbornecasopisy.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odbornecasopisy.cz%2Felektro%2Fcasopis%2Ftema%2Fleydenska-lahev--11389&rft.atitle=Leydensk%C3%A1+l%C3%A1hev+-+%C4%8Casopis+Elektro+-+Odborn%C3%A9+%C4%8Dasopisy"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">HEIMANS, J. Hugo de Vries and the Gene Concept. The American Naturalist. 1962, roč. 96, čís. 887, s. 93–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2458335">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2020-12-31]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2458335&rft.atitle=Hugo+de+Vries+and+the+Gene+Concept&rft.date=1962&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=887&rft.pages=93%E2%80%93104&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft.aulast=Heimans&rft.aufirst=J."> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">SULLIVAN, Walter. George E. Uhlenbeck Dies at 87; Co-Discoverer of Electron's Spin (Published 1988). The New York Times. 1988-11-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/02/obituaries/george-e-uhlenbeck-dies-at-87-co-discoverer-of-electron-s-spin.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2020-12-31]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F11%2F02%2Fobituaries%2Fgeorge-e-uhlenbeck-dies-at-87-co-discoverer-of-electron-s-spin.html&rft.atitle=George+E.+Uhlenbeck+Dies+at+87%3B+Co-Discoverer+of+Electron%27s+Spin+%28Published+1988%29&rft.date=1988-11-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Walter"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Jansenismus. www.iencyklopedie.cz [online]. [cit. 2020-08-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iencyklopedie.cz/jansenismus/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.iencyklopedie.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iencyklopedie.cz%2Fjansenismus%2F&rft.atitle=Jansenismus"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Global city - Katedra urbanismu a územního plánování. www.uzemi.eu [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318044844/https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uzemi.eu/pojmy/global%2520city">originálu</a> dne 2021-03-18.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.uzemi.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzemi.eu%2Fpojmy%2Fglobal%2520city&rft.atitle=Global+city+-+Katedra+urbanismu+a+%C3%BAzemn%C3%ADho+pl%C3%A1nov%C3%A1n%C3%AD"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969. NobelPrize.org [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1969/tinbergen/facts/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F1969%2Ftinbergen%2Ffacts%2F&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1969"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975. NobelPrize.org [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1975/summary/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F1975%2Fsummary%2F&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1975"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Fanny Koenová: „stará matka“, která změnila pohled na ženský sport. iDNES.cz [online]. 2016-03-29 [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.idnes.cz/onadnes/zdravi/fanny-blankers-koenova-stara-matka-ktera-zmenila-pohled-na-zensky-sport.A160316_160905_behani_hri">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=iDNES.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idnes.cz%2Fonadnes%2Fzdravi%2Ffanny-blankers-koenova-stara-matka-ktera-zmenila-pohled-na-zensky-sport.A160316_160905_behani_hri&rft.atitle=Fanny+Koenov%C3%A1%3A+%E2%80%9Estar%C3%A1+matka%E2%80%9C%2C+kter%C3%A1+zm%C4%9Bnila+pohled+na+%C5%BEensk%C3%BD+sport&rft.date=2016-03-29"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Tom Dumoulin to dokázal. Jako první Nizozemec vyhrál Giro. ČT sport [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sport.ceskatelevize.cz/clanek/cyklistika/tom-dumoulin-to-dokazal-jako-prvni-nizozemec-vyhral-giro/5bd779d00d663b6fe86b1503">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=%C4%8CT+sport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsport.ceskatelevize.cz%2Fclanek%2Fcyklistika%2Ftom-dumoulin-to-dokazal-jako-prvni-nizozemec-vyhral-giro%2F5bd779d00d663b6fe86b1503&rft.atitle=Tom+Dumoulin+to+dok%C3%A1zal.+Jako+prvn%C3%AD+Nizozemec+vyhr%C3%A1l+Giro"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Ireen Wust claims fifth Olympic gold medal in women's speed skating. UPI [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2018/02/12/Ireen-Wust-claims-fifth-Olympic-gold-medal-in-womens-speed-skating/3661518486301/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FSports_News%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2FIreen-Wust-claims-fifth-Olympic-gold-medal-in-womens-speed-skating%2F3661518486301%2F&rft.atitle=Ireen+Wust+claims+fifth+Olympic+gold+medal+in+women%27s+speed+skating"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Sven Kramer wins 3rd straight Olympic gold in 5,000 meters. USA TODAY [online]. [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/11/sven-kramer-wins-3rd-straight-olympic-gold-in-5-000-meters/110315378/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2018%2F02%2F11%2Fsven-kramer-wins-3rd-straight-olympic-gold-in-5-000-meters%2F110315378%2F&rft.atitle=Sven+Kramer+wins+3rd+straight+Olympic+gold+in+5%2C000+meters"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;">KOLÁŘ, František. Jak na olympiádě startoval budoucí Tarzan a proč se Čechoslováci skládali na svou výpravu. Lidovky.cz [online]. 2021-07-24 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lidovky.cz/serialy/ohen-nad-stadionem-v-roce-1929-a-olympiada-rekordu-1932.A210622_131604_ln_specialy_lianr">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Lidovky.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lidovky.cz%2Fserialy%2Fohen-nad-stadionem-v-roce-1929-a-olympiada-rekordu-1932.A210622_131604_ln_specialy_lianr&rft.atitle=Jak+na+olympi%C3%A1d%C4%9B+startoval+budouc%C3%AD+Tarzan+a+pro%C4%8D+se+%C4%8Cechoslov%C3%A1ci+skl%C3%A1dali+na+svou+v%C3%BDpravu&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft.aulast=Kol%C3%A1%C5%99&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Verstappen mistrem světa! Drama v Abú Zabí rozhodlo poslední kolo. iSport.cz [online]. [cit. 2022-03-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://isport.blesk.cz/clanek/ostatni-motorismus-formule-1/406410/verstappen-mistrem-sveta-drama-v-abu-zabi-rozhodlo-posledni-kolo.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=iSport.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisport.blesk.cz%2Fclanek%2Fostatni-motorismus-formule-1%2F406410%2Fverstappen-mistrem-sveta-drama-v-abu-zabi-rozhodlo-posledni-kolo.html&rft.atitle=Verstappen+mistrem+sv%C4%9Bta%21+Drama+v+Ab%C3%BA+Zab%C3%AD+rozhodlo+posledn%C3%AD+kolo"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Player of the Year past winners | FIH. www.fih.ch [online]. [cit. 2020-10-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fih.ch/global-stars/hockey-stars/player-of-the-year-past-winners/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.fih.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fih.ch%2Fglobal-stars%2Fhockey-stars%2Fplayer-of-the-year-past-winners%2F&rft.atitle=Player+of+the+Year+past+winners+%7C+FIH"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Archivovaná kopie. www.volleyhall.org [online]. [cit. 2019-05-14]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529214131/https://www.volleyhall.org/list-of-hall-of-famers">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.volleyhall.org/list-of-hall-of-famers">originálu</a> dne 2020-05-29.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=www.volleyhall.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volleyhall.org%2Flist-of-hall-of-famers&rft.atitle=Archivovan%C3%A1+kopie"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Zpět do historie: Euro 1988 aneb turnaj Gullita s Van Bastenem. Ruik.cz [online]. 2. 5. 2020 [cit. 2020-08-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ruik.cz/zpet-do-historie-euro-1988-aneb-turnaj-gullita-s-van-bastenem/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Ruik.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruik.cz%2Fzpet-do-historie-euro-1988-aneb-turnaj-gullita-s-van-bastenem%2F&rft.atitle=Zp%C4%9Bt+do+historie%3A+Euro+1988+aneb+turnaj+Gullita+s+Van+Bastenem&rft.date=2.+5.+2020"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Nizozemsko - Dánsko 4:2, Nizozemské fotbalistky ovládly po obratu s Dánskem evropský šampionát. Sport.cz [online]. 2017-08-06 [cit. 2023-07-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ostatni-nizozemske-fotbalistky-ovladly-po-obratu-s-danskem-evropsky-sampionat-906344">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Sport.cz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport.cz%2Fclanek%2Ffotbal-ostatni-nizozemske-fotbalistky-ovladly-po-obratu-s-danskem-evropsky-sampionat-906344&rft.atitle=Nizozemsko+-+D%C3%A1nsko+4%3A2%2C+Nizozemsk%C3%A9+fotbalistky+ovl%C3%A1dly+po+obratu+s+D%C3%A1nskem+evropsk%C3%BD+%C5%A1ampion%C3%A1t&rft.date=2017-08-06"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VROM-122"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-VROM_122-0">↑</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Environment [online]. Nizozemsko: Ministry of housing, spatial planning and the environment, 30.11.2009, rev. 30.11.2009 [cit. 2010-02-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809064517/http://international.vrom.nl/pagina.html?id%3D37361">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2010-08-09. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternational.vrom.nl%2Fpagina.html%3Fid%3D37361&rft.place=Nizozemsko&rft.pub=Ministry+of+housing%2C+spatial+planning+and+the+environment"> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literatura_2">Literatura</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <ul> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SKLENÁŘOVÁ, Sylva. Nizozemsko. Praha: Libri, 2006. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/80-7277-310-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/80-7277-310-0">80-7277-310-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Nizozemsko&rft.isbn=80-7277-310-0&rft.aulast=Sklen%C3%A1%C5%99ov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Sylva&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Libri&rft.date=2006"> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HORST, Han van der. Dějiny Nizozemska. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2005. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/80-7106-487-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/80-7106-487-4">80-7106-487-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=D%C4%9Bjiny+Nizozemska&rft.isbn=80-7106-487-4&rft.aulast=Horst&rft.aufirst=Han+van+der&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Nakladatelstv%C3%AD+Lidov%C3%A9+noviny&rft.date=2005"> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Související_články">Související články</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gruz%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_na_Texelu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gruzínské povstání na Texelu">Gruzínské povstání na Texelu</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A9_kolonie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizozemské kolonie">Nizozemské kolonie</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozemsk%C3%A1_revoluce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemská revoluce">Nizozemská revoluce</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1t%C3%AD_m%C3%ADstodr%C5%BEitel%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizozemští místodržitelé">Nizozemští místodržitelé</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poh%C5%99ebi%C5%A1t%C4%9B_nizozemsk%C3%BDch_panovn%C3%ADk%C5%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pohřebiště nizozemských panovníků">Pohřebiště nizozemských panovníků</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Externí_odkazy">Externí odkazy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editovat </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Netherlands" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Netherlands">Nizozemsko</a> na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> </li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Galerie <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nederland" class="extiw" title="c:Nederland">Nizozemsko</a> na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Průvodce <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nizozemsko" class="extiw" title="voy:Nizozemsko">Nizozemsko</a> ve Wikicestách</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="411"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Slovníkové heslo <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nizozemsko" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nizozemsko">Nizozemsko</a> ve Wikislovníku</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/47796">Nizozemsko</a> na <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OpenStreetMap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Netherlands - Amnesty International Report 2011 [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amnesty_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> [cit. 2011-08-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904004153/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/netherlands/report-2011">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2011-09-04. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Netherlands+-+Amnesty+International+Report+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fnetherlands%2Freport-2011&rft.pub=%5B%5BAmnesty+International%5D%5D"> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> Netherlands (2011) [online]. <a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> [cit. 2011-08-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823230637/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page%3D22%26country%3D8101%26year%3D2011">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2011-08-23. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Netherlands+%282011%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2011%26country%3D8101&rft.pub=%5B%5BFreedom+House%5D%5D"> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. Background Note: Netherlands [online]. U.S. Department of State, 2011-08-09 [cit. 2011-08-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3204.htm">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Netherlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3204.htm&rft.aucorp=Bureau+of+European+and+Eurasian+Affairs&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State"> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. The World Factbook - Netherlands [online]. Rev. 2011-08-16 [cit. 2011-08-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515122703/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html">Dostupné v archivu</a> pořízeném dne 2020-05-15. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+-+Netherlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fnl.html&rft.aucorp=CIA"> </li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">HESLINGA, Marcus Willem, a kol. Netherlands [online]. Encyclopaedia Britannica [cit. 2011-08-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409956/Netherlands">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Netherlands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F409956%2FNetherlands&rft.aulast=Heslinga&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Willem&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica"> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17064757"> <table class="navboxes noprint mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="navbox-title">Členství v mezinárodních organizacích</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 th,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title{background-color:#e0e0e0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{background-color:#e7e7e7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-title{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup .navbox2-abovebelow{background-color:#f0f0f0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox2 td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}</style> <div role="navigation" class="navbox2" aria-labelledby="Autoritní_data_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Editovat_na_Wikidatech_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55#identifiers&#124;Editovat_na_Wikidatech" style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox2-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <th 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Editovat na Wikidatech" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></th> <td class="navbox2-list navbox2-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliografie_d%C4%9Bjin_%C4%8Cesk%C3%BDch_zem%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliografie dějin Českých zemí">Biblio</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://biblio.hiu.cas.cz/records/7c672690-aa08-4e09-99eb-de5486282524">7c672690-aa08-4e09-99eb-de5486282524</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://biblio.hiu.cas.cz/records/3ddc0c78-ee8c-46f0-bb09-063f62818210">3ddc0c78-ee8c-46f0-bb09-063f62818210</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_republiky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Národní knihovna České republiky">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func%3Dfind-c%26local_base%3Daut%26ccl_term%3Dica%3Dge128525">ge128525</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BIBSYS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BIBSYS">BIBSYS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90546878">90546878</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Národní knihovna Španělska">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action%3Ddisplay%26authority_id%3DXX451224">XX451224</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francouzská národní knihovna">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862083x">cb11862083x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862083x">(data)</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CiNii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03480434?l%3Den">DA03480434</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042203-3">4042203-3</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historick%C3%BD_lexikon_%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historický lexikon Švýcarska">HDS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003364">003364</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istituto_centrale_per_il_catalogo_unico_delle_biblioteche_italiane_e_per_le_informazioni_bibliografiche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche">ICCU</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV048226">CFIV048226</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_standardn%C3%AD_identifik%C3%A1tor_jm%C3%A9na?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezinárodní standardní identifikátor jména">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://isni.org/isni/000000012369754X">0000 0001 2369 754X</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KulturNav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KulturNav">KulturNav</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://kulturnav.org/8e90ae09-116f-4a28-a76b-21fbaae5e4a9">8e90ae09-116f-4a28-a76b-21fbaae5e4a9</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78085423">n78085423</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MusicBrainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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title="Univerzitní systém dokumentace">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.idref.fr/026357240">026357240</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyklopedie_isl%C3%A1mu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyklopedie islámu">TDVİA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hollanda">hollanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlament_Spojen%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlament Spojeného království">UKPARL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.parliament.uk/Hezo0pzm">Hezo0pzm</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://viaf.org/viaf/156652814">156652814</a></li> <li><a href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WorldCat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Entities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGctfqf4FkcyYvj7tDQFX">E39PCjGctfqf4FkcyYvj7tDQFX</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16915398">.mw-parser-output div/**/#portallinks a{font-weight:bold}</style> <div id="portallinks" class="catlinks"> <a 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href="https://cs-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nizozemsko&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Naposledy editováno 24. 11. 2024 v 22:39 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Jazyky</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Недерланд – abcházština" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Недерланд" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abcházština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanda" title="Blanda – acehština" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Blanda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="acehština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%2594%25E1%258B%2598%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258B%25B5" title="ኔዘርላንድ – amharština" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔዘርላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharština" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos – aragonština" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%25C3%25B0erland" title="Niðerland – staroangličtina" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niðerland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroangličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelan" title="Nedelan – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nedelan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="नीदरलैंड – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नीदरलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="هولندا – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2597%25DC%2598%25DC%25A0%25DC%25A2%25DC%2595%25DC%2590" title="ܗܘܠܢܕܐ – aramejština" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܗܘܠܢܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="هولاندا – arabština (marocká)" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هولاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabština (marocká)" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="نيديرلاند – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيديرلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="নেদাৰলেণ্ড – ásámština" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নেদাৰলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ásámština" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADses_Baxos" title="Países Baxos – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Países Baxos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Гьоланд – avarština" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьоланд" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlanda" title="Nederlanda – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nederlanda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="नीदरलैंड – awadhština" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नीदरलैंड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhština" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynacha_Jach%2527a_Markanaka" title="Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka – ajmarština" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmarština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Niderland" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="هولند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هولند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – balijština" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – bavorština" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavorština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%25ABderland%25C4%2581" title="Nīderlandā – žemaitština" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nīderlandā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaitština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolanda" title="Bolanda – batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Bolanda" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nederlands" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Нідэрланды – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нідэрланды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Нідэрлянды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нідэрлянды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welanda" title="Welanda – batavština" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Welanda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="batavština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Нидерландия – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нидерландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="नीदरलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नीदरलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neselan" title="Neselan – bislamština" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Neselan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislamština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda – bandžarština" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Walanda" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="bandžarština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="နယ်တာလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နယ်တာလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="নেদারল্যান্ডস – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেদারল্যান্ডস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A7%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཧོ་ལན། – tibetština" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetština" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="নেদারল্যান্ড – bišnuprijskomanipurština" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নেদারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bišnuprijskomanipurština" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izelvroio%25C3%25B9" title="Izelvroioù – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Izelvroioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolanda" title="Bolanda – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bolanda" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanda" title="Balanda – bugiština" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Balanda" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugiština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25AFsos_Baixos" title="Països Baixos – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Països Baixos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B2%25CC%25A4-l%25C3%25A0ng" title="Hò̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hò̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588" title="Нидерландаш – čečenština" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нидерландаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olandres" title="Olandres – cebuánština" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Olandres" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – čamoro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="čamoro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25BE%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258E%25A9_%25E1%258F%2581%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258E%25B3%25E1%258F%2582" title="ᎾᏍᎩ ᏁᏛᎳᏂ – čerokézština" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎾᏍᎩ ᏁᏛᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="čerokézština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – čejenština" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="čejenština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25BE%25DB%2586%25DA%25B5%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="ھۆڵەندا – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi – korsičtina" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felemenk" title="Felemenk – tatarština (krymská)" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Felemenk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatarština (krymská)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9derlandzk%25C3%25B4" title="Néderlandzkô – kašubština" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Néderlandzkô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2594%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25EA%2599%2591" title="Нидєрландꙑ – staroslověnština" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нидєрландꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="staroslověnština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Yr Iseldiroedd – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Iseldiroedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%25C5%25BEozemska" title="Nižozemska – dolnolužická srbština" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nižozemska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnolužická srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – kadazandusunština" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="kadazandusunština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="नेदरल्यान्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नेदरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2582%25DE%25AC%25DE%258B%25DE%25A6%25DE%258D%25DE%25AD%25DE%2582%25DE%25B0%25DE%2591%25DE%25AA" title="ނެދަލޭންޑު – maledivština" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނެދަލޭންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maledivština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%258C%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B" title="ནེ་དར་ལེནཌསི་ – dzongkä" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནེ་དར་ལེནཌསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkä" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – eweština" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="eweština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B4%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Ολλανδία – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ul%25C3%25A0nda" title="Ulànda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ulànda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlando" title="Nederlando – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nederlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADses_Bajos" title="Países Bajos – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Países Bajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbehereak" title="Herbehereak – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herbehereak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisis_Baxus" title="Paisis Baxus – extremadurština" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Paisis Baxus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremadurština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="هلند – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holannda" title="Holannda – fulbština" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Holannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulbština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="doporučený článek"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alankomaat" title="Alankomaat – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alankomaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – võruština" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võruština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oladi" title="Oladi – fidžijština" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Oladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%25C3%25B0urlond" title="Niðurlond – faerština" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Niðurlond" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faerština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas_(pays_constitutif)" title="Pays-Bas (pays constitutif) – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays-Bas (pays constitutif)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neederl%25C3%25B6nje" title="Neederlönje – fríština (severní)" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Neederlönje" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fríština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25AEs_Bas" title="Paîs Bas – furlanština" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Paîs Bas" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%25C3%25A2n" title="Nederlân – fríština (západní)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fríština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%25C3%258Dsilt%25C3%25ADr" title="An Ísiltír – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ísiltír" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland – gagauzština" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Niderland" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauzština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258D%25B7%25E8%2598%25AD" title="荷蘭 – čínština (dialekty Gan)" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="荷蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Gan)" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_T%25C3%25ACrean_%25C3%258Csle" title="Na Tìrean Ìsle – skotská gaelština" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Tìrean Ìsle" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotská gaelština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%25C3%25A3ngu%25C3%25A9ra_Yv%25C3%25BDi" title="Tetãnguéra Yvýi – guaranština" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãnguéra Yvýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="नेदरलँड्स – konkánština (Goa)" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="नेदरलँड्स" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="konkánština (Goa)" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanta" title="Walanta – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Walanta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258D%2582%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B3" title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – gótština" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gótština" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2587%25E0%25AA%25A7%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25B2%25E0%25AB%2587%25E0%25AA%2582%25E0%25AA%25A1" title="નેધરલેંડ – gudžarátština" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નેધરલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarátština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%25C3%2587heer_Injil" title="Yn Çheer Injil – manština" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Çheer Injil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holand" title="Holand – hauština" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Holand" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hauština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B2-l%25C3%25A0n" title="Hò-làn – čínština (dialekty Hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hò-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Hakka)" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekelana" title="Nekelana – havajština" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nekelana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havajština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="הולנד – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="नीदरलैण्ड – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीदरलैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands" title="The Netherlands – hindština (Fidži)" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="The Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindština (Fidži)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%25C5%25BEozemska" title="Nižozemska – hornolužická srbština" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nižozemska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="hornolužická srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyiba" title="Peyiba – haitština" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Peyiba" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandia" title="Hollandia – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hollandia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2586%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A4%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Նիդերլանդներ – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիդերլանդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2586%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A8%25D6%2580%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BF" title="Նիտըրլենտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիտըրլենտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Basse" title="Pais Basse – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pais Basse" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – ibanština" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – igboština" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – ilokánština" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Голланди – inguština" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Голланди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlando" title="Nederlando – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nederlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paesi Bassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AA%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2580" title="オランダ – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オランダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedalanz" title="Nedalanz – jamajská kreolština" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nedalanz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamajská kreolština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nederland" title="nederland – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nederland" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Walanda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ნიდერლანდები – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიდერლანდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya – karakalpačtina" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Niderlandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timura_n_Wadda" title="Timura n Wadda – kabylština" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timura n Wadda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A9%25D3%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B6%25D1%258C%25D1%258D%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="ЩӀылъабжьэхэр – kabardinština" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀылъабжьэхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardinština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyibaa" title="Peyibaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peyibaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas – konžština" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pays-Bas" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="konžština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balando" title="Balando – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Balando" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netharandi" title="Netharandi – kikujština" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Netharandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikujština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A0%25E1%259E%25BB%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B" title="ហុល្លង់ – khmérština" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហុល្លង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmérština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%2586%25E0%25B2%25A6%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆದರ್‍ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%2584%25A4%25EB%258D%259C%25EB%259E%2580%25EB%2593%259C" title="네덜란드 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네덜란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Недерланд – komi-permjačtina" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Недерланд" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permjačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Нидерландла – karačajevo-balkarština" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Нидерландла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačajevo-balkarština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neddel%25C3%25A4ng" title="Neddeläng – kolínština" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Neddeläng" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kolínština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holenda" title="Holenda – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Holenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258A%25D1%258F%25D1%2581" title="Нидерландъяс – komijština" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Нидерландъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komijština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseldiryow" title="Iseldiryow – kornština" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iseldiryow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandia" title="Nederlandia – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nederlandia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paizes_Bashos" title="Paizes Bashos – ladinština" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Paizes Bashos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2583" title="Нидерландру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Нидерландру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Нидерландар – lezginština" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Нидерландар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – limburština" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixi_Basci" title="Paixi Basci – ligurština" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Paixi Basci" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paejes_Basc" title="Paejes Basc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Paejes Basc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paes_Bass" title="Paes Bass – lombardština" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paes Bass" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – lingalština" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingalština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%25AE%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2587" title="ປະເທດໂຮນລັງ – laoština" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂຮນລັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyderlandai" title="Nyderlandai – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nyderlandai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%25ABderlandeja" title="Nīderlandeja – latgalština" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Nīderlandeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%25ABderlande" title="Nīderlande – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīderlande" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A2l%25C3%25A2ndh%25C3%25A2" title="Bâlândhâ – madurština" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bâlândhâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landa" title="Landa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Landa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2582" title="Недерлантт – mokšanština" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Недерлантт" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokšanština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandy" title="Nederlandy – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nederlandy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Нидерланды – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Нидерланды" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C5%258Drana" title="Hōrana – maorština" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balando" title="Balando – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Balando" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Холандија – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холандија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D" title="നെതർലന്റ്സ് – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നെതർലന്റ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – mongolština" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%258A%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%259F%25EA%25AF%2597%25EA%25AF%2581" title="ꯅꯦꯊꯔꯂꯦꯟꯗꯁ – manipurština" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯦꯊꯔꯂꯦꯟꯗꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="नेदरलँड्स – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेदरलँड्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajji%25C5%25BCi_l-Baxxi" title="Pajjiżi l-Baxxi – maltština" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pajjiżi l-Baxxi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADzes_Baixos" title="Paízes Baixos – mirandština" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Paízes Baixos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံ – barmština" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmština" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Нидерландонь Мастор – erzjanština" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нидерландонь Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzjanština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="هلند – mázandaránština" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázandaránština" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanna" title="Ulanna – neapolština" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ulanna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedderlannen_(Europa)" title="Nedderlannen (Europa) – dolnoněmčina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nedderlannen (Europa)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoněmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlaand" title="Nederlaand – dolnosaština" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nederlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolnosaština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="नेदरल्यान्ड – nepálština" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेदरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálština" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D" title="नेदरल्यान्द्स् – névárština" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नेदरल्यान्द्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="névárština" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Belanda" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlande" title="Nederlande – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nederlande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_Bas" title="Pays Bas – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pays Bas" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – sotština (severní)" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_Bikee%25CA%25BC_Dine%25CA%25BC%25C3%25A9_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Tsin Bikeeʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – navažština" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin Bikeeʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navažština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – ňandžština" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="ňandžština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25AFses_Basses" title="Païses Basses – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Païses Basses" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alangomuat" title="Alangomuat – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alangomuat" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neezerlaandi" title="Neezerlaandi – oromština" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Neezerlaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%2582%25C3%25A6" title="Нидерландтæ – osetština" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нидерландтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25A1%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25BC" title="ਨੀਦਰਲੈਂਡਜ਼ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਦਰਲੈਂਡਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%25C3%25A1nda" title="Olánda – pangasinanština" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Olánda" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinanština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerlandia" title="Neerlandia – papangau" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Neerlandia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="papangau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulanda" title="Hulanda – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hulanda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Pa%25C3%25AFs" title="Bas-Païs – picardština" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bas-Païs" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picardština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – němčina (pensylvánská)" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="němčina (pensylvánská)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande – falčtina" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Niederlande" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="falčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="नेदरलैंड्स – pálí" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नेदरलैंड्स" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pálí" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem_Nethiland" title="Dem Nethiland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Dem Nethiland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandia_(kraj_sk%25C5%2582adowy_Kr%25C3%25B3lestwa_Niderland%25C3%25B3w)" title="Holandia (kraj składowy Królestwa Niderlandów) – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holandia (kraj składowy Królestwa Niderlandów)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Bass" title="Pais Bass – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pais Bass" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588%25D8%25B2" title="نیدرلینڈز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیدرلینڈز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B4%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Ολλανδία – pontština" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ολλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25DA%2589" title="هالنډ – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هالنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%25C3%25ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Países Baixos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urasuyu" title="Urasuyu – kečuánština" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urasuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajais_Bass" title="Pajais Bass – rétorománština" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pajais Bass" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rétorománština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%259A%25C4%2583rile_de_Jos" title="Țările de Jos – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țările de Jos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – arumunština" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj%25C3%25A8sere_Vasce" title="Pajèsere Vasce – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pajèsere Vasce" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Нидерланды – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нидерланды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B" title="Нідерланды – rusínština" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нідерланды" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusínština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuholandi" title="Ubuholandi – kiňarwandština" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuholandi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kiňarwandština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%2583" title="नेदर्लेण्ड्देशः – sanskrt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेदर्लेण्ड्देशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrt" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – jakutština" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%259E%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25B0%25E1%25B1%25A5" title="ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ – santálština" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱫᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santálština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisos_B%25C3%25A0scios" title="Paisos Bàscios – sardština" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paisos Bàscios" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisi_Vasci" title="Paisi Vasci – sicilština" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paisi Vasci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – skotština" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25DA%258A%25D8%25B2" title="نيدرلينڊز – sindhština" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيدرلينڊز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhština" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolleeatnamat" title="Vuolleeatnamat – sámština (severní)" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuolleeatnamat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sámština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2582%2584%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2582%2585%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းၼႄႇတႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ – šanština" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼႄႇတႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="šanština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2599%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="නෙදර්ලන්තය – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෙදර්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandsko" title="Holandsko – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holandsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizozemska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netalani" title="Netalani – samojština" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Netalani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samojština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%25C3%25A1l%25C3%25A1d%25C3%25A2hen%25C3%25A2meh" title="Vuáládâhenâmeh – sámština (inarijská)" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vuáládâhenâmeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sámština (inarijská)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandi" title="Holandi – šonština" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Holandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – somálština" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somálština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holanda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Холандија – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холандија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakrakondre" title="Bakrakondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bakrakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDashi" title="IDashi – siswatština" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IDashi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="siswatština" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B4lan%25C3%25AA" title="Hôlanê – sotština (jižní)" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Hôlanê" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sotština (jižní)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlounde" title="Niederlounde – fríština (saterlandská)" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niederlounde" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="fríština (saterlandská)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda – sundština" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Walanda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%25C3%25A4nderna" title="Nederländerna – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nederländerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uholanzi" title="Uholanzi – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uholanzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581" title="நெதர்லாந்து – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெதர்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%2586%25E0%25B0%25A6%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25A1%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D" title="నెదర్లాండ్స్ – telugština" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నెదర్లాండ్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugština" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda – tetumština" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Olanda" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetumština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Ҳоланд – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳоланд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์ – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%2594%25E1%258B%2598%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258B%25B5" title="ኔዘርላንድ – tigrinijština" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኔዘርላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinijština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandi%25C3%25BDa" title="Niderlandiýa – turkmenština" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Niderlandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland – talyština" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Niderland" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talyština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C5%258Dlani" title="Hōlani – tongánština" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Hōlani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongánština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holan" title="Holan – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Holan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollanda" title="Hollanda – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hollanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – tumbukština" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbukština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Нидерланд – udmurtština" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нидерланд" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="گوللاندىيە – ujgurština" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گوللاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurština" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="Нідерланди – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нідерланди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588%25D8%25B2" title="نیدرلینڈز – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیدرلینڈز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niderlandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paezi_Basi" title="Paezi Basi – benátština" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paezi Basi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="benátština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamad" title="Alamad – vepština" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alamad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25A0_Lan" title="Hà Lan – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hà Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland – vlámština (západní)" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Holland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vlámština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%25C3%25A4n" title="Nedän – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nedän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_Payis" title="Bas Payis – valonština" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bas Payis" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandes" title="Nederlandes – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nederlandes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaand" title="Olaand – wolofština" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Olaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%2585%25B0" title="尼德兰 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼德兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENetherlands" title="ENetherlands – xhoština" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ENetherlands" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhoština" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="ნიდერლანდეფი – mingrelština" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიდერლანდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelština" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="האלאנד – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581d%25C3%25A1l%25C3%25A1nd%25C3%25AC" title="Nẹ́dálándì – jorubština" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nẹ́dálándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hozlanz" title="Hozlanz – čuangština" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hozlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="čuangština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland – zélandština" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nederland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandština" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%2580%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258F%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B4%25B0" title="ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – tamazight (standardní marocký)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight (standardní marocký)" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258D%25B7%25E5%2585%25B0" title="荷兰 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="荷兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258D%25B7%25E8%2598%25AD" title="荷蘭 – čínština (klasická)" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="荷蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="čínština (klasická)" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B4-l%25C3%25A2n" title="Hô-lân – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%258D%25B7%25E8%2598%25AD" title="荷蘭 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands – zuluština" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Netherlands" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluština" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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