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id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death and succession crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferdinand VII</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيرناندو السابع ملك إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرناندو السابع ملك إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrando_VII_d%27Espanya" title="Ferrando VII d'Espanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ferrando VII d'Espanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandu_VII_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Fernandu VII d'España – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fernandu VII d'España" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Ferdinand_(%C4%B0spaniya_kral%C4%B1)" title="VII Ferdinand (İspaniya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VII Ferdinand (İspaniya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="یئدینجی فردیناند (ایسپانیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئدینجی فردیناند (ایسپانیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_7-s%C3%A8" title="Fernando 7-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fernando 7-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_VII" title="Фердынанд VII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фердынанд VII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_VII" title="Фернандо VII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фернандо VII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII,_kralj_%C5%A0panije" title="Ferdinand VII, kralj Španije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ferdinand VII, kralj Španije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_(Spagn)" title="Fernando VII (Spagn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fernando VII (Spagn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferran_VII_d%27Espanya" title="Ferran VII d'Espanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferran VII d'Espanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII." title="Ferdinand VII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferdinand VII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII,_brenin_Sbaen" title="Fernando VII, brenin Sbaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fernando VII, brenin Sbaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_7._af_Spanien" title="Ferdinand 7. af Spanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ferdinand 7. af Spanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII._(Spanien)" title="Ferdinand VII. (Spanien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferdinand VII. (Spanien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII" title="Fernando VII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fernando VII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φερδινάνδος Ζ΄ της Ισπανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φερδινάνδος Ζ΄ της Ισπανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Fernando VII de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fernando VII de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_la_7-a_(Hispanio)" title="Fernando la 7-a (Hispanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fernando la 7-a (Hispanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII.a_Borboikoa_(Espainia)" title="Fernando VII.a Borboikoa (Espainia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fernando VII.a Borboikoa (Espainia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85" title="فرناندوی هفتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرناندوی هفتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferdinand VII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feardorcha_VII_na_Sp%C3%A1inne" title="Feardorcha VII na Spáinne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feardorcha VII na Spáinne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII" title="Fernando VII – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fernando VII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%9C%EB%8F%84_7%EC%84%B8" title="페르난도 7세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르난도 7세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_VII" title="Ֆերդինանդ VII – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերդինանդ VII" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII." title="Ferdinand VII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ferdinand VII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_la_7ma_de_Hispania" title="Fernando la 7ma de Hispania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fernando la 7ma de Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_dari_Spanyol" title="Fernando VII dari Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fernando VII dari Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_VII_di_Spagna" title="Ferdinando VII di Spagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferdinando VII di Spagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פרננדו השביעי, מלך ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרננדו השביעי, מלך ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_VII" title="ფერდინანდ VII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერდინანდ VII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinandus_VII_(rex_Hispaniae)" title="Ferdinandus VII (rex Hispaniae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferdinandus VII (rex Hispaniae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII" title="Fernando VII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fernando VII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinandas_VII" title="Ferdinandas VII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ferdinandas VII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Ferdin%C3%A1nd_spanyol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VII. Ferdinánd spanyol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VII. Ferdinánd spanyol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_VII_(%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Фернандо VII (Шпанија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фернандо VII (Шпанија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्पेनचा सातवा फर्डिनांड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पेनचा सातवा फर्डिनांड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فرناندو السابع ملك اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرناندو السابع ملك اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_dari_Sepanyol" title="Ferdinand VII dari Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ferdinand VII dari Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_van_Spanje" title="Ferdinand VII van Spanje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferdinand VII van Spanje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%897%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B)" title="フェルナンド7世 (スペイン王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルナンド7世 (スペイン王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_av_Spania" title="Ferdinand VII av Spania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ferdinand VII av Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_av_Spania" title="Ferdinand VII av Spania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ferdinand VII av Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrand_VII_d%27Espanha" title="Ferrand VII d'Espanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ferrand VII d'Espanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdynand_VII" title="Ferdynand VII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferdynand VII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_de_Espanha" title="Fernando VII de Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fernando VII de Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_al_VII-lea_al_Spaniei" title="Ferdinand al VII-lea al Spaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ferdinand al VII-lea al Spaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII" title="Fernando VII – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Fernando VII" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_VII" title="Фердинанд VII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фердинанд VII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_o_Spain" title="Ferdinand VII o Spain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ferdinand VII o Spain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII." title="Ferdinand VII. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ferdinand VII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_VII_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Фернандо VII од Шпаније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фернандо VII од Шпаније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_od_%C5%A0panije" title="Fernando VII od Španije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fernando VII od Španije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ferdinand VII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_av_Spanien" title="Ferdinand VII av Spanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferdinand VII av Spanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_ng_Espanya" title="Fernando VII ng Espanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fernando VII ng Espanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_7_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="พระเจ้าเฟร์นันโดที่ 7 แห่งสเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเฟร์นันโดที่ 7 แห่งสเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Fernando" title="VII. Fernando – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VII. Fernando" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_VII" title="Фернандо VII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фернандо VII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_c%E1%BB%A7a_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Fernando VII của Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fernando VII của Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_VII_han_Espanya" title="Fernando VII han Espanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fernando VII han Espanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="费尔南多七世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费尔南多七世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="費迪南七世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="費迪南七世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Spain, 1808 and 1813–1833</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ferdinand VII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg/220px-Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg/330px-Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg/440px-Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_L%C3%B3pez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Vicente_L%C3%B3pez_Porta%C3%B1a" title="Vicente López Portaña">Vicente López Portaña</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1814–15</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Spanish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1st reign</th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1808 – 6 May 1808</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">Prime ministers</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Dami%C3%A1n_S%C3%A1ez" title="Víctor Damián Sáez">Víctor Damián Sáez</a><br />(1823–1823) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Irujo,_1st_Marquess_of_Casa_Irujo" title="Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquess of Casa Irujo">The Marquess of Casa Irujo</a><br />(1823–1823) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Heredia,_Count_of_Ofalia" title="Narciso Heredia, Count of Ofalia">The Count of Ofalia</a><br />(1823–1824) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cea_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Francisco Cea Bermúdez">Francisco Cea Bermúdez</a><br />(1824–1825) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_13th_Duke_of_the_Infantado" title="Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado">The Duke of the Infantado</a><br />(1825–1826) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Salm%C3%B3n" title="Manuel González Salmón">Manuel González Salmón</a><br />(1826–1832) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Saavedra_y_Jofr%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré">The Count of la Alcudia</a><br />(1833–1833)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">2nd reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1813 – 29 September 1833</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 1784<br /><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 September 1833<span style="display:none">(1833-09-29)</span> (aged 48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1814%E2%80%9373)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1814–73)">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 October 1802">1802</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 May 1806">1806</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabel of Portugal">Maria Isabel of Portugal</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="29 September 1816">1816</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="26 December 1818">1818</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony">Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="20 October 1819">1819</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="18 May 1829">1829</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="11 December 1829">1829</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Luisa_Fernanda,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier">Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Fernando Francisco de Paula Domingo Vincente Ferrer Antonio José Joaquín Pascual Diego Juan Nepomuceno Januario Francisco Javier Rafael Miguel Gabriel Calisto Cayetano Fausto Luis Raimundo Gregorio Lorenzo Jerónimo de Borbón y Borbón-Parma</i></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdinand VII's signature"><img alt="Ferdinand VII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg/125px-Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg/188px-Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg/250px-Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ferdinand VII</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Fernando VII</i>; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">King of Spain</a> during the early 19th century. He reigned briefly in 1808 and then again from 1813 to his death in 1833. Before 1813 he was known as <i>el Deseado</i> (the Desired), and after, as <i>el Rey Felón</i> (the Criminal King). </p><p>Born in Madrid at <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, Ferdinand was <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the Spanish throne in his youth. Following the 1808 <a href="/wiki/Tumult_of_Aranjuez" title="Tumult of Aranjuez">Tumult of Aranjuez</a>, he ascended the throne. That year <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> overthrew him; he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. Back in power in December 1813, he re-established the absolutist monarchy and rejected the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">liberal constitution of 1812</a>. A revolt in 1820 led by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_del_Riego" title="Rafael del Riego">Rafael del Riego</a> forced him to restore the constitution, starting the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Liberal Triennium</a>, a three-year period of liberal rule. In 1823 the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a> authorized a successful <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">French intervention</a>, restoring him to absolute power for the second time. He suppressed the liberal press from 1814 to 1833, jailing many of its editors and writers. </p><p>Under his rule, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spain lost</a> nearly all of its <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish America">American possessions</a>, and the country entered into a <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">large-scale civil war</a> upon his death. His political legacy has remained contested since his death; some historians regard him as incompetent, despotic, and short-sighted.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n,_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg/200px-Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg/300px-Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg/400px-Fernando_de_Borb%C3%B3n%2C_pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Young Ferdinand as <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>, 1800</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png/250px-8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png/375px-8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png/500px-8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_1810.png 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 8 reales <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> with a portrait of King Fernando VII, 1810<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png/250px-8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png/375px-8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png/500px-8_reales_Ferdinand_VII_-_Bolivia_1823.png 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">Silver coin</a>: 8 reales <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> with a portrait of King Fernando VII, 1823 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdinand was the eldest surviving son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a>. Ferdinand was born in the palace of <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> near <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. In his youth Ferdinand occupied the position of an heir apparent who was excluded from any participation in government by his parents and their favourite advisor and Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Godoy" title="Manuel Godoy">Manuel Godoy</a>. National discontent with the government produced a rebellion in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1807, Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial_Conspiracy" title="El Escorial Conspiracy">El Escorial Conspiracy</a> in which the rebels aimed at securing foreign support from the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand submitted to his parents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_reign_and_abdication">First reign and abdication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First reign and abdication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg/160px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg/240px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg/320px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Fernando_VII_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Royal Monogram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png/200px-Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png/300px-Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png/400px-Constitucion_Cadiz_1812.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following a <a href="/wiki/Tumult_of_Aranjuez" title="Tumult of Aranjuez">popular riot at Aranjuez</a> Charles IV abdicated in March 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand ascended the throne and turned to Napoleon for support. He abdicated on 6 May 1808, and thereafter Napoleon kept Ferdinand under guard in France for six years at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Château de Valençay">Château de Valençay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Charles Oman</a> records that the choice of Valençay was a practical joke by Napoleon on his former foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a>, the owner of the château, for his lack of interest in Spanish affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the upper echelons of the Spanish government accepted his abdication and Napoleon's choice of his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> as king of Spain, the Spanish people did not. Uprisings broke out throughout the country, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190612–13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190612–13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provincial <a href="/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)" title="Junta (Peninsular War)">juntas</a> were established to control regions in opposition to the new French king. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Battle of Bailén</a> proved that the Spanish could resist the French, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a> reversed itself and declared null and void the abdications of Bayonne on 11 August 1808. On 24 August, Ferdinand VII was proclaimed king of Spain again, and negotiations between the council and the provincial juntas for the establishment of a Supreme Central Junta were completed. On 14 January 1809 the British government acknowledged Ferdinand VII as king of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_reign">Second reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration">Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">History of Spain (1810–1873) § Reaction (1814–1820)</a></div> <p>Five years later after experiencing serious setbacks on many fronts, Napoleon agreed on 11 December 1813 to acknowledge Ferdinand VII as king of Spain, and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> so that the king could return to Spain. The Spanish people, blaming the policies of the Francophiles (<i>afrancesados</i>) for causing the Napoleonic occupation and the Peninsular War by allying Spain too closely to France, at first welcomed <i>Fernando</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190632_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190632-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand soon found that in the intervening years a new world had been born of foreign invasion and domestic revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his name Spain fought for its independence and in his name as well <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/junta" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:junta"><i>juntas</i></a> had governed Spanish America. Spain was no longer the absolute monarchy he had relinquished six years earlier. Instead he was now asked to rule under the liberal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a>. Before being allowed onto Spanish soil, Ferdinand had to guarantee the liberals that he would govern on the basis of the constitution, but only gave lukewarm indications he would do so.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 March the French handed him over to the Spanish Army in <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, and thus began his procession towards Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this process and in the following months, he was encouraged by conservatives and the Church hierarchy to reject the constitution. On 4 May he ordered its abolition, and on 10 May had the liberal leaders responsible for the constitution arrested. Ferdinand justified his actions by claiming that the constitution had been made by a <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> illegally assembled in his absence, without his consent and without the traditional form. (It had met as a unicameral body, instead of in three chambers representing the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">three estates</a>: the clergy, the nobility and the cities.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ferdinand initially promised to convene a traditional Cortes, but never did so, thereby reasserting the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> doctrine that sovereign authority resided in his person only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_(1815)_-_Prado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_%281815%29_-_Prado.jpg/220px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_%281815%29_-_Prado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_%281815%29_-_Prado.jpg/330px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_%281815%29_-_Prado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_%281815%29_-_Prado.jpg/440px-Francisco_Goya_-_Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain_in_his_robes_of_state_%281815%29_-_Prado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Ferdinand_VII" title="Portrait of Ferdinand VII">Portrait of Ferdinand VII of Spain in his robes of state</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> (1815), <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de Prado">Prado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">wars of independence</a> had broken out in the Americas, and although many of the republican rebels were divided and <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">royalist</a> sentiment was strong in many areas, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleets</a> – carrying tax revenues from the Spanish Empire – were interrupted. Spain was all but bankrupt. </p><p>Ferdinand's restored autocracy was guided by a small <i><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">camarilla</a></i> of his favorites, although his government seemed unstable. Whimsical and ferocious by turns, he changed his ministers every few months. "The king," wrote <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Friedrich von Gentz</a> in 1814, "himself enters the houses of his prime ministers, arrests them, and hands them over to their cruel enemies;" and again, on 14 January 1815, "the king has so debased himself that he has become no more than the leading police agent and prison warden of his country."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king did recognize the efforts of foreign powers on his behalf. As the head of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, Ferdinand made the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British forces</a> on <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">the peninsula</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> member of the order. </p><p>During the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, the general of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees" title="Army of the Three Guarantees">Army of the Three Guarantees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a>, and Jefe Superior <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA" title="Juan O'Donojú">Juan O'Donojú</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a>, which concluded the war of independence and established the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>. The imperial constitution contemplated that the monarch would be "a Spanish prince," and Iturbide and O'Donojú intended to offer the Mexican Imperial Crown to Ferdinand VII himself to rule Mexico in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Spain. However, Ferdinand, refusing to recognize Mexican independence or be bound by a constitution, decreed that the Mexican constitution was "void", declined the Mexican crown, and stated that no European prince could accede to the Mexican throne.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imperial crown was consequently given to Iturbide himself, but the Mexican Empire collapsed and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a> a few years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt">Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg/220px-Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg/330px-Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg/440px-Fernando_VII_a_caballo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of Ferdinand by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Madrazo_y_Agudo" title="José de Madrazo y Agudo">José de Madrazo y Agudo</a>, 1821</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia,_1815,_Miquel_Parra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia%2C_1815%2C_Miquel_Parra.jpg/300px-Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia%2C_1815%2C_Miquel_Parra.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia%2C_1815%2C_Miquel_Parra.jpg/450px-Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia%2C_1815%2C_Miquel_Parra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia%2C_1815%2C_Miquel_Parra.jpg/600px-Entrada_triomfal_de_Ferran_VII_a_Val%C3%A8ncia%2C_1815%2C_Miquel_Parra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption><i>Triumphal welcome of Ferdinand at <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, 1815</i></figcaption></figure> <p>There were several <i><a href="/wiki/Pronunciamiento" title="Pronunciamiento">pronunciamientos</a></i>, or military uprisings, during the king's second reign. The first came in in September 1814, three months after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, and was led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Espoz_y_Mina" title="Francisco Espoz y Mina">Espoz y Mina</a> in Pamplona. <a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_Porlier" title="Juan Díaz Porlier">Juan Díaz Porlier</a> revolted at La Coruña in the following year. General <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Lacy" title="Luis de Lacy">Luis Lacy</a> led an uprising in Barcelona in 1817, and General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Van_Halen" title="Juan Van Halen">Juan Van Halen</a> did the same in Valencia in 1818.<sup id="cite_ref-ricketts_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricketts-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1820 <a href="/wiki/Rafael_del_Riego" title="Rafael del Riego">Rafael del Riego</a> undertook the most successful <i>pronunciamiento</i>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a>. </p><p>In 1820 a revolt broke out in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a>, beginning with a mutiny of the troops under Riego. The king was quickly taken prisoner. Ferdinand had restored the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> upon his return, but now they had become identified with repression and absolutism among the liberals, who attacked them: twenty-five Jesuits were slain in Madrid in 1822. For the rest of the 19th century, liberal political regimes expelled the Jesuits, and authoritarian regimes reinstated them. </p><p>Ferdinand VII was an ardent opponent of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Spain" title="Freemasonry in Spain">Freemasonry in Spain</a>, seeing it as a vehicle for liberal revolutions, an enemy of the Spanish Crown and the Catholic faith, subordinated to foreign interests (the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Orient of France">Grand Orient of France</a> primarily).<sup id="cite_ref-mas_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mas-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reinstating the Spanish Inquisition and the Jesuits, on 4 May 1814 he publicly declared all Spanish freemasons to be traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-mas_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mas-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> issued a decree against Freemasonry, approved by Ferdinand VII and became an edict of the Spanish Inquisition. Freemasons in high places in Spanish society were arrested and the Masonic Lodges suppressed. Ferdinand blamed Freemasonry for the 1820 coup, the <i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a>,</i> as well as for the loss of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonies">Spanish colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, with his return to the throne for the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonic</a> campaign stepped up and members who would not renounce Freemasonry were hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-mas_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mas-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had his police compile reports on Freemasons and former Freemasons active in Spanish society.<sup id="cite_ref-pres_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pres-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio_-_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4087" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Landing_of_Ferdinand_VII_in_El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="The Landing of Ferdinand VII in El Puerto de Santa María">The Landing of Ferdinand VII in El Puerto de Santa María</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Aparicio" title="José Aparicio">José Aparicio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1823, the restored Bourbon French King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a> of France <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">invaded Spain</a>, "invoking the God of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">St. Louis</a>, for the sake of preserving the throne of Spain to a fellow descendant of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, and of reconciling that fine kingdom with Europe." In May 1823 the revolutionary party moved Ferdinand to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, where he continued to make promises of constitutional amendment until he was free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ferdinand was freed after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trocadero" title="Battle of Trocadero">Battle of Trocadero</a> and the fall of Cádiz, reprisals followed. The <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Duc d'Angoulême</a> made known his protest against Ferdinand's actions by refusing the Spanish decorations Ferdinand offered him for his military services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his last years, Ferdinand's political appointments became more stable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last ten years of his reign (sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a>) saw the restoration of absolutism, the re-establishment of traditional university programs and the suppression of any opposition, both by the Liberal Party and by the reactionary revolt (known as "<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Aggrieved" title="War of the Aggrieved">War of the <i>Agraviados</i></a>") which broke out in 1827 in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and other regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_succession_crisis">Death and succession crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and succession crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1830, Ferdinand VII published the <a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1830" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1830">Pragmatic Sanction</a>, again allowing daughters to succeed to the Spanish throne as well as sons. This decree had originally been approved by the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes</a> in 1789, but it had never been officially promulgated. On 10 October 1830, Ferdinand's wife gave birth to a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella</a>, who thereupon displaced her uncle, Carlos, in the line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190682–83_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190682–83-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Ferdinand's death, Carlos revolted and said he was the legitimate king. Needing support, Maria Christina, as regent for her daughter, turned to the liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190691_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190691-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She issued a decree of amnesty on 23 October 1833. Liberals who had been in exile returned and dominated Spanish politics for decades, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferdinand VII's reign is typically criticized by historians, even in his own country. Historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> wrote that Ferdinand was "in many ways the basest king in Spanish history. Cowardly, selfish, grasping, suspicious, and vengeful, D. Fernando seemed almost incapable of any perception of the commonwealth."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages">Marriages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ferdinand_VII" title="Special:EditPage/Ferdinand VII">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg/170px-King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg/255px-King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg/340px-King_Ferdinand_VII_and_Queen_Maria_Christina_of_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ferdinand VII and María Cristina by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_la_Cruz_y_R%C3%ADos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis de la Cruz y Ríos (page does not exist)">Luis de la Cruz y Ríos</a> (1832)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdinand VII married four times. His first wife died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, the second died in <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">childbirth</a>, and the third died of "a fever".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His fourth wife outlived him by 45 years. </p><p>In 1802, he married his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Antonia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily</a> (1784–1806), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Caroline_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Caroline of Austria">Marie Caroline of Austria</a>. Her two pregnancies in 1804 and 1805 both ended in <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a>. </p><p>In 1816, Ferdinand married <a href="/wiki/Avuncular_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Avuncular marriage">his niece</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabel of Portugal">Maria Isabel of Portugal</a> (1797–1818), daughter of his older sister <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_of_Spain" title="Carlota Joaquina of Spain">Carlota Joaquina</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a>. They had a daughter who lived only five months, and a stillborn daughter. </p><p>On 20 October 1819, in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Ferdinand married the daughter of his father's first cousin <a href="/wiki/Maximilian,_Prince_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian, Prince of Saxony">Maximilian, Prince of Saxony</a> and of his mother's first cousin <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline of Parma">Caroline of Parma</a>, Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony">Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony</a> (1803–1829). They had no children. </p><p>Lastly, on 27 May 1829, Ferdinand married another niece, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies</a> (1806–1878), daughter of his younger sister <a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabella_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabella of Spain">Maria Isabella of Spain</a> and of their first cousin <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis I of the Two Sicilies">Francis I of the Two Sicilies</a>, who was also the brother of Ferdinand's first wife. They had two surviving daughters, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">the older of whom</a> succeeded Ferdinand upon his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Burial</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>By <a href="/wiki/Maria_Isabel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Isabel of Portugal">Maria Isabel of Portugal</a> (1797–1818)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infanta María Luisa Isabel</td> <td>21 August 1817<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td>9 January 1818<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></td> <td>died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infanta María Luisa Isabel</td> <td colspan="2" style="text=align:center">26 December 1818<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></td> <td>Stillborn; Maria Isabel died as a result of her birth. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>By <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies</a> (1806–1878)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Infanta María Isabel Luisa</a></td> <td>10 October 1830<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td>10 April 1904<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Princess of Asturias</a> 1830–1833, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Queen of Spain</a> 1833–1868. Married <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Cádiz">Francis, Duke of Cádiz</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Luisa_Fernanda,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier">Infanta María Luisa Fernanda</a></td> <td>30 January 1832<br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td>2 February 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a></td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Antoine, Duke of Montpensier</a>, had issue. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>14 October 1784</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, <i>1784</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder and Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Laureate_Cross_of_Saint_Ferdinand" title="Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand">Military Order of St. Ferdinand</a>, <i>31 August 1811</i></li> <li>Founder and Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Military_Order_of_Saint_Hermenegild" title="Royal and Military Order of Saint Hermenegild">Military Order of St. Hermengild</a>, <i>28 November 1814</i></li> <li>Founder and Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, <i>24 March 1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, <i>1796</i><sup id="cite_ref-Trigueiros_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigueiros-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour</a>, <i>1806/07</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>3 June 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>10 August 1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>23 May 1815</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>23 May 1815</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>29 August 1818</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Cross of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1825</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Knight of St. Januarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Ferdinand VII<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Saxony" title="Maria Amalia of Saxony">Maria Amalia of Saxony</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Austria" title="Maria Josepha of Austria">Maria Josepha of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Ferdinand VII of Spain</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> (= 8)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Farnese" title="Elisabeth Farnese">Elisabeth Farnese</a> (= 9)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa of Parma</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> of France</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Marie Leszczyńska</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhbF_08VHY0C&q=Ferdinand+VII++++legacy"><i>Royal Splendor in the Enlightenment: Charles IV of Spain, Patron and Collector</i></a>. Meadows Museum, SMU. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788471204394" title="Special:BookSources/9788471204394"><bdi>9788471204394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Splendor+in+the+Enlightenment%3A+Charles+IV+of+Spain%2C+Patron+and+Collector&rft.pub=Meadows+Museum%2C+SMU&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788471204394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhbF_08VHY0C%26q%3DFerdinand%2BVII%2B%2B%2B%2Blegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevilla1997" class="citation book cs1">Sevilla, Fred (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZotkAAAAMAAJ&q=Ferdinand+VII++++legacy"><i>Francisco Balagtas and the Roots of Filipino Nationalism: Life and Times of the Great Filipino Poet and His Legacy of Literary Excellence and Political Activism</i></a>. Trademark Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719185802" title="Special:BookSources/9789719185802"><bdi>9789719185802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Balagtas+and+the+Roots+of+Filipino+Nationalism%3A+Life+and+Times+of+the+Great+Filipino+Poet+and+His+Legacy+of+Literary+Excellence+and+Political+Activism&rft.pub=Trademark+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789719185802&rft.aulast=Sevilla&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZotkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFerdinand%2BVII%2B%2B%2B%2Blegacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Year: 1808–1811; Weight: 27,02 gram; Composition: Silver – 90,3%; Diameter: 38,5 mm – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces11524.html">https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces11524.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Year: 1808–1825; Weight: 27,02 gram; Composition: Silver – 89,6%; Diameter: 38,5 mm – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces26230.html">https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces26230.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911267_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1982">Carr 1982</a>, pp. 79–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.278497/2015.278497.A-History#page/n79/mode/2up"><i>A History of the Peninsular War</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.278497%2F2015.278497.A-History%23page%2Fn79%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190612–13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190612–13_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke1906">Clarke 1906</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1982">Carr 1982</a>, pp. 85–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190632-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190632_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke1906">Clarke 1906</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr1982">Carr 1982</a>, pp. 105–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtola1999" class="citation book cs1">Artola, Miguel (1999). <i>La España de Fernando VII</i>. Madrid: Espasa. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8423997421" title="Special:BookSources/8423997421"><bdi>8423997421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Espa%C3%B1a+de+Fernando+VII&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Espasa&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8423997421&rft.aulast=Artola&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milenio.com/cultura/por-que-firmaron-iturbide-y-o-donoju-los-tratados-de-cordoba">"¿Por qué firmaron Iturbide y O'Donojú los Tratados de Córdoba?"</a>. <i>milenio.com</i>. 24 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=milenio.com&rft.atitle=%C2%BFPor+qu%C3%A9+firmaron+Iturbide+y+O%27Donoj%C3%BA+los+Tratados+de+C%C3%B3rdoba%3F&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milenio.com%2Fcultura%2Fpor-que-firmaron-iturbide-y-o-donoju-los-tratados-de-cordoba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ricketts-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ricketts_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricketts, Monica (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x24sDwAAQBAJ&dq=fontana+de+oro+spain&pg=PA175"><i>Who Should Rule?: Men of Arms, the Republic of Letters, and the Fall of the Spanish Empire</i>, p. 175. Oxford University Press.</a> <i>Google Books</i>. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mas-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mas_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mas_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mas_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/history-spanish-freemasonry.html">"Death to the Intellectuals: The History and Persecution of Spanish Freemasonry"</a>. Review of Freeemasonrt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+to+the+Intellectuals%3A+The+History+and+Persecution+of+Spanish+Freemasonry&rft.pub=Review+of+Freeemasonrt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemasons-freemasonry.com%2Fhistory-spanish-freemasonry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 9 November 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pres-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pres_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uned.es/universidad/inicio/en/dam/jcr:e5d26e35-c214-45f1-8bc0-d1ed87f5ac9a/presidentes%20del%20gobierno%20masones%201808-1868.pdf">"Presidentes de gobierno masones (1808-1868)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Museo Virtual de Historia de la Masonería.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidentes+de+gobierno+masones+%281808-1868%29&rft.pub=Museo+Virtual+de+Historia+de+la+Masoner%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uned.es%2Funiversidad%2Finicio%2Fen%2Fdam%2Fjcr%3Ae5d26e35-c214-45f1-8bc0-d1ed87f5ac9a%2Fpresidentes%2520del%2520gobierno%2520masones%25201808-1868.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 9 November 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911268_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190682–83-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190682–83_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke1906">Clarke 1906</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke190691-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke190691_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke1906">Clarke 1906</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardGooch1970" class="citation book cs1">Ward, A. W.; <a href="/wiki/G._P._Gooch" class="mw-redirect" title="G. P. Gooch">Gooch, G.P.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdo8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186"><i>The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783–1919</i></a> (reprint ed.). CUP. pp. 186–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+British+Foreign+Policy+1783%E2%80%931919&rft.pages=186-187&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft.au=Gooch%2C+G.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzdo8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Van_der_Kiste2011" class="citation book cs1">John Van der Kiste (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDc7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT6"><i>Divided Kingdom: The Spanish Monarchy from Isabel to Juan Carlos</i></a>. History Press Limited. pp. 6–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752470832" title="Special:BookSources/9780752470832"><bdi>9780752470832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Kingdom%3A+The+Spanish+Monarchy+from+Isabel+to+Juan+Carlos&rft.pages=6-9&rft.pub=History+Press+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780752470832&rft.au=John+Van+der+Kiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDc7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne1973">Payne 1973</a>, p. 428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/italianmasterpieces/about/patronage/patron-data/maria-josepha-amalia-of-saxony2.html">"Italian Masterpieces from Spain's Royal Court, Museo del Prado"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a></i> (Online version of art exhibition catalogue). About: Patronage: Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Victoria&rft.atitle=Italian+Masterpieces+from+Spain%27s+Royal+Court%2C+Museo+del+Prado&rft.pages=About%3A+Patronage%3A+Maria+Josepha+Amalia+of+Saxony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngv.vic.gov.au%2Fitalianmasterpieces%2Fabout%2Fpatronage%2Fpatron-data%2Fmaria-josepha-amalia-of-saxony2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra1796" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerra, Francisco (1796), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=7">"Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro"</a>, <i>Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid</i> (in Spanish): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=46">40</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calendario+Manual+y+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Forasteros+en+Madrid&rft.atitle=Caballeros+Existentes+en+la+Insignie+Orden+del+Toison+de+Oro&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ducm.5305253598%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra1796" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerra, Francisco (1796), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=7">"Caballeros Grandes Cruces Existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Tercero"</a>, <i>Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid</i> (in Spanish): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5305253598&view=1up&seq=48">42</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calendario+Manual+y+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Forasteros+en+Madrid&rft.atitle=Caballeros+Grandes+Cruces+Existentes+en+la+Real+y+Distinguida+Orden+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Carlos+Tercero&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ducm.5305253598%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerra1819" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerra, Francisco (1819), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325545189&view=1up&seq=3">"Caballeros Grandes Cruces Existentes en la Real Orden Americana de Isabel la Catolica"</a>, <i>Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid</i> (in Spanish): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5325545189&view=1up&seq=54">52</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Calendario+Manual+y+Gu%C3%ADa+de+Forasteros+en+Madrid&rft.atitle=Caballeros+Grandes+Cruces+Existentes+en+la+Real+Orden+Americana+de+Isabel+la+Catolica&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Guerra&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ducm.5325545189%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigueiros-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trigueiros_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigueiros1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trigueiros, António Miguel (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203113/http://www.conteudos.easysite.com.pt/files/48/ficheiros/emblematica/Catalogo_DJooVI_eoseu_Tempo_Emblematica.pdf"><i>D. João VI e o seu Tempo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Portuguese), Ajuda National Palace, Lisbon: Portuguese Commission on Discoveries, p. 232, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conteudos.easysite.com.pt/files/48/ficheiros/emblematica/Catalogo_DJooVI_eoseu_Tempo_Emblematica.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Jo%C3%A3o+VI+e+o+seu+Tempo&rft.place=Ajuda+National+Palace%2C+Lisbon&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Portuguese+Commission+on+Discoveries&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Trigueiros&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Miguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conteudos.easysite.com.pt%2Ffiles%2F48%2Fficheiros%2Femblematica%2FCatalogo_DJooVI_eoseu_Tempo_Emblematica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragança2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, José Vicente de (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8899017"><i>A Banda de Grã-Cruz das Três Ordens Militares</i></a> (in Portuguese), Encontro Europeu de Associações de Falerística, p. 26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Banda+de+Gr%C3%A3-Cruz+das+Tr%C3%AAs+Ordens+Militares&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Encontro+Europeu+de+Associa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+Faler%C3%ADstica&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Vicente+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8899017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation book cs1">M. & B. Wattel. (2009). <i>Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i>. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2350771359" title="Special:BookSources/978-2350771359"><bdi>978-2350771359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2350771359&rft.au=M.+%26+B.+Wattel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeulet1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teulet, Alexandre (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f373.item.zoom">"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)"</a> [Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. <i>Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France</i> (in French) (2): 113<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire-bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+l%27Histoire+de+France&rft.atitle=Liste+chronologique+des+chevaliers+de+l%27ordre+du+Saint-Esprit+depuis+son+origine+jusqu%27%C3%A0+son+extinction+%281578%E2%80%931830%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Teulet&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k122126%2Ff373.item.zoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler</i> (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=27">p. 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1906" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, WM. A. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n139/mode/2up"><i>The Knights of England</i></a>. Vol. I. London: Sherratt and Hughes. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Sherratt+and+Hughes&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=WM.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924092537418%23page%2Fn139%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ"><i>Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817</i></a>. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. 62, 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+de+la+cour%3A+pour+l%27ann%C3%A9e+...+1817&rft.pages=62%2C+76&rft.pub=l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp.+des+Sciences&rft.date=1817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlien1846-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Berlien1846" class="citation book cs1">Johann Heinrich Friedrich Berlien (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog"><i>Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter: eine historische Abhandlung über die ersten Spuren dieses Ordens und dessen fernere Entwicklung bis zu seiner gegenwärtigen Gestalt, und nächstdem ein Material zur Personalhistorie, nach den Quellen des Königlichen Geheimen-Staatsarchivs und des Königlichen Ordenskapitelsarchivs zu Kopenhagen</i></a>. Gedruckt in der Berlingschen Officin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/derelephantenor00berlgoog/page/n192/mode/2up">155</a>–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Elephanten-Orden+und+seine+Ritter%3A+eine+historische+Abhandlung+%C3%BCber+die+ersten+Spuren+dieses+Ordens+und+dessen+fernere+Entwicklung+bis+zu+seiner+gegenw%C3%A4rtigen+Gestalt%2C+und+n%C3%A4chstdem+ein+Material+zur+Personalhistorie%2C+nach+den+Quellen+des+K%C3%B6niglichen+Geheimen-Staatsarchivs+und+des+K%C3%B6niglichen+Ordenskapitelsarchivs+zu+Kopenhagen&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Gedruckt+in+der+Berlingschen+Officin&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Johann+Heinrich+Friedrich+Berlien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fderelephantenor00berlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"A Szent István Rend tagjai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrgBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Almanacco della real casa e corte</i></a>. 1825. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrgBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118">118</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrgBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121">121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanacco+della+real+casa+e+corte&rft.pages=118%2C+121&rft.date=1825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrgBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. 9, 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=9%2C+96&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1982" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Raymond (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spain1808197502edcarr"><i>Spain, 1808–1975</i></a> (Second ed.). Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+1808%E2%80%931975&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspain1808197502edcarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1906" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Henry Butler (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernspain00clargoog"><i>Modern Spain, 1815–1898</i></a>. Cambridge, University press. pp. 1–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Spain%2C+1815%E2%80%931898&rft.pages=1-92&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+University+press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Henry+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernspain00clargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ferdinand_VII._of_Spain" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferdinand VII. of Spain">Ferdinand VII. of Spain</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+VII.+of+Spain&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=267-268&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne19.pdf"><i>History of Spain and Portugal</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. pp. 415–436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.pages=415-436&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Fpayne19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach1970" class="citation journal cs1">Fehrenbach, Charles Wentz (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-50.1.52">"Moderados and Exaltados: The Liberal Opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814–1823"</a>. <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 52–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-50.1.52">10.1215/00182168-50.1.52</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Moderados+and+Exaltados%3A+The+Liberal+Opposition+to+Ferdinand+VII%2C+1814%E2%80%931823&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-69&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-50.1.52&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wentz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-50.1.52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1968" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward, Margaret L. (1968). "The Spanish Army and the Loss of America, 1810–1824". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 586–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2510900">10.2307/2510900</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510900">2510900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Army+and+the+Loss+of+America%2C+1810%E2%80%931824&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586-607&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2510900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2510900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_VII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historiaantiqua.byethost8.com/paginas/antiguoregimen.htm#FernandoVII">Historiaantiqua.</a> Fernando VII at Historia Antiqua <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ferdinand VII </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 14 October 1784</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 29 September 1833</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King of Spain</a> </b><br />1808 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Joseph</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King of Spain</a> </b><br />1813–1833 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles (IV)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a> </b><br />1788–1808 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">List of monarchs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Monarchs_of_Spain_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchs of Spain family tree">Monarchs' family tree</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escudo de armas del monarca de España"><img alt="Escudo de armas del monarca de España" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg/66px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Amadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alfonso XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Íñiguez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_Arista_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo Arista of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%BAn_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" title="Fortún Garcés of Pamplona">Fortún Garcés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho I of Pamplona">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona">Jimeno Garcés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez I of Pamplona">García Sánchez I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho II of Pamplona">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_II_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez II of Pamplona">García Sánchez II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez III of Pamplona">García Sánchez III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho IV of Pamplona">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VII_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VII of Navarre">Sancho VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">House of Foix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Phoebus" title="Francis Phoebus">Francis Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre" title="Catherine of Navarre">Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Joan III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis IV</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis V</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis VI</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles V</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joan III</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip V</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand III</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella I</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. <sup>S</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King/Queen of Spain</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Template talk:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Asturias" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Asturias"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_and_Princesses_of_Asturias" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Princes and Princesses of Asturias</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1388–90)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Maria</a> <i>(1402–05)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John</a> <i>(1405–06)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Catherine, Princess of Asturias">Catherine</a> <i>(1423–24)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Eleanor, Princess of Asturias">Eleanor</a> <i>(1424–25)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry</a> <i>(1425–54)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja" title="Joanna la Beltraneja">Joanna</a> <i>(1462–64)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1464–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a> <i>(1468–70)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1470–78)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="John, Prince of Asturias">John</a> <i>(1478–97)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal">Isabella</a> <i>(1497–98)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_da_Paz,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal">Michael</a> <i>(1498–1500)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna</a> <i>(1502–04)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles</a> <i>(1504–16)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1527–56)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Charles</a> <i>(1556–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1571–78)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego</a> <i>(1578–82)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1582–98)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip</a> <i>(1605–21)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Balthasar Charles</a> <i>(1629–1646)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Philip Prospero</a> <i>(1657–1661)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1661–1665)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis</a> <i>(1709–24)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1724–46)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles</a> <i>(1759–88)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a> <i>(1788–1808)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella</a> <i>(1830–33)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1851–57)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso</a> <i>(1857–68)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Filiberto,_2nd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto</a> <i>(1871–73)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanta_Isabel,_Countess_of_Girgenti" title="Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti">Isabella</a> <i>(1875–80)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias">Mercedes</a> <i>(1881–1904)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso</a> <i>(1907–38)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe</a> <i>(1977–2014)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor</a> <i>(2014– )</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Leonor%2C_Princess_of_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="963" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantes_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Template:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infantes of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infantes_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infantes of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Carlos I</a>, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Felipe II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias">Fernando, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Diego, Prince of Asturias">Diego, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Felipe III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Felipe IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_of_Spain_(1607%E2%80%931632)" title="Infante Carlos of Spain (1607–1632)">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Infante_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria">Infante Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alonso of Spain">Infante Alonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Charles,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias">Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Prospero,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias">Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Carlos II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Luis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip_of_Spain_(1712%E2%80%931719)" title="Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)">Infante Felipe Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Fernando VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Carlos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Felipe I, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis of Spain">Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria">Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Carlos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Fernando I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gabriel_of_Spain" title="Infante Gabriel of Spain">Infante Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio_Pascual_of_Spain" title="Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain">Infante Antonio Pascual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_Javier_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco Javier of Spain">Infante Francisco Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma">Fernando I, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Fernando VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_Isidro_of_Spain" title="Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain">Infante Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Francisco_de_Paula_of_Spain" title="Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain">Infante Francisco de Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro_Carlos_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Pedro Carlos of Spain and Portugal">Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Etruria" title="Louis I of Etruria">Luis I of Etruria</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luis_de_Borb%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Luis de Borbón">Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Infante Juan, Count of Montizón</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Fernando of Spain">Infante Fernando</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Duke_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz">Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Enrique,_Duke_of_Seville" title="Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville">Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Sebasti%C3%A3o_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Infante Sebastião of Spain and Portugal">Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles II, Duke of Parma">Carlos II, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XII" title="Alfonso XII">Alfonso XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gaetan,_Count_of_Girgenti" title="Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti">Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria">Infante Luis Fernando</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera">Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Charles III, Duke of Parma">Carlos III, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carlos_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria">Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera">Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_Fernando_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis Fernando of Spain">Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Robert I, Duke of Parma">Roberto I, Duke of Parma</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907%E2%80%931938)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona">Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain" title="Infante Gonzalo of Spain">Infante Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria">Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_%C3%81lvaro,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera">Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_of_Spain" title="Infante Alfonso of Spain">Infante Alfonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria">Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">title granted by Royal Decree</span></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap">consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli-<br />gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a><br />and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition<br />forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major<br />battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona_(Peninsular_War)" title="Third siege of Girona (Peninsular War)">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition<br />military and<br />political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viceroys_of_New_Spain_(1535–1821)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="Template:Viceroys of New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="Template talk:Viceroys of New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viceroys of New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viceroys_of_New_Spain_(1535–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Viceroys of</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1535–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> (1535–1564)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Velasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís de Velasco">Luís de Velasco</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg/100px-Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg/150px-Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg/200px-Banner_of_arms_crown_of_Castille_Habsbourg_style.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/100px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/150px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/200px-Bandera_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="757" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> (1566–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_de_Peralta,_3rd_Marquis_of_Falces" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastón de Peralta, 3rd Marquis of Falces">Gastón de Peralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Almanza" title="Martín Enríquez de Almanza">Martín Enríquez de Almanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Su%C3%A1rez_de_Mendoza,_4th_conde_de_la_Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, 4th conde de la Coruña">Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Moya_de_Contreras" title="Pedro Moya de Contreras">Pedro Moya de Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Manrique_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_Villamanrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, marqués de Villamanrique">Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas">Luis de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga,_5th_Count_of_Monterrey" title="Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey">Gaspar de Zúñiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> (1603–1621)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mendoza,_3rd_Marquis_of_Montesclaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Mendoza, 3rd Marquis of Montesclaros">Juan de Mendoza y Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_Salinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas">Luis de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Guerra" title="García Guerra">García Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba,_Marquis_of_Guadalc%C3%A1zar" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar">Diego Fernández de Córdoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> (1621–1665)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Carrillo_de_Mendoza,_1st_Marquis_of_Gelves" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Carrillo de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Gelves">Diego Carrillo de Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco,_3rd_Marquis_of_Cerralvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigo Pacheco, 3rd Marquis of Cerralvo">Rodrigo Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_D%C3%ADez_de_Armend%C3%A1riz,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_Cadereyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lope Díez de Armendáriz, marqués de Cadereyta">Lope Díez de Armendáriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_L%C3%B3pez_Pacheco,_7th_Duke_of_Escalona" title="Diego López Pacheco, 7th Duke of Escalona">Diego López Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Sarmiento_de_Sotomayor,_2nd_Count_of_Salvatierra" title="García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra">García Sarmiento de Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Torres_y_Rueda" title="Marcos de Torres y Rueda">Marcos de Torres y Rueda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_9th_Count_of_Alba_de_Liste" title="Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, 9th Count of Alba de Liste">Luis Enríquez de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Cueva,_8th_Duke_of_Alburquerque" title="Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque">Francisco Fernández de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Leyva_de_la_Cerda,_conde_de_Ba%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Leyva de la Cerda, conde de Baños">Juan de Leyva de la Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Osorio_de_Escobar_y_Llamas" title="Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas">Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Toledo,_2nd_Marquis_of_Mancera" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Mancera">Antonio Sebastián de Toledo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> (1665–1701)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Nu%C3%B1o_Col%C3%B3n_de_Portugal,_6th_Duke_of_Veragua" title="Pedro Nuño Colón de Portugal, 6th Duke of Veragua">Pedro Nuño Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payo_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Rivera" title="Payo Enríquez de Rivera">Payo Enríquez de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_la_Cerda,_3rd_Marquis_of_la_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquis of la Laguna">Tomás de la Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_Portocarrero,_3rd_Count_of_Monclova" title="Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova">Melchor Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_la_Cerda,_8th_Count_of_Galve" title="Gaspar de la Cerda, 8th Count of Galve">Gaspar de la Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ortega_y_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Juan Ortega y Montañés">Juan Ortega y Montañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarmiento_de_Valladares,_1st_Duke_of_Atrisco" title="José Sarmiento de Valladares, 1st Duke of Atrisco">José Sarmiento y Valladares</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (1701–1746)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ortega_y_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Juan Ortega y Montañés">Juan Ortega y Montañés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Cueva,_10th_Duke_of_Alburquerque" title="Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque">Francisco Fernández de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Alencastre,_1st_Duke_of_Linares" title="Fernando de Alencastre, 1st Duke of Linares">Fernando de Alencastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga,_1st_Duke_of_Ari%C3%B3n" title="Baltasar de Zúñiga, 1st Duke of Arión">Baltasar de Zúñiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Acu%C3%B1a,_1st_Marquess_of_Casa_Fuerte" title="Juan de Acuña, 1st Marquess of Casa Fuerte">Juan de Acuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_de_Vizarr%C3%B3n_y_Eguiarreta" title="Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta">Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Castro,_1st_Duke_of_la_Conquista" title="Pedro de Castro, 1st Duke of la Conquista">Pedro de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cebri%C3%A1n,_5th_Count_of_Fuenclara" title="Pedro Cebrián, 5th Count of Fuenclara">Pedro Cebrián y Agustín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a> (1746–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_G%C3%BCemes,_1st_Count_of_Revillagigedo" title="Juan Francisco de Güemes, 1st Count of Revillagigedo">Juan Francisco de Güemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Ahumada,_2nd_Marquess_of_Amarillas" title="Agustín de Ahumada, 2nd Marquess of Amarillas">Agustín de Ahumada y Villalón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> (1760–1789)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cajigal_de_la_Vega" title="Francisco Cajigal de la Vega">Francisco Cajigal de la Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Montserrat,_1st_Marquess_of_Cruillas" title="Joaquín de Montserrat, 1st Marquess of Cruillas">Joaquín de Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Francisco_de_Croix,_1st_Marquess_of_Croix" title="Carlos Francisco de Croix, 1st Marquess of Croix">Carlos Francisco de Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Bucareli" title="Antonio María de Bucareli">Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Mayorga" title="Martín de Mayorga">Martín de Mayorga Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_de_G%C3%A1lvez_y_Gallardo" title="Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo">Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Haro_y_Peralta" title="Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta">Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_Fl%C3%B3rez" title="Manuel Antonio Flórez">Manuel Antonio Flores Maldonado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a> (1789–1809)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_de_G%C3%BCemes,_2nd_Count_of_Revillagigedo" title="Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo">Juan Vicente de Güemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Gr%C3%BAa_Talamanca,_1st_Marquess_of_Branciforte" title="Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca, 1st Marquess of Branciforte">Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Azanza,_1st_Duke_of_Santa_Fe" title="Miguel José de Azanza, 1st Duke of Santa Fe">Miguel José de Azanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Berenguer_de_Marquina" title="Félix Berenguer de Marquina">Félix Berenguer de Marquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Iturrigaray" title="José de Iturrigaray">José de Iturrigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Garibay" title="Pedro de Garibay">Pedro de Garibay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> (1809–1821)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_de_Lizana_y_Beaumont" title="Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont">Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Venegas" title="Francisco Javier Venegas">Francisco Javier Venegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Calleja_del_Rey" title="Félix María Calleja del Rey">Félix María Calleja del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Apodaca,_1st_Count_of_Venadito" title="Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, 1st Count of Venadito">Juan José Ruiz de Apodaca y Eliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Novella_Azabal_P%C3%A9rez_y_Sicardo" title="Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo">Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Donoj%C3%BA" title="Juan O'Donojú">Juan O'Donojú y O'Ryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186256#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119307421">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80040243">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12699052r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12699052r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fernando VII <re di Spagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LIAV156708">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36560931">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20181014510&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1724030">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070475725">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3037533">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000062138">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=100546">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538286705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/112311">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261018805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519985006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122384">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1293003">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119307421.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119307421">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028694325">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580430">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/49473">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50049240">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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