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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Strategic developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tactical developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button 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</li> <li id="toc-Defensive_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensive_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Defensive battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defensive_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_fortification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_fortification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Field fortification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_fortification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Third Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_and_Sixth_armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_and_Sixth_armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fifth and Sixth armies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_and_Sixth_armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fourth Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tenth Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_7th_Army_counter-attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_7th_Army_counter-attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>German 7th Army counter-attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_7th_Army_counter-attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Observatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Observatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Battle of the Observatories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Observatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subsequent operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopaedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopaedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Encyclopaedias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopaedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Chemin_des_Dames" title="Emgann Chemin des Dames – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Chemin des Dames" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_bitva_na_Aisn%C4%9B" title="Druhá bitva na Aisně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhá bitva na Aisně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_an_der_Aisne_(1917)" title="Schlacht an der Aisne (1917) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht an der Aisne (1917)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisneko_bigarren_gudua" title="Aisneko bigarren gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aisneko bigarren gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Chemin_des_Dames" title="Bataille du Chemin des Dames – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille du Chemin des Dames" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Aisne_Kedua" title="Pertempuran Aisne Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Aisne Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_battaglia_dell%27Aisne" title="Seconda battaglia dell'Aisne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda battaglia dell'Aisne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הקרב השני על האן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקרב השני על האן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора битка на Ена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втора битка на Ена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_dau_Camin_dei_Damas" title="Batalha dau Camin dei Damas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha dau Camin dei Damas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Aisne_(1917)" title="Bitwa pod Aisne (1917) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Aisne (1917)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Batalha_de_Aisne" title="Segunda Batalha de Aisne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Batalha de Aisne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_doua_b%C4%83t%C4%83lie_de_pe_Aisne" title="A doua bătălie de pe Aisne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A doua bătălie de pe Aisne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Battle of the Aisne" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Друга битка на Ени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друга битка на Ени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisnen_toinen_taistelu" title="Aisnen toinen taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aisnen toinen taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Друга битва на Ені – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друга битва на Ені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_s%C3%B4ng_Aisne_l%E1%BA%A7n_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Trận sông Aisne lần thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận sông Aisne lần thứ hai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%9F%83%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="第二次埃納河戰役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第二次埃納河戰役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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for this location">49.400°N 3.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.400; 3.600</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_battle_of_the_Aisne&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1917 battle. For other battles of the Aisne, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aisne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Aisne (disambiguation)">Battle of the Aisne</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the First World War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Battle of the Aisne</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg/250px-Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg/375px-Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg/500px-Aisne_Front_1917-Guignicourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="387" /></a></span><br />Chemin des Dames and Champagne, 1917</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>16 April – 9 May, 24–26 October 1917</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Between <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&params=49_24_N_3_36_E_region:FR_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.400°N 3.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.400; 3.600</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russia</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Franchet d'Espèrey</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alfred_Micheler" title="Joseph Alfred Micheler">Alfred Micheler</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Anthoine" title="François Anthoine">François Anthoine</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Mazel" title="Olivier Mazel">Olivier Mazel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Auguste_Duch%C3%AAne" title="Denis Auguste Duchêne">Denis Duchêne</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Louis_Humbert" title="Georges Louis Humbert">Georges Humbert</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Lokhvitsky" title="Nikolai Lokhvitsky">Nikolai Lokhvitsky</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm,_German_Crown_Prince" title="Wilhelm, German Crown Prince">Crown Prince Wilhelm</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Boehn" class="mw-redirect" title="Max von Boehn">Max von Boehn</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Below" title="Fritz von Below">Fritz von Below</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Einem" title="Karl von Einem">Karl von Einem</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 53 French divisions<br />4 Russian divisions</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 38 divisions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 187,000</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 163,000</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Offensive 1917"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Nivelle_Offensive_1917" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Nivelle Offensive 1917"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nivelle_Offensive,_19171154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive"><span class="wrap">Nivelle Offensive, 1917</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Battles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Arras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">The Hills (3rd Champagne)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Other engagements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">Mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun#20–26_August_1917" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front7065" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front7065" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1914</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Capture_of_Moresnet" class="mw-redirect" title="German Capture of Moresnet">Moresnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Invasion of Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1914)" title="Siege of Namur (1914)">Namur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Frontiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ardennes" title="Battle of the Ardennes">Ardennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Charleroi" title="Battle of Charleroi">Charleroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trou%C3%A9e_de_Charmes" title="Battle of the Trouée de Charmes">Trouée de Charmes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">Great Retreat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Le Cateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rearguard_Affair_of_%C3%89treux" title="Rearguard Affair of Étreux">Étreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1914)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1914)">1st St. Quentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maubeuge" title="Siege of Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">1st Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="First Battle of the Aisne">1st Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yser" title="Battle of the Yser">Yser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">1st Ypres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_operations_1914%E2%80%931915" title="Winter operations 1914–1915">Winter actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Artois" title="First Battle of Artois">1st Artois</a></li></ul> <p><b>1915</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Champagne" title="First Battle of Champagne">1st Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartmannswillerkopf" title="Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf">Hartmannswillerkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle" title="Battle of Neuve Chapelle">Neuve Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">2nd Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">2nd Artois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9buterne" title="Battle of Hébuterne">Hébuterne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">2nd Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">3rd Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_phosgene_attack_(19_December_1915)" class="mw-redirect" title="German phosgene attack (19 December 1915)">Gas: Wieltje</a></li></ul> <p><b>1916</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_the_Bluff,_1916" title="Actions of the Bluff, 1916">The Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Redoubt_action,_2%E2%80%9318_March_1916" title="Hohenzollern Redoubt action, 2–18 March 1916">Hohenzollern Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_St_Eloi_Craters" title="Actions of St Eloi Craters">St Eloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Hulluch" title="Gas attacks at Hulluch">Hulluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_attacks_at_Wulverghem" title="Gas attacks at Wulverghem">Wulverghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_the_Kink_Salient" title="Loss of the Kink Salient">Kink Salient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_attack_on_Vimy_Ridge" title="German attack on Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel" title="Battle of Mont Sorrel">Mont Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boar%27s_Head" title="Battle of the Boar's Head">Boar's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">1st Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Fromelles" title="Attack at Fromelles">Fromelles</a></li></ul> <p><b>1917</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_on_the_Ancre,_January%E2%80%93March_1917" title="Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917">Ancre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich"><i>Alberich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivelle_offensive" title="Nivelle offensive">Nivelle offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Vimy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">The Hills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Cambrai</a></li></ul> <p><b>1918</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael"><i>Michael</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">The Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">3rd Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood" title="Battle of Belleau Wood">Belleau Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">2nd Marne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ailette" title="Battle of the Ailette">Ailette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Second Battle of the Somme">2nd Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Saint-Mihiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Quentin_Canal" title="Battle of St Quentin Canal">St Quentin Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Fifth Battle of Ypres">5th Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">2nd Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Courtrai (1918)">Courtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sambre_(1918)" title="Battle of the Sambre (1918)">Sambre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_and_the_Escaut" title="Battle of the Lys and the Escaut">Lys and Escaut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">1914 Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_tactics,_1917" title="Western Front tactics, 1917">Western Front tactics, 1917</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Second Battle of the Aisne</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataille du Chemin des Dames</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Seconde bataille de l'Aisne</i></span>, 16 April – mid-May 1917) was the main part of the <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a>, a <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Franco</a>-British attempt to inflict a decisive defeat on the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> armies in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The Entente strategy was to conduct <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensives</a> from north to south, beginning with an attack by the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) then the main attack by two French <a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">army groups</a> on the Aisne. General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a> planned the offensive in December 1916, after he replaced <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a> as Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>. </p><p>The objective of the attack on the Aisne was to capture the prominent 80 km (50 mi), east–west ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</a>, 110 km (68 mi) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and then advance northwards to capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>. When the French armies met the British advancing from the Arras front, the Germans would be pursued towards Belgium and the German frontier. The offensive began on 9 April, when the British began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras</a>. On 16 April, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe d'armées de Reserve</i></span> (GAR, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Reserve_(France)" title="Army Group Reserve (France)">Reserve Army Group</a>) attacked the Chemin des Dames and the next day, the Fourth Army, part of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe d'armées de Centre</i></span> (GAC, <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre_(France)" title="Army Group Centre (France)">Central Army Group</a>), near <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> to the south-east, began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">Battle of the Hills</a>. </p><p>The Chemin des Dames ridge had been <a href="/wiki/Quarried" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarried">quarried</a> for stone for centuries, leaving a warren of caves and tunnels which were used as shelters by German troops to escape the French bombardment. The offensive met massed German machine-gun and artillery fire, which inflicted many casualties and repulsed the French infantry at many points. The French achieved a substantial tactical success and took <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 29,000</span> prisoners but failed to defeat decisively the German armies. The failure had a traumatic effect on the <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> of the French army and many divisions <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies (1917)">mutinied</a>. Nivelle was superseded by General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence", to resume the wearing-out of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> while conserving French infantry. Pétain began a substantial programme re-equipment of the French Army, had <span class="nowrap">40–62 mutineers</span> shot as scapegoats, provided better food, more pay and more leave, which led to a considerable improvement in morale. </p><p>The new French strategy was not one of passive defence; in June and July the Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Armies conducted several limited attacks and the First Army was sent to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a>. The British prolonged the Arras offensive into mid-May, despite uncertainty about French intentions, high losses and diminishing returns, as divisions were transferred northwards to Flanders. The British captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">Messines Ridge</a> on 7 June and spent the rest of the year on the offensive at Ypres (<span class="nowrap">31 July – 10 November</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a> (<span class="nowrap">20 November – 8 December</span>). The mutinies in the French armies became known to the Germans but the cost of the defensive success on the Aisne made it impossible to reinforce Flanders and conduct more than local operations on the Aisne and in Champagne. A French attack at Verdun in August completed the recapture of much of the ground lost in 1916. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a> in October captured the west end of the Chemin des Dames and forced the Germans to withdraw to the north bank of <a href="/wiki/Ailette_(river)" title="Ailette (river)">the Ailette</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_developments">Strategic developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strategic developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a></div> <p>Nivelle believed the Germans had been exhausted by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> in 1916 and could not resist a <a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_(military)" title="Breakthrough (military)">breakthrough offensive</a>, which could be completed in <span class="nowrap">24 to 48 hours.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main attack on the Aisne would be preceded by a large diversionary attack by the British Third and First armies at Arras. The French War Minister, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> and Chief of Staff General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> opposed the plan, believing it to be premature. The British Commander-in-Chief, Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Douglas Haig</a>, supported the concept of a decisive battle but insisted that if the first two phases of the Nivelle scheme were unsuccessful, the British effort would be moved north to Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005327–328_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005327–328-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nivelle threatened to resign if the offensive did not go ahead and having not lost a battle, had the enthusiastic support of the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> supported Nivelle but the war minister Lyautey resigned during a dispute with the Chamber of Deputies and the Briand government fell; a new government under Alexandre Ribot took office on 20 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005337_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005337-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Battle of the Aisne involved <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1.2 million</span> troops and <span class="nowrap">7,000 guns</span> on a front from <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roye,_Somme" title="Roye, Somme">Roye</a>, with the main effort against the German positions along the <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005326–327_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005326–327-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan of December 1916 was plagued by delays and information leaks. By the time the offensive began in April 1917, the Germans had received intelligence of the Allied plan and strengthened their defences on the Aisne front. The German retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> Operation Alberich <a href="/wiki/Alberich_(World_War_I_German_operation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberich (World War I German operation)">(<i>Unternehmen Alberich</i>)</a> left a belt of devastated ground up to 40 km (25 mi) deep in front of the French positions facing east from Soissons, northwards to St. Quentin. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alberich</i></span> freed <span class="nowrap">13 to 14 German</span> divisions, which were moved to the Aisne, increasing the German garrison to <span class="nowrap">38 divisions</span> against <span class="nowrap">53 French</span> divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992492_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992492-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German withdrawal forestalled the attacks of the British and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe d'armées du Nord</i></span> (GAN) but also freed French divisions for the attack. By late March, GAN had been reduced by eleven infantry, two cavalry divisions and <span class="nowrap">50 heavy</span> guns, which went into the French strategic reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992486_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992486-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_developments">Tactical developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tactical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavonne_defences,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chavonne_defences%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Chavonne_defences%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Chavonne_defences%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Chavonne_defences%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Chavonne_defences%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Chavonne defences, 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>When Hindenburg and Ludendorff took over from Falkenhayn on 28 August 1916, the pressure being placed on the German army in France was so great that new defensive arrangements, based on the principles of depth, invisibility and immediate counter-action were formally adopted, as the only means by which the growing material strength of the French and British armies could be countered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1995180_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1995180-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of fighting the defensive battle in the front line or from shell-hole positions near it, the main fight was to take place behind the front line, out of view and out of range of enemy field artillery. <i>Conduct of the Defensive Battle</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht</i></span>) was published on 1 December 1916. The new manual laid down the organisation for the mobile defence of an area, rather than the rigid defence of a trench line. Positions necessary for the new method were defined in <i>Principles of Field Position Construction</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allgemeines über Stellungsbau</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976148–149_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976148–149-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battles</i>, (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erfahrungen der I. Armee in der Sommeschlacht</i></span>) was published on 30 January 1917. Towards the end of the Battle of the Somme in 1916, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Lo%C3%9Fberg" title="Fritz von Loßberg">Fritz von Loßberg</a> (Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(German_Empire)" title="1st Army (German Empire)">1st Army</a>) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ablösungsdivisionen</i></span>). In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre did not allow the garrisons to evade Allied artillery-fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited enemy infantry to occupy vacated areas unopposed. Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the ability to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wider area had already made difficult. Loßberg and other officers had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenstoß</i></span>) from behind the battle zone and wanted the Somme practice of fighting in the front line to be retained and authority devolved no further than the battalion, so as to maintain organizational coherence, in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenangriff</i></span>) after <span class="nowrap">24 to 48 hours</span> by the relief divisions. Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by the Loßberg memorandum to add it to the new <i>Manual of Infantry Training for War</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976161_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976161-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_defensive_preparations">German defensive preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German defensive preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unternehmen_Alberich"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unternehmen Alberich</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unternehmen Alberich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alberich_(World_War_I_German_operation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberich (World War I German operation)">Operation Alberich</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_(Hindenburg_Line),_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_%28Hindenburg_Line%29%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_%28Hindenburg_Line%29%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_%28Hindenburg_Line%29%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_%28Hindenburg_Line%29%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_%28Hindenburg_Line%29%2C_1917.jpg/440px-Illustration_of_the_German_retirement_to_the_Siegfriedstellung_%28Hindenburg_Line%29%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Illustration of the German retirement to the <i>Siegfriedstellung</i>/Hindenburg Line, 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>During the German withdrawal to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> (Hindenburg Line) in March 1917, a modest withdrawal took place in the neighbourhood of Soissons. On 17 March, the German defences at Crouy and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Côte 132</i></span> were found to be empty and as French troops followed up the retirement, German troops counter-attacked at Vregny and Margival, which reduced the speed of the French pursuit to a step-by-step advance. By April, the French advance had only progressed beyond Neuville-sur-Margival and Leuilly. On 1 April, a French attack along the line of the Ailette–Laon road reached the outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxaillon. Vauxeny and Vauxaillon were occupied a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defensive_battle">Defensive battle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defensive battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a new manual of 1 December 1916, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht im Stellungskrieg</i></span> (Principles of Command for Defensive Battle), the policy of unyielding defence of ground regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would <i>"fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve[d] their strength"</i>. Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to 2,700 m (3,000 yd) deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone. Behind the main line of resistance was a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grosskampfzone</i></span> (battle zone), a second defensive area 1,500–2,500 yd (1,400–2,300 m) deep, also placed as far as possible on ground hidden from enemy observation, while remaining in view of German artillery observers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976149–151_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976149–151-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rückwärtige Kampfzone</i></span> (rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1995181_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1995181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Field_fortification">Field fortification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Field fortification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Principles of Field Fortification" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allgemeines über Stellungsbau</i></span>) was published in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vorpostenfeld</i></span>) held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front. Sentries could retreat to larger positions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruppennester</i></span>) held by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stoßtrupps</i></span> (five men and an NCO per <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Trupp</i></span>), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack. Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with greater numbers of men. The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenstoß in der Stellung</i></span> (immediate counter-attack within the position). Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976152–156_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976152–156-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the Allies' growing superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second (artillery protection) line, leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Widerstandsnester</i></span>, (resistance nests, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Widas</i></span>) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers. As the attackers tried to capture the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Widas</i></span> and dig in near the German second line, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmbataillone</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturmregimenter</i></span> of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rückwärtige Kampfzone</i></span> into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack, (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenstoß aus der Tiefe</i></span>). If the immediate counter-attack failed, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Eingreif</i></span> (counter-attack) divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack, provided the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront. The reserve was obtained by creating <span class="nowrap">22 divisions</span> by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the western front, in Operation Alberich. By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of <span class="nowrap">40 divisions</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976156–158_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976156–158-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Army">Third Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Front_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Western_Front_1917.jpg/220px-Western_Front_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Western_Front_1917.jpg/330px-Western_Front_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Western_Front_1917.jpg/440px-Western_Front_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Western Front, April 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe d'armées du Nord</i></span> (GAN) on the northern flank of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe d'armées de Reserve</i></span> (GAR) had been reduced to the Third Army with three corps in line, by the transfer of the First Army to the GAR. The Third Army began French operations, with preliminary attacks on German observation points at St. Quentin on <span class="nowrap">1 to 4 and 10 April.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992485_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992485-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large reconnaissance forces were sent towards the Dallon spur on 1 April, which were not able to gain footholds in the German front defences, although the British Fourth Army to the north captured the woods around Savy. On 2 April a bigger French attack on Dallon failed but on 3 April the Third Army attacked after a "terrific" bombardment, on a front of about 13 km (8 mi) north of a line from Castres to Essigny-le-Grand and Benay, between the Somme canal at Dallon, south-west of St Quentin and the Oise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After another attack on 4 April, the villages of Dallon, Giffecourt, Cerizy and côtes <span class="nowrap">(hills) 111,</span> <span class="nowrap">108, and 121</span> south of Urvillers, were captured and the German position at the apex of the triangle from Ham to St Quentin and La Fère was made vulnerable to a further attack. The French had attacked in intense cold and driving rain, with chronic supply shortages caused by the German destruction of roads and immense French traffic jams on the few supply routes which had been sufficiently repaired to bear traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East of the Oise and north of the Aisne, the Third Army took the southern and north-western outskirts of Laffaux and Vauxeny. On 4 April German counter-attacks north of the Aisne were repulsed south of Vauxeny and Laffaux. The French captured Moy on the west bank of the Oise, along with Urvillers and Grugies, a village opposite Dallon on the east bank of the Somme. North of the farm of La Folie, the Germans were pushed back; three 155 mm (6.1 in) howitzers and several <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Luftstreitkräfte</i></span> lorries were captured. Beyond Dallon French patrols entered the south-western suburb of St. Quentin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1917379–380_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1917379–380-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main attack by GAN was planned as two successive operations, an attack by XIII Corps to capture Rocourt and Moulin de Tous Vents south-west of the city, to guard the flank of the principal attack by XIII Corps and XXXV Corps on Harly and Alaincourt, intended to capture the high ground east and south-east of St. Quentin. Success would enable the French to menace the flank of the German forces to the south, along the Oise to La Fère and the rear of the German positions south of the St. Gobain <i><a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a></i>, due to be attacked from the south by the Sixth Army of the GAR. The French were inhibited from firing on St. Quentin, which allowed the Germans unhampered observation from the cathedral and from factory chimneys and to site artillery in the suburbs, free from counter-battery fire. French attacks could only take place at night or during twilight and snow, rain, low clouds and fog made aircraft observation for the artillery impossible. German work on the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> (Hindenburg Line) continued but the first line, built along reverse-slopes was complete and from which flanking-fire could be brought to bear on any attack. Concrete machine-gun emplacements proved immune to all but the heaviest and most accurate howitzer-fire and the main position was protected by an observation line along the crest in front, which commanded no man's land, which was 800–1,200 yd (730–1,100 m) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939453–454_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939453–454-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Fourth Army was unable to assist the French with an attack due to a lack of divisions, after transfers north to the British Third Army but was able to assist with artillery-fire from the north and kept a cavalry division in readiness to join a pursuit. The French artillery had been reduced to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> guns by transfers south to GAR, which was insufficient to bombard the German defences and conduct counter-batter fire simultaneously. On 13 April at <span class="nowrap">5:00 a.m.,</span> XIII Corps attacked with two divisions; the 26th Division on the right took the German first line and then defeated two German counter-attacks but the 25th Division on the left was held up almost immediately by uncut wire and machine-gun fire, despite French field artillery being advanced into no man's land at the last minute to cut the wire. Casualties in the thirteen attacking battalions were severe. The 25th Division was ordered by the army commander, General Humbert to attack again at <span class="nowrap">6:00 p.m.</span> but the orders arrived too late and the attack did not take place. French aircraft were active over the attack front but at midday large formations of German fighters arrived and forced the French artillery-observation and reconnaissance aircraft back behind the front line. By the end of the day the 26th Division had held on to 91 m (100 yd) of the German front trench and the 25th Division had been forced back to its jumping-off trenches. German artillery-fire had not been heavy and the defence had been based on machine-gun fire and rapid counter-attacks. The XIII Corps and XXXV Corps attack due next day was eventually cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939454–455_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939454–455-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_and_Sixth_armies">Fifth and Sixth armies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fifth and Sixth armies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schneider_CA1" title="Schneider CA1">Schneider CA1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Chamond_(tank)" title="Saint-Chamond (tank)">Saint-Chamond (tank)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loivre_and_Bermericourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Loivre_and_Bermericourt.jpg/220px-Loivre_and_Bermericourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Loivre_and_Bermericourt.jpg/330px-Loivre_and_Bermericourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Loivre_and_Bermericourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Loivre and Berméricourt</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Fifth Army attacked on 16 April at <span class="nowrap">6:00 a.m.,</span> which had dawned misty and overcast. From the beginning, German machine-gunners were able to engage the French infantry and inflict many casualties, although German artillery-fire was far less destructive. Courcy on the right flank was captured by the 1st Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russian Expeditionary Force in France</a> but the advance was stopped at the Aisne–Marne canal. The canal was crossed further north and Berméricourt was captured against a determined German defence. From Bermericourt to the Aisne the French attack was repulsed and south of the river French infantry were forced back to their start-line. On the north bank of the Aisne the French attack was more successful, the 42nd and 69th divisions reached the German second position between the Aisne and the Miette, the advance north of Berry penetrating 4.0 km (2.5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992494–495_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992494–495-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanks to accompany the French infantry to the third objective arrived late and the troops were too exhausted and reduced by casualties to follow them. Half of the tanks were knocked out in the German defences and then acted as pillboxes in advance of the French infantry, which helped to defeat a big German counter-attack. German infantry launched hasty counter-attacks along the front, recaptured Bermericourt and conducted organised counter-attacks where the French infantry had advanced the furthest. At Sapigneul in the XXXII Corps area, the <a href="/wiki/37th_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="37th Infantry Division (France)">37th Division</a> attack failed, which released German artillery in the area to fire in <a href="/wiki/Enfilade_and_defilade" title="Enfilade and defilade">enfilade</a> into the flanks of the adjacent divisions, which had been able to advance and the guns were also able to engage the French tanks north of the Aisne. The defeat of the 37th Division restored the German defences between Loivre and Juvincourt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ville-aux-Bois,_Aisne_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ville-aux-Bois%2C_Aisne_1917.jpg/220px-Ville-aux-Bois%2C_Aisne_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ville-aux-Bois%2C_Aisne_1917.jpg/330px-Ville-aux-Bois%2C_Aisne_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Ville-aux-Bois%2C_Aisne_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ville-aux-Bois, Aisne 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The left flank division of the XXXII Corps and the right division of the V Corps penetrated the German second position south of Juvincourt but French tanks attacking south of the Miette from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bois de Beau Marais</i></span> advanced to disaster. German observers at Craonne, on the east end of the Chemin des Dames, were able to direct artillery-fire against the tanks and <span class="nowrap">23 were</span> destroyed behind the French front line; few of the tanks reached the German defences and by the evening only ten tanks were operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the left flank, V Corps was stopped at the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bois des Boches</i></span> and the hamlet of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">la Ville aux Bois</i></span>. On the Chemin des Dames, I Corps made very little progress and by evening had advanced no further than the German support line, 200–300 yd (180–270 m) ahead. The French infantry had suffered many casualties and few of the leading divisions were capable of resuming the attack. The advance had failed to reach objectives which were to have fallen by <span class="nowrap">9:30 a.m.</span> but <span class="nowrap">7,000 German</span> prisoners had been taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495–496_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495–496-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack on the right flank of the Sixth Army, which faced north between Oulches and Missy, took place from Oulches to Soupir and had less success than the Fifth Army; the II Colonial Corps advanced for 0.80 km (0.5 mi) in the first thirty minutes and was then stopped. The XX Corps attack from Vendresse to the Oise–Aisne Canal had more success, the 153rd Division on the right flank reached the Chemin des Dames south of Courtecon after a second attack, managing an advance of 2.01 km (1.25 mi). The VI Corps advanced its right flank west of the Oise–Aisne Canal but its left flank was held up. On the east-facing northern flank near Laffaux, I Colonial Corps was able to penetrate only a few hundred yards into the defences of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Condé-Riegel</i></span> (Condé Switch trench) and failed to take Moisy Farm plateau. Laffaux was captured and then lost to a counter-attack before changing hands several times, until finally captured on 19 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of Vauxaillon, at the north end of the Sixth Army, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont des Singes</i></span> was captured with the help of British heavy artillery but then lost to a German counter-attack. The Sixth Army operations took approximately 3,500 prisoners but no break-through had been achieved and the German second position had been reached at only one point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992496–497_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992496–497-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg/220px-Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg/330px-Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg/440px-Char_St_Chamond_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">St Chamond tank</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On the second day, Nivelle ordered the Fifth Army to attack north-eastwards, to reinforce success, believing that the Germans intended to hold the ground in front of the Sixth Army. The Fifth Army was not able substantially to advance on 17 April but the Sixth Army, which had continued to attack overnight, forced a German withdrawal from the area of Braye, Condé and Laffaux to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Siegfriedstellung</i></span>, which ran from Laffaux Mill to the Chemin des Dames and joined the original defences at Courtecon. The German retirement was carried out in a rush and many guns were left behind, along with<i>vast</i> stocks of munitions. The French infantry reached the new German positions with an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Army">Fourth Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fourth Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hills" title="Battle of the Hills">Battle of the Hills</a></div> <p>On 17 April the Fourth Army on the left of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Groupe d'armées de Centre</i></span> (GAC) began the subsidiary attack in Champagne from Aubérive to the east of Reims which became known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataille des Monts</i></span>, with the VIII, XVII and XII Corps on an 11 km (6.8 mi) front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin191912_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin191912-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack began at <span class="nowrap">4:45 a.m.</span> in cold rain alternating with snow showers. The right flank guard to the east of Suippes was established by the 24th Division and Aubérive on the east bank of the river and the 34th Division took <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont Cornillet</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont Blond</i></span>. The "Monts" were held against a German counter-attack on 19 April by the 5th, 6th (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Eingreif</i></span> divisions), the 23rd division and one regiment between Nauroy and Moronvilliers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalck200899_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalck200899-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the west bank the Moroccan Division was repulsed on the right and captured <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont sans Nom</i></span> on the left. To the north-east of the hill the advance reached a depth of 2.4 km (1.5 mi) and next day the advance was pressed beyond <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont Haut</i></span>. The Fourth Army attacks took <span class="nowrap">3,550 prisoners</span> and <span class="nowrap">27 guns.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German attacks on 27 May had temporary success before French counter-attacks recaptured the ground around <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont Haut</i></span>; lack of troops had forced the Germans into piecemeal attacks instead of a simultaneous attack along the whole front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalck200899–100_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalck200899–100-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenth_Army">Tenth Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tenth Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fifth_Army_area,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg/440px-Fifth_Army_area%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Fifth and Tenth army areas, 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Nivelle ordered the Tenth Army forward between the Fifth and Sixth armies on 21 April. The IX Corps and XVIII Corps took over between Craonne and Hurtebise and local operations were continued on the fronts of the Fourth and Fifth armies with little success. An attack on Brimont on <span class="nowrap">(4–5 May),</span> the capture of which would have been of great tactical value, was postponed on the orders of the French government and never took place. The Tenth Army captured the Californie Plateau on the Chemin des Dames, the Sixth Army captured the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Siegfriedstellung</i></span> for 4.0 km (2.5 mi) along the Chemin des Dames and then advanced at the salient opposite Laffaux. An attack on 5 May southeast of Vauxaillon took Moisy Farm and Laffaux Mill and repulsed German counter-attacks. Next day another advance was conducted north of the mill. German counter-attacks continued in constant attack and counter-attack in the Soissons sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 5 May the Sixth Army had reached the outskirts of Allemant and took roughly 4,000 prisoners. The offensive continued on the Fourth Army front where <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mont Cornillet</i></span> was captured and by 10 May <span class="nowrap">28,500 prisoners</span> and <span class="nowrap">187 guns</span> had been taken by the French armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992500–501_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992500–501-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_7th_Army_counter-attacks">German 7th Army counter-attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German 7th Army counter-attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craonne_and_the_eastern_Chemin_des_Dames,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Craonne_and_the_eastern_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Craonne_and_the_eastern_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Craonne_and_the_eastern_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Craonne_and_the_eastern_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Craonne_and_the_eastern_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Craonne and the eastern Chemin des Dames, 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Between Vauxaillon and Reims and on the Moronvilliers heights the French had captured much of the German defensive zone, despite the failure to break through and Army Group German Crown Prince counter-attacked before the French could consolidate, mostly by night towards the summits of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif. During the nights of the <span class="nowrap">6/7 and 7/8</span> May, the Germans attacked from Vauxaillon to Craonne and on the night of <span class="nowrap">8/9 May</span> German attacks were repulsed at Cerny, La Bovelle, Heutebise Farm and the Californie Plateau. Next day, German counter-attacks on Chevreux, north-east of Craonne at the foot of the east end of the Chemin des Dames were defeated. More attacks on the night of <span class="nowrap">9/10 May</span> were defeated by the French artillery and machine-gun fire; the French managed to advance on the northern slopes of the Vauclerc Plateau. On 10 May, another German attack at Chevreux was defeated and the French advanced north of Sancy and on the night of <span class="nowrap">10/11 May,</span> and the following day, German attacks were repulsed on the Californie Plateau and at Cerny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918103_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918103-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 May, a German counter-offensive, on a front of 4.0 km (2.5 mi) from the north-west of Laffaux Mill to the Soissons–Laon railway, was defeated and after dark more attacks north of Laffaux Mill and north-west of Braye-en-Laonnois also failed. French attacks on 17 May took ground east of Craonne and on 18 May, German attacks on the Californie Plateau and on the Chemin des Dames just west of the Oise–Aisne Canal, were repulsed. On 20 May, a counter-offensive to retake the French positions from Craonne to the east of Fort de la Malmaison, was mostly defeated by artillery-fire and where German infantry were able to advance through the French defensive barrages, French infantry easily forced them back; <span class="nowrap">1,000 unwounded</span> prisoners were taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 May, German surprise attacks on the Vauclerc Plateau failed and on the following evening, the French captured several of the remaining observation posts dominating the Ailette Valley and three German trench lines east of Chevreux. A German counter-attack on the Californie Plateau was smashed by artillery and infantry small-arms fire and <span class="nowrap">350 prisoners</span> taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Observatories">Battle of the Observatories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of the Observatories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <span class="nowrap">8:30 p.m.</span> on 23 May, a German assault on the Vauclerc Plateau was defeated and on 24 May, a renewed attack was driven back in confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the night the French took the wood south-east of Chevreux and almost annihilated two German battalions. On 25 May, three German columns attacked a salient north-west of Bray-en-Laonnois and gained a footing in the French first trench, before being forced out by a counter-attack. On 26 May German attacks on salients east and west of Cerny were repulsed and from <span class="nowrap">26 to 27 May,</span> German attacks between Vauxaillon and Laffaux Mill broke down. Two attacks on 28 May at Hurtebise were defeated by French artillery-fire and on the night of <span class="nowrap">31 May – 1 June</span> and attacks by the Germans west of Cerny also failed. On the morning of 1 June, after a heavy bombardment, German troops captured several trenches north of Laffaux Mill and lost them to counter-attacks in the afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 June a bigger German attack began, after an intensive bombardment of the French front, from the north of Laffaux to the east of Berry-au-Bac. On the night of <span class="nowrap">2/3 June,</span> two German divisions made five attacks on the east, west and central parts of the Californie Plateau and the west end of the Vauclerc Plateau. The Germans attacked in waves, at certain points advancing shoulder-to-shoulder, supported by flame-thrower detachments and gained some ground on the Vauclerc Plateau, until French counter-attacks recovered the ground. Despite the French holding improvised defences and the huge volumes of German artillery-fire used to prepare attacks, the German organised counter-attacks (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegenangriffe</i></span>) met with little success and at Chevreux north-east of Craonne, the French had even pushed further into the Laon Plain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne,_Nivelle_Offensive,_April-May_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne%2C_Nivelle_Offensive%2C_April-May_1917.jpg/220px-French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne%2C_Nivelle_Offensive%2C_April-May_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne%2C_Nivelle_Offensive%2C_April-May_1917.jpg/330px-French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne%2C_Nivelle_Offensive%2C_April-May_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne%2C_Nivelle_Offensive%2C_April-May_1917.jpg/440px-French_territorial_gains_on_the_Aisne%2C_Nivelle_Offensive%2C_April-May_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">French territorial gains on the Aisne, Nivelle Offensive, April–May 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2015, Andrew Uffindell wrote that retrospective naming and dating of events can affect the way in which the past is understood. The Second Battle of the Aisne began on 16 April but the duration and extent of the battle have been interpreted differently. The ending of the battle is usually given as mid-May. Uffindell called this politically convenient, since this excluded the Battle of La Malmaison in October, making it easier to heap blame upon Nivelle. Uffindel wrote that the exclusion of La Malmaison was artificial, since the attack was begun from the ground taken from April to May. General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Franchet d'Espèrey</a> called La Malmaison "the decisive phase of the Battle... that began on 16 April and ended on 2 November...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUffindell201517_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindell201517-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The offensive advanced the front line by 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) on the front of the Sixth Army, which took <span class="nowrap">5,300 prisoners</span> and a large amount of equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005351_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005351-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation had been planned as a decisive blow against the Germans; by 20 April it was clear that the strategic intent of the offensive had not been achieved and by 25 April most of the fighting had ended. Casualties had reached 20 per cent in the French armies by 10 May and some divisions suffered more than 60 per cent casualties. On 3 May, the French 2nd Division refused orders, similar refusals and <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> spread through the armies; the <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">Nivelle Offensive</a> was abandoned in confusion on 9 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003247_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003247-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May, Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa. He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain with Foch as chief of the General Staff, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence" to avoid casualties and to restore morale. Pétain had <span class="nowrap">40 to 62 mutineers</span> shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which did much to restore morale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005354,_359–360,_368_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005354,_359–360,_368-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operations in Champagne on 20 May ended the Nivelle Offensive; most of the Chemin-des-Dames plateau, particularly the east end, which dominated the plain north of the Aisne had been captured. Bois-des-Buttes, Ville-aux-Bois, Bois-des-Boches and the German first and second positions from there to the Aisne had also been captured. South of the river, the Fifth and Tenth armies on the plain near Loivre, had managed to advance west of the Brimont Heights. East of Reims the Fourth Army had captured most of the Moronvilliers massif and Auberive, then advanced along the Suippe, which provided good jumping-off positions for a new offensive. The cost of the Nivelle Offensive in casualties and loss of morale were great but German losses were also high and the tactical success of the French, in capturing elaborately fortified positions and defeating counter-attacks, reduced German morale. The Germans had been forced out of the most elaborately fortified positions on the Western Front and failed to recapture them. <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Ridge">Vimy Ridge</a>, the Scarpe Heights, the caverns, spurs and plateau of the Chemin des Dames and the Moronvilliers massif had been occupied for more than two years, carefully surveyed by German engineers and fortified to make them impregnable. In six weeks all were lost and the Germans were left clinging to the eastern or northern edges of the ridges of the summits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918101–102_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918101–102-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soupir_(Aisne)_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Soupir_%28Aisne%29_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg/220px-Soupir_%28Aisne%29_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Soupir_%28Aisne%29_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg/330px-Soupir_%28Aisne%29_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Soupir_%28Aisne%29_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg/440px-Soupir_%28Aisne%29_nach_den_April-Angriffen_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8148" data-file-height="5729" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The ruined village of <a href="/wiki/Soupir" title="Soupir">Soupir</a>, 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The French tactic of assault <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">brutal et continu</i></span> suited the German defensive dispositions, since much of the new construction had taken place on reverse slopes. The speed of attack and the depth of the French objectives meant that there was no time to establish artillery observation posts overlooking the Ailette valley, in the areas where French infantry had reached the ridge. The tunnels and caves under the ridge nullified the destructive effect of the French artillery, which was also reduced by poor weather and by German air superiority, which made French artillery-observation aircraft even less effective. The rear edge of the German battle zone along the ridge had been reinforced with machine-gun posts and the German divisional commanders decided to hold the front line, rather than giving ground elastically; few of the <a href="/wiki/Eingreif_division" title="Eingreif division"><i>Eingreif</i> Divisions</a> were needed to intervene in the battle. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976187–188_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976187–188-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_(Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott)_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg/220px-Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg/330px-Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg/440px-Kriegerdenkmal_bei_der_Marienkirche_%28Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott%29_Arras_Winterberg_Messines_Verdun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">War memorial in <a href="/wiki/Ruhstorf_an_der_Rott" title="Ruhstorf an der Rott">Ruhstorf an der Rott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>) mentioning local man Raimund Abraham, who was killed in action on the Californie Plateau (called <i>Winterberg</i> by the Germans) on 22 May 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1939 G. C. Wynne wrote that the French had <span class="nowrap">117,000</span> casualties including <span class="nowrap">32,000</span> killed in the first few days but that the effect on military and civilian morale was worse than the casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976188_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976188-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1939 volume of <i>Der Weltkrieg</i>, the German official historians recorded German losses to the end of June as <span class="nowrap">163,000</span> men including <span class="nowrap">37,000</span> missing and claimed French casualties of <span class="nowrap">250,000</span>–<span class="nowrap">300,000</span> men, including <span class="nowrap">10,500</span> taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939410_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939410-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 <a href="/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson" title="G. W. L. Nicholson">Gerald Nicholson</a>, the Canadian official historian, recorded German casualties of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 163,000</span> and French casualties of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 187,000</span> men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 Web publication gave <span class="nowrap">108,000</span> French casualties, <span class="nowrap">49,526</span> in the Fifth Army, <span class="nowrap">30,296</span> casualties in the Sixth Army, <span class="nowrap">4,849</span> in the Tenth Army, <span class="nowrap">2169</span> in the Fourth Army and <span class="nowrap">1,486</span> in the Third Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Richard Doughty quoted figures of <span class="nowrap">134,000</span> French casualties on the Aisne from <span class="nowrap">16 to 25 April,</span> of whom <span class="nowrap">30,000</span> men were killed, <span class="nowrap">100,000</span> were wounded and <span class="nowrap">4,000</span> were taken prisoner; the rate of casualties was the worst since November 1914. From <span class="nowrap">16 April to 10 May</span> the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth armies took <span class="nowrap">28,500</span> prisoners and <span class="nowrap">187 guns</span>. The advance of the Sixth Army was one of the largest made by a French army since trench warfare began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005353–354_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005353–354-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames,_October-November_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_October-November_1917.jpg/220px-Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_October-November_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_October-November_1917.jpg/330px-Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_October-November_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_October-November_1917.jpg/440px-Battle_of_La_Malmaison_and_German_retreat_from_the_Chemin_des_Dames%2C_October-November_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">German retreat from the Chemin des Dames, November 1917</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of La Malmaison (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bataille de la Malmaison</i></span>, <span class="nowrap">23–27 October)</span> led to the capture of the village and fort of <a href="/wiki/La_Malmaison" title="La Malmaison">La Malmaison</a> and control of the Chemin des Dames ridge. The 7th Army commander, <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Boehn_(general)" title="Max von Boehn (general)">Max von Boehn</a>, was not able to establish a defence in depth along the Chemin-de-Dames, because the ridge was a <a href="/wiki/Hogback_(geology)" title="Hogback (geology)">hog's back</a> and the only alternative was to retire north of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Canal_de_l%27Oise_%C3%A0_l%27Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne">Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne</a></i></span>. The German artillery was outnumbered about <span class="nowrap">3:1 and</span> on the front of the 14th Division <span class="nowrap">32 German</span> batteries were bombarded by <span class="nowrap">125 French</span> artillery batteries. Much of the German artillery was silenced before the French attack. Gas bombardments in the Ailette valley became so dense that the carriage of ammunition and supplies to the front was made impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalck2008101_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalck2008101-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From <span class="nowrap">24 to 25 October</span> the XXI and XIV corps advanced rapidly and the I Cavalry Corps was brought forward into the XIV Corps area, in case the Germans collapsed. On 25 October the French captured the village and forest of Pinon and closed up to the line of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6–7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6–7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In four days the attack had advanced 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) and forced the Germans from the narrow plateau of the Chemin des Dames, back to the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ailette_(river)" title="Ailette (river)">Ailette</a> Valley. The French took <span class="nowrap">11,157</span> prisoners, <span class="nowrap">200 guns</span> and <span class="nowrap">220 heavy</span> mortars. French losses were <span class="nowrap">2,241 men</span> killed, <span class="nowrap">8,162</span> wounded and <span class="nowrap">1,460</span> missing from <span class="nowrap">23 to 26 October,</span> 10 per cent of the casualties of the attacks during the Nivelle Offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005384–89_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005384–89-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GAN under <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Franchet D'Esperey</a> controlled the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Army (France)">Third Army</a> (General Georges Humbert) in the south XXXIII Corps had the 77th and 70th divisions from Coucy le Chateau to the Oise, just south of La Fere, XXXV Corps in the centre had the 53rd, 61st and 121st divisions, from the Oise to the vicinity of Urvillers and XIII Corps on the left, the 26th and 25th divisions from near Urvillers to the boundary with the British Fourth Army at Savy. The XIV Corps was in reserve around Chauny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939452_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939452-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caution is suggested with the source <i>Prelude to Victory</i> (1939) due to certain egregiously racist passages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939263–265,_passim_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939263–265,_passim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tank crews suffered <span class="nowrap">128 casualties</span> in a complement of <span class="nowrap">720 men,</span> <span class="nowrap">76 tanks</span> were knocked out, <span class="nowrap">57 being</span> set on fire and attached infantry suffered <span class="nowrap">40 per cent</span> casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003243_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005327–328-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005327–328_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005337-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005337_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005326–327-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005326–327_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992492-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992492_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992486-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992486_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1995180-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1995180_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuels1995">Samuels 1995</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976148–149-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976148–149_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976161-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976161_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelin1919a">Michelin 1919a</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976149–151-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976149–151_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 149–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1995181-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1995181_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuels1995">Samuels 1995</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976152–156-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976152–156_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 152–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976156–158-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976156–158_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 156–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992485-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992485_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939452-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939452_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpears1939">Spears 1939</a>, p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939263–265,_passim-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939263–265,_passim_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpears1939">Spears 1939</a>, pp. 263–265, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939287–290_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpears1939">Spears 1939</a>, pp. 287–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1917379–380-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1917379–380_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1917">The Times 1917</a>, pp. 379–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939453–454-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939453–454_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpears1939">Spears 1939</a>, pp. 453–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpears1939454–455-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpears1939454–455_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpears1939">Spears 1939</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992494–495-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992494–495_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 494–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahaie201572–73_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLahaie2015">Lahaie 2015</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495–496-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992495–496_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 495–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992496–497-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992496–497_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 496–497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992497–498_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 497–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin191912-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin191912_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelin1919">Michelin 1919</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalck200899-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalck200899_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalck2008">Balck 2008</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalck200899–100-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalck200899–100_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalck2008">Balck 2008</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalls1992500–501-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalls1992500–501_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalls1992">Falls 1992</a>, pp. 500–501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918103-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918103_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1918">The Times 1918</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918104_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1918">The Times 1918</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918105_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1918">The Times 1918</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUffindell201517-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUffindell201517_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUffindell2015">Uffindell 2015</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005351-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005351_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003247-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003247_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrachan2003">Strachan 2003</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005354,_359–360,_368-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005354,_359–360,_368_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 354, 359–360, 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918101–102-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Times1918101–102_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Times1918">The Times 1918</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976187–188-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976187–188_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWynne1976188-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWynne1976188_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWynne1976">Wynne 1976</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939410-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoerster1939410_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoerster1939">Foerster 1939</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholson1962243_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1962">Nicholson 1962</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2003-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2003_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2003">Anon 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005353–354-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005353–354_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 353–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalck2008101-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalck2008101_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalck2008">Balck 2008</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6–7-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichelin1919a6–7_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichelin1919a">Michelin 1919a</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005384–89-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoughty2005384–89_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoughty2005">Doughty 2005</a>, pp. 384–89.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalck2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Balck" title="William Balck">Balck, W.</a> (2008) [1922]. <i>Entwickelung der Taktik im Weltkriege</i> [<i>Development of Tactics in the World War</i>] (Kessinger repr. ed.). Berlin: Eisenschmidt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4368-2099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4368-2099-8"><bdi>978-1-4368-2099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entwickelung+der+Taktik+im+Weltkriege&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=Kessinger+repr.&rft.pub=Eisenschmidt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4368-2099-8&rft.aulast=Balck&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughty2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, R. A.</a> (2005). <i>Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War</i>. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01880-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrhic+victory%3A+French+Strategy+and+Operations+in+the+Great+War&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01880-8&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalls1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Falls" title="Cyril Falls">Falls, C.</a> (1992) [1940]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-180-0"><bdi>978-0-89839-180-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium%2C+1917%3A+The+German+Retreat+to+the+Hindenburg+Line+and+the+Battles+of+Arras&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+and+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-180-0&rft.aulast=Falls&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoerster1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Foerster" title="Wolfgang Foerster">Foerster, Wolfgang</a>, ed. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/image/AC01860055/1/"><i>Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande Zwölfter Band Die Kriegsführung im Frühjahr 1917</i></a> [<i>The World War 1914 to 1918: Military Land Operations, Twelfth Volume, the Warfare in the Spring of 1917</i>] (in German). Vol. XII (online scan [2012] ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248903245">248903245</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span> – via Die digitale Landesbibliotek Oberösterreich (Upper Austrian Provincial Library).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Weltkrieg+1914+bis+1918%3A+Die+milit%C3%A4rischen+Operationen+zu+Lande+Zw%C3%B6lfter+Band+Die+Kriegsf%C3%BChrung+im+Fr%C3%BChjahr+1917&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=online+scan+%5B2012%5D&rft.pub=Verlag+Ernst+Siegfried+Mittler+und+Sohn&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248903245&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.landesbibliothek.at%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2FAC01860055%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1962" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826165151/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf"><i>Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59609928">59609928</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/CEF_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Expeditionary+Force+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59609928&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fhis%2Fdocs%2FCEF_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelin1919" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027945744"><i>Rheims and the Battles for its Possession</i></a>. Clermont Ferrand: Michelin & cie. 1920 [1919]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5361169">5361169</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rheims+and+the+Battles+for+its+Possession&rft.place=Clermont+Ferrand&rft.pub=Michelin+%26+cie&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5361169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027945744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels1995" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, M. (1995). <i>Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918</i>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4214-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4214-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-4214-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+or+Control%3F+Command%2C+Training+and+Tactics+in+the+British+and+German+Armies+1888%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4214-7&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle2015" class="citation book cs1">Searle, A., ed. (2015). <i>Genesis, Employment, Aftermath: First World War Tanks and the New Warfare, 1900–1945</i>. Modern Military History. Solihull: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909982-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909982-22-2"><bdi>978-1-909982-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%2C+Employment%2C+Aftermath%3A+First+World+War+Tanks+and+the+New+Warfare%2C+1900%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Solihull&rft.series=Modern+Military+History&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-909982-22-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFLahaie2015" class="citation">Lahaie, O. "The Development of French Tank Warfare on the Western Front, 1916–1918". In <a href="#CITEREFSearle2015">Searle (2015)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelin1919a" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028193906"><i>Soissons Before and During the War</i></a> (English ed.). Clermont Ferrand: Michelin & cie. 1919. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470759519">470759519</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soissons+Before+and+During+the+War&rft.place=Clermont+Ferrand&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Michelin+%26+cie&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470759519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028193906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpears1939" class="citation book cs1">Spears, Sir Edward (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503332"><i>Prelude to Victory</i></a> (online ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459267081">459267081</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459267081&rft.aulast=Spears&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.503332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, H.</a> (2003). <i>The First World War: To Arms</i>. Vol. I. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4352-9266-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4352-9266-6"><bdi>978-1-4352-9266-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4352-9266-6&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUffindell2015" class="citation book cs1">Uffindell, A. (2015). <i>The Nivelle Offensive and the Battle of the Aisne 1917: A Battlefield Guide to the Chemin des Dames</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-034-7"><bdi>978-1-78303-034-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nivelle+Offensive+and+the+Battle+of+the+Aisne+1917%3A+A+Battlefield+Guide+to+the+Chemin+des+Dames&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78303-034-7&rft.aulast=Uffindell&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynne1976" class="citation book cs1">Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. <i>If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West</i> (repr. ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-5029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-5029-1"><bdi>978-0-8371-5029-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+Germany+Attacks%3A+The+Battle+in+Depth+in+the+West&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.edition=repr.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-5029-1&rft.aulast=Wynne&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopaedias">Encyclopaedias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Encyclopaedias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times1917" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa12londuoft">"The Times History of the War"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. Vol. XII (online scan ed.). London: The Times. 1914–1921. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475617679">475617679</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Times+History+of+the+War&rft.btitle=The+Times&rft.place=London&rft.edition=online+scan&rft.pub=The+Times&rft.date=1914%2F1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475617679&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeshistoryofwa12londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Times1918" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywartimes14londuoft">"The Times History of the War"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i>. Vol. XIV (online scan ed.). London: The Times. 1914–1921. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70406275">70406275</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2013</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Times+History+of+the+War&rft.btitle=The+Times&rft.place=London&rft.edition=online+scan&rft.pub=The+Times&rft.date=1914%2F1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70406275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorywartimes14londuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2003" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chtimiste.com/">"Les Offensives d'avril 1917"</a>. <i>chtimiste.com</i>. France. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chtimiste.com&rft.atitle=Les+Offensives+d%27avril+1917&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chtimiste.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cowan, Tony (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjmh.gold.ac.uk/index.php/bjmh/article/view/1314/1445">"The Introduction of New German Defensive Tactics in 1916–1917"</a>. <i>British Journal for Military History</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2057-0422">2057-0422</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+New+German+Defensive+Tactics+in+1916%E2%80%931917&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2057-0422&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbjmh.gold.ac.uk%2Findex.php%2Fbjmh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1314%2F1445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2023" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Tony (2023). <i>Holding Out: The German Army and Operational Command in 1917</i>. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-83023-2"><bdi>978-1-108-83023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holding+Out%3A+The+German+Army+and+Operational+Command+in+1917&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Military+Histories&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-108-83023-2&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Edmonds" title="James Edward Edmonds">Edmonds, J. E.</a> (1991) [1948]. <i>Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: 7 June – 10 November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)</i>. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-166-4"><bdi>978-0-89839-166-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+France+and+Belgium+1917%3A+7+June+%E2%80%93+10+November.+Messines+and+Third+Ypres+%28Passchendaele%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents+by+Direction+of+the+Historical+Section+of+the+Committee+of+Imperial+Defence&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+%26+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-166-4&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, J.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00keeg_0"><i>The First World War</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40052-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40052-0"><bdi>978-0-375-40052-0</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40052-0&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldwar00keeg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2015" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, J. (2015). <i>The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne</i>. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-345-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-345-9"><bdi>978-1-78346-345-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Army+in+the+Spring+Offensives+1917%3A+Arras%2C+Aisne+%26+Champagne&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-345-9&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkinsJukesHickey2003" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). <i>The First World War: The War to End All Wars</i>. London: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-738-3"><bdi>978-1-84176-738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+The+War+to+End+All+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-738-3&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Jukes%2C+G.&rft.au=Hickey%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+the+Aisne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_the_Aisne_(1917)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of the Aisne (1917)">Battle of the Aisne (1917)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemindesdames.fr/default.asp?lang=ang">Chemin des Dames Portail official portal, multi-language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memorial-chemindesdames.fr/pages/accueil.asp?lang=ang">Chemin des Dames Virtual Memorial searchable databases soldiers, regiments, battles, cemeteries, monuments and documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721011636/http://www.memorial-chemindesdames.fr/pages/accueil.asp?lang=ang">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caverne-du-dragon.com/en/default.aspx">La Caverne du Dragon museum of the 1917 battle at Chemin des Dames multimedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmatters.net/france/ww1_chemin_3.htm">First World War: <i>Chemin des Dames</i> photos and descriptions, Chemin des Dames sites</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I23297" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I23297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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