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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai-Krise_1958_(Frankreich)" title="Mai-Krise 1958 (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mai-Krise 1958 (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_Mayo_(1958)" title="Crisis de Mayo (1958) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis de Mayo (1958)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_mai_1958" title="Crise de mai 1958 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise de mai 1958" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the failed military coup, see <a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political crisis in France during the Algerian War of Independence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">May 1958 crisis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13–29 May 1958</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Fall of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> French Fourth Republic</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Units of <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pierre Pflimlin</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Army_General_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army General (France)">Général d'Armée</a> <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">Raoul Salan</a><br />Général d'Armée <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Massu" title="Jacques Massu">Jacques Massu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_General_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army General (France)">Général d'Armée Aérienne</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Jouhaud" title="Edmond Jouhaud">Edmond Jouhaud</a><br />Admiral <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auboyneau" title="Philippe Auboyneau">Philippe Auboyneau</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lagaillarde" title="Pierre Lagaillarde">Pierre Lagaillarde</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Government-loyal armed force</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Counter force armed force</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> None<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Algerian_War_of_Independence" title="Template:Campaignbox Algerian War of Independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Algerian_War_of_Independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Algerian War of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Algerian_War_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Algerian War of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algerian_War3881" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1950s</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge" title="Toussaint Rouge">Toussaint Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douar_Souadek" title="Battle of Douar Souadek">Boukerker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_V%C3%A9ronique" title="Operation Véronique">Véronique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Djorf" title="First Battle of El Djorf">El Djorf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippeville" title="Battle of Philippeville">Philippeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Bird" title="Operation Blue Bird">Blue Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestro_ambush" title="Palestro ambush">Palestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956%E2%80%931957)" title="Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fellaoucene" title="Battle of Fellaoucene">Fellaoucene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oued_Zeggar_ambush" title="Oued Zeggar ambush">Oued Zeggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Semiane" title="Battle of Sidi Semiane">Sidi Semiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agounennda" title="Battle of Agounennda">Agounennda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouzegza" title="Battle of Bouzegza">Bouzegza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Menaouer_(1957)" title="Battle of El Menaouer (1957)">El Menaouer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Essien_(1957)" title="Battle of Essien (1957)">Essien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timimoun" title="Battle of Timimoun">Timimoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bab_El_Bekkouche" title="Battle of Bab El Bekkouche">Bab El Bekkouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_borders_(Algerian_War)" title="Battle of the borders (Algerian War)">Borders</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May 1958 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ouled_Bouachra" title="Battle of Ouled Bouachra">1st Ouled Bouachra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ath_Yahia_Moussa" title="Battle of Ath Yahia Moussa">Ath Yahia Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jumelles" title="Operation Jumelles">Jumelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Challe_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Challe Plan (page does not exist)">Challe Plan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Challe" class="extiw" title="simple:Plan Challe">simple</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challe_Plan" class="extiw" title="fr:Challe Plan">fr</a>]</span> (1959‑1961)</li></ul> <p><b>1960s</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bab_El_Oued" title="Battle of Bab El Oued">Bab El Oued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Oran massacre">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Boutaleb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Boutaleb (page does not exist)">Boutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djebel_Bouk%27hil_(1961)" title="Battle of Djebel Bouk'hil (1961)">Bouk'hil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nasinsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nasinsa (page does not exist)">Nasinsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ouled_Rashache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ouled Rashache (page does not exist)">Ouled Rashache</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Flawcen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Flawcen (page does not exist)">Flawcen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Ouled_Bouachra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Ouled Bouachra (page does not exist)">2nd Ouled Bouachra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kef_Lakhdar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kef Lakhdar (page does not exist)">Kef Lakhdar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ouled_Sinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ouled Sinan (page does not exist)">Ouled Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Guergour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Guergour (page does not exist)">Guergour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kef_Afoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kef Afoul (page does not exist)">Kef Afoul</a></li></ul> <p><b>Topics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_(Algeria)" title="Shahid (Algeria)">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beheadings_of_prisoners_in_the_Algerian_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beheadings of prisoners in the Algerian war (page does not exist)">Beheadings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">Guillotine</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>May 1958 crisis</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Crise de mai 1958</i>), also known as the <b>Algiers putsch</b> or <b>the coup of 13 May</b>, was a political crisis in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> during the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a> (1954–1962) which led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> and its replacement by the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> who returned to power after a twelve-year absence. It started as a political uprising in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> on 13 May 1958 and then became a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by a coalition headed by <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9put%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Député">Algiers deputy</a> and reserve airborne officer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lagaillarde" title="Pierre Lagaillarde">Pierre Lagaillarde</a>, French Generals <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">Raoul Salan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Jouhaud" title="Edmond Jouhaud">Edmond Jouhaud</a>, Jean Gracieux, and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Massu" title="Jacques Massu">Jacques Massu</a>, and by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Auboyneau" title="Philippe Auboyneau">Philippe Auboyneau</a>, commander of the Mediterranean fleet. The coup was supported by former Algerian Governor General <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a> and his activist allies. </p><p>The coup had as its aim to oppose the formation of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pierre Pflimlin</a>'s new government and to impose a change of policies in favor of the right-wing partisans of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context">Context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recurrent cabinet crises focused attention on the inherent instability of the Fourth Republic and increased the misgivings of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> and of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Pieds-noirs</a></i> (European Algerians) that the security of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, a then <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France, was being undermined by party politics. Army commanders chafed at what they took to be inadequate and incompetent government support of military efforts to end the war. The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Indochina in 1954</a> was in the offing and that the government would order another overly precipitous pullout and sacrifice French honor to political expediency.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_coup">The coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his tour as Governor General, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a> had returned to France to organize support for de Gaulle's return to power, while retaining close ties to the army and the settlers. By early 1958, he had organized a coup d'état, bringing together dissident army officers and colonial officials with sympathetic <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullists</a>. On 13 May, right-wing elements seized power in Algiers and called for a Government of Public Safety under General de Gaulle. Massu became chairman of the Public Safety Committee and one of the leaders of the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Salan" class="mw-redirect" title="General Salan">General Salan</a> assumed leadership of a <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed to replace the civil authority and pressed the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a>'s demands that de Gaulle be named by French president <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Coty" title="René Coty">René Coty</a> to head a government of national union invested with extraordinary powers to prevent the "abandonment of Algeria". Salan announced on radio that the Army had "provisionally taken over responsibility for the destiny of French Algeria". Under the pressure of Massu, Salan declared <i>Vive de Gaulle!</i> from the balcony of the Algiers Government-General building on 15 May. De Gaulle answered two days later that he was ready to "assume the powers of the Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many worried as they saw this answer as support for the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 373–416">: 373–416 </span></sup> </p><p>At a 19 May press conference, de Gaulle asserted again that he was at the disposal of the country. When a journalist expressed the concerns of some who feared that he would violate civil liberties, de Gaulle retorted vehemently: </p> <blockquote><p>Have I ever done that? Quite the opposite, I have reestablished them when they had disappeared. Who honestly believes that, at age 67, I would start a career as a dictator?<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 24 May, French <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a> from Algeria landed on <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> by aircraft, taking the French island in a bloodless action called "<a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Corse" class="mw-redirect" title="Opération Corse">Opération Corse</a>." Subsequently, preparations were made in Algeria for "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Resurrection" title="Operation Resurrection">Operation Resurrection</a>," which had as objectives the seizure of Paris and the removal of the French government, through the use of paratroopers and armoured forces based at <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet" title="Rambouillet">Rambouillet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Operation Resurrection" was to be implemented if one of three scenarios occurred: if de Gaulle was not approved as leader of France by Parliament, if de Gaulle asked for military assistance to take power, or if it seemed that the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> was making any move to take power in France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political leaders on many sides agreed to support the General's return to power with the notable exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, who was a minister in <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a>'s Socialist government, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Mendès-France">Pierre Mendès-France</a> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical-Socialist Party</a>, former Prime Minister), <a href="/wiki/Alain_Savary" title="Alain Savary">Alain Savary</a> (also a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO)), and the Communist Party. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, a noted atheist, said, “I would rather vote for God,” as he would at least be more modest than de Gaulle. Mendès-France and Savary, opposed to their respective parties' support of de Gaulle, would form together, in 1960, the <i><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Autonomous Socialist Party (France)">Parti socialiste autonome</a></i> (PSA, Socialist Autonomous Party), ancestor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Unified Socialist Party (France)">Parti socialiste unifié</a></i> (PSU, Unified Socialist Party).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_Gaulle's_return_to_power_(29_May_1958)"><span id="De_Gaulle.27s_return_to_power_.2829_May_1958.29"></span>De Gaulle's return to power (29 May 1958)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: De Gaulle's return to power (29 May 1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">Presidency of Charles de Gaulle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1958_French_presidential_election" title="1958 French presidential election">1958 French presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">1958 French legislative election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">1958 French constitutional referendum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle,_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg/170px-Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg/255px-Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg/340px-Demonstraties_in_Parijs_tgv_en_voor_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-6034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_du_Faubourg-du-Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue du Faubourg-du-Temple (page does not exist)">rue du Faubourg-du-Temple</a> in Paris on 1 June</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 May President René Coty told parliament that the nation was on the brink of civil war, so he was "turning towards the most illustrious of Frenchmen, towards the man who, in the darkest years of our history, was our chief for the reconquest of freedom and who refused dictatorship in order to re-establish the Republic. I ask General de Gaulle to confer with the head of state and to examine with him what, in the framework of Republican legality, is necessary for the immediate formation of a government of national safety and what can be done, in a fairly short time, for a deep reform of our institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gaulle accepted Coty's proposal under the precondition that a new constitution would be introduced creating a powerful presidency in which a sole executive, the first of which was to be himself, ruled for seven-year periods. Another condition was that he be granted <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">extraordinary powers</a> for a period of six months.<sup id="cite_ref-haine_2000_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haine_2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Gaulle's newly formed cabinet was approved by the National Assembly on 1 June 1958, by 329 votes against 224, while he was granted the power to govern by <a href="/wiki/Ordonnance_(French_constitutional_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordonnance (French constitutional law)">ordinances</a> for a six-month period as well as the task to draft a new Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-haine_2000_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haine_2000-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The May 1958 crisis indicated that the Fourth Republic by 1958 no longer had any support from the French army in Algeria, and was at its mercy even in civilian political matters. This decisive shift in the balance of power in civil-military relations in France in 1958 and the threat of force was the main immediate factor in the return of de Gaulle to power in France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_new_constitution">The new constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The new constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generaal_De_Gaulle,_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Generaal_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg/170px-Generaal_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Generaal_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg/255px-Generaal_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Generaal_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg/340px-Generaal_De_Gaulle%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, pictured in 1958 </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a></div> <p>De Gaulle blamed the institutions of the Fourth Republic for France's political weakness – a Gaullist reading still popular today. As he commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">new constitution</a> and was responsible for its overall framework, de Gaulle is sometimes described as the author of the constitution, although it was effectively drafted during the summer of 1958 by the Gaullist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a>. The draft followed closely the propositions in de Gaulle’s <a href="/wiki/Speech_in_Bayeux_in_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech in Bayeux in 1946">speech in Bayeux in 1946</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gaul_bayeux_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaul_bayeux-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to a strong <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and to a rather <a href="/wiki/Presidentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidentialism">presidential</a> regime – the President being granted the responsibility of governing the Council of Ministers,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to the adoption of article 16, granting "extraordinary powers" to the president if a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was proclaimed, and of <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although most politicians supported de Gaulle, Mitterrand, who opposed the new Constitution, famously denounced "a permanent coup d'état" in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 September 1958, a <a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a> took place and 79.2% of those who voted supported the new constitution and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">colonies</a> (Algeria was officially three <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a> of France, not a colony) were given the choice between immediate independence and the new constitution. All colonies voted for the new constitution and the replacement of the French Union by the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> – which thus became the first French African colony to gain independence, at the cost of the immediate cessation of all French assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenby_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenby-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 407">: 407 </span></sup> </p><p>De Gaulle was elected <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">President of the French Republic</a> and of the African and Malagasy Community on 21 December 1958 by <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect suffrage</a>. He was inaugurated on 8 January 1959. In the meanwhile, de Gaulle had <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">met the German chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> on 14 September 1958 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Colombey-les-Deux-%C3%89glises" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombey-les-Deux-Églises">Colombey-les-Deux-Églises</a>; he had sent a memorandum to US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> on 17 September 1958, recalling his will of national independence; he also took financial measures on 27 December 1958 to reduce the state deficit, and, in Algeria, called for the "peace of the brave" (<i>paix des braves</i>) in October 1958.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_May_1877_crisis" title="16 May 1877 crisis">16 May 1877 crisis</a> (establishing the pre-eminency of Parliament over the President in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">28th of February process</a>, a process in which the Turkish Armed Forces forced the Islamist prime minister out of office</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27243803">"Dien Bien Phu: Did the US offer France an A-bomb?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 5 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Dien+Bien+Phu%3A+Did+the+US+offer+France+an+A-bomb%3F&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-27243803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenby-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenby_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenby2010" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2010). <i>The General: Charles De Gaulle and the France he saved</i>. London: Simon & Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">383–</span>4, 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84739-410-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84739-410-1"><bdi>978-1-84739-410-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General%3A+Charles+De+Gaulle+and+the+France+he+saved&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E4%2C+389&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84739-410-1&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "<a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a>" recalls the body of that name which acted as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> executive government in France during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (1793–94), a stage of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. In effect, by using this term Massu and Salan claimed to be the new <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierres</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i>« prêt à assumer les pouvoirs de la République »</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrozierMansell,_Gerard1960" class="citation journal cs1">Crozier, Brian; Mansell, Gerard (July 1960). "France and Algeria". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a></i>. <b>36</b> (3). Blackwell Publishing: 310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2610008">10.2307/2610008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2610008">2610008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153591784">153591784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=France+and+Algeria&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153591784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2610008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2610008&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Mansell%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGagnon2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gagnon, Daniel A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=history_students">"Algeria, De Gaulle, and the Birth of the French Fifth Republic"</a>. <i>History & Classics Student Scholarship</i> (14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Classics+Student+Scholarship&rft.atitle=Algeria%2C+De+Gaulle%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+French+Fifth+Republic&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gagnon&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.providence.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1014%26context%3Dhistory_students&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThody1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Thody" title="Philip Thody">Thody, Philip Malcolm Waller</a> (1999). <i>The Fifth French Republic: presidents, politics and personalities</i>. London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18753-4"><bdi>978-0-415-18753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+French+Republic%3A+presidents%2C+politics+and+personalities&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18753-4&rft.aulast=Thody&rft.aufirst=Philip+Malcolm+Waller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenby2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzVrCgAAQBAJ"><i>The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved</i></a>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62087-805-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62087-805-7"><bdi>978-1-62087-805-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General%3A+Charles+de+Gaulle+and+the+France+He+Saved&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62087-805-7&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzVrCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haine_2000-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haine_2000_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haine_2000_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaine2000" class="citation book cs1">Haine, W. Scott (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain"><i>The history of France</i></a></span>. The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffrance00hain/page/180">180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30328-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+France&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.series=The+Greenwood+histories+of+the+modern+nations&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30328-9&rft.aulast=Haine&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffrance00hain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaul_bayeux-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaul_bayeux_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Gaulle1946" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Gaulle, Charles (June 16, 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517181914/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/accueil/discours/de-gaulle-et-la-quatrieme-republique-1946-1958/discours-de-bayeux-16-juin-1946.php">"Discours de Bayeux <i>[Speech of Bayeux]</i>"</a> (in French). charles-de-gaulle.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/accueil/discours/de-gaulle-et-la-quatrieme-republique-1946-1958/discours-de-bayeux-16-juin-1946.php">the original</a> on May 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discours+de+Bayeux+%5BSpeech+of+Bayeux%5D&rft.pub=charles-de-gaulle.org&rft.date=1946-06-16&rft.aulast=De+Gaulle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charles-de-gaulle.org%2Fpages%2Fl-homme%2Faccueil%2Fdiscours%2Fde-gaulle-et-la-quatrieme-republique-1946-1958%2Fdiscours-de-bayeux-16-juin-1946.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the debates during the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> concerning the role of the King and the role of the President of the Council</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitterrand1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand, Francois</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecoupdetatperma0000fran"><i>Le Coup d'Etat Permanent</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Coup+d%27Etat+Permanent&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mitterrand&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecoupdetatperma0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_1958_crisis_in_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderKeiger2002" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Martin S.; Keiger, John F. V., eds. (2002). <i>France and the Algerian War, 1954 - 62: strategy, operations and diplomacy</i> (1. publ ed.). London Portland, Or: Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5297-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-5297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Algerian+War%2C+1954+-+62%3A+strategy%2C+operations+and+diplomacy&rft.place=London+Portland%2C+Or&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Cass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5297-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFenby2012" class="citation book cs1">Fenby, Jonathan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalcharlesde0000fenb/"><i>The general : Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved</i></a>. New York : Skyhorse Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-600-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-600-8"><bdi>978-1-61608-600-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+general+%3A+Charles+de+Gaulle+and+the+France+he+saved&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-600-8&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralcharlesde0000fenb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2018" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julian (2018). <i>De Gaulle</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98721-0"><bdi>978-0-674-98721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Gaulle&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98721-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSowerwine2009" class="citation book cs1">Sowerwine, Charles (2009). "Chapter 21". <i>France since 1870: culture, society and the making of the republic</i> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-57338-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-57338-3"><bdi>978-0-230-57338-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21&rft.btitle=France+since+1870%3A+culture%2C+society+and+the+making+of+the+republic&rft.place=Basingstoke+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-57338-3&rft.aulast=Sowerwine&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMay+1958+crisis+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algerian_War_(1954–1962)339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algerian_War" title="Template:Algerian War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algerian_War" title="Template talk:Algerian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algerian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algerian War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algerian_War_(1954–1962)339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–1962)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler<br />colonialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerians_of_the_Pacific" title="Algerians of the Pacific">Deportations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French_Algeria18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_popular_resistance_against_French_invasion" title="Algerian popular resistance against French invasion">Algerian popular resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationalism" title="Algerian nationalism">Algerian nationalism</a></li> <li>Attempted reforms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Algerian_Political_Rights_Petition" title="1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition">1920 petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonnart_Law" title="Jonnart Law">Jonnart Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Algerian_People" title="Manifesto of the Algerian People">1943 manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a> policies <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieux_Decree" title="Crémieux Decree">Crémieux Decree</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_myth" title="Kabyle myth">Kabyle myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat#Indigénat_regime_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_Indigenous_Algerians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal status of Indigenous Algerians (page does not exist)">Legal status</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statut_juridique_des_indig%C3%A8nes_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="extiw" title="fr:Statut juridique des indigènes d'Algérie">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pied_noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied noir">Pied noir</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (1946–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> (1947–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_14_July_1953_in_Paris" title="Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris">Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chronology_of_the_Algerian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chronology of the Algerian War (page does not exist)">Chronology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_de_la_guerre_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="extiw" title="fr:Chronologie de la guerre d'Algérie">fr</a>]</span><br />of key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_1_November_1954" title="Declaration of 1 November 1954">Declaration of 1 November 1954</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge" title="Toussaint Rouge">Toussaint Rouge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippeville" title="Battle of Philippeville">Battle of Philippeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soummam_conference" title="Soummam conference">Soummam conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1956%E2%80%931957)" title="Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)">Battle of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hijacking_of_the_FLN_plane" title="French hijacking of the FLN plane">Hijacking of the FLN plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corsica" title="Operation Corsica">Operation Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Week_of_barricades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Week of barricades (page does not exist)">Week of barricades</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaine_des_barricades" class="extiw" title="fr:Semaine des barricades">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes /<br />human rights<br />violations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War" title="Torture during the Algerian War">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Saadia_Mebarek" title="Killing of Saadia Mebarek">Killing of Saadia Mebarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charonne_subway_massacre" title="Charonne subway massacre">Charonne subway massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_massacre_of_1961" title="Paris massacre of 1961">Paris massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community"><i>Communauté française</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Plan" title="Constantine Plan">Constantine Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLN_football_team" title="FLN football team">FLN football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_121" title="Manifesto of the 121">Manifesto of the 121</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partition of Algeria (page does not exist)">Proposed partition of Algeria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="extiw" title="fr:Partition de l'Algérie">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">End of the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_French_referendum_on_Algerian_self-determination" title="1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination">1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_French_%C3%89vian_Accords_referendum" title="1962 French Évian Accords referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Algerian_independence_referendum" title="1962 Algerian independence referendum">Algerian independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May 1958 crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Africa" title="Year of Africa">Year of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)#Aftermath_of_the_war" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">Aftermath in Algeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Algerian_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Algerian crisis (page does not exist)">1962 Algerian crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War#Lasting_effects_in_Algerian_politics" title="Algerian War">Effects in Algerian politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Algerian_War" title="List of films about the Algerian War">Films</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments_andcommemorations32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and<br />commemorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 November 1954 Stadiums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(Algiers)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(Batna)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna)">Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(El_Oued)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (El Oued)">El Oued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_November_1954_Stadium_(Tizi_Ouzou)" title="1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)">Tizi Ouzou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Memorial,_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs' Memorial, Algiers">Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Liberation_of_Algeria" title="Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria">Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">National Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_National_Movement" title="Algerian National Movement">Algerian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Communist_Party" title="Algerian Communist Party">Algerian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda_Group" title="Oujda Group">Oujda Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Commandos_de_Chasse" title="Commandos de Chasse">Commandos de Chasse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Main_Rouge" title="La Main Rouge">La Main Rouge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defectors_from_the_French_army_to_the_ALN" title="Defectors from the French army to the ALN">Defectors from the French army to the ALN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Algerian_War" title="Women in the Algerian War">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_War" title="Category:Algerian War">Category</a></b> /  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Algerian_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Algerian War">Commons</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_de_Gaulle422" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Template:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Template talk:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles de Gaulle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_de_Gaulle422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_and_terms_of_address_used_for_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of names and terms of address used for Charles de Gaulle">Names and terms of address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Birthplace of Charles de Gaulle">Birthplace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gaulle_family" title="De Gaulle family">Family</a></li> <li>World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_(France)" title="5th Army (France)">5th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Battle of Dinant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interwar period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Poland" title="French Military Mission to Poland">French Military Mission to Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of<br />France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(France,_1940)" title="4th Armored Division (France, 1940)">4th Armored Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Battle of Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Battle of Abbeville</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French">Campaigns</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">CNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">CFLN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">May 1958 crisis</a></li> <li>1958 elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_presidential_election" title="1958 French presidential election">presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">legislative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">1958 constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Plan" title="Constantine Plan">Constantine Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Clamart_attack" title="Petit-Clamart attack">1962 assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">1962 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle%27s_trip_to_South_America" title="Charles de Gaulle's trip to South America">Trip to South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle#Later_life" title="Charles de Gaulle">Later life and death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments and<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Labour" title="Democratic Union of Labour">Democratic Union of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches and<br />statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bayeux_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="1944 Bayeux speech">1944 Bayeux speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bayeux_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Bayeux speech">1946 Bayeux speech</a></li> <li><i>"<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> !"</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_speech" title="Phnom Penh speech">Phnom Penh speech</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_fran%C3%A7aise_!" class="extiw" title="fr:Vive l'Algérie française !">Vive l'Algérie française !</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gaullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Gaullism">Social Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Action Ouvrière">Action Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gaullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-gaullism">Anti-Gaullism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_Charles-de-Gaulle" title="Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle">Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenauer-de_Gaulle_Prize" title="Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize">Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of things named after Charles de Gaulle">Things named after Charles de Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_de_Gaulle" title="Yvonne de Gaulle">Yvonne Vendroux</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Gaulle" title="Philippe de Gaulle">Philippe de Gaulle</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Gaulle" title="Anne de Gaulle">Anne</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Gaulle" title="Henri de Gaulle">Henri de Gaulle</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Resurrection" title="Operation Resurrection">Operation Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation" title="Order of Liberation">Order of Liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngol" title="Ngol">Ngol</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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