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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_">Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="778" type="text/json">{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2525" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change">Language Variation and Change</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2525" type="text/json">{"id":2525,"name":"Language Variation and Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1365656]'), work: {"id":1365656,"title":"Korean-Turkic 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Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":100388,"name":"Language shift","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_shift?f_ri=1239"},{"id":138122,"name":"Korean language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Korean_language?f_ri=1239"},{"id":151602,"name":"Linguistic Reconstruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Reconstruction?f_ri=1239"},{"id":312008,"name":"Siberian Turkic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Siberian_Turkic_languages?f_ri=1239"},{"id":324308,"name":"Historical Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Phonology?f_ri=1239"},{"id":372310,"name":"Turkic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic_languages?f_ri=1239"},{"id":575429,"name":"Altaic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altaic_Studies?f_ri=1239"},{"id":575430,"name":"Mongolic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mongolic_Studies?f_ri=1239"},{"id":997291,"name":"New Dialects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Dialects?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1186665,"name":"Turkic-Mongolic linguistic relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkic-Mongolic_linguistic_relationship?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4062932" data-work_id="4062932" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4062932/Canadian_English_on_www_oed_com_">Canadian English (on www.oed.com)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4810371" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/StefanDollinger">Stefan Dollinger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4810371" type="text/json">{"id":4810371,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Dollinger","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"StefanDollinger","display_name":"Stefan Dollinger","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/StefanDollinger?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4810371/2051949/26809319/s65_stefan.dollinger.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4062932 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4062932"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong 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data-work-id="4062932"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4062932; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4062932]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4062932").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4062932").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4062932"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="885" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature">English Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="885" type="text/json">{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2167" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialectology">Dialectology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2167" type="text/json">{"id":2167,"name":"Dialectology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dialectology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4062932]'), work: {"id":4062932,"title":"Canadian English (on www.oed.com)","created_at":"2013-07-19T00:35:28.610-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4062932/Canadian_English_on_www_oed_com_?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_4062932","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36405649,"asset_id":4062932,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4810371,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Dollinger","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"StefanDollinger","display_name":"Stefan 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Englishes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Englishes?f_ri=1239"},{"id":10757,"name":"Morphosyntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphosyntax?f_ri=1239"},{"id":17282,"name":"English Grammar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Grammar?f_ri=1239"},{"id":42936,"name":"American English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_English?f_ri=1239"},{"id":42943,"name":"Descriptive Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Descriptive_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":46596,"name":"English language teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_teaching?f_ri=1239"},{"id":55418,"name":"Descriptive Grammar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Descriptive_Grammar?f_ri=1239"},{"id":72419,"name":"Lexis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexis?f_ri=1239"},{"id":100179,"name":"British English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_English?f_ri=1239"},{"id":223997,"name":"Introduction to Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Introduction_to_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":238863,"name":"Descriptive Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Descriptive_Phonetics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":244559,"name":"Introduction to English Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Introduction_to_English_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":424990,"name":"An Introduction to Language and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/An_Introduction_to_Language_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":462459,"name":"Canadian English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_English?f_ri=1239"},{"id":917855,"name":"North American English grammar phonology morphology syntax lexis orthography pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_American_English_grammar_phonology_morphology_syntax_lexis_orthography_pragmatics?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11004451 coauthored" data-work_id="11004451" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11004451/Transliteration_by_Orthography_or_Phonology_for_Hindi_and_Marathi_to_English_Case_Study">Transliteration by Orthography or Phonology for Hindi and Marathi to English: Case Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">e-Governance and Web based online commercial multilingual applications has given utmost importance to the task of translation and transliteration. The Named Entities and Technical Terms occur in the source language of translation are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11004451" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">e-Governance and Web based online commercial multilingual applications has given utmost importance to<br />the task of translation and transliteration. The Named Entities and Technical Terms occur in the source<br />language of translation are called out of vocabulary words as they are not available in the multilingual<br />corpus or dictionary used to support translation process. These Named Entities and Technical Terms need<br />to be transliterated from source language to target language without losing their phonetic properties. The<br />fundamental problem in India is that there is no set of rules available to write the spellings in English for<br />Indian languages according to the linguistics. People are writing different spellings for the same name at<br />different places. This fact certainly affects the Top-1 accuracy of the transliteration and in turn the<br />translation process. Major issue noticed by us is the transliteration of named entities consisting three<br />syllables or three phonetic units in Hindi and Marathi languages where people use mixed approach to<br />write the spelling either by orthographical approach or by phonological approach. In this paper authors<br />have provided their opinion through experimentation about appropriateness of either approach.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11004451" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ca89bda1de9cee2b104acd05ff7efd0d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36734721,"asset_id":11004451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36734721/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16047958" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaturalLanguageProcessing">International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16047958" type="text/json">{"id":16047958,"first_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing","last_name":"(IJNLC)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NaturalLanguageProcessing","display_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaturalLanguageProcessing?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16047958/4353676/143253724/s65_international_journal_on_natural_language_computing._ijnlc_.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-11004451">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-11004451"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unipune.academia.edu/PravinRathod">Pravin Rathod</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-11004451'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-11004451').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11004451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11004451"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11004451, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11004451", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11004451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11004451; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11004451"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11004451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11004451"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11004451; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11004451]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11004451").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11004451").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11004451"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="114" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="114" type="text/json">{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28958" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthography">Orthography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28958" type="text/json">{"id":28958,"name":"Orthography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthography?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11004451]'), work: {"id":11004451,"title":"Transliteration by Orthography or Phonology for Hindi and Marathi to English: Case Study","created_at":"2015-02-22T23:13:45.594-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11004451/Transliteration_by_Orthography_or_Phonology_for_Hindi_and_Marathi_to_English_Case_Study?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_11004451","summary":"e-Governance and Web based online commercial multilingual applications has given utmost importance to\nthe task of translation and transliteration. The Named Entities and Technical Terms occur in the source\nlanguage of translation are called out of vocabulary words as they are not available in the multilingual\ncorpus or dictionary used to support translation process. These Named Entities and Technical Terms need\nto be transliterated from source language to target language without losing their phonetic properties. The\nfundamental problem in India is that there is no set of rules available to write the spellings in English for\nIndian languages according to the linguistics. People are writing different spellings for the same name at\ndifferent places. This fact certainly affects the Top-1 accuracy of the transliteration and in turn the\ntranslation process. Major issue noticed by us is the transliteration of named entities consisting three\nsyllables or three phonetic units in Hindi and Marathi languages where people use mixed approach to\nwrite the spelling either by orthographical approach or by phonological approach. In this paper authors\nhave provided their opinion through experimentation about appropriateness of either approach. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36734721,"asset_id":11004451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16047958,"first_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing","last_name":"(IJNLC)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NaturalLanguageProcessing","display_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaturalLanguageProcessing?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16047958/4353676/143253724/s65_international_journal_on_natural_language_computing._ijnlc_.png"},{"id":26708127,"first_name":"Pravin","last_name":"Rathod","domain_name":"unipune","page_name":"PravinRathod","display_name":"Pravin Rathod","profile_url":"https://unipune.academia.edu/PravinRathod?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26708127/7442577/8364150/s65_pravin.rathod.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":28958,"name":"Orthography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthography?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":95479,"name":"Machine Transliteration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Transliteration?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1260022,"name":"Devanagari Numeral Recognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Devanagari_Numeral_Recognition?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43624132" data-work_id="43624132" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43624132/Northern_Sangtam_phonetics_phonology_and_word_list">Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43624132" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world's rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also of interest, as it demonstrates evidence of debuccalization resulting in the development of a new high tone. Following a systematic description of the syllable and word structure, the tone system, and the segmental phonology, some observed age-related differences in the phoneme inventory are discussed. The paper is linked to an online repository containing the audiovisual data and transcribed word lists of approximately 900 items, based on the recorded utterances of eight speakers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43624132" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b69194c6c1e50d163e46f31567670199" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63924810,"asset_id":43624132,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63924810/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="79391" href="https://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe">Alexander Coupe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="79391" type="text/json">{"id":79391,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Coupe","domain_name":"nanyang","page_name":"AlexanderCoupe","display_name":"Alexander Coupe","profile_url":"https://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79391/1239305/32317698/s65_alexander.coupe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43624132 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43624132"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43624132, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43624132", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43624132]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43624132").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43624132").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43624132"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="778" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_">Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="778" type="text/json">{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics">Historical Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1207" type="text/json">{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43624132]'), work: {"id":43624132,"title":"Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list","created_at":"2020-07-15T01:03:48.489-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43624132/Northern_Sangtam_phonetics_phonology_and_word_list?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_43624132","summary":"This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world's rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also of interest, as it demonstrates evidence of debuccalization resulting in the development of a new high tone. Following a systematic description of the syllable and word structure, the tone system, and the segmental phonology, some observed age-related differences in the phoneme inventory are discussed. The paper is linked to an online repository containing the audiovisual data and transcribed word lists of approximately 900 items, based on the recorded utterances of eight speakers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63924810,"asset_id":43624132,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":79391,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Coupe","domain_name":"nanyang","page_name":"AlexanderCoupe","display_name":"Alexander Coupe","profile_url":"https://nanyang.academia.edu/AlexanderCoupe?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/79391/1239305/32317698/s65_alexander.coupe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":778,"name":"Diachronic Linguistics (Or Historical Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diachronic_Linguistics_Or_Historical_Linguistics_?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1207,"name":"Historical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":5572,"name":"Language Documentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Documentation?f_ri=1239"},{"id":16943,"name":"Nagaland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nagaland?f_ri=1239"},{"id":16944,"name":"Northeast India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northeast_India?f_ri=1239"},{"id":19835,"name":"Sino-Tibetan Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sino-Tibetan_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":29668,"name":"Tone systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tone_systems?f_ri=1239"},{"id":32841,"name":"Language Typology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Typology?f_ri=1239"},{"id":38605,"name":"Tibeto-Burman Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tibeto-Burman_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":38910,"name":"Linguistic Typology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Typology?f_ri=1239"},{"id":60338,"name":"Phonetics and Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics_and_Phonology?f_ri=1239"},{"id":324308,"name":"Historical Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Phonology?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2522178" data-work_id="2522178" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2522178/Language_Development">Language Development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2522178" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f3ff0708677a2f59414d6820e39736c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30538056,"asset_id":2522178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40197604/Suffixal_o_vocalism_without_Amphikinesis_On_Proto_Indo_European_oi_stems_and_Ablaut_as_a_Diagnostic_for_Word_Stress">Suffixal *o-vocalism without "Amphikinesis": On Proto-Indo-European *oi-stems and Ablaut as a Diagnostic for Word Stress</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article proposes a new formal reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) nouns containing the suffix *–oi–. I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40197604" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article proposes a new formal reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) nouns containing the suffix *–oi–. I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix and the following inflectional ending (e.g., ACC.SG *[-óy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) rather than the "amphikinetic" alternation between root and inflectional ending (ACC.SG *[´-oy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) that is traditionally assumed for all primary nominals with suffixal *[o]-vocalism under the widely accepted “Erlangen Model” (Schindler 1975a,b, Rix 1992) of Indo-European morphophonology. Support for this alternative reconstruction comes from Hittite, which confirms that the suffixal stress seen in the Greek reflex of this noun class was inherited from PIE rather than root stress as in Vedic Sanskrit. More broadly, I contend that an adequate account of the prosodic behavior of PIE *–oi-stems requires (i) abandoning the traditional connection between suffixal *[o]-grade and "amphikinetic" word stress; and (ii) adopting a framework (such as the one articulated by Kiparsky 2010) in which the suffix's capacity to attract stress in both primary and non-primary derivation can be modeled in a unified way.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40197604" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc12808af2990ae13b0f20baae0db5c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61752841,"asset_id":40197604,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61752841/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1330797" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/AnthonyYates">Anthony Yates</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1330797" type="text/json">{"id":1330797,"first_name":"Anthony","last_name":"Yates","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"AnthonyYates","display_name":"Anthony Yates","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/AnthonyYates?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1330797/2529378/68798365/s65_anthony.yates.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40197604 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40197604"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40197604, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40197604", }); 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I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix and the following inflectional ending (e.g., ACC.SG *[-óy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) rather than the \"amphikinetic\" alternation between root and inflectional ending (ACC.SG *[´-oy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) that is traditionally assumed for all primary nominals with suffixal *[o]-vocalism under the widely accepted “Erlangen Model” (Schindler 1975a,b, Rix 1992) of Indo-European morphophonology. Support for this alternative reconstruction comes from Hittite, which confirms that the suffixal stress seen in the Greek reflex of this noun class was inherited from PIE rather than root stress as in Vedic Sanskrit. More broadly, I contend that an adequate account of the prosodic behavior of PIE *–oi-stems requires (i) abandoning the traditional connection between suffixal *[o]-grade and \"amphikinetic\" word stress; and (ii) adopting a framework (such as the one articulated by Kiparsky 2010) in which the suffix's capacity to attract stress in both primary and non-primary derivation can be modeled in a unified way. 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Comunicación e expresión</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">[GL] A Gramática práctica da lingua galega é unha guía de contidos lingüísticos concibida para favorecer a comunicación e a identidade cultural dos falantes do noso idioma e destinada a todas aquelas persoas que deexen ampliar o seu... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33166149" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">[GL] A Gramática práctica da lingua galega é unha guía de contidos lingüísticos concibida para favorecer a comunicación e a identidade cultural dos falantes do noso idioma e destinada a todas aquelas persoas que deexen ampliar o seu coñecemento explícito do galego e resolver dúbidas de tipo teórico-práctico a nivel oral e escrito.<br />Este volume está dividido en oito grandes capítulos: I. Comunicación e linguaxe; II. Lingua, comunidade lingüística, variación e mudanza; III. Fonética e fonoloxía; IV. Representación gráfica da lingua oral; V. Morfoloxía; VI. Sintaxe; VII. Semántica lexical e lexicografía; VIII. Lingüística xeral.<br />Ao longo destes capítulos ofrécese unha visión xeral das disciplinas lingüísticas tradicionais e, alén diso, fiornécese información de tipo pragmático que axuda a entender o feito lingüístico no seu conxunto desde unha perspectiva integradora. Así, inclúense aspectos que, en xeral, están ausentes das gramáticas, como a relación entre lingua e sociedade, a vehicularización da oralidade a través da escrita ou a tipoloxía textual.<br /><br />[EN] Gramática práctica da lingua galega is a language guide aimed at enhancing communication and cultural identity among speakers of the Galician language. The book is intended for readers wishing to improve their knowledge and use of the language, and provides answers to a range of practical and theoretical questions in relation to written and oral uses.<br />The book is divided into eight main chapters: I. Communication and language. II. Language, linguistic community, variation and change. III. Phonetics and phonology. IV. Written and oral language. V. Morphology. VI. Syntax. VII. Lexical semantics and lexicography. VIII. General linguistics.<br />In addition to the standard categories of linguistic analysis, the guide also attempts to reflect the language experience in a broader sense, by exploring a number of pragmatic aspects not usually addressed in grammars of this kind, such as: the relationship between language and society; transforming oral language into written language; and different types of texts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33166149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4791ed786b9f7e56b3cd419a51f624c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53252581,"asset_id":33166149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53252581/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6234559" href="https://coruna.academia.edu/Xo%C3%A1nL%C3%B3pezVi%C3%B1as">Xoán López-Viñas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6234559" type="text/json">{"id":6234559,"first_name":"Xoán","last_name":"López-Viñas","domain_name":"coruna","page_name":"XoánLópezViñas","display_name":"Xoán López-Viñas","profile_url":"https://coruna.academia.edu/Xo%C3%A1nL%C3%B3pezVi%C3%B1as?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6234559/2571372/2988904/s65_xa_sei.quen_dis.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-33166149">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-33166149"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CilhaLouren%C3%A7oM%C3%B3dia">Cilha Lourenço Módia</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-33166149'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-33166149').html(); 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Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language">Teaching English as a Second Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1007" type="text/json">{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition">Second Language Acquisition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1008" type="text/json">{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5914087]'), work: {"id":5914087,"title":"A Study of Factors Affecting EFL Learners' English Pronunciation Learning and the Strategies for Instruction","created_at":"2014-02-01T14:24:09.273-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5914087/A_Study_of_Factors_Affecting_EFL_Learners_English_Pronunciation_Learning_and_the_Strategies_for_Instruction?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_5914087","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32894704,"asset_id":5914087,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8773326,"first_name":"LyLy","last_name":"Qit","domain_name":"ebscohost","page_name":"LyLyQit","display_name":"LyLy Qit","profile_url":"https://ebscohost.academia.edu/LyLyQit?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8773326/2899681/3387485/s65_lyly.qit.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second 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Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":34735,"name":"Features","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Features?f_ri=1239"},{"id":99915,"name":"Integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integration?f_ri=1239"},{"id":104524,"name":"Pronunciation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pronunciation?f_ri=1239"},{"id":110076,"name":"Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategies?f_ri=1239"},{"id":229755,"name":"Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Factors?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26349367" data-work_id="26349367" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26349367/English_302_Modern_English_Grammar">English 302 Modern English Grammar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26349367" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="05d396deea1fac2ab1a68a571ba2245c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":117031169,"asset_id":26349367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117031169/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="122289" href="https://csun.academia.edu/josephgalasso">joseph galasso</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="122289" type="text/json">{"id":122289,"first_name":"joseph","last_name":"galasso","domain_name":"csun","page_name":"josephgalasso","display_name":"joseph galasso","profile_url":"https://csun.academia.edu/josephgalasso?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/122289/211062/74747777/s65_joseph.galasso.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26349367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26349367"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26349367, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26349367", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26349367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26349367; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26349367"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26349367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26349367"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26349367; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26349367]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26349367").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26349367").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26349367"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6671" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax">Syntax</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6671" type="text/json">{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology">Morphology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10866" type="text/json">{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26349367]'), work: {"id":26349367,"title":"English 302 Modern English Grammar","created_at":"2016-06-20T15:40:44.993-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26349367/English_302_Modern_English_Grammar?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_26349367","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":117031169,"asset_id":26349367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":122289,"first_name":"joseph","last_name":"galasso","domain_name":"csun","page_name":"josephgalasso","display_name":"joseph galasso","profile_url":"https://csun.academia.edu/josephgalasso?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/122289/211062/74747777/s65_joseph.galasso.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66084639" data-work_id="66084639" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66084639/Call_for_Papers_International_Journal_on_Natural_Language_Computing_IJNLC_">Call for Papers: International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Natural Language Processing is a programmed approach to analyze text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. This forum aims to bring together researchers who have designed and build software that will analyze,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66084639" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Natural Language Processing is a programmed approach to analyze text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. This forum aims to bring together researchers who have designed and build software that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally to address computers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66084639" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4840e6560c1577fd66c41d4514506368" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79973169,"asset_id":66084639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79973169/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16047958" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaturalLanguageProcessing">International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16047958" type="text/json">{"id":16047958,"first_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing","last_name":"(IJNLC)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NaturalLanguageProcessing","display_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaturalLanguageProcessing?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16047958/4353676/143253724/s65_international_journal_on_natural_language_computing._ijnlc_.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66084639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66084639"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66084639, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66084639", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66084639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66084639; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66084639"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66084639 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66084639"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66084639; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66084639]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66084639").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66084639").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66084639"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="464" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Retrieval">Information Retrieval</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="464" type="text/json">{"id":464,"name":"Information Retrieval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Retrieval?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4570" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_extraction_Literature_">Information extraction (Literature)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4570" type="text/json">{"id":4570,"name":"Information extraction (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_extraction_Literature_?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Translation">Machine Translation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4696" type="text/json">{"id":4696,"name":"Machine Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Translation?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66084639]'), work: {"id":66084639,"title":"Call for Papers: International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)","created_at":"2021-12-27T02:19:20.084-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66084639/Call_for_Papers_International_Journal_on_Natural_Language_Computing_IJNLC_?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_66084639","summary":"Natural Language Processing is a programmed approach to analyze text that is based on both a set of theories and a set of technologies. This forum aims to bring together researchers who have designed and build software that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use naturally to address computers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79973169,"asset_id":66084639,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16047958,"first_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing","last_name":"(IJNLC)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NaturalLanguageProcessing","display_name":"International Journal on Natural Language Computing (IJNLC)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaturalLanguageProcessing?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16047958/4353676/143253724/s65_international_journal_on_natural_language_computing._ijnlc_.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":464,"name":"Information Retrieval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Retrieval?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":4570,"name":"Information extraction (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_extraction_Literature_?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":4696,"name":"Machine Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Translation?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":5639,"name":"Text Mining","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Text_Mining?f_ri=1239"},{"id":10866,"name":"Morphology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology?f_ri=1239"},{"id":11128,"name":"Information Extraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Extraction?f_ri=1239"},{"id":13769,"name":"Lexical Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lexical_Semantics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":21592,"name":"NLP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NLP?f_ri=1239"},{"id":30608,"name":"Cognitive Lexical Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Lexical_Semantics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":49267,"name":"Computational Linguistics \u0026 NLP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Linguistics_and_NLP?f_ri=1239"},{"id":63023,"name":"Cross Language Information Retrieval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Language_Information_Retrieval?f_ri=1239"},{"id":145636,"name":"Chunking Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chunking_Syntax?f_ri=1239"},{"id":235085,"name":"Semantic Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantic_Processing?f_ri=1239"},{"id":305188,"name":"POS tagging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/POS_tagging?f_ri=1239"},{"id":537605,"name":"Natural Language Processing(NLP)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Language_Processing_NLP_?f_ri=1239"},{"id":2875649,"name":"Natural Language Computing ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Language_Computing?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64886010" data-work_id="64886010" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64886010/Cognitive_and_language_correlates_of_hyperlexia_evidence_from_children_with_autism_spectrum_disorders">Cognitive and language correlates of hyperlexia: evidence from children with autism spectrum disorders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Two studies were conducted to investigate the correlates of hyperlexia in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking children with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study 1 involved 3 groups of school age children individually matched... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64886010" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Two studies were conducted to investigate the correlates of hyperlexia in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking children with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Study 1 involved 3 groups of school age children individually matched for word reading ability: 6 ASD hyperlexic children, 6 ASD non-hyperlexic children, and 6 typically developing children. Study 2 involved 2 ASD preschool hyperlexic boys, and a group of 21 typical children of similar word reading ability. In both studies, participants were administered several reading measures as well as measures of cognitive and linguistic abilities that have been associated with variations in typical and dyslexic reading, namely, vocabulary, phonological processes, and rapid naming. Results suggest that ASD hyperlexic reading differs from both typical and ASD non-hyperlexic reading. In particular, they suggest that hyperlexics learn to compute letter-sound relations implicitly, on the basis of statistical learning. Although the hyp...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64886010" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4085880b66a317ae16e24576b031592a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76711747,"asset_id":64886010,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76711747/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21227614" href="https://ufmg.academia.edu/Cl%C3%A1udiaCardosoMartins">Cláudia Cardoso-Martins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21227614" type="text/json">{"id":21227614,"first_name":"Cláudia","last_name":"Cardoso-Martins","domain_name":"ufmg","page_name":"CláudiaCardosoMartins","display_name":"Cláudia Cardoso-Martins","profile_url":"https://ufmg.academia.edu/Cl%C3%A1udiaCardosoMartins?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21227614/5866958/6663179/s65_cl_udia.cardoso-martins.jpg_oh_481f6ec1be420a0d6cca5b0090af3d76_oe_54d254fc___gda___1428125539_4530f57af58b2185149f2b040ecabfa9"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64886010 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64886010"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64886010, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64886010", }); 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Investigation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this study, it was postulated that typically developing (i.e., normally developing without incidence of a speech or language delay or disorder) Spanish/Englishspeaking children ages 4 to 5 years old would show different articulation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67530983" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this study, it was postulated that typically developing (i.e., normally developing without incidence of a speech or language delay or disorder) Spanish/Englishspeaking children ages 4 to 5 years old would show different articulation productions and phonological patterns in both languages. Sixteen participants from Florida were tested with Spanish and English articulation and phonology tests. For articulation, two manner or</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67530983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bef77f762d28ca2602e802d92ad3524c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78311924,"asset_id":67530983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78311924/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50510809" href="https://usf.academia.edu/AlexanderBrice">Alexander Brice</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50510809" type="text/json">{"id":50510809,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Brice","domain_name":"usf","page_name":"AlexanderBrice","display_name":"Alexander Brice","profile_url":"https://usf.academia.edu/AlexanderBrice?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67530983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67530983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67530983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67530983", }); 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Sixteen participants from Florida were tested with Spanish and English articulation and phonology tests. 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Each attraction is labeled from 1 to N. There are M one-way cable car lines to connect pairs of attractions. The length of a cable car line is a positive integer. As... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34994211" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Time Limit: 1 second In the Marvelous Mountain, there are N attractions. Each attraction is labeled from 1 to N. There are M one-way cable car lines to connect pairs of attractions. The length of a cable car line is a positive integer. As we want most visitors to travel from the attraction S to the attraction T, we should consider possible plans to reduce the length of the shortest path to travel from S to T. We have a list of proposals with K new two-way cable car lines that can be built. Your task is to select one of the K proposed cable car lines to build so that, upon finishing this new cable car line, the length of the shortest path from S to T is minimized. Input The first line contains five integer numbers: N, M, K, S, and T (N ≤ 10 5 , M ≤ 2 × 10 5 , K < 10 5 , 1 ≤ S, T ≤ N, and S ≠ T). The i th line of the following M lines contains 3 positive integer numbers: ai, bi, and li, denoting that the i th cable car line is from the attraction ai to the attraction bi, and has the length of li (li ≤ 10 9). The j th line of the following K lines contains 3 positive integer numbers: uj, vj, qj, denoting that the new possible two-way cable car line can be built from uj to vj (and vice versa), with the length for each way of qj (qj ≤ 10 9). Output Display an integer number that is the minimum length of the shortest path to go from S to T, after building a new two-way cable car line. Print-1 if there is no way to go from S to T, even with any new cable car line in the proposal list.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34994211" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9d8bd268a49fc623c125b5b194ac971" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54858824,"asset_id":34994211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54858824/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="70646367" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ng%E1%BB%8DcHi%E1%BA%BFuV%C5%A9">Ngọc Hiếu Vũ</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="70646367" type="text/json">{"id":70646367,"first_name":"Ngọc Hiếu","last_name":"Vũ","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NgọcHiếuVũ","display_name":"Ngọc Hiếu Vũ","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ng%E1%BB%8DcHi%E1%BA%BFuV%C5%A9?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/70646367/19742764/19592623/s65_ng_c_hi_u.v_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34994211 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34994211"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34994211, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34994211", }); 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Each attraction is labeled from 1 to N. There are M one-way cable car lines to connect pairs of attractions. The length of a cable car line is a positive integer. As we want most visitors to travel from the attraction S to the attraction T, we should consider possible plans to reduce the length of the shortest path to travel from S to T. We have a list of proposals with K new two-way cable car lines that can be built. Your task is to select one of the K proposed cable car lines to build so that, upon finishing this new cable car line, the length of the shortest path from S to T is minimized. Input The first line contains five integer numbers: N, M, K, S, and T (N ≤ 10 5 , M ≤ 2 × 10 5 , K \u003c 10 5 , 1 ≤ S, T ≤ N, and S ≠ T). The i th line of the following M lines contains 3 positive integer numbers: ai, bi, and li, denoting that the i th cable car line is from the attraction ai to the attraction bi, and has the length of li (li ≤ 10 9). The j th line of the following K lines contains 3 positive integer numbers: uj, vj, qj, denoting that the new possible two-way cable car line can be built from uj to vj (and vice versa), with the length for each way of qj (qj ≤ 10 9). Output Display an integer number that is the minimum length of the shortest path to go from S to T, after building a new two-way cable car line. Print-1 if there is no way to go from S to T, even with any new cable car line in the proposal list.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54858824,"asset_id":34994211,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":70646367,"first_name":"Ngọc Hiếu","last_name":"Vũ","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NgọcHiếuVũ","display_name":"Ngọc Hiếu Vũ","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Ng%E1%BB%8DcHi%E1%BA%BFuV%C5%A9?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/70646367/19742764/19592623/s65_ng_c_hi_u.v_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":73,"name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":451,"name":"Programming Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Programming_Languages?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76130580" data-work_id="76130580" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76130580/Phonological_development_in_relation_to_native_language_and_literacy_Variations_on_a_theme_in_six_alphabetic_orthographies">Phonological development in relation to native language and literacy: Variations on a theme in six alphabetic orthographies</a></div></div><div 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Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Acquisition?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=1239"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=1239"},{"id":9851,"name":"Language Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Development?f_ri=1239"},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=1239"},{"id":18769,"name":"Greek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek?f_ri=1239"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1239"},{"id":28958,"name":"Orthography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthography?f_ri=1239"},{"id":38244,"name":"French","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French?f_ri=1239"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=1239"},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=1239"},{"id":98925,"name":"Female","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female?f_ri=1239"},{"id":111545,"name":"Male","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male?f_ri=1239"},{"id":371661,"name":"Native 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{"id":31513738,"title":"How to update BIOS","created_at":"2017-02-19T03:09:13.760-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31513738/How_to_update_BIOS?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_31513738","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51858109,"asset_id":31513738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60308101,"first_name":"Bimo","last_name":"Marqu","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BimoMarqu","display_name":"Bimo Marqu","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BimoMarqu?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60308101/15714341/16262459/s65_bimo.marqu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1283,"name":"Information 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href="https://www.academia.edu/40796200/Domain_modelling_in_Optimality_Theory_Morphophonological_cyclicity_vs_stepwise_prosodic_parsing">Domain modelling in Optimality Theory: Morphophonological cyclicity vs. stepwise prosodic parsing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines opaque examples of phrase-level phonology taken from Chilean Spanish under the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (OT) (Rubach 1997; Bermúdez-Otero 2003, 2019) and Harmonic Serialism (HS) (McCarthy 2008a, b, 2016).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40796200" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines opaque examples of phrase-level phonology taken from Chilean Spanish under the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (OT) (Rubach 1997; Bermúdez-Otero 2003, 2019) and Harmonic Serialism (HS) (McCarthy 2008a, b, 2016). The data show an interesting double repair of the coda /s/ taking place at word edges. It is argued that Stratal OT is superior in modelling phonological processes that take place at the interface between morphology and phonology because it embraces cyclicity. Under this model, prosodic structure is built serially, level by level, and in accordance with the morphological structure of the input string. In this way, opacity at constituent edges can be solved. Stratal OT also provides insight into word-internal morphological structure and the domain-specificity of phonological processes. It is demonstrated that a distinction in this model is necessary between the word and the phrase levels, and between the stem and the word levels. As illustrated by the behaviour of Spanish nouns, affixation and the resultant alternations inform us about the domains to which both morphological and phonological processes should be assigned. Against this background, Harmonic Serialism embraces an apparently simpler recursive mechanism in which stepwise prosodic parsing can be incorporated. What is more, it offers insight into the nature of operations in OT, as well as into such problematic issues as structure building and directionality. Nevertheless, despite the model's ability to solve various cases of opacity, the need to distinguish between two competing repairs makes HS fail when confronted with the Chilean data under examination.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40796200" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eed6b57670e73cc4d2eb80312a076bd1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61078586,"asset_id":40796200,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61078586/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4800082" href="https://uw.academia.edu/KarolinaBros">Karolina Broś</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4800082" type="text/json">{"id":4800082,"first_name":"Karolina","last_name":"Broś","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"KarolinaBros","display_name":"Karolina Broś","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/KarolinaBros?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4800082/2045455/16201715/s65_karolina.bro_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40796200 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40796200"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40796200, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40796200", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40796200]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40796200").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40796200").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40796200"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12492" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Linguistics">Spanish Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12492" type="text/json">{"id":12492,"name":"Spanish Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16618" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory">Optimality Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16618" type="text/json">{"id":16618,"name":"Optimality Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opacity">Opacity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="135727" type="text/json">{"id":135727,"name":"Opacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opacity?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40796200]'), work: {"id":40796200,"title":"Domain modelling in Optimality Theory: Morphophonological cyclicity vs. stepwise prosodic parsing","created_at":"2019-10-31T05:06:08.675-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40796200/Domain_modelling_in_Optimality_Theory_Morphophonological_cyclicity_vs_stepwise_prosodic_parsing?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_40796200","summary":"This paper examines opaque examples of phrase-level phonology taken from Chilean Spanish under the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory (OT) (Rubach 1997; Bermúdez-Otero 2003, 2019) and Harmonic Serialism (HS) (McCarthy 2008a, b, 2016). The data show an interesting double repair of the coda /s/ taking place at word edges. It is argued that Stratal OT is superior in modelling phonological processes that take place at the interface between morphology and phonology because it embraces cyclicity. Under this model, prosodic structure is built serially, level by level, and in accordance with the morphological structure of the input string. In this way, opacity at constituent edges can be solved. Stratal OT also provides insight into word-internal morphological structure and the domain-specificity of phonological processes. It is demonstrated that a distinction in this model is necessary between the word and the phrase levels, and between the stem and the word levels. As illustrated by the behaviour of Spanish nouns, affixation and the resultant alternations inform us about the domains to which both morphological and phonological processes should be assigned. Against this background, Harmonic Serialism embraces an apparently simpler recursive mechanism in which stepwise prosodic parsing can be incorporated. What is more, it offers insight into the nature of operations in OT, as well as into such problematic issues as structure building and directionality. Nevertheless, despite the model's ability to solve various cases of opacity, the need to distinguish between two competing repairs makes HS fail when confronted with the Chilean data under examination.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61078586,"asset_id":40796200,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4800082,"first_name":"Karolina","last_name":"Broś","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"KarolinaBros","display_name":"Karolina Broś","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/KarolinaBros?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4800082/2045455/16201715/s65_karolina.bro_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":12492,"name":"Spanish Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":16618,"name":"Optimality Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":135727,"name":"Opacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opacity?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":152376,"name":"Phonological Opacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonological_Opacity?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16970978" data-work_id="16970978" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16970978/Phonchart2008">Phonchart2008</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16970978" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="475a2151807e852b2ee728bc3b2ebe7f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39284560,"asset_id":16970978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39284560/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36481896" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HueNguyenThu">Nguyen Thu Hue</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36481896" type="text/json">{"id":36481896,"first_name":"Nguyen Thu","last_name":"Hue","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HueNguyenThu","display_name":"Nguyen Thu Hue","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HueNguyenThu?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16970978 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16970978"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16970978, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16970978", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16970978]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16970978").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16970978").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16970978"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16970978]'), work: {"id":16970978,"title":"Phonchart2008","created_at":"2015-10-18T18:12:27.088-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16970978/Phonchart2008?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_16970978","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39284560,"asset_id":16970978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36481896,"first_name":"Nguyen Thu","last_name":"Hue","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HueNguyenThu","display_name":"Nguyen Thu Hue","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HueNguyenThu?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16831103" data-work_id="16831103" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16831103/Advanced_tongue_root_harmony_in_Sibidiri_Idi_a_language_of_Southern_Papua_New_Guinea_2015_">Advanced tongue root harmony in Sibidiri Idi, a language of Southern Papua New Guinea? (2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Advanced tongue root (ATR) harmony is “[o]ne of the best-known and most-discussed features of African phonology”, while such systems of vowel harmony have been claimed to be “apparently unknown elsewhere in the world” (Clements &... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16831103" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Advanced tongue root (ATR) harmony is “[o]ne of the best-known and most-discussed features <br />of African phonology”, while such systems of vowel harmony have been claimed to be <br />“apparently unknown elsewhere in the world” (Clements & Rialland 2008: 50, 49). In this talk, I <br />will propose on the basis of first-hand data that the Papuan language Idi (Pahoturi River family) <br />as spoken in Sibidiri, Trans-Fly region (cf. Evans 2012) has ATR harmony, not unlike the <br />systems found in Africa (see e.g. Archangeli & Pulleybank 2002 on the Bantu language <br />Kinande). In my presentation, I provide an overview of the basic system and discuss exceptions and systematic cases of disharmony, making reference to African languages exhibiting similar systems for comparison (e.g. Kinande, cf. Archangeli & Pulleyblank 2002), and to systems of vowel harmony found in Northern Australia, e.g. in Jingulu (Pensalfini 2002).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16831103" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f7230f6855c4636b0fa097fd5cb6d839" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39206157,"asset_id":16831103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39206157/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11191788" href="https://uni-jena.academia.edu/VolkerGast">Volker Gast</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11191788" type="text/json">{"id":11191788,"first_name":"Volker","last_name":"Gast","domain_name":"uni-jena","page_name":"VolkerGast","display_name":"Volker Gast","profile_url":"https://uni-jena.academia.edu/VolkerGast?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11191788/3302698/19018887/s65_volker.gast.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16831103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16831103"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16831103, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16831103", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16831103]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16831103").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16831103").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16831103"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20606" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papua_New_Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20606" type="text/json">{"id":20606,"name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papua_New_Guinea?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23972" type="text/json">{"id":23972,"name":"Vowel harmony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vowel_harmony?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16831103]'), work: {"id":16831103,"title":"Advanced tongue root harmony in Sibidiri Idi, a language of Southern Papua New Guinea? (2015)","created_at":"2015-10-15T06:43:08.577-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16831103/Advanced_tongue_root_harmony_in_Sibidiri_Idi_a_language_of_Southern_Papua_New_Guinea_2015_?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_16831103","summary":"Advanced tongue root (ATR) harmony is “[o]ne of the best-known and most-discussed features \nof African phonology”, while such systems of vowel harmony have been claimed to be \n“apparently unknown elsewhere in the world” (Clements \u0026 Rialland 2008: 50, 49). In this talk, I \nwill propose on the basis of first-hand data that the Papuan language Idi (Pahoturi River family) \nas spoken in Sibidiri, Trans-Fly region (cf. Evans 2012) has ATR harmony, not unlike the \nsystems found in Africa (see e.g. Archangeli \u0026 Pulleybank 2002 on the Bantu language \nKinande). In my presentation, I provide an overview of the basic system and discuss exceptions and systematic cases of disharmony, making reference to African languages exhibiting similar systems for comparison (e.g. Kinande, cf. Archangeli \u0026 Pulleyblank 2002), and to systems of vowel harmony found in Northern Australia, e.g. in Jingulu (Pensalfini 2002).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39206157,"asset_id":16831103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11191788,"first_name":"Volker","last_name":"Gast","domain_name":"uni-jena","page_name":"VolkerGast","display_name":"Volker Gast","profile_url":"https://uni-jena.academia.edu/VolkerGast?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11191788/3302698/19018887/s65_volker.gast.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":20606,"name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Papua_New_Guinea?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":23972,"name":"Vowel harmony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vowel_harmony?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div 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Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Engineering?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="451" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Programming_Languages">Programming Languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="451" type="text/json">{"id":451,"name":"Programming Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Programming_Languages?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11033862]'), work: {"id":11033862,"title":"Preparing for the USB 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Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Programming_Languages?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1380,"name":"Computer Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Engineering?f_ri=1239"},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":2549,"name":"Hydrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrology?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9042853" data-work_id="9042853" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9042853/ECE3050_Masons_Flow_Graph_Formula">ECE3050 Mason's Flow Graph Formula</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9042853" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f51b550b848a3783b02a13becd75f754" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35348202,"asset_id":9042853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35348202/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20411376" href="https://yu.academia.edu/FuratMalkawi">Furat Malkawi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20411376" type="text/json">{"id":20411376,"first_name":"Furat","last_name":"Malkawi","domain_name":"yu","page_name":"FuratMalkawi","display_name":"Furat Malkawi","profile_url":"https://yu.academia.edu/FuratMalkawi?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9042853 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}); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9042853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9042853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9042853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9042853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9042853").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9042853").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9042853"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49" type="text/json">{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="449" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Engineering">Software Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="449" type="text/json">{"id":449,"name":"Software Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Engineering?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9042853]'), work: {"id":9042853,"title":"ECE3050 Mason's Flow Graph Formula","created_at":"2014-10-30T22:30:50.077-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9042853/ECE3050_Masons_Flow_Graph_Formula?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_9042853","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35348202,"asset_id":9042853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20411376,"first_name":"Furat","last_name":"Malkawi","domain_name":"yu","page_name":"FuratMalkawi","display_name":"Furat Malkawi","profile_url":"https://yu.academia.edu/FuratMalkawi?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":449,"name":"Software Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Engineering?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1283,"name":"Information Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Security?f_ri=1239"},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":2616,"name":"Graph Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graph_Theory?f_ri=1239"},{"id":13923,"name":"Computer Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Security?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_922880" data-work_id="922880" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/922880/Review_of_Uttalet_spr%C3%A5ket_och_hj%C3%A4rnan_Teori_och_metodik_f%C3%B6r_spr%C3%A5kundervisningen">Review of Uttalet, språket och hjärnan. Teori och metodik för språkundervisningen</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/922880" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="643b423ea114ce8e9277440409f28ba1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30980778,"asset_id":922880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30980778/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="749462" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MadalenaCruzFerreira">Madalena Cruz-Ferreira</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="749462" type="text/json">{"id":749462,"first_name":"Madalena","last_name":"Cruz-Ferreira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MadalenaCruzFerreira","display_name":"Madalena Cruz-Ferreira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MadalenaCruzFerreira?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/749462/254931/11749975/s65_madalena.cruz-ferreira.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_922880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="922880"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 922880, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_922880", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=922880]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_922880").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_922880").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="922880"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teacher_Training">Language Teacher Training</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11835" type="text/json">{"id":11835,"name":"Language Teacher Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teacher_Training?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=922880]'), work: {"id":922880,"title":"Review of Uttalet, språket och hjärnan. Teori och metodik för språkundervisningen","created_at":"2011-09-16T21:04:09.845-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/922880/Review_of_Uttalet_spr%C3%A5ket_och_hj%C3%A4rnan_Teori_och_metodik_f%C3%B6r_spr%C3%A5kundervisningen?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_922880","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30980778,"asset_id":922880,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":749462,"first_name":"Madalena","last_name":"Cruz-Ferreira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MadalenaCruzFerreira","display_name":"Madalena Cruz-Ferreira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MadalenaCruzFerreira?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/749462/254931/11749975/s65_madalena.cruz-ferreira.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":11835,"name":"Language Teacher Training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Teacher_Training?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33515579" data-work_id="33515579" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33515579/Changes_in_the_pitch_accent_system_of_Gernika_Basque">Changes in the pitch-accent system of Gernika Basque</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The pitch-accent system in Northern Bizkaian Basque (NBB) is characterized for making a pitch distinction between lexical accented/unaccented words (i.e. singular vs. plural contrast) and for lacking a durational correlate of accentual... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33515579" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The pitch-accent system in Northern Bizkaian Basque (NBB) is characterized for making<br />a pitch distinction between lexical accented/unaccented words (i.e. singular vs. plural<br />contrast) and for lacking a durational correlate of accentual prominence. The present<br />study examines whether such system is maintained in Gernika Basque, a variety of NBB.<br />Results show that younger speakers (ages 18-45) from Spanish speaking households are<br />more likely to show no pitch differences to convey a singular/plural contrast if they also<br />belong to Spanish-speaking social networks. Although duration correlates were found<br />among some speakers, its use was not directly related to the loss of contrast in pitch.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33515579" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="160b794f1af35c138c43e2a04051dd77" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59721468,"asset_id":33515579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59721468/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1396536" href="https://csulb.academia.edu/ItxasoRodriguez">Itxaso Rodríguez-Ordóñez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1396536" type="text/json">{"id":1396536,"first_name":"Itxaso","last_name":"Rodríguez-Ordóñez","domain_name":"csulb","page_name":"ItxasoRodriguez","display_name":"Itxaso Rodríguez-Ordóñez","profile_url":"https://csulb.academia.edu/ItxasoRodriguez?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1396536/506035/38344675/s65_itxaso.rodriguez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33515579 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33515579"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33515579, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33515579", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33515579 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33515579; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33515579"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33515579 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33515579"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33515579; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33515579]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33515579").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33515579").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33515579"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11291" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basque_linguistics">Basque linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11291" type="text/json">{"id":11291,"name":"Basque linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basque_linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33515579]'), work: {"id":33515579,"title":"Changes in the pitch-accent system of Gernika Basque","created_at":"2017-06-16T22:45:44.068-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33515579/Changes_in_the_pitch_accent_system_of_Gernika_Basque?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_33515579","summary":"The pitch-accent system in Northern Bizkaian Basque (NBB) is characterized for making\na pitch distinction between lexical accented/unaccented words (i.e. singular vs. plural\ncontrast) and for lacking a durational correlate of accentual prominence. The present\nstudy examines whether such system is maintained in Gernika Basque, a variety of NBB.\nResults show that younger speakers (ages 18-45) from Spanish speaking households are\nmore likely to show no pitch differences to convey a singular/plural contrast if they also\nbelong to Spanish-speaking social networks. Although duration correlates were found\namong some speakers, its use was not directly related to the loss of contrast in pitch.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59721468,"asset_id":33515579,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1396536,"first_name":"Itxaso","last_name":"Rodríguez-Ordóñez","domain_name":"csulb","page_name":"ItxasoRodriguez","display_name":"Itxaso Rodríguez-Ordóñez","profile_url":"https://csulb.academia.edu/ItxasoRodriguez?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1396536/506035/38344675/s65_itxaso.rodriguez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":11291,"name":"Basque linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basque_linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32446729" data-work_id="32446729" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32446729/LIN2606_Analyse_avec_informateur_Field_Methods_Plan_de_cours_Syllabus">LIN2606 Analyse avec informateur (Field Methods) - Plan de cours / Syllabus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dans ce cours nous allons recueillir et organiser des données d’une langue peu décrite (probablement une langue autochtone) et nous allons utiliser ces données pour préparer des résumés descriptifs de la langue, formuler et tester des... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32446729" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dans ce cours nous allons recueillir et organiser des données d’une langue peu décrite (probablement une langue autochtone) et nous allons utiliser ces données pour préparer des résumés descriptifs de la langue, formuler et tester des hypothèses concernant des phénomènes particuliers dans cette langue, et finalement développer des analyses de ces phénomènes. <br /><br />Ce cours va inclure la discussion des données, l’élicitation en classe auprès d’un locuteur natif de la langue ciblée, ainsi que les rencontres en petits groupes avec ce locuteur, hors de la salle de classe. Nous allons aussi enregistrer et transcrire une histoire pour obtenir un échantillon du discours connecté. Cette histoire devrait aussi nous présenter plusieurs énigmes grammaticales que nous allons examiner plus profondément dans les séances d’élicitation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32446729" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fec471ce91c66dd4b4416623fca7f7ca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52637940,"asset_id":32446729,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52637940/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8371970" href="https://uqam.academia.edu/RichardCompton">Richard J Compton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8371970" type="text/json">{"id":8371970,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Compton","domain_name":"uqam","page_name":"RichardCompton","display_name":"Richard J Compton","profile_url":"https://uqam.academia.edu/RichardCompton?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8371970/2842316/16760969/s65_richard.compton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32446729 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32446729"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32446729, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32446729", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32446729 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32446729; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32446729"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32446729 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32446729"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32446729; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32446729]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32446729").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32446729").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32446729"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6671" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax">Syntax</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6671" type="text/json">{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10757" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphosyntax">Morphosyntax</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10757" type="text/json">{"id":10757,"name":"Morphosyntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphosyntax?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32446729]'), work: {"id":32446729,"title":"LIN2606 Analyse avec informateur (Field Methods) - Plan de cours / Syllabus","created_at":"2017-04-16T09:44:18.110-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32446729/LIN2606_Analyse_avec_informateur_Field_Methods_Plan_de_cours_Syllabus?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_32446729","summary":"Dans ce cours nous allons recueillir et organiser des données d’une langue peu décrite (probablement une langue autochtone) et nous allons utiliser ces données pour préparer des résumés descriptifs de la langue, formuler et tester des hypothèses concernant des phénomènes particuliers dans cette langue, et finalement développer des analyses de ces phénomènes. \n\nCe cours va inclure la discussion des données, l’élicitation en classe auprès d’un locuteur natif de la langue ciblée, ainsi que les rencontres en petits groupes avec ce locuteur, hors de la salle de classe. Nous allons aussi enregistrer et transcrire une histoire pour obtenir un échantillon du discours connecté. Cette histoire devrait aussi nous présenter plusieurs énigmes grammaticales que nous allons examiner plus profondément dans les séances d’élicitation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52637940,"asset_id":32446729,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8371970,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Compton","domain_name":"uqam","page_name":"RichardCompton","display_name":"Richard J Compton","profile_url":"https://uqam.academia.edu/RichardCompton?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8371970/2842316/16760969/s65_richard.compton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":10757,"name":"Morphosyntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphosyntax?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":16463,"name":"Fieldwork in linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fieldwork_in_linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":31963,"name":"Morphology (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphology_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=1239"},{"id":354775,"name":"Linguistic Fieldwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Fieldwork?f_ri=1239"},{"id":371626,"name":"Linguistic Elicitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_Elicitation?f_ri=1239"},{"id":458426,"name":"Field linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_linguistics?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28102943" data-work_id="28102943" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28102943/Concurrent_Validity_and_Diagnostic_Accuracy_of_the_Dynamic_Indicators_of_Basic_Early_Literacy_Skills_and_the_Comprehensive_Test_of_Phonological_Processing">Concurrent Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the concurrent validity of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with the Com- prehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP), and (b) explore the diag- nostic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28102943" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the concurrent validity of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with the Com- prehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP), and (b) explore the diag- nostic accuracy of the DIBELS in predicting CTOPP performance using suggested and alternative cut-scores. Eighty-six students were administered the DIBELS and the CTOPP in</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28102943" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="38c5e2e7ce76dff4aac6e6e1f62f6513" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48417801,"asset_id":28102943,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48417801/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52673680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JHintze">John Hintze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52673680" type="text/json">{"id":52673680,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Hintze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JHintze","display_name":"John Hintze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JHintze?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28102943 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28102943"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28102943, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28102943", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28102943]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28102943").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28102943").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28102943"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5187" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis">Statistical Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5187" type="text/json">{"id":5187,"name":"Statistical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7968" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction">Prediction</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7968" type="text/json">{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8144" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/School_Psychology">School Psychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8144" type="text/json">{"id":8144,"name":"School Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/School_Psychology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28102943]'), work: {"id":28102943,"title":"Concurrent Validity and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills and the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing","created_at":"2016-08-29T13:11:59.353-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28102943/Concurrent_Validity_and_Diagnostic_Accuracy_of_the_Dynamic_Indicators_of_Basic_Early_Literacy_Skills_and_the_Comprehensive_Test_of_Phonological_Processing?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_28102943","summary":"The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the concurrent validity of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) with the Com- prehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP), and (b) explore the diag- nostic accuracy of the DIBELS in predicting CTOPP performance using suggested and alternative cut-scores. Eighty-six students were administered the DIBELS and the CTOPP in","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48417801,"asset_id":28102943,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52673680,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Hintze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JHintze","display_name":"John Hintze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JHintze?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":5187,"name":"Statistical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Analysis?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":7968,"name":"Prediction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prediction?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":8144,"name":"School Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/School_Psychology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":20489,"name":"Phonological processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonological_processing?f_ri=1239"},{"id":81504,"name":"Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Correlation?f_ri=1239"},{"id":106145,"name":"Classification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification?f_ri=1239"},{"id":144833,"name":"Validity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Validity?f_ri=1239"},{"id":152553,"name":"Comparative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Analysis?f_ri=1239"},{"id":194916,"name":"ROC Curve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ROC_Curve?f_ri=1239"},{"id":675221,"name":"Diagnostic Accuracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Accuracy?f_ri=1239"},{"id":962638,"name":"High Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Sensitivity?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1443732,"name":"Diagnostic Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Tests?f_ri=1239"},{"id":2468494,"name":"False Positive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_Positive?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10147955" data-work_id="10147955" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10147955/Constraint_Catalogue">Constraint Catalogue</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10147955" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32989aa701efc53744d1dd69537b606b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36256865,"asset_id":10147955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36256865/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24540666" href="https://diu.academia.edu/SteveParker">Steve Parker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24540666" type="text/json">{"id":24540666,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Parker","domain_name":"diu","page_name":"SteveParker","display_name":"Steve Parker","profile_url":"https://diu.academia.edu/SteveParker?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24540666/6700270/7569259/s65_steve.parker.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10147955 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10147955"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10147955, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10147955", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10147955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10147955").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10147955").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10147955"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16618" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory">Optimality Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16618" type="text/json">{"id":16618,"name":"Optimality Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10147955]'), work: {"id":10147955,"title":"Constraint Catalogue","created_at":"2015-01-13T12:41:38.874-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10147955/Constraint_Catalogue?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_10147955","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36256865,"asset_id":10147955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24540666,"first_name":"Steve","last_name":"Parker","domain_name":"diu","page_name":"SteveParker","display_name":"Steve Parker","profile_url":"https://diu.academia.edu/SteveParker?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24540666/6700270/7569259/s65_steve.parker.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":16618,"name":"Optimality Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_440343 coauthored" data-work_id="440343" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/440343/Variation_and_Opacity_In_Singapore_English_Consonant_Clusters">Variation and Opacity In Singapore English Consonant Clusters</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Singapore English consonant clusters undergo phonological processes that exhibit variation and opacity. Quantitative evidence shows that these patterns are genuine and systematic. Two main conclusions emerge. First, a small set of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_440343" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Singapore English consonant clusters undergo phonological processes that exhibit variation and opacity. Quantitative evidence shows that these patterns are genuine and systematic. Two main conclusions emerge. First, a small set of phonological constraints yields a typological structure (T-order) that captures the quantitative patterns, independently of speciﬁc assumptions about how the grammar represents variation. Second, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that phonological opacity has only one source: the interleaving of phonology and morphology</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/440343" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f39c71a02df9defd08ba2549eeed5d8e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":3440838,"asset_id":440343,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/3440838/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="330271" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/JenniferNycz">Jennifer Nycz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="330271" type="text/json">{"id":330271,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Nycz","domain_name":"georgetown","page_name":"JenniferNycz","display_name":"Jennifer Nycz","profile_url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JenniferNycz?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/330271/92171/5124810/s65_jennifer.nycz.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-440343">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-440343"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/StefanBenus">Stefan Benus</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnttila">Arto Anttila</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-440343'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-440343').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_440343 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="440343"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 440343; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=440343]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_440343").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_440343").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="440343"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2525" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change">Language Variation and Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2525" type="text/json">{"id":2525,"name":"Language Variation and Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Variation_and_Change?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16618" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory">Optimality Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16618" type="text/json">{"id":16618,"name":"Optimality Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optimality_Theory?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45886" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_English">Singapore English</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="45886" type="text/json">{"id":45886,"name":"Singapore English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_English?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=440343]'), work: {"id":440343,"title":"Variation and Opacity In Singapore English Consonant Clusters","created_at":"2011-02-12T08:25:57.531-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/440343/Variation_and_Opacity_In_Singapore_English_Consonant_Clusters?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_440343","summary":"Singapore English consonant clusters undergo phonological processes that exhibit variation and opacity. Quantitative evidence shows that these patterns are genuine and systematic. Two main conclusions emerge. First, a small set of phonological constraints yields a typological structure (T-order) that captures the quantitative patterns, independently of speciﬁc assumptions about how the grammar represents variation. Second, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that phonological opacity has only one source: the interleaving of phonology and morphology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":3440838,"asset_id":440343,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":330271,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Nycz","domain_name":"georgetown","page_name":"JenniferNycz","display_name":"Jennifer Nycz","profile_url":"https://georgetown.academia.edu/JenniferNycz?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/330271/92171/5124810/s65_jennifer.nycz.jpg"},{"id":33999292,"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Benus","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StefanBenus","display_name":"Stefan Benus","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StefanBenus?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":50206428,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Anttila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArtoAnttila","display_name":"Arto 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(2006). Catalan Journal of Linguistics, vol. 5. Acquisition of Romance languages»</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Review of «Gavarró, Anna; Lleó, Conxita; (ed.) (2006). Catalan Journal of Linguistics, vol. 5. Acquisition of Romance languages»</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25123157" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ff4a721d130b4bff20042303876a41ab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45444200,"asset_id":25123157,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45444200/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1169155" href="https://ub.academia.edu/Cl%C3%A0udiaPonsMoll">Clàudia Pons-Moll</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1169155" type="text/json">{"id":1169155,"first_name":"Clàudia","last_name":"Pons-Moll","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"ClàudiaPonsMoll","display_name":"Clàudia Pons-Moll","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/Cl%C3%A0udiaPonsMoll?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1169155/2844046/3320653/s65_cl_udia.pons-moll.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25123157 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25123157"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25123157, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25123157", }); 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Inspired by Berg&#39;s (2000, 2009) ‘cross-level harmony constraint’, the hypothesis I test is that prototypically attributive adjectives not only align more with nouns than with verbs syntactically, semantically and pragmatically, but also phonologically – and likewise for prototypically predicative adjectives and verbs. I analyse the phonological structure of frequent adjectives from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and show that the data do indeed support the hypothesis. Berg&#39;s ‘cross-level harmony constraint’ may thus apply not only to the entire word classes noun, verb and adjective, but also to these two adjectival subclasses. I dis...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77360167" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="351b2f2c4a29cd6601a731f7acbee425" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84771348,"asset_id":77360167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84771348/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="107988" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/WillemHollmann">Willem B Hollmann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="107988" type="text/json">{"id":107988,"first_name":"Willem","last_name":"Hollmann","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"WillemHollmann","display_name":"Willem B Hollmann","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/WillemHollmann?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/107988/872972/36059177/s65_willem.hollmann.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77360167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77360167"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77360167, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77360167", }); 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Inspired by Berg\u0026#39;s (2000, 2009) ‘cross-level harmony constraint’, the hypothesis I test is that prototypically attributive adjectives not only align more with nouns than with verbs syntactically, semantically and pragmatically, but also phonologically – and likewise for prototypically predicative adjectives and verbs. I analyse the phonological structure of frequent adjectives from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and show that the data do indeed support the hypothesis. Berg\u0026#39;s ‘cross-level harmony constraint’ may thus apply not only to the entire word classes noun, verb and adjective, but also to these two adjectival subclasses. I dis...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84771348,"asset_id":77360167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":107988,"first_name":"Willem","last_name":"Hollmann","domain_name":"edinburgh","page_name":"WillemHollmann","display_name":"Willem B Hollmann","profile_url":"https://edinburgh.academia.edu/WillemHollmann?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/107988/872972/36059177/s65_willem.hollmann.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1417,"name":"Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Acquisition?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":10157,"name":"Corpus 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L'ensenyament de la gramàtica en contextos multilingües. Treball en què s'exposa de quina es pot orientar l'ensenyament de la gramàtica a secundària, per tal d'estimular la capacitats... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21661094" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ponència convidada a les III Jornades GrOC. L'ensenyament de la gramàtica en contextos multilingües. 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Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indo-Aryan_Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1405865,"name":"Ancient Indo European Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Indo_European_Languages?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1443920,"name":"Rigvedic poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rigvedic_poetry?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1443933,"name":"Filozófiai gondolkodás a Rigvédában","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filozofiai_gondolkodas_a_Rigvedaban?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52049110" data-work_id="52049110" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52049110/A_twice_mixed_creole_Tracing_the_history_of_a_prosodic_split_in_the_Saramaccan_lexicon">A twice-mixed creole?: Tracing the history of a prosodic split in the Saramaccan lexicon</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Saramaccan, a maroon creole of Suriname, shows evidence of having a split lexicon where the majority of its words are marked for pitch accent but an important minority are marked for tone. The basic origins of this split would appear to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52049110" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Saramaccan, a maroon creole of Suriname, shows evidence of having a split lexicon where the majority of its words are marked for pitch accent but an important minority are marked for tone. The basic origins of this split would appear to be clear: pitch-accented words represent transfer of a European-like accent system, while tonal words represent transfer of an African-like tone system. If this is the right account, its apparent simplicity raises an important question: Why didn’t it happen more often? While a definitive answer cannot yet be given, it is suggested that a likely explanation is that the split lexicon was not a product of creolization but, rather, the result of a restricted kind of language mixing, which took place after marronage, and that this mixing was employed as a means of establishing a distinct speech variety for the nascent Saramaccan community.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52049110" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41603ff08eb20177258d2aa1cf7696ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69492860,"asset_id":52049110,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69492860/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54110862" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeffGood1">Jeff Good</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54110862" type="text/json">{"id":54110862,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Good","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeffGood1","display_name":"Jeff Good","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeffGood1?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54110862/29849980/27730447/s65_jeff.good.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52049110 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52049110"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52049110, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52049110", }); 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The basic origins of this split would appear to be clear: pitch-accented words represent transfer of a European-like accent system, while tonal words represent transfer of an African-like tone system. If this is the right account, its apparent simplicity raises an important question: Why didn’t it happen more often? While a definitive answer cannot yet be given, it is suggested that a likely explanation is that the split lexicon was not a product of creolization but, rather, the result of a restricted kind of language mixing, which took place after marronage, and that this mixing was employed as a means of establishing a distinct speech variety for the nascent Saramaccan community.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69492860,"asset_id":52049110,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54110862,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Good","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JeffGood1","display_name":"Jeff Good","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JeffGood1?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/54110862/29849980/27730447/s65_jeff.good.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1207,"name":"Historical 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Studies?f_ri=1239"},{"id":439883,"name":"Saramaccan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saramaccan?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2340104" data-work_id="2340104" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2340104/%D0%9E_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F">О грамматическом значении английского причастия</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x 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data-has-card-for-ri="94" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2340104]'), work: {"id":2340104,"title":"О грамматическом значении английского 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translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic-English_translation?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71810557" data-work_id="71810557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71810557/Vowel_Category_and_Meanings_of_Size_in_Tolkiens_Early_Lexicons">Vowel Category and Meanings of Size in Tolkien's Early Lexicons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The grounds for studying phonetic symbolism (phonosemantics, etc.) in Tolkien's invented languages were well established by Tolkien through comments made in letters, drafts of his works, and essays. Previous researchers (e.g., Smith,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71810557" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The grounds for studying phonetic symbolism (phonosemantics, etc.) in Tolkien's invented languages were well established by Tolkien through comments made in letters, drafts of his works, and essays. Previous researchers (e.g., Smith, 2006; 2007; Gymnich, 2005) have discussed the aesthetic effects of Tolkien's elvish languages on his audience, and have also observed connections between a range of meanings and sounds in Tolkien's languages (e.g., Fimi, 2008; Rausch, 2013). However, no researchers have explored this area of study with quantitative methods. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between vowel quality and meanings of size in the Gnomish Lexicon and the Qenya Lexicon. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests indicate statistically significant associations between vowel category and meanings of size, particularly /i/ and smallness, and the back vowels /o/ and /a/ and meanings of largeness. I argue that this case study confirms the presence of phonetic symbolism in Tolkien's invented languages.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71810557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80fb574e6163b5851f962086741eb2d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81004272,"asset_id":71810557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81004272/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="788863" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/LukeAnnear">Luke Annear</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="788863" type="text/json">{"id":788863,"first_name":"Luke","last_name":"Annear","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"LukeAnnear","display_name":"Luke Annear","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/LukeAnnear?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/788863/268102/138607105/s65_luke.annear.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71810557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71810557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71810557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71810557", }); 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Previous researchers (e.g., Smith, 2006; 2007; Gymnich, 2005) have discussed the aesthetic effects of Tolkien's elvish languages on his audience, and have also observed connections between a range of meanings and sounds in Tolkien's languages (e.g., Fimi, 2008; Rausch, 2013). However, no researchers have explored this area of study with quantitative methods. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between vowel quality and meanings of size in the Gnomish Lexicon and the Qenya Lexicon. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests indicate statistically significant associations between vowel category and meanings of size, particularly /i/ and smallness, and the back vowels /o/ and /a/ and meanings of largeness. I argue that this case study confirms the presence of phonetic symbolism in Tolkien's invented languages.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81004272,"asset_id":71810557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":788863,"first_name":"Luke","last_name":"Annear","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"LukeAnnear","display_name":"Luke Annear","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/LukeAnnear?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/788863/268102/138607105/s65_luke.annear.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":21025,"name":"Acoustic Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acoustic_Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":76703,"name":"Sound symbolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sound_symbolism?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":417586,"name":"J.R.R. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/44634493/VELOSO_Jo%C3%A3o_2020_O_fonema_categoria_percetiva_e_categoria_descritiva_Na_intera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entre_processamento_de_dados_lingu%C3%ADsticos_descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_lingu%C3%ADstica_e_conhecimento_lingu%C3%ADstico_em_constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lingu%C3%ADstica_N%C3%BAmero_Especial_In_honorem_Maria_da_Gra%C3%A7a_Lisboa_Castro_Pinto_291_321">VELOSO, João. 2020. O fonema: categoria percetiva e categoria descritiva. Na interação entre processamento de dados linguísticos, descrição linguística e conhecimento linguístico em construção. Linguística. Número Especial, In honorem Maria da Graça Lisboa Castro Pinto: 291-321.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">RESUMO As investigações experimentais no campo da perceção da fala demonstraram, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, a natureza categorial do processamento dos sinais acústicos da fala. O fonema passou então a ser concebido não só... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44634493" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">RESUMO As investigações experimentais no campo da perceção da fala demonstraram, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, a natureza categorial do processamento dos sinais acústicos da fala. O fonema passou então a ser concebido não só como uma unidade teórica da descrição das línguas, mas também como uma categoria percetiva. Neste estudo, veremos como, sem a fundamentação metodológica dos estudos experimentais, correntes de pensamento mais tradicionais em linguística-como a fonética tradicional britânica e a fonologia distribucionalista norte-americana da primeira metade do século XX-haviam adiantado já algumas propriedades desta conceção categorialista do fonema. Defenderemos que uma visão mais abrangente desta unidade descritiva e de processamento, combinando informação oriunda de diversas disciplinas e de quadros teóricos alternativos, permite uma melhor explicação não só dos sistemas fonológicos e do seu processamento, mas também da inter-relação entre estes dois objetos de estudo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Fonema. Categoria. Perceção da fala. Perceção categorial. Fonética e Fonologia. ABSTRACT Experimental studies in the field of speech perception have demonstrated, since the 1950s, that speech perception is, fundamentally, an instance of categorical processing. Accordingly, the phoneme has been conceived of as a theoretical-descriptive linguistic unit and, simultaneously, as a perceptual category. In this paper, we shall see that, even before the more recent experimental methods, traditional views-such as the British school of descriptive phonetics and the American first structuralists-had anticipated some important aspects of the categorical perspectives on the phoneme. We shall defend that a broader view on this unit, based on the combination from different subdisciplines and theoretical frameworks, could offer us stronger explanations of phonological systems, phonetic processing and the interrelation between both objects of study. (*) Unidade de investigação financiada pela FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-UIDB/00022/2020).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44634493" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f541ab023ea41d0bb8d3f134f1db778" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65104478,"asset_id":44634493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65104478/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48088338" href="https://up-pt.academia.edu/JVeloso">João Veloso</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48088338" type="text/json">{"id":48088338,"first_name":"João","last_name":"Veloso","domain_name":"up-pt","page_name":"JVeloso","display_name":"João Veloso","profile_url":"https://up-pt.academia.edu/JVeloso?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48088338/12854075/14255203/s65_jo_o.veloso.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44634493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44634493"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44634493, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44634493", }); 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O fonema: categoria percetiva e categoria descritiva. Na interação entre processamento de dados linguísticos, descrição linguística e conhecimento linguístico em construção. Linguística. Número Especial, In honorem Maria da Graça Lisboa Castro Pinto: 291-321.","created_at":"2020-12-04T04:48:26.415-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44634493/VELOSO_Jo%C3%A3o_2020_O_fonema_categoria_percetiva_e_categoria_descritiva_Na_intera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entre_processamento_de_dados_lingu%C3%ADsticos_descri%C3%A7%C3%A3o_lingu%C3%ADstica_e_conhecimento_lingu%C3%ADstico_em_constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Lingu%C3%ADstica_N%C3%BAmero_Especial_In_honorem_Maria_da_Gra%C3%A7a_Lisboa_Castro_Pinto_291_321?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_44634493","summary":"RESUMO As investigações experimentais no campo da perceção da fala demonstraram, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, a natureza categorial do processamento dos sinais acústicos da fala. O fonema passou então a ser concebido não só como uma unidade teórica da descrição das línguas, mas também como uma categoria percetiva. Neste estudo, veremos como, sem a fundamentação metodológica dos estudos experimentais, correntes de pensamento mais tradicionais em linguística-como a fonética tradicional britânica e a fonologia distribucionalista norte-americana da primeira metade do século XX-haviam adiantado já algumas propriedades desta conceção categorialista do fonema. Defenderemos que uma visão mais abrangente desta unidade descritiva e de processamento, combinando informação oriunda de diversas disciplinas e de quadros teóricos alternativos, permite uma melhor explicação não só dos sistemas fonológicos e do seu processamento, mas também da inter-relação entre estes dois objetos de estudo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Fonema. Categoria. Perceção da fala. Perceção categorial. Fonética e Fonologia. ABSTRACT Experimental studies in the field of speech perception have demonstrated, since the 1950s, that speech perception is, fundamentally, an instance of categorical processing. Accordingly, the phoneme has been conceived of as a theoretical-descriptive linguistic unit and, simultaneously, as a perceptual category. In this paper, we shall see that, even before the more recent experimental methods, traditional views-such as the British school of descriptive phonetics and the American first structuralists-had anticipated some important aspects of the categorical perspectives on the phoneme. We shall defend that a broader view on this unit, based on the combination from different subdisciplines and theoretical frameworks, could offer us stronger explanations of phonological systems, phonetic processing and the interrelation between both objects of study. (*) Unidade de investigação financiada pela FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-UIDB/00022/2020).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65104478,"asset_id":44634493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48088338,"first_name":"João","last_name":"Veloso","domain_name":"up-pt","page_name":"JVeloso","display_name":"João Veloso","profile_url":"https://up-pt.academia.edu/JVeloso?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48088338/12854075/14255203/s65_jo_o.veloso.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":60338,"name":"Phonetics and Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics_and_Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":114045,"name":"Categorical Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Categorical_Perception?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":399421,"name":"Phoneme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoneme?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44276028" data-work_id="44276028" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44276028/Computer_assisted_assessment_of_phonetic_fluency_in_a_second_language_a_longitudinal_study_of_Japanese_learners_of_French">Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of Japanese learners of French</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Detey, S., Fontan, L., Le Coz, M. & Jmel, S. (2020). Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of Japanese learners of French. Speech Communication 125: 69-79.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44276028" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Detey, S., Fontan, L., Le Coz, M. & Jmel, S. (2020). Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of Japanese learners of French. Speech Communication 125: 69-79. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2020.10.001" rel="nofollow">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2020.10.001</a> <br /> <br />Available here: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344594440_Computer-assisted_assessment_of_phonetic_fluency_in_a_second_language_a_longitudinal_study_of_Japanese_learners_of_French" rel="nofollow">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344594440_Computer-assisted_assessment_of_phonetic_fluency_in_a_second_language_a_longitudinal_study_of_Japanese_learners_of_French</a> <br /> <br />Abstract: Automatic second language (L2) speech fluency assessment has been one of the ultimate goals of several projects aiming at designing Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT) tools for L2 learners. Usually, three challenges must be tackled in order to solve the issues at stake: 1) Defining fluency from a threefold interdisciplinary perspective (acoustic and perceptual phonetics, computer science, L2 education); 2) Using a cost-effective algorithm; 3) Testing the procedure with actual learners' data. Despite rapid technical developments in the field of automatic speech processing, the tools which are actually available for learners are still scarce, and most of them rely on automatic speech recognition (ASR). Moreover, most research on the topic is focusing on English as the target L2. Therefore, in this article, we address the following research questions: (a) is it possible to use a non-ASR-based low-level signal segmentation algorithm to predict human expert assessment of phonetic fluency in beginner Japanese learners of French in a text-reading task during the first stages of their learning? (b) if the answer to (a) is positive, then what are the best predictors of phonetic fluency among a set of available measures (see below for more details)? (c) is it possible to use this algorithm to monitor the evolution of phonetic fluency (and of its associated predictors) in these learners in a longitudinal study? As a first step, a corpus of French sentences read aloud by 12 Japanese learners of different proficiency levels in French was used to design a prediction system. 2 speech fluency, speech rate, regularity of speech rate, speech fluidity (i.e. smoothness of transitions between phones). Inter-rater agreement and reliability were high for all dimensions, and the average human ratings were compared with the scores provided by our prediction system. The results show strong correlations between human and automatic scores of speech rate and regularity of speech rate, and a weak correlation for speech fluidity. Automatic scores were finally combined together through a multiple linear regression model in order to predict overall speech fluency. The best model led to a correlation coefficient of .92 between automatic and human ratings, with a root-mean-square error of .38. In the second step of this study, a corpus of identical sentences read aloud four times over two years by 12 Japanese learners of French (after 4, 7, 12, and 19 months of French courses in Japan) was fed to the automatic system. The results show regular progress in overall speech fluency, which fits with the regular progress the Japanese learners under scrutiny were expected to make through their academic program in French at their university in Japan every semester. Our study suggests a positive answer to our first and third research questions, with speech rate as the best predictor to answer our second research question. In a pedagogical perspective, it seems that such a simple algorithm could be integrated in a CAPT tool to monitor learners' progress in phonetic fluency in reading-aloud tasks.S</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44276028" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="187155" href="https://waseda.academia.edu/SylvainDetey">Sylvain Detey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="187155" type="text/json">{"id":187155,"first_name":"Sylvain","last_name":"Detey","domain_name":"waseda","page_name":"SylvainDetey","display_name":"Sylvain Detey","profile_url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/SylvainDetey?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44276028 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44276028"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44276028, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44276028", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44276028]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44276028").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44276028").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44276028"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1008" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition">Second Language Acquisition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1008" type="text/json">{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1009" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning">Computer Assisted Language Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1009" type="text/json">{"id":1009,"name":"Computer Assisted Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1239" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology">Phonology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1239" type="text/json">{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2139" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics">Phonetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2139" type="text/json">{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44276028]'), work: {"id":44276028,"title":"Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of Japanese learners of French","created_at":"2020-10-11T18:46:12.511-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44276028/Computer_assisted_assessment_of_phonetic_fluency_in_a_second_language_a_longitudinal_study_of_Japanese_learners_of_French?f_ri=1239","dom_id":"work_44276028","summary":"Detey, S., Fontan, L., Le Coz, M. \u0026 Jmel, S. (2020). Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of Japanese learners of French. Speech Communication 125: 69-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2020.10.001\r\n\r\nAvailable here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344594440_Computer-assisted_assessment_of_phonetic_fluency_in_a_second_language_a_longitudinal_study_of_Japanese_learners_of_French\r\n\r\nAbstract: Automatic second language (L2) speech fluency assessment has been one of the ultimate goals of several projects aiming at designing Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT) tools for L2 learners. Usually, three challenges must be tackled in order to solve the issues at stake: 1) Defining fluency from a threefold interdisciplinary perspective (acoustic and perceptual phonetics, computer science, L2 education); 2) Using a cost-effective algorithm; 3) Testing the procedure with actual learners' data. Despite rapid technical developments in the field of automatic speech processing, the tools which are actually available for learners are still scarce, and most of them rely on automatic speech recognition (ASR). Moreover, most research on the topic is focusing on English as the target L2. Therefore, in this article, we address the following research questions: (a) is it possible to use a non-ASR-based low-level signal segmentation algorithm to predict human expert assessment of phonetic fluency in beginner Japanese learners of French in a text-reading task during the first stages of their learning? (b) if the answer to (a) is positive, then what are the best predictors of phonetic fluency among a set of available measures (see below for more details)? (c) is it possible to use this algorithm to monitor the evolution of phonetic fluency (and of its associated predictors) in these learners in a longitudinal study? As a first step, a corpus of French sentences read aloud by 12 Japanese learners of different proficiency levels in French was used to design a prediction system. 2 speech fluency, speech rate, regularity of speech rate, speech fluidity (i.e. smoothness of transitions between phones). Inter-rater agreement and reliability were high for all dimensions, and the average human ratings were compared with the scores provided by our prediction system. The results show strong correlations between human and automatic scores of speech rate and regularity of speech rate, and a weak correlation for speech fluidity. Automatic scores were finally combined together through a multiple linear regression model in order to predict overall speech fluency. The best model led to a correlation coefficient of .92 between automatic and human ratings, with a root-mean-square error of .38. In the second step of this study, a corpus of identical sentences read aloud four times over two years by 12 Japanese learners of French (after 4, 7, 12, and 19 months of French courses in Japan) was fed to the automatic system. The results show regular progress in overall speech fluency, which fits with the regular progress the Japanese learners under scrutiny were expected to make through their academic program in French at their university in Japan every semester. Our study suggests a positive answer to our first and third research questions, with speech rate as the best predictor to answer our second research question. In a pedagogical perspective, it seems that such a simple algorithm could be integrated in a CAPT tool to monitor learners' progress in phonetic fluency in reading-aloud tasks.S","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":187155,"first_name":"Sylvain","last_name":"Detey","domain_name":"waseda","page_name":"SylvainDetey","display_name":"Sylvain Detey","profile_url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/SylvainDetey?f_ri=1239","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1009,"name":"Computer Assisted Language Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Language_Learning?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":1239,"name":"Phonology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonology?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":2139,"name":"Phonetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phonetics?f_ri=1239","nofollow":false},{"id":6789,"name":"Japanese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese?f_ri=1239"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":10157,"name":"Corpus Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics?f_ri=1239"},{"id":13886,"name":"Longitudinal Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longitudinal_Research?f_ri=1239"},{"id":38244,"name":"French","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French?f_ri=1239"},{"id":60803,"name":"Computer Assisted Pronunciation Teaching (CAPT)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Assisted_Pronunciation_Teaching_CAPT_?f_ri=1239"},{"id":85080,"name":"Verbal Fluency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Verbal_Fluency?f_ri=1239"},{"id":166148,"name":"Didactique du français langue étrangère","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Didactique_du_francais_langue_etrangere?f_ri=1239"},{"id":468900,"name":"L2 speech perception and production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/L2_speech_perception_and_production?f_ri=1239"},{"id":571921,"name":"Automatic Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automatic_Assessment?f_ri=1239"},{"id":1803873,"name":"French Pronunciation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Pronunciation?f_ri=1239"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35675586 coauthored" data-work_id="35675586" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35675586/Issues_in_diagnosing_dyslexia">Issues in diagnosing dyslexia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since the first descriptions of children with congenital word blindness or dys-lexia, the proper criteria for diagnosis of dyslexia have been debated. Issues in this debate concern, among others, the role of underlying causes of reading... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35675586" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since the first descriptions of children with congenital word blindness or dys-lexia, the proper criteria for diagnosis of dyslexia have been debated. Issues in this debate concern, among others, the role of underlying causes of reading and spelling and the use of a discrepancy between reading ability and intelligence. This chapter will consider recent evidence from family risk studies of dyslexia that speaks to these issues. We conclude that current evidence on the etiology of developmental disorders neither supports a specific underlying cognitive profile (e.g., phonological deficits), nor the requirement of a discrepancy with intelligence. Deciding factors in diagnosis should be lack of learning opportunity, other exclusion factors, and naturally the degree of reading and spelling difficulties.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35675586" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cbac0fa7f4bbbf30d99f8c68b867d49f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55546104,"asset_id":35675586,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55546104/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTcxMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29795344" href="https://vu-nl.academia.edu/EvanBergen">Elsje van Bergen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29795344" type="text/json">{"id":29795344,"first_name":"Elsje","last_name":"van Bergen","domain_name":"vu-nl","page_name":"EvanBergen","display_name":"Elsje van Bergen","profile_url":"https://vu-nl.academia.edu/EvanBergen?f_ri=1239","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29795344/8727232/9746939/s65_elsje.van_bergen.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35675586">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35675586"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PJong1">P. 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