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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instability_of_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instability_of_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Instability of design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instability_of_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerodynamic_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerodynamic_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aerodynamic limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerodynamic_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electromagnetic emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulnerable_modes_of_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerable_modes_of_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vulnerable modes of flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulnerable_modes_of_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reduced payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensitive_skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitive_skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sensitive skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitive_skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Cost of operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countermeasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reflected_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflected_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reflected waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflected_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_(heat)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_(heat)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Infrared (heat)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_(heat)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longer_wavelength_radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longer_wavelength_radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Longer wavelength radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longer_wavelength_radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OTH_radar_(over-the-horizon_radar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OTH_radar_(over-the-horizon_radar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>OTH radar (over-the-horizon radar)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OTH_radar_(over-the-horizon_radar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>World War I and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_stealth_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_stealth_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of stealth aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_stealth_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stealth aircraft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluipvliegtuig" title="Sluipvliegtuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sluipvliegtuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%AD" title="طائرة شبح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة شبح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stels_t%C9%99yyar%C9%99" title="Stels təyyarə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stels təyyarə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="گیزلی اوچاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گیزلی اوچاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="স্টেল্থ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টেল্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_(fly)" title="Stealth (fly) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stealth (fly)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnkappenflugzeug" title="Tarnkappenflugzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tarnkappenflugzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%B3n_furtivo" title="Avión furtivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avión furtivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="هواگرد شناساگریز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواگرد شناساگریز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_furtif" title="Avion furtif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avion furtif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%94%EC%8A%A4%EA%B8%B0" title="스텔스기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스텔스기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_siluman" title="Pesawat siluman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat siluman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velivolo_stealth" title="Velivolo stealth – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Velivolo stealth" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="სტელსის თვითმფრინავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტელსის თვითმფრინავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABroplanum_furtum" title="Aëroplanum furtum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aëroplanum furtum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopakod%C3%B3_rep%C3%BCl%C5%91g%C3%A9p" title="Lopakodó repülőgép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lopakodó repülőgép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სტელსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტელსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_siluman" title="Pesawat siluman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat siluman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E6%A9%9F" title="ステルス機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステルス機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi%C3%A3o_furtivo" title="Avião furtivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avião furtivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stealth aircraft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="فڕۆکەی ڕادارڕەوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەی ڕادارڕەوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ivelentokone" title="Häivelentokone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Häivelentokone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smygflygplan" title="Smygflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smygflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மறைந்து தாக்கும் விமானம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறைந்து தாக்கும் விமானம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayalet_u%C3%A7ak" title="Hayalet uçak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayalet uçak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%88%D9%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%87%DA%86%D9%82%DB%87_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="كۆرۈنمەس ئۇچقۇ (ئايروپىلان) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆرۈنمەس ئۇچقۇ (ئايروپىلان)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_bay_t%C3%A0ng_h%C3%ACnh" title="Máy bay tàng hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy bay tàng hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/300px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/450px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/600px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a>, the first operational aircraft explicitly designed around stealth technology.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stealth aircraft</b> are designed to avoid detection using a variety of technologies that reduce reflection/emission of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mahulikar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mahulikar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> visible light, <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> (RF) spectrum, and audio, all collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aeronautical_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aeronautical-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a> was the first operational aircraft explicitly designed around stealth technology. Other examples of stealth aircraft include the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B-21_Raider" class="mw-redirect" title="B-21 Raider">B-21 Raider</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-csis_j-20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csis_j-20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Sukhoi Su-57</a>. </p><p>While no aircraft is completely invisible to radar, stealth aircraft make it more difficult for conventional radar to detect or track the aircraft effectively,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> increasing the odds of an aircraft avoiding detection by enemy radar and/or avoiding being successfully targeted by <a href="/wiki/Semi-active_radar_guidance" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-active radar guidance">radar guided weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stealth is a combination of passive low observable (LO) features and active emitters such as <a href="/wiki/Low-probability-of-intercept_radar" title="Low-probability-of-intercept radar">low-probability-of-intercept radars</a>, radios and laser designators. These are typically combined with operational measures such as carefully planning mission maneuvers to minimize the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar cross-section">radar cross-section</a>, since common hard turns or opening <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bay</a> doors can more than double an otherwise stealthy aircraft's radar return.<sup id="cite_ref-ndu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stealth is accomplished by using a complex design philosophy to reduce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, track, or attack the stealth aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FAS.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAS.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This philosophy takes into account the heat, sound, and other emissions of the aircraft which can also be used to locate it. Sensors are made to reduce the impact of low observable technologies and others have been proposed such as <a href="/wiki/Infra-red_search_and_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Infra-red search and track">IRST</a> (infrared search and track) systems to detect even reduced heat emissions,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long wavelength radars to counter stealth shaping and <a href="/wiki/Radiation-absorbent_material" title="Radiation-absorbent material">RAM</a> focused on shorter wavelength radar,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or radar setups with multiple emitters to counter stealth shaping.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However these have disadvantages compared to traditional radar against non-stealthy aircraft. </p><p>Full-size stealth combat aircraft demonstrators have been flown by the United States (in 1977), Russia (in 2000) and China (in 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-aerosocietychannel_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aerosocietychannel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the only combat-ready stealth aircraft in service are the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit</a> (1997), the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a> (2005), the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a> (2015),<sup id="cite_ref-LM5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LM5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a> (2017),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Sukhoi Su-57</a> (2020),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a number of other countries developing their own designs. There are also various aircraft with reduced detectability, either unintentionally or as a secondary feature. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> two stealth aircraft were used by the United States, the veteran F-117 Nighthawk, and the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> strategic stealth bomber. The F-117 performed its usual role of striking precision high-value targets and performed well, although one F-117 was <a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">shot down</a> by a Serbian <a href="/wiki/Isayev_S-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Isayev S-125">Isayev S-125</a> 'Neva-M' missile brigade commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Dani" title="Zoltán Dani">Zoltán Dani</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_principles">Design principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rah-66_c._2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rah-66_c._2000.jpg/220px-Rah-66_c._2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rah-66_c._2000.jpg/330px-Rah-66_c._2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Rah-66_c._2000.jpg/440px-Rah-66_c._2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Vehicles like this <a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Sikorsky_RAH-66_Comanche" title="Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche">RAH-66</a> proved challenging to design stealth capabilities for.</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides all the usual demands of flight, the design of a stealth or low-observability aircraft aims to reduce radar and infrared (thermal) detection, including: </p> <ul><li>Reduce thermal infra-red emission from the engine and its exhaust wake</li> <li>Reduce radar reflection back to a hostile receiver by shaping the airframe</li> <li>Reduce radar reflections from the airframe by the use of radar-absorbent materials (RAM) or radar-transparent materials such as plastics.</li> <li>Reduce radar detection from exposed internal surfaces such as the cockpit, weapons bay and engine intake ducting.</li> <li>Reduce infra-red and radar detection during adverse weather conditions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is special about operating in adverse weather? (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The distance at which a target can be detected for a given radar configuration varies with the fourth root of its RCS.<sup id="cite_ref-Sweetman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweetman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in order to cut the detection distance to one tenth, the RCS should be reduced by a factor of 10,000. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> introduce a particular design challenge, due not only to their multiple wing surfaces and articulated joints, but also to the constantly-changing relationship of these to the main airframe surfaces. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Sikorsky_RAH-66_Comanche" title="Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche">Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche</a> was one of the first attempts at a <a href="/wiki/Stealth_helicopter" title="Stealth helicopter">stealth helicopter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3630" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> stealth bomber of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instability_of_design">Instability of design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instability of design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early stealth aircraft were designed with a focus on minimal <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross_section" title="Radar cross section">radar cross section</a> (RCS) rather than aerodynamic performance. Highly stealthy aircraft like the F-117 Nighthawk are aerodynamically unstable in all three axes and require constant flight corrections from a <a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">fly-by-wire</a> (FBW) flight system to maintain controlled flight.<sup id="cite_ref-janos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a>, which was based on the development of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-warbirdforum_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warbirdforum-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Northrop" title="Jack Northrop">Jack Northrop</a> in 1940, this design allowed for a stable aircraft with sufficient yaw control, even without vertical surfaces such as rudders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerodynamic_limitations">Aerodynamic limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aerodynamic limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier stealth aircraft (such as the F-117 and B-2) lack <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburners</a>, because the hot exhaust would increase their infrared footprint, and flying faster than the speed of sound would produce an obvious <a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">sonic boom</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_heating" title="Aerodynamic heating">surface heating</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft skin">aircraft skin</a>, which also increases the infrared footprint. As a result, their performance in <a href="/wiki/Air_combat_maneuvering" class="mw-redirect" title="Air combat maneuvering">air combat maneuvering</a> required in a <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfight</a> would never match that of a dedicated fighter aircraft. This was unimportant in the case of these two aircraft since both were designed to be bombers. More recent design techniques allow for stealthy designs such as the F-22 without compromising aerodynamic performance. Newer stealth aircraft, like the F-22, F-35 and the <a href="/wiki/Su-57" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-57">Su-57</a>, have performance characteristics that meet or exceed those of current front-line jet fighters due to advances in other technologies such as flight control systems, engines, airframe construction and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_emissions">Electromagnetic emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high level of computerization and large amount of electronic equipment found inside stealth aircraft are often claimed to make them vulnerable to passive detection. This is highly unlikely and certainly systems such as <a href="/wiki/Tamara_passive_sensor" title="Tamara passive sensor">Tamara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolchuga_passive_sensor" title="Kolchuga passive sensor">Kolchuga</a>, which are often described as counter-stealth radars, are not designed to detect stray electromagnetic fields of this type. Such systems are designed to detect intentional, higher power emissions such as radar and communication signals. Stealth aircraft are deliberately operated to avoid or reduce such emissions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Current <a href="/wiki/Radar_Warning_Receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar Warning Receiver">Radar Warning Receivers</a> look for the regular pings of energy from mechanically swept radars while fifth generation jet fighters use <a href="/wiki/Low_Probability_of_Intercept_Radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Probability of Intercept Radar">Low Probability of Intercept Radars</a> with no regular repeat pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-defensetech_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defensetech-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulnerable_modes_of_flight">Vulnerable modes of flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vulnerable modes of flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stealth aircraft are still vulnerable to detection while and immediately after using their weaponry. Since stealth payload (reduced RCS bombs and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missiles</a>) is not yet generally available, and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ordnance" title="Aircraft ordnance">ordnance</a> mount points create a significant radar return, stealth aircraft carry all armaments internally. As soon as weapons bay doors are opened, the plane's RCS will be multiplied and even older generation radar systems will be able to locate the stealth aircraft. While the aircraft will reacquire its stealth as soon as the bay doors are closed, a fast response defensive weapons system has a short opportunity to engage the aircraft. </p><p>This vulnerability is addressed by operating in a manner that reduces the risk and consequences of temporary acquisition. The B-2's operational altitude imposes a flight time for defensive weapons that makes it virtually impossible to engage the aircraft during its weapons deployment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> New stealth aircraft designs such as the F-22 and F-35 can open their bays, release munitions and return to stealthy flight in less than a second.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some weapons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (February 2015)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> require that the weapon's guidance system acquire the target while the weapon is still attached to the aircraft. This forces relatively extended operations with the bay doors open. </p><p>Such aircraft as the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter</a> can also carry additional weapons and fuel on <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">hardpoints</a> below their wings. When operating in this mode the planes will not be nearly as stealthy, as the hardpoints and the weapons mounted on those hardpoints will show up on radar systems. This option therefore represents a trade off between stealth or range and payload. External stores allow those aircraft to attack more targets further away, but will not allow for stealth during that mission as compared to a shorter range mission flying on just internal fuel and using only the more limited space of the internal weapon bays for armaments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_payload">Reduced payload</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reduced payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B-2_Spirit_bombing,_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg/220px-B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg/330px-B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg/440px-B-2_Spirit_bombing%2C_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>In a 1994 <a href="/wiki/Live_fire_exercise" title="Live fire exercise">live fire exercise</a> near <a href="/wiki/Point_Mugu,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Mugu, California">Point Mugu, California</a>, a U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> dropped forty-seven 500 lb (230 kg) class <a href="/wiki/Mark_82_bomb" title="Mark 82 bomb">Mark 82 bombs</a>, which represents about half of a B-2's total ordnance payload in Block 30 configuration</figcaption></figure> <p>Fully stealth aircraft carry all fuel and armament internally, which limits the payload. By way of comparison, the F-117 carries only two laser- or GPS-guided bombs, while a non-stealth attack aircraft can carry several times more. This requires the deployment of additional aircraft to engage targets that would normally require a single non-stealth attack aircraft. This apparent disadvantage however is offset by the reduction in fewer supporting aircraft that are required to provide air cover, air-defense suppression and electronic counter measures, making stealth aircraft "<a href="/wiki/Force_multiplier" class="mw-redirect" title="Force multiplier">force multipliers</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitive_skin">Sensitive skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sensitive skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skin_(aeronautics)" title="Skin (aeronautics)">Skin (aeronautics)</a></div> <p>Stealth aircraft often have skins made with <a href="/wiki/Radiation-absorbent_material" title="Radiation-absorbent material">radiation-absorbent materials</a> (RAMs). Some of these contain <a href="/wiki/Carbon_black" title="Carbon black">carbon black</a> particles, while some contain <a href="/wiki/Iron_ball_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron ball paint">tiny iron spheres</a>. There are many materials used in RAMs, and some are classified, particularly the materials that specific aircraft use.<sup id="cite_ref-weiner_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_operations">Cost of operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cost of operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stealth aircraft are typically more expensive to develop and manufacture. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> that is many times more expensive to manufacture and support than conventional bomber aircraft. The B-2 program cost the U.S. Air Force almost $45 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflected_waves">Reflected waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reflected waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio wave</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Passive_radar" title="Passive radar">Passive (multistatic) radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistatic_radar" title="Bistatic radar">bistatic radar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bistatic_Radar_Sets_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bistatic_Radar_Sets-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially <a href="/wiki/Multistatic_radar" title="Multistatic radar">multistatic radar</a> systems detect some stealth aircraft better than conventional <a href="/wiki/Monostatic_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Monostatic radar">monostatic radars</a>, since first-generation stealth technology (such as the F-117) reflects energy away from the transmitter's <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a>, effectively increasing the <a href="/wiki/Radar_cross_section" title="Radar cross section">radar cross section</a> (RCS) in other directions, which the passive radars monitor. Such a system typically uses either low frequency broadcast TV and FM radio signals (at which frequencies controlling the aircraft's signature is more difficult). </p><p>Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> with support of <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, have shown that it is possible to build a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> image of an aircraft target using passive multistatic radar, possibly detailed enough to enable <a href="/wiki/Automatic_target_recognition" title="Automatic target recognition">automatic target recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">SAAB</a> researchers revealed details for a system called Associative Aperture Synthesis Radar (AASR) that would employ a large array of inexpensive and redundant transmitters and receivers that could detect targets when they directly pass between the receivers/transmitters and create a shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-Radical_and_Cheap_Anti-Stealth_Radar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radical_and_Cheap_Anti-Stealth_Radar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was originally designed to detect stealthy cruise missiles and should be just as effective against low-flying stealth aircraft. That the array could contain a large amount of inexpensive equipment could potentially offer some "protection" against attacks by expensive <a href="/wiki/Anti-radiation_missile" title="Anti-radiation missile">anti-radiation missiles</a> (ARMs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_(heat)"><span id="Infrared_.28heat.29"></span>Infrared (heat)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Infrared (heat)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_signature" title="Infrared signature">Infrared signature</a></div> <p>Some analysts claim <a href="/wiki/Infra-red_search_and_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Infra-red search and track">Infra-red search and track</a> systems (IRSTs) can be deployed against stealth aircraft, because any aircraft surface heats up due to air friction and with a two channel IRST is a CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> (4.3 μm absorption maxima) detection possible, through difference comparing between the low and high channel.<sup id="cite_ref-RAND_Report_Page_37_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAND_Report_Page_37-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fas_stealth_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas_stealth-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These analysts point to the resurgence in such systems in Russian designs in the 1980s, such as those fitted to the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Su-27</a>. The latest version of the MiG-29, the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-35" title="Mikoyan MiG-35">MiG-35</a>, is equipped with a new Optical Locator System that includes more advanced IRST capabilities. The French <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale#Radar_and_sensors" title="Dassault Rafale">Rafale</a>, the British/German/Italian/Spanish <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon#PIRATE" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter</a> and the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen#Avionics_and_sensors" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Gripen</a> also make extensive use of IRST. </p><p>In air combat, the optronic suite allows: </p> <ul><li>Detection of non-afterburning targets at 45 kilometres (28 mi) range and more;</li> <li>Identification of those targets at 8-to-10-kilometre (5.0 to 6.2 mi) range; and</li> <li>Estimates of aerial target range at up to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).</li></ul> <p>For ground targets, the suite allows: </p> <ul><li>A tank-effective detection range up to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), and aircraft carrier detection at 60 to 80 kilometres (37 to 50 mi);</li> <li>Identification of the tank type on the 8-to-10-kilometre (5.0 to 6.2 mi) range, and of an aircraft carrier at 40 to 60 kilometres (25 to 37 mi); and</li> <li>Estimates of ground target range of up to 20 kilometres (12 mi).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longer_wavelength_radar">Longer wavelength radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Longer wavelength radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum#IEEE" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum § IEEE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">Very high frequency</a></div> <p>VHF radar systems have <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> comparable to aircraft feature sizes and should exhibit <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> region rather than the optical region, allowing most stealth aircraft to be detected. This has prompted <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Research_Institute_of_Radio_Engineering" title="Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering">Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering</a> (NNIIRT) to develop VHF <a href="/wiki/Active_electronically_scanned_array" title="Active electronically scanned array">AESAs</a> such as the NEBO SVU, which is capable of performing <a href="/wiki/Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">target acquisition</a> for <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">Surface-to-air missile</a> batteries. Despite the advantages offered by VHF radar, their longer wavelengths result in poor resolution compared to comparably sized <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> radar array. As a result, these systems must be very large before they can have the resolution for an <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">engagement radar</a>. An example of a ground-based VHF radar with counter-stealth capability is the <a href="/wiki/P-18_radar" title="P-18 radar">P-18 radar</a>. </p><p>The Dutch company <a href="/wiki/Thales_Nederland" title="Thales Nederland">Thales Nederland</a>, formerly known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holland_Signaal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holland Signaal (page does not exist)">Holland Signaal</a>, developed a naval <a href="/wiki/Phased-array" class="mw-redirect" title="Phased-array">phased-array</a> radar called <a href="/wiki/SMART-L" title="SMART-L">SMART-L</a>, which is operated at <a href="/wiki/L_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="L Band">L Band</a> and has counter-stealth. All ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Navy">Royal Dutch Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_Zeven_Provinci%C3%ABn_class" class="mw-redirect" title="De Zeven Provinciën class">De Zeven Provinciën class</a> carry, among others, the <a href="/wiki/SMART-L" title="SMART-L">SMART-L</a> radar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OTH_radar_(over-the-horizon_radar)"><span id="OTH_radar_.28over-the-horizon_radar.29"></span>OTH radar (over-the-horizon radar)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: OTH radar (over-the-horizon radar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Over-the-horizon_radar" title="Over-the-horizon radar">Over-the-horizon radar</a> is a concept increasing radar's effective range over conventional radar. The Australian JORN <a href="/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network" title="Jindalee Operational Radar Network">Jindalee Operational Radar Network</a> can overcome certain stealth characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-defence-data_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defence-data-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is claimed that the HF frequency used and the method of bouncing radar from <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> overcomes the stealth characteristics of the F-117A. In other words, stealth aircraft are optimized for defeating much higher-frequency radar from front-on rather than low-frequency radars from above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_World_War_II">World War I and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: World War I and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg/220px-Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg/330px-Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg/440px-Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Linke-Hofmann_R.I" title="Linke-Hofmann R.I">Linke-Hofmann R.I</a> prototype, an experimental German World War I bomber covered with transparent covering material (1917–1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Germans experimented with the use of <i>Cellon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Cellulose acetate</a>), a transparent covering material, in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">reduce the visibility of military aircraft</a>. Single examples of the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_E.III" title="Fokker E.III">Fokker E.III</a> <i>Eindecker</i> fighter <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">monoplane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albatros_C.I" title="Albatros C.I">Albatros C.I</a> two-seat observation <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Linke-Hofmann_R.I" title="Linke-Hofmann R.I">Linke-Hofmann R.I</a> <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bomber</a> were covered with <i>Cellon</i>. However, it proved ineffective, and even counterproductive, as sunlight glinting from the covering made the aircraft even more visible. The material was also found to be quickly degraded both by sunlight and in-flight temperature changes, so the attempt to make transparent aircraft was not proceeded with.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddow_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddow-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, the British modified a small <a href="/wiki/SS_class_airship" title="SS class airship">SS class airship</a> for the purpose of night-time <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> over <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> lines on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Fitted with a silenced engine and a black gas bag, the craft was both invisible and inaudible from the ground, but several night-time flights over German-held territory produced little useful intelligence, and the idea was dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly three decades later, the <a href="/wiki/Horten_Ho_229" title="Horten Ho 229">Horten Ho 229</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> was developed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the last years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1983, its designer Reimar Horten claimed that he planned to add charcoal to the adhesive layers of the plywood skin of the production model to render it invisible to radar.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim was investigated, as the Ho 229's lack of vertical surfaces, an inherent feature of all flying wing aircraft, is also a key characteristic of all stealth aircraft. Tests were performed in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman Corporation">Northrop Grumman Corporation</a> to establish if the aircraft's shape would have avoided detection by top-end <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>-band, 20–30 MHz primary signals of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_warning_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Early warning radar">early warning radar</a>, if the aircraft was traveling at high speed (approximately 550 mph (890 km/h)) at extremely low altitude – 50–100 feet (15–30 m).<sup id="cite_ref-Myhra_11_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myhra_11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The testing did not find any evidence that charcoal was used, and confirmed that it would have been a poor absorber if used, concluding that the Ho 229 did not have stealth characteristics and was never intended to be a stealth aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_origins">Modern origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern stealth aircraft first became possible when Denys Overholser, a mathematician working for <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a> Aircraft during the 1970s, adopted a mathematical model developed by <a href="/wiki/Petr_Ufimtsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Ufimtsev">Petr Ufimtsev</a>, a Soviet scientist, to develop a computer program called Echo 1. Echo made it possible to predict the radar signature of an aircraft made with flat panels, called facets. In 1975, engineers at Lockheed <a href="/wiki/Skunk_Works" title="Skunk Works">Skunk Works</a> found that an aircraft made with faceted surfaces could have a very low radar signature because the surfaces would radiate almost all of the radar energy away from the receiver. Under a 1977 contract from DARPA, Lockheed built a proof of concept demonstrator aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Lockheed Have Blue</a>, nicknamed "the Hopeless Diamond", a reference to the famous <a href="/wiki/Hope_Diamond" title="Hope Diamond">Hope Diamond</a> and the design's shape and predicted instability. Because advanced computers were available to control the flight of an aircraft that was designed for stealth but aerodynamically unstable such as the Have Blue, for the first time designers realized that it might be possible to make an aircraft that was virtually invisible to radar.<sup id="cite_ref-Centennial_of_Flight_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centennial_of_Flight-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chapters_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chapters-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lockheed soon developed the Have Blue into F-117.<sup id="cite_ref-Centennial_of_Flight_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centennial_of_Flight-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reduced radar cross section is only one of five factors the designers addressed to create a truly stealthy design such as the F-22. The F-22 has also been designed to disguise its infrared emissions to make it harder to detect by <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">infrared homing</a> ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The F-22 puts a focus on <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Supercruise" title="Supercruise">supercruise</a>, high thrust-to-weight ratio, integrated avionics, and of course, stealth.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_operations">Modern operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first combat use of purpose-designed stealth aircraft was in December 1989 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Just Cause">Operation Just Cause</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. On 20 December 1989, two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> F-117s bombed a Panamanian Defense Force barracks in Rio Hato, Panama. In 1991, F-117s were tasked with attacking the most heavily fortified targets in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in the opening phase of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> and were the only coalition aircraft allowed to operate inside Baghdad's city limits and over its airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F-117 while having sufficient stealth, also had a low visual signature. Even still, if the F-117 was visually acquired, it, like all aircraft, were subject to visual air-to-air interception. This was easily circumvented by flying at night.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg/220px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg/330px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg/440px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a>, is an American fifth-generation stealth air superiority fighter</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S, UK, and Israel are the only countries to have used stealth aircraft in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deployments include the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">first Gulf War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Conflict">Kosovo Conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Iraq">War in Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>. The first use of stealth aircraft was in the U.S. invasion of Panama, where <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a> stealth attack aircraft were used to drop bombs on enemy airfields and positions while evading enemy radar.<sup id="cite_ref-crocker_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crocker-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 the F-117 Nighthawk was used in the Gulf War, where 42 F-117s flew 1,299 sorties and scored 1,664 direct hits with <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided_bomb" title="Laser-guided bomb">laser-guided bombs</a> while not suffering battle damage, while hitting 1,600 high-value targets in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F-117s flew approximately 168 strikes against <a href="/wiki/Scud_missile" title="Scud missile">Scud</a>-associated targets<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while accumulating 6,905 flight hours. Only 2.5% of the American aircraft in Iraq were F-117s, yet they struck 40% of the strategic targets, dropping 2,000 tons of precision-guided munitions and striking their targets with an 80% success rate.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Navy_Looks_On_With_Envy_At_Air_Force_Stealth_Display_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navy_Looks_On_With_Envy_At_Air_Force_Stealth_Display-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the F-117 still had flaws; it had to refuel and was defenesless in an enemy attack. All F-117 sorties had to be refueled.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> two stealth aircraft were used by the United States: the veteran F-117 Nighthawk, and the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> strategic stealth bomber. The F-117 performed its usual role of striking precision high-value targets and performed well, although one F-117 was <a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">shot down</a> by a Serbian <a href="/wiki/Isayev_S-125" class="mw-redirect" title="Isayev S-125">Isayev S-125</a> 'Neva-M' missile commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Dani" title="Zoltán Dani">Zoltán Dani</a>. The then-new B-2 Spirit was highly successful, destroying 33% of all Serbian bombing targets in the first eight weeks of U.S. involvement in the war. During this war, B-2s flew non-stop to Kosovo from their home base in Missouri and back.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, F-117 Nighthawks and B-2 Spirits were used, and this was the last time the F-117 would see combat. F-117s dropped satellite-guided strike munitions on selected targets, with high success. B-2 Spirits conducted 49 sorties in the invasion, releasing more than 1.5 million pounds of munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the May 2011 <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden#Helicopter_stealth_technology_revelations" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">operation to kill Osama bin Laden</a>, one of the helicopters used to clandestinely insert U.S. troops into Pakistan crashed in the bin Laden compound. From the wreckage it was revealed this helicopter had stealth characteristics, making this the first publicly known operational use of a <a href="/wiki/Stealth_helicopter" title="Stealth helicopter">stealth helicopter</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Questionable factuality (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Stealth aircraft were used in the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>, where B-2 Spirits dropped 40 bombs on a Libyan airfield with concentrated air defenses in support of the UN no-fly zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisis_in_Libya:_U.S._bombs_Qaddafi's_airfields_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisis_in_Libya:_U.S._bombs_Qaddafi's_airfields-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stealth aircraft will continue to play a valuable role in air combat with the United States using the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a>, B-2 Spirit, and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> to perform a variety of operations. The F-22 made its combat debut over Syria in September 2014 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">US-led coalition to defeat ISIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From February 2018, Su-57s performed the first international flight as they were spotted landing at the Russian <a href="/wiki/Khmeimim_Air_Base" title="Khmeimim Air Base">Khmeimim Air Base</a> in Syria. These Su-57s were deployed along with four Sukhoi Su-35 fighters, four Sukhoi Su-25s, and one Beriev A-50 AEW&C aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that at least 4 Su-57 are deployed in Syria<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that they have likely been armed with cruise missiles in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a report surfaced noting that Israeli F-35I stealth fighters conducted a number of missions in Syria and even infiltrated Iranian airspace without detection.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, Major General <a href="/wiki/Amikam_Norkin" title="Amikam Norkin">Amikam Norkin</a> of IAF reported that Israeli Air Force F-35I stealth fighters carried out the first-ever F-35 strike in combat over Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> started flight testing its <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a> stealth multirole fighter around in 2011 and made its first public appearance at Airshow China 2016. The aircraft entered service with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> (PLAAF) in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter from China, the <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_FC-31" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenyang FC-31">Shenyang FC-31</a> is also under flight testing.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci20160203_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsci20160203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_stealth_aircraft">List of stealth aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of stealth aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Role </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Status </th> <th>No. </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Wingman" title="Airbus Wingman">Airbus Wingman</a> </td> <td>European Union </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>Project </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Germany, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Airbus LOUT </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>UAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Project </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Low Observable UAV Testbed<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Sagitta" title="Airbus Sagitta">Airbus Sagitta</a> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>UAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Corax" title="BAE Systems Corax">BAE Systems Corax</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>UAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Replica" title="BAE Systems Replica">BAE Systems Replica</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis" title="BAE Systems Taranis">BAE Systems Taranis</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Attack </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Tempest" title="BAE Systems Tempest">BAE Systems Tempest</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td>UK contribution to the Global Combat Air Programme (qv). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma">Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_360_Invictus" title="Bell 360 Invictus">Bell 360 Invictus</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Rotorcraft </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">Boeing Bird of Prey</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_853-21_Quiet_Bird" title="Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird">Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Reconnaissance </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td>Developed from Model 853. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray" title="Boeing MQ-25 Stingray">Boeing MQ-25 Stingray</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat" title="Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat">Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat</a> </td> <td>Australia </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Fighter <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">AI</a> & <a href="/wiki/Loyal_wingman" title="Loyal wingman">loyal wingman</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>8<sup id="cite_ref-JanesFeb2024_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JanesFeb2024-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">Boeing X-32</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic jet </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-45" title="Boeing X-45">Boeing X-45</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Sikorsky_RAH-66_Comanche" title="Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche">Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Rotorcraft </td> <td>Attack </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>Supersonic jet </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>210+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_WZ-10" title="Chengdu WZ-10">Chengdu WZ-10</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>UAV </td> <td> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>Production </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a> </td> <td>European Union </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Attack </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td>France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DRDO_Ghatak" title="DRDO Ghatak">DRDO Ghatak</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DRDO_Ghatak" title="DRDO Ghatak">DRDO SWiFT</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EADS_Mako/HEAT" title="EADS Mako/HEAT">EADS Mako/HEAT</a> </td> <td>International </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Attack </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_Tiger" title="Eurocopter Tiger">Eurocopter EC-665 Tiger</a> </td> <td>European Union </td> <td>Rotorcraft </td> <td>Attack </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>180 </td> <td>France, Germany, Spain </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">FCAS (New Generation Fighter)</a> </td> <td>European Union </td> <td>Supersonic jet </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td>France, Germany & Spain (within FCAS) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flygsystem_2020" title="Flygsystem 2020">Flygsystem 2020</a> </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a> </td> <td>International </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td>Merger of UK (<a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Tempest" title="BAE Systems Tempest">BAE Systems Tempest</a>), Japan (<a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-X" title="Mitsubishi F-X">Mitsubishi F-X</a>) & Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HAL_AMCA" title="HAL AMCA">HAL AMCA</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HAL_Prachand" title="HAL Prachand">HAL Prachand</a> </td> <td>India </td> <td>Rotorcraft </td> <td>Attack </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>171 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hongdu_GJ-11" title="Hongdu GJ-11">Hongdu GJ-11</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KAI_KF-21_Boramae" title="KAI KF-21 Boramae">KAI KF-21 Boramae</a> </td> <td>International </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>6 </td> <td>South Korea and Indonesia </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kratos_XQ-58_Valkyrie" title="Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie">Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Attack </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>64 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Lockheed Have Blue</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Developed into <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">F-117</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed SR-71">Lockheed SR-71</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Reconnaissance </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>32 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>195 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>1000+ </td> <td>A-variant <a href="/wiki/CTOL" title="CTOL">CTOL</a>, B-variant <a href="/wiki/V/STOL" title="V/STOL">V/STOL</a>, C-variant <a href="/wiki/CATOBAR" title="CATOBAR">CATOBAR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_RQ-170_Sentinel" title="Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel">Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UAV </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Production </td> <td>20-30 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">Lockheed Martin X-35</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-44_MANTA" title="Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA">Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Jet </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MBB_Lampyridae" title="MBB Lampyridae">MBB Lampyridae</a> MRMF </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>Jet </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_X-36" title="McDonnell Douglas X-36">McDonnell Douglas X-36</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td>No vertical tail. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-12_Avenger_II" title="McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II">McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Bomber </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">MH-X Stealthhawk</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Rotorcraft </td> <td>Utility </td> <td> </td> <td>Top-secret </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_Skat" title="Mikoyan Skat">Mikoyan Skat</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Attack </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_Project_1.44" title="Mikoyan Project 1.44">Mikoyan Project 1.44</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Initially developt for the <a href="/wiki/Post-PFI_Soviet/Russian_aircraft_projects#MFI" title="Post-PFI Soviet/Russian aircraft projects">MFI</a> project. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_LMFS" title="Mikoyan LMFS">Mikoyan LMFS</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Cancelled </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_PAK_DP" title="Mikoyan PAK DP">Mikoyan PAK DP</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_X-2_Shinshin" title="Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin">Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin</a> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F/A-XX_program" title="F/A-XX program">NGAD (F/A-XX)</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy´s</a> <a href="/wiki/F/A-XX_program" title="F/A-XX program">NGAD</a> programme. To replace Navy´s <a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18E/F Super Hornets</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Air_Dominance" title="Next Generation Air Dominance">NGAD (Penetrating Counter-Air (PCA))</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td>To replace <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF´s</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptors</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Blue" title="Northrop Tacit Blue">Northrop Tacit Blue</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">Northrop YF-23</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>1990 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit">Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Bomber </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>21 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider" title="Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider">Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Bomber </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>3+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-180" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-180">Northrop Grumman RQ-180</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UAV </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Production </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47A_Pegasus" title="Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus">Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">Northrop Grumman X-47B</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryan_AQM-91_Firefly" title="Ryan AQM-91 Firefly">Ryan AQM-91 Firefly</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>UAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_KFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab KFS (page does not exist)">Saab KFS</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Sweden </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td rowspan="2">2023 </td> <td rowspan="2">Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2">Konceptet Framtidens Stridsflyg<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UAV </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_FC-31" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenyang FC-31">Shenyang FC-31</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Okhotnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhoi Okhotnik">Sukhoi Okhotnik</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td> </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>2<sup id="cite_ref-S-70_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-70-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Non-stealthy circular exhaust<sup id="cite_ref-S-70_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-70-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Sukhoi Su-57</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Production </td> <td>21+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-75_Checkmate" title="Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate">Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Stealth Multirole Fighter </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TAI_Anka-3" title="TAI Anka-3">TAI Anka-3</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>UCAV </td> <td> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TAI_Kaan" class="mw-redirect" title="TAI Kaan">TAI Kaan</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_PAK_DA" title="Tupolev PAK DA">Tupolev PAK DA</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Bomber </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Windecker_YE-5" title="Windecker YE-5">Windecker YE-5</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Tractor </td> <td>Experimental </td> <td>1973 </td> <td>Prototype </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Stealth research, not fully stealthy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xian_H-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian H-20">Xian H-20</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td>Subsonic </td> <td>Bomber </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-201" title="Yakovlev Yak-201">Yakovlev Yak-201</a> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>Supersonic </td> <td>Fighter </td> <td> </td> <td>Project </td> <td> </td> <td>VTOL </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stealth_aircraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mahulikar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mahulikar_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahulikar, S.P., Sonawane, H.R., & Rao, G.A.: (2007) "Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles", <i>Progress in Aerospace Sciences</i>, v. <b>43</b>(7–8): 218–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aeronautical-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aeronautical_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, G.A., & Mahulikar, S.P.: (2002) "Integrated review of stealth technology and its role in airpower", <i>Aeronautical Journal</i>, v. <b>106</b>(1066): 629–641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/">"F-22 Raptor"</a>. <i>U.S. Air Force (af.mil)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defence-data.com/features/fpage37.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=de+beste+bron+van+informatie+over+Aerospace.+Deze+website+is+te+koop%21&rft.pub=defence-data.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefence-data.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffpage37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddow-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haddow_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddowPeter_M._Grosz1988" class="citation book cs1">Haddow, G.W.; Peter M. Grosz (1988). <i>The German Giants – The German R-Planes 1914–1918</i> (3rd ed.). London: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-812-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-812-7"><bdi>0-85177-812-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Giants+%E2%80%93+The+German+R-Planes+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85177-812-7&rft.aulast=Haddow&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft.au=Peter+M.+Grosz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott,_Patrick1989" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Patrick (1989). <i>The British Airship at War, 1914–1918</i>. Terence Dalton. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0861380738" title="Special:BookSources/0861380738"><bdi>0861380738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Airship+at+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Terence+Dalton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0861380738&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/research/projects/conserving-horten-ho-229-v3/stealthy">"Is It Stealthy? | National Air and Space Museum"</a>. <i>airandspace.si.edu</i>. 19 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspace.si.edu&rft.atitle=Is+It+Stealthy%3F+%7C+National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fconserving-horten-ho-229-v3%2Fstealthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myhra_11-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Myhra_11_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyhra2009" class="citation journal cs1">Myhra, David (July 2009). "Northrop Tests Hitler's 'Stealth' Fighter". <i>Aviation History</i>. <b>19</b> (6): 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+History&rft.atitle=Northrop+Tests+Hitler%27s+%27Stealth%27+Fighter&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Myhra&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281441264">"Technical Study of the Bat Wing Ship (The Horten Ho 229 V3) | ResearchGate"</a>. <i>researchgate.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=Technical+Study+of+the+Bat+Wing+Ship+%28The+Horten+Ho+229+V3%29+%7C+ResearchGate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281441264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centennial_of_Flight-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centennial_of_Flight_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centennial_of_Flight_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Stealth_aircraft/Tech31.htm">"Centennial of Flight"</a>. centennialofflight.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centennial+of+Flight&rft.pub=centennialofflight.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.net%2Fessay%2FEvolution_of_Technology%2FStealth_aircraft%2FTech31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chapters-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chapters_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rich and Janos, Skunk Works; Little Brown & Co., 1994 passim chapters 1 and 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB443/docs/area51_17.PDF">"Nighthawks over Iraq: A Chronology of the F-117A Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The George Washington University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+George+Washington+University&rft.atitle=Nighthawks+over+Iraq%3A+A+Chronology+of+the+F-117A+Operations+Desert+Storm+and+Desert+Shield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB443%2Fdocs%2Farea51_17.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf">"Gulf War Air Power Survey- Volume IV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S Department of Defense</i>. pp. 244–245, 247<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=Gulf+War+Air+Power+Survey-+Volume+IV&rft.pages=244-245%2C+247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FSep%2F27%2F2001329817%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-100927-066.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Israeli-stealth-fighters-fly-over-Iran-547421">"Report: Israeli stealth fighters fly over Iran"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Israeli+stealth+fighters+fly+over+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FReport-Israeli-stealth-fighters-fly-over-Iran-547421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/with-iran-in-syria-israel-launched-world-s-first-air-strike-using-f-35-stealth-fighters-1.6110706">"Israel Launched World's First Air Strike Using F-35 Stealth Fighters, Air Force Chief Says"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 24 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Launched+World%27s+First+Air+Strike+Using+F-35+Stealth+Fighters%2C+Air+Force+Chief+Says&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fwith-iran-in-syria-israel-launched-world-s-first-air-strike-using-f-35-stealth-fighters-1.6110706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crocker-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crocker_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crocker 2006, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holloman.af.mil/About/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/317344/f-117a-nighthawk/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holloman.af.mil%2FAbout%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F317344%2Ff-117a-nighthawk%2F">"F-117A - Nighthawk"</a>. <i>Holloman Air Force Base</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holloman+Air+Force+Base&rft.atitle=F-117A+-+Nighthawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holloman.af.mil%2FAbout%2FFact-Sheets%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F317344%2Ff-117a-nighthawk%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.holloman.af.mil%252FAbout%252FFact-Sheets%252FDisplay%252FArticle%252F317344%252Ff-117a-nighthawk%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf">"Gulf War - Air Power Survey, Volume IV - Weapons, Tactics, and Training"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Department of Defense (.gov)</i>. pp. 39–41, 361<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Defense+%28.gov%29&rft.atitle=Gulf+War+-+Air+Power+Survey%2C+Volume+IV+-+Weapons%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Training&rft.pages=39-41%2C+361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FSep%2F27%2F2001329817%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-100927-066.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.org-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs.org_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/weapons/stealth.html">"Weapons - F-117a Stealth"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. WGBH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Weapons+-+F-117a+Stealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fgulf%2Fweapons%2Fstealth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navy_Looks_On_With_Envy_At_Air_Force_Stealth_Display-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Navy_Looks_On_With_Envy_At_Air_Force_Stealth_Display_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1991" class="citation news cs1">Schmitt, Eric (17 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/us/navy-looks-on-with-envy-at-air-force-stealth-display.html">"Navy Looks On With Envy At Air Force Stealth Display"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Navy+Looks+On+With+Envy+At+Air+Force+Stealth+Display&rft.date=1991-06-17&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F06%2F17%2Fus%2Fnavy-looks-on-with-envy-at-air-force-stealth-display.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStealth+aircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104482/b-2-spirit/">"B-2 Spirit"</a>. <i>U.S. Air Force (af.mil)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stealth_aircraft" title="Template:Stealth aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stealth_aircraft" title="Template talk:Stealth aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stealth_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stealth aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_producing_stealth_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries producing <a class="mw-selflink selflink">stealth aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_853-21_Quiet_Bird" title="Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird">Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Sikorsky_RAH-66_Comanche" title="Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche">Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Bird_of_Prey" title="Boeing Bird of Prey">Boeing Bird of Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">Boeing X-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-45" title="Boeing X-45">Boeing X-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-19" title="F-19">F-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Lockheed Have Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_YF-22" title="Lockheed YF-22">Lockheed YF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_FB-22" title="Lockheed Martin FB-22">Lockheed Martin FB-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">Lockheed Martin X-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-44_MANTA" title="Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA">Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_A-12_Avenger_II" title="McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II">McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Tacit_Blue" title="Northrop Tacit Blue">Northrop Tacit Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">Northrop Grumman X-47B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">Northrop YF-23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_B-2_Spirit" title="Northrop B-2 Spirit">Northrop B-2 Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-21_Raider" title="Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider">Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-20_Avenger" title="General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger">General Atomics MQ-20 Avenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-25_Stingray" title="Boeing MQ-25 Stingray">Boeing MQ-25 Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Ray" title="Boeing Phantom Ray">Boeing Phantom Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Sea_Ghost" title="Lockheed Martin Sea Ghost">Lockheed Martin Sea Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_RQ-170_Sentinel" title="Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel">Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-180" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-180">Northrop Grumman RQ-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_XQ-58_Valkyrie" title="Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie">Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_XQ-67A" title="General Atomics XQ-67A">General Atomics XQ-67A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Tactical_Fighter" title="Advanced Tactical Fighter">Advanced Tactical Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F/A-XX_program" title="F/A-XX program">F/A-XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Strike_Fighter_program" title="Joint Strike Fighter program">Joint Strike Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Helicopter_Experimental" title="Light Helicopter Experimental">Light Helicopter Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Strike_Bomber" title="Long Range Strike Bomber">Long Range Strike Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Air_Dominance" title="Next Generation Air Dominance">Next Generation Air Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Bomber" title="Next-Generation Bomber">Next-Generation Bomber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UAVs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_MQ-28_Ghost_Bat" title="Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat">Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_J-20" title="Chengdu J-20">Chengdu J-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_FC-31" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenyang FC-31">Shenyang FC-31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xian_H-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Xian H-20">Xian H-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongdu_GJ-11" title="Hongdu GJ-11">Hongdu GJ-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIC_Dark_Sword" title="AVIC Dark Sword">AVIC Dark Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu_WZ-10" title="Chengdu WZ-10">CAIG Wing Loong-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH-7_(UAV)" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-7 (UAV)">CASC Rainbow-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FL-71" title="FL-71">FL-71</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-43" title="Yakovlev Yak-43">Yakovlev Yak-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-47" title="Sukhoi Su-47">Sukhoi Su-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_Project_1.44" title="Mikoyan Project 1.44">Mikoyan Project 1.44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_LMFS" title="Mikoyan LMFS">Mikoyan LMFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_PAK_DP" title="Mikoyan PAK DP">Mikoyan PAK DP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57" title="Sukhoi Su-57">Sukhoi Su-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-75_Checkmate" title="Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate">Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi/HAL_FGFA" title="Sukhoi/HAL FGFA">Sukhoi/HAL FGFA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_PAK_DA" title="Tupolev PAK DA">Tupolev PAK DA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_Skat" title="Mikoyan Skat">Mikoyan Skat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_S-70_Okhotnik-B" title="Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B">Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_P.125" title="British Aerospace P.125">British Aerospace P.125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Replica" title="BAE Systems Replica">BAE Systems Replica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Taranis" title="BAE Systems Taranis">BAE Systems Taranis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_X-2_Shinshin" title="Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin">Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Combat_Air_Programme" title="Global Combat Air Programme">Global Combat Air Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAL_AMCA" title="HAL AMCA">HAL AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi/HAL_FGFA" title="Sukhoi/HAL FGFA">Sukhoi/HAL FGFA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DRDO_Ghatak" title="DRDO Ghatak">DRDO Ghatak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">Future Combat Air System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">Future Combat Air System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EADS_Barracuda" title="EADS Barracuda">EADS Barracuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_nEUROn" title="Dassault nEUROn">Dassault nEUROn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Wingman" title="Airbus Wingman">Airbus Wingman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/MBB_Lampyridae" title="MBB Lampyridae">MBB Lampyridae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Combat_Air_System" title="Future Combat Air System">Future Combat Air System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EADS_Barracuda" title="EADS Barracuda">EADS Barracuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Wingman" title="Airbus Wingman">Airbus Wingman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fighters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flygsystem_2020" title="Flygsystem 2020">Flygsystem 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAI_TF_Kaan" title="TAI TF Kaan">TAI TF Kaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baykar_Bayraktar_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lelma" class="mw-redirect" title="Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma">Bayraktar Kızılelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAI_Anka-3" title="TAI Anka-3">TAI Anka-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fighters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KAI_KF-21_Boramae" title="KAI KF-21 Boramae">KAI KF-21 Boramae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fighters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAIO_Qaher-313" title="IAIO Qaher-313">IAIO Qaher-313</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HESA_Shafaq" title="HESA Shafaq">HESA Shafaq </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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