perlfaq-5.20240218 - Frequently asked questions about Perl

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <title>perlfaq-5.20240218 - Frequently asked questions about Perl - metacpan.org</title> <link rel="preload" as="fetch" href="/account/login_status" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link href="/assets/style-XFEQ536G.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <script src="/assets/main-WXBSEDQJ.js" type="module"></script> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Recent CPAN Uploads of perlfaq - MetaCPAN" href="/dist/perlfaq/releases.rss" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://metacpan.org/dist/perlfaq" /> <meta name="description" content="Frequently asked questions about Perl" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=5"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/icons/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/static/icons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="search" href="/static/opensearch.xml" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="MetaCPAN"> <script async 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href="/dist/perlfaq/source">Browse</a> (<a href="/dist/perlfaq/source?raw=1">raw</a>)</li> <li> <a data-keyboard-shortcut="g c" href="/dist/perlfaq/changes">Changes</a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener nofollow" class="nopopup" href="https://metacpan.org/release/perlfaq">Homepage</a> </li> <li> <a class="nopopup" href="/dist/perlfaq/contribute">How to Contribute</a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener nofollow" data-keyboard-shortcut="g r" href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq">Repository</a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener nofollow" data-keyboard-shortcut="g i" href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues">Issues</a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=perlfaq+5.20240218" title="Matrix">Testers</a> <span title="(pass / fail / na)">(<a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.cpantesters.org/distro/p/perlfaq.html?oncpan=1&distmat=1&version=5.20240218&grade=2" style="color: #090">553</a> / <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.cpantesters.org/distro/p/perlfaq.html?oncpan=1&distmat=1&version=5.20240218&grade=3" style="color: #900">0</a> / <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.cpantesters.org/distro/p/perlfaq.html?oncpan=1&distmat=1&version=5.20240218&grade=4">0</a>)</span> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener nofollow" href="http://cpants.cpanauthors.org/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218">Kwalitee</a> </li> <li> <div class="ttip" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="The # people with an indexing permission on perlfaq who have released something to CPAN in the last 2 years (i.e. the # people likely able to release critical fixes in a timely manner)"> Bus factor: 5 </div> </li> <li> License: perl_5 </li> <li> Perl: v5.6.0 </li> <li class="chat-banner"> <div><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://kiwiirc.com/nextclient/#irc://irc.perl.org/#perl-faq?nick=mc-guest-?">Chat with us!</a></div> </li> <li class="nav-header">Activity</li> <li> <div class="activity-graph"> <img src="/dist/perlfaq/activity.svg?res=month" /> <div class="comment">24 month</div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-header">Tools</li> <li> <a itemprop="downloadUrl" href="https://cpan.metacpan.org/authors/id/E/ET/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218.tar.gz"> Download (<span itemprop="fileSize">199.05KB</span>)</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://explorer.metacpan.org/?url=%2Frelease%2FETHER%2Fperlfaq-5.20240218"> MetaCPAN Explorer </a> </li> <li> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/permissions"> Permissions </a> </li> <li> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/releases.rss"> Subscribe to distribution </a> </li> <li> <button class="btn btn-link" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metacpan_install-instructions-dialog"> Install Instructions </button> </li> <li> <form action="/search"> <input type="hidden" name="q" value="dist:perlfaq"> <input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search distribution" class="form-control tool-bar-form"> <input type="submit" style="display: none"> </form> </li> <li> <form action="https://grep.metacpan.org/search"> <input type="hidden" name="qd" value="perlfaq"> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="metacpan"> <input type="search" name="q" placeholder="grep distribution" class="form-control tool-bar-form"> <input type="submit" style="display: none"> </form> </li> <li class="version-jump"> <select class="select-navigator form-control tool-bar-form"> <option disabled selected>Jump to version</option> <option disabled value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218" >5.20240218 (ETHER on 2024-02-18)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.021011" >5.021011 (LLAP on 2016-03-04)</option> <option value="/release/FLORA/perlfaq-5.01500301" >5.01500301 (FLORA on 2011-08-29)</option> <option value="/release/FLORA/perlfaq-5.015003" >5.015003 (FLORA on 2011-08-26)</option> <option value="/release/FLORA/perlfaq-5.015000" >5.015000 (FLORA on 2011-07-08)</option> <optgroup label="BackPAN">' <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20230812" >5.20230812 (ETHER on 2023-08-12)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20230701" >5.20230701 (ETHER on 2023-07-01)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20210520" >5.20210520 (ETHER on 2021-05-20)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20210411" >5.20210411 (ETHER on 2021-04-11)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20201107" >5.20201107 (ETHER on 2020-11-07)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20200523" >5.20200523 (ETHER on 2020-05-22)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20200522" >5.20200522 (ETHER on 2020-05-22)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20200125" >5.20200125 (ETHER on 2020-01-25)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20191102" >5.20191102 (ETHER on 2019-11-02)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20190126" >5.20190126 (ETHER on 2019-01-26)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20180915" >5.20180915 (ETHER on 2018-09-15)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20180913" >5.20180913 (ETHER on 2018-09-13)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20180605" >5.20180605 (ETHER on 2018-06-05)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.021010" >5.021010 (LLAP on 2015-07-28)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.021009" >5.021009 (ETHER on 2015-01-25)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.0150046" >5.0150046 (ETHER on 2014-10-19)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150045" >5.0150045 (LLAP on 2014-08-03)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150044" >5.0150044 (LLAP on 2013-09-12)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150043" >5.0150043 (LLAP on 2013-05-12)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150042" >5.0150042 (LLAP on 2013-03-06)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150041" >5.0150041 (LLAP on 2012-08-15)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150040" >5.0150040 (LLAP on 2012-06-09)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150039" >5.0150039 (LLAP on 2012-02-18)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150038" >5.0150038 (LLAP on 2012-01-19)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150037" >5.0150037 (LLAP on 2012-01-08)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150036" >5.0150036 (LLAP on 2011-10-22)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150035" >5.0150035 (LLAP on 2011-09-26)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150034" >5.0150034 (LLAP on 2011-09-12)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150033" >5.0150033 (LLAP on 2011-08-30)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150032" >5.0150032 (LLAP on 2011-08-30)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.01500302" >5.01500302 (LLAP on 2011-08-29)</option> </optgroup> </select> </li> <li class="version-diff"> <select class="select-navigator form-control tool-bar-form"> <option disabled selected>Diff with version</option> <option disabled value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218" >5.20240218 (ETHER on 2024-02-18)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.021011" >5.021011 (LLAP on 2016-03-04)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/FLORA/perlfaq-5.01500301" >5.01500301 (FLORA on 2011-08-29)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/FLORA/perlfaq-5.015003" >5.015003 (FLORA on 2011-08-26)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/FLORA/perlfaq-5.015000" >5.015000 (FLORA on 2011-07-08)</option> <optgroup label="BackPAN">' <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20230812" >5.20230812 (ETHER on 2023-08-12)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20230701" >5.20230701 (ETHER on 2023-07-01)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20210520" >5.20210520 (ETHER on 2021-05-20)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20210411" >5.20210411 (ETHER on 2021-04-11)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20201107" >5.20201107 (ETHER on 2020-11-07)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20200523" >5.20200523 (ETHER on 2020-05-22)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20200522" >5.20200522 (ETHER on 2020-05-22)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20200125" >5.20200125 (ETHER on 2020-01-25)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20191102" >5.20191102 (ETHER on 2019-11-02)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20190126" >5.20190126 (ETHER on 2019-01-26)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20180915" >5.20180915 (ETHER on 2018-09-15)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20180913" >5.20180913 (ETHER on 2018-09-13)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20180605" >5.20180605 (ETHER on 2018-06-05)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.021010" >5.021010 (LLAP on 2015-07-28)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.021009" >5.021009 (ETHER on 2015-01-25)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/ETHER/perlfaq-5.0150046" >5.0150046 (ETHER on 2014-10-19)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150045" >5.0150045 (LLAP on 2014-08-03)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150044" >5.0150044 (LLAP on 2013-09-12)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150043" >5.0150043 (LLAP on 2013-05-12)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150042" >5.0150042 (LLAP on 2013-03-06)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150041" >5.0150041 (LLAP on 2012-08-15)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150040" >5.0150040 (LLAP on 2012-06-09)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150039" >5.0150039 (LLAP on 2012-02-18)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150038" >5.0150038 (LLAP on 2012-01-19)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150037" >5.0150037 (LLAP on 2012-01-08)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150036" >5.0150036 (LLAP on 2011-10-22)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150035" >5.0150035 (LLAP on 2011-09-26)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150034" >5.0150034 (LLAP on 2011-09-12)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150033" >5.0150033 (LLAP on 2011-08-30)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.0150032" >5.0150032 (LLAP on 2011-08-30)</option> <option value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/diff/LLAP/perlfaq-5.01500302" >5.01500302 (LLAP on 2011-08-29)</option> </optgroup> </select> </li> <li> <ul class="dependencies"> <li class="nav-header">Dependencies</li> <li><i>none</i></li> <li> <hr> </li> <li> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/requires">Reverse dependencies</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://deps.cpantesters.org/?module=perlfaq">CPAN Testers List</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://cpandeps.grinnz.com/?dist=perlfaq">Dependency graph</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="nav-header">Permalinks</li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218">This version</a> </li> <li> <a href="/dist/perlfaq">Latest version</a> </li> <li> <div class="plussers"> <div class="nav-header">++ed by:</div> <div> <a class="display-all" href="/author/KES"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e8530f00b43b4f6a056f8ad4ee52ea47?d=identicon&s=20" title="KES" alt="KES"></a> <a class="display-all" href="/author/DESERTFOX"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/bedc2681974cb3fc95fcd313a66e04b4?d=identicon&s=20" title="DESERTFOX" alt="DESERTFOX"></a> <a class="display-all" href="/author/KBOWEN"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/87a27cf45d31bf77e02a5b4c23d2baea?d=identicon&s=20" title="KBOWEN" alt="KBOWEN"></a> <a class="display-all" href="/author/RWP"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/7110eb2389e69a066d9d7cad7a1cc2bf?d=identicon&s=20" title="RWP" alt="RWP"></a> </div>  <div> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/plussers">4 PAUSE users</a> </div> <div> 8 non-PAUSE users </div> </div> </li> <li> <div> <button class="contributors-show-button btn-link">and 53 contributors</button> <div id="metacpan_contributors" class="slide-out slide-out-hidden"> <div> <ul> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="talexb@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Alex Beamish </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="BDFOY" data-contrib-email="bdfoy@cpan.org briandfoy@pobox.com" > <a href="/author/BDFOY" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/168427dea0a034607ee7850f3de98ea2?d=identicon&s=20" /> brian d foy </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="brian.fraser@booking.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Brian Fraser </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="celejar@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Celejar </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="APEIRON" data-contrib-email="apeiron@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/APEIRON" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/1a6af1c09654c59259d1ed6b08109970?d=identicon&s=20" /> Chris Nehren </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="walde.christian@googlemail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Christian Walde </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="CJM" data-contrib-email="perl@cjmweb.net" > <a href="/author/CJM" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/75ab2425a09e84ffc650a859523ac56a?d=identicon&s=20" /> Christopher J. Madsen </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="grinnz@gmail.com grinnz@grinnz.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Dan Book </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="bourbaki007@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> darfich </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="dave@dave.org.uk" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Dave Cross </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="BIGPRESH" data-contrib-email="davidp@preshweb.co.uk" > <a href="/author/BIGPRESH" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/66f9cc184db11ee7810f4bc2d029ec17?d=identicon&s=20" /> David Precious </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="dsteinbrunner@pobox.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> David Steinbrunner </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="dctabuyz@yandex.ru" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> dctabuyz </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="denilsonsa@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Denilson S谩 Maia </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="jenkinsd@ochin.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Douglas L. Jenkins </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="choroba@matfyz.cz" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> E. Choroba </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="eric.git@iijo.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Eric Johnson </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="SPROUT" data-contrib-email="sprout@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/SPROUT" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/30bd18493bc25ab8d09ea1050dd28f47?d=identicon&s=20" /> Father Chrysostomos </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="felipe@felipegasper.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Felipe Gasper </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="rafl@debian.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Florian Ragwitz </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="xaerxess@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Grzegorz Ro偶niecki </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="hemanth.hm@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> hemanth.hm </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="LICHTKIND" data-contrib-email="lichtkind@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/LICHTKIND" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/b9e7c23657e71d73dfc0f0b049a53e66?d=identicon&s=20" /> Herbert Breunung </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="HURRICUP" data-contrib-email="hurricup@gmail.com" > <a href="/author/HURRICUP" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/aac386b32b9399acd0ae98abadbbd608?d=identicon&s=20" /> hurricup </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="JKEENAN" data-contrib-email="jkeenan@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/JKEENAN" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/916bcaf0f8dbf1a198589096b293c603?d=identicon&s=20" /> James E Keenan </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="jeffreykegler@jeffreykegler.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Jeffrey Kegler </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="explorer@joaquinferrero.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Joaqu铆n Ferrero </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="JMASLAK" data-contrib-email="jmaslak@antelope.net" > <a href="/author/JMASLAK" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/43ad4790c6562740f661ab775418f69e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Joel Maslak </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="brainbuz@brainbuz.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> John Karr </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="laurent.dami@free.fr" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Laurent Dami </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="LLAP" data-contrib-email="LLAP@cpan.org leo@cuckoo.org" > <a href="/author/LLAP" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/fe83c062043dc4e41c9af07b080e306e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Leo Lapworth </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="l.mai@web.de" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Lukas Mai </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="MHASCH" data-contrib-email="mhasch@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/MHASCH" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/00cb277a14ecf41f329accf325a9da2d?d=identicon&s=20" /> Martin Becker </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="mcgrath.martin@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Martin McGrath </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="wolfsage@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Matthew Horsfall </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="schwern@pobox.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Michael G. Schwern </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="michiel.beijen@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Michiel Beijen </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="doherty@cs.dal.ca" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Mike Doherty </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="gnat@frii.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Nat Torkington </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="ntyni@debian.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Niko Tyni </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="olaf@wundersolutions.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Olaf Alders </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="perlfaq-workers@perl.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> perlfaq-workers </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="BOOK" data-contrib-email="book@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/BOOK" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/caceed5798ea9b855532b257de4686e8?d=identicon&s=20" /> Philippe Bruhat (BooK) </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="RJBS" data-contrib-email="rjbs@cpan.org" > <a href="/author/RJBS" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/cec6b9b88295ead26c65f8747a76561b?d=identicon&s=20" /> Ricardo Signes </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="ferivoz@riseup.net" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Samanta Navarro </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="kraihx@gmail.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Sebastian Riedel </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="argrath@ub32.org" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> SHIRAKATA Kentaro </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="shlomif@iglu.org.il" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Shlomi Fish </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="Smylers@stripey.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Smylers </li> <li class="contributor" data-cpan-author="P5P" data-contrib-email="perl5-porters@perl.org" > <a href="/author/P5P" class="cpan-author"> <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/3e9f73c7cca8f99ee158472e23a49eb8?d=identicon&s=20" /> The Perl 5 Porters </a> </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="forum@s05.tinita.de" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> tina </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="tchrist@perl.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Tom Christiansen </li> <li class="contributor" data-contrib-email="tom@binary.com" > <img class="gravatar" width="20" height="20" src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e?d=identicon&s=20" /> Tom Molesworth </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="content-navigation"> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <span> <a data-keyboard-shortcut="g a" rel="author" href="/author/ETHER" class="author-name">Karen Etheridge</a> </span> <span> / </span> <div class="release dist-release status-latest maturity-released"> <span class="dropdown"><b class="caret"></b></span> <select class="select-navigator extend"> <option selected value="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218" >5.20240218 (ETHER on 2024-02-18)</option> <option value="/release/LLAP/perlfaq-5.021011" >5.021011 (LLAP on 2016-03-04)</option> <option value="/release/FLORA/perlfaq-5.01500301" >5.01500301 (FLORA on 2011-08-29)</option> <option value="/release/FLORA/perlfaq-5.015003" >5.015003 (FLORA on 2011-08-26)</option> <option value="/release/FLORA/perlfaq-5.015000" >5.015000 (FLORA on 2011-07-08)</option> <optgroup 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g> <title> River stage zero 
 No dependents </title> <rect x="0" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#e4e2e2" /> <rect x="5" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#e4e2e2" /> <rect x="10" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#e4e2e2" /> <rect x="15" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#e4e2e2" /> <rect x="20" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#e4e2e2" /> </g> </svg> </span> <div id="perlfaq-fav" class="show-logged-in"> <form action="/account/favorite/add" style="display: inline" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="remove" value="0"> <input type="hidden" name="release" value="perlfaq-5.20240218"> <input type="hidden" name="author" value="ETHER"> <input type="hidden" name="distribution" value="perlfaq"> <button type="submit" class="favorite highlight"><span>12</span> ++</button> </form> </div> <div class="show-logged-out"> <button class="fav-not-logged-in favorite highlight"><span>12</span> ++</button> </div> </div> </div> <main class="content"> <div id="metacpan_last-changes" class="well"> <div class="changes-content"> <h2 id="whatsnew">Changes for version 5.20240218 - 2024-02-18</h2> <div class="change-entries"> <ul> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">add entry for "UTF-8 string" in perlglossary (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/99">PR#99</a>, Felipe Gasper)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">update the bug tracker advice to de-emphasize rt.cpan.org (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/107">PR#107</a>, brian d foy)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">plug CLDR::Number instead of Number::Format in perlfaq5 (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/108">PR#108</a>, brian d foy)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">misc code sample fixes in perlfaq4 (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/109">PR#109</a>, brian d foy)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">minor wording fixes in perlfaq5 (Karen Etheridge)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">fix assertion about Python and closures (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/114">PR#114</a>, E. Choroba)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">improve the section on uniq perlfaq4 (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/116">PR#116</a>, E. Choroba)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">remove mention of Perl 4 in perlfaq1 (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/113">PR#113</a>, Joelle Maslak)</span> </li> <li class=""><span class="change-entry">document that smartmatch, given and when will be removed in Perl 5.42 (<a href="https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq/issues/115">PR#115</a>, Philippe Bruhat (BooK))</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <button class="changes-toggle btn-link">[ <span class="hide-more">Show less</span><span class="show-more">Show more</span> ]</button> </div> <div class="file-group release-documentation"> <h2 id="docs">Documentation</h2> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq1.pod">perlfaq1</a> </div> <div class="right"> General Questions About Perl </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq2.pod">perlfaq2</a> </div> <div class="right"> Obtaining and Learning about Perl </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq3.pod">perlfaq3</a> </div> <div class="right"> Programming Tools </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq4.pod">perlfaq4</a> </div> <div class="right"> Data Manipulation </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq5.pod">perlfaq5</a> </div> <div class="right"> Files and Formats </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq6.pod">perlfaq6</a> </div> <div class="right"> Regular Expressions </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq7.pod">perlfaq7</a> </div> <div class="right"> General Perl Language Issues </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq8.pod">perlfaq8</a> </div> <div class="right"> System Interaction </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlfaq9.pod">perlfaq9</a> </div> <div class="right"> Web, Email and Networking </div> </div> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/dist/perlfaq/view/lib/perlglossary.pod">perlglossary</a> </div> <div class="right"> Perl Glossary </div> </div> </div> <div class="file-group release-modules"> <h2 id="modules">Modules</h2> <div class="release-row"> <div class="left"> <a href="/pod/perlfaq">perlfaq</a> </div> <div class="right"> Frequently asked questions about Perl </div> </div> </div> <div class="file-group release-other-files"> <h2 id="other">Other files</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/Changes">Changes</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/LICENSE">LICENSE</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/MANIFEST">MANIFEST</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/META.json">META.json</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/META.yml">META.yml</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/Makefile.PL">Makefile.PL</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/README">README</a> </li> <li> <a href="/release/ETHER/perlfaq-5.20240218/source/dist.ini">dist.ini</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="metacpan_install-instructions-dialog" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Module Install Instructions</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p>To install perlfaq, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.</p> <p><a href="/dist/App-cpanminus/view/bin/cpanm">cpanm</a></p> <pre><code>cpanm perlfaq</code></pre> <p><a href="/pod/CPAN">CPAN shell</a></p> <pre><code>perl -MCPAN -e shell install perlfaq</code></pre> <p>For more information on module installation, please visit <a href="https://www.cpan.org/modules/INSTALL.html">the detailed CPAN module installation guide</a>.</p> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="btn">Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="content-pagination"> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer-container"> <div class="footer-social"> <div class="footer-link footer-logo"> <a href="/"> <img src="/static/images/metacpan-logo.svg" alt="MetaCPAN" /> </a> </div> <a class="footer-social-link" href="https://github.com/metacpan"> <i class="fab fa-github-square"></i> </a> <a class="footer-social-link" href="https://fosstodon.org/@metacpan"> <i class="fab fa-mastodon"></i> </a> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <div class="footer-link"> <a href="/about">About</a> </div> <div class="footer-link"> <a href="/about/sponsors">Sponsor</a> </div> <div class="footer-link"> <a 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perlfaq-5.20240218 - Frequently asked questions about Perl - metacpan.org