CINXE.COM
Search results for: high speed steels
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script> <!-- Yandex.Metrika counter --> <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript> <!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter --> <!-- Matomo --> <!-- End Matomo Code --> <title>Search results for: high speed steels</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: high speed steels"> <meta name="keywords" content="high speed steels"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="high speed steels" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="high speed steels"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 21885</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: high speed steels</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21765</span> Tool Wear of Metal Matrix Composite 10wt% AlN Reinforcement Using TiB2 Cutting Tool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Said">M. S. Said</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20A.%20Ghani"> J. A. Ghani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20H.%20Che%20Hassan"> C. H. Che Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20N.%20Wan"> N. N. Wan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Selamat"> M. A. Selamat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Othman"> R. Othman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs) have attracted considerable attention as a result of their ability to provide high strength, high modulus, high toughness, high impact properties, improved wear resistance and good corrosion resistance than unreinforced alloy. Aluminium Silicon (Al/Si) alloys Metal Matrix composite (MMC) has been widely used in various industrial sectors such as transportation, domestic equipment, aerospace, military, construction, etc. Aluminium silicon alloy is MMC reinforced with aluminium nitride (AlN) particle and becomes a new generation material for automotive and aerospace applications. The AlN material is one of the advanced materials with light weight, high strength, high hardness and stiffness qualities which have good future prospects. However, the high degree of ceramic particles reinforcement and the irregular nature of the particles along the matrix material that contribute to its low density, is the main problem that leads to the machining difficulties. This paper examines tool wear when milling AlSi/AlN Metal Matrix Composite using a TiB2 coated carbide cutting tool. The volume of the AlN reinforced particle was 10%. The milling process was carried out under dry cutting condition. The TiB2 coated carbide insert parameters used were the cutting speed of (230 m/min, feed rate 0.4mm tooth, DOC 0.5mm, 300 m/min, feed rate 0.8mm/tooth, DOC 0.5mm and 370 m/min, feed rate 0.8, DOC 0.4m). The Sometech SV-35 video microscope system was used for tool wear measurements respectively. The results have revealed that the tool life increases with the cutting speed (370 m/min, feed rate 0.8 mm/tooth and depth of cut 0.4mm) constituted the optimum condition for longer tool life which is 123.2 min. While at medium cutting speed, it is found that the cutting speed of 300m/min, feed rate 0.8 mm/tooth and depth of cut 0.5mm only 119.86 min for tool wear mean while the low cutting speed give 119.66 min. The high cutting speed gives the best parameter for cutting AlSi/AlN MMCs materials. The result will help manufacture to machining the AlSi/AlN MMCs materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AlSi%2FAlN%20Metal%20Matrix%20Composite%20milling%20process" title="AlSi/AlN Metal Matrix Composite milling process">AlSi/AlN Metal Matrix Composite milling process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tool%20wear" title=" tool wear"> tool wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiB2%20coated%20carbide%20tool" title=" TiB2 coated carbide tool"> TiB2 coated carbide tool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manufacturing%20engineering" title=" manufacturing engineering"> manufacturing engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12689/tool-wear-of-metal-matrix-composite-10wt-aln-reinforcement-using-tib2-cutting-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21764</span> Modeling and Simulation of Turbulence Induced in Nozzle Cavitation and Its Effects on Internal Flow in a High Torque Low Speed Diesel Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Javaid">Ali Javaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rizwan%20Latif"> Rizwan Latif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Adnan%20Qasim"> Syed Adnan Qasim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Shafi"> Imran Shafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To control combustion inside a direct injection diesel engine, fuel atomization is the best tool. Controlling combustion helps in reducing emissions and improves efficiency. Cavitation is one of the most important factors that significantly affect the nature of spray before it injects into combustion chamber. Typical fuel injector nozzles are small and operate at a very high pressure, which limits the study of internal nozzle behavior especially in case of diesel engine. Simulating cavitation in a fuel injector will help in understanding the phenomenon and will assist in further development. There is a parametric variation between high speed and high torque low speed diesel engines. The objective of this study is to simulate internal spray characteristics for a low speed high torque diesel engine. In-nozzle cavitation has strong effects on the parameters e.g. mass flow rate, fuel velocity, and momentum flux of fuel that is to be injected into the combustion chamber. The external spray dynamics and subsequently the air – fuel mixing depends on a lot of the parameters of fuel injecting the nozzle. The approach used to model turbulence induced in – nozzle cavitation for high-torque low-speed diesel engine, is homogeneous equilibrium model. The governing equations were modeled using Matlab. Complete Model in question was extensively evaluated by performing 3-D time-dependent simulations on Open FOAM, which is an open source flow solver and implemented in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Results thus obtained will be analyzed for better evaporation in the near-nozzle region. The proposed analyses will further help in better engine efficiency, low emission, and improved fuel economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavitation" title="cavitation">cavitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HEM%20model" title=" HEM model"> HEM model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nozzle%20flow" title=" nozzle flow"> nozzle flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20foam" title=" open foam"> open foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulence" title=" turbulence"> turbulence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75407/modeling-and-simulation-of-turbulence-induced-in-nozzle-cavitation-and-its-effects-on-internal-flow-in-a-high-torque-low-speed-diesel-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75407.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21763</span> A Low Power and High-Speed Conditional-Precharge Sense Amplifier Based Flip-Flop Using Single Ended Latch</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guo-Ming%20Sung">Guo-Ming Sung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramavath%20Naga%20Raju%20Naik"> Ramavath Naga Raju Naik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a low power, high speed, sense-amplifier based flip-flop (SAFF). The flip-flop’s power con-sumption and delay are greatly reduced by employing a new conditionally precharge sense-amplifier stage and a single-ended latch stage. Glitch-free and contention-free latch operation is achieved by using a conditional cut-off strategy. The design uses fewer transistors, has a lower clock load, and has a simple structure, all of which contribute to a near-zero setup time. When compared to previous flip-flop structures proposed for similar input/output conditions, this design’s performance and overall PDP have improved. The post layout simulation of the circuit uses 2.91µW of power and has a delay of 65.82 ps. Overall, the power-delay product has seen some enhancements. Cadence Virtuoso Designing tool with CMOS 90nm technology are used for all designs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed" title="high-speed">high-speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-power" title=" low-power"> low-power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flip-flop" title=" flip-flop"> flip-flop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense-amplifier" title=" sense-amplifier"> sense-amplifier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144462/a-low-power-and-high-speed-conditional-precharge-sense-amplifier-based-flip-flop-using-single-ended-latch" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21762</span> A Novel Harmonic Compensation Algorithm for High Speed Drives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakdar%20Sadi-Haddad">Lakdar Sadi-Haddad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The past few years study of very high speed electrical drives have seen a resurgence of interest. An inventory of the number of scientific papers and patents dealing with the subject makes it relevant. In fact democratization of magnetic bearing technology is at the origin of recent developments in high speed applications. These machines have as main advantage a much higher power density than the state of the art. Nevertheless particular attention should be paid to the design of the inverter as well as control and command. Surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine is the most appropriate technology to address high speed issues. However, it has the drawback of using a carbon sleeve to contain magnets that could tear because of the centrifugal forces generated in rotor periphery. Carbon fiber is well known for its mechanical properties but it has poor heat conduction. It results in a very bad evacuation of eddy current losses induce in the magnets by time and space stator harmonics. The three-phase inverter is the main harmonic source causing eddy currents in the magnets. In high speed applications such harmonics are harmful because on the one hand the characteristic impedance is very low and on the other hand the ratio between the switching frequency and that of the fundamental is much lower than that of the state of the art. To minimize the impact of these harmonics a first lever is to use strategy of modulation producing low harmonic distortion while the second is to introduce a sinus filter between the inverter and the machine to smooth voltage and current waveforms applied to the machine. Nevertheless, in very high speed machine the interaction of the processes mentioned above may introduce particular harmonics that can irreversibly damage the system: harmonics at the resonant frequency, harmonics at the shaft mode frequency, subharmonics etc. Some studies address these issues but treat these phenomena with separate solutions (specific strategy of modulation, active damping methods ...). The purpose of this paper is to present a complete new active harmonic compensation algorithm based on an improvement of the standard vector control as a global solution to all these issues. This presentation will be based on a complete theoretical analysis of the processes leading to the generation of such undesired harmonics. Then a state of the art of available solutions will be provided before developing the content of a new active harmonic compensation algorithm. The study will be completed by a validation study using simulations and practical case on a high speed machine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20harmonic%20compensation" title="active harmonic compensation">active harmonic compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eddy%20current%20losses" title=" eddy current losses"> eddy current losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20machine" title=" high speed machine"> high speed machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37114/a-novel-harmonic-compensation-algorithm-for-high-speed-drives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21761</span> Robust Speed Sensorless Control to Estimated Error for PMa-SynRM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyoung-Jin%20Joo">Kyoung-Jin Joo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In-Gun%20Kim"> In-Gun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-Seok%20Hong"> Hyun-Seok Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Woo%20Kang"> Dong-Woo Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ju%20Lee"> Ju Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) that can be substituted for the induction motor has been studying because of the needs of the development of the premium high efficiency motor for the minimum energy performance standard (MEPS). PMa-SynRM is required to the speed and position information for motor speed and torque controls. However, to apply the sensors has many problems that are sensor mounting space shortage and additional cost, etc. Therefore, in this paper, speed-sensorless control based on model reference adaptive system (MRAS) is introduced to eliminate the sensor. The sensorless method is constructed in a reference model as standard and an adaptive model as the state observer. The proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMa-SynRM" title="PMa-SynRM">PMa-SynRM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensorless%20control" title=" sensorless control"> sensorless control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20estimation" title=" robust estimation"> robust estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MRAS%20method" title=" MRAS method"> MRAS method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41418/robust-speed-sensorless-control-to-estimated-error-for-pma-synrm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21760</span> Modeling and Simulation of Multiphase Evaporation in High Torque Low Speed Diesel Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Raza">Ali Raza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rizwan%20Latif"> Rizwan Latif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Adnan%20Qasim"> Syed Adnan Qasim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Shafi"> Imran Shafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diesel engines are most efficient and reliable in terms of efficiency, reliability, and adaptability. Most of the research and development up till now have been directed towards High Speed Diesel Engine, for Commercial use. In these engines, objective is to optimize maximum acceleration by reducing exhaust emission to meet international standards. In high torque low speed engines, the requirement is altogether different. These types of engines are mostly used in Maritime Industry, Agriculture Industry, Static Engines Compressors Engines, etc. On the contrary, high torque low speed engines are neglected quite often and are eminent for low efficiency and high soot emissions. One of the most effective ways to overcome these issues is by efficient combustion in an engine cylinder. Fuel spray dynamics play a vital role in defining mixture formation, fuel consumption, combustion efficiency and soot emissions. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the fuel spray characteristics and atomization process in high torque low speed diesel engine is of great importance. Evaporation in the combustion chamber has a rigorous effect on the efficiency of the engine. In this paper, multiphase evaporation of fuel is modeled for high torque low speed engine using the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) codes. Two distinct phases of evaporation are modeled using modeling soft wares. The basic model equations are derived from the energy conservation equation and Naiver-Stokes equation. O’Rourke model is used to model the evaporation phases. The results obtained showed a generous effect on the efficiency of the engine. Evaporation rate of fuel droplet is increased with the increase in vapor pressure. An appreciable reduction in size of droplet is achieved by adding the convective heat effects in the combustion chamber. By and large, an overall increase in efficiency is observed by modeling distinct evaporation phases. This increase in efficiency is due to the fact that droplet size is reduced and vapor pressure is increased in the engine cylinder. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20fuel" title="diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaporation" title=" evaporation"> evaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiphase" title=" multiphase"> multiphase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75619/modeling-and-simulation-of-multiphase-evaporation-in-high-torque-low-speed-diesel-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75619.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21759</span> Advances in Fiber Optic Technology for High-Speed Data Transmission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salim%20Yusif">Salim Yusif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fiber optic technology has revolutionized telecommunications and data transmission, providing unmatched speed, bandwidth, and reliability. This paper presents the latest advancements in fiber optic technology, focusing on innovations in fiber materials, transmission techniques, and network architectures that enhance the performance of high-speed data transmission systems. Key advancements include the development of ultra-low-loss optical fibers, multi-core fibers, advanced modulation formats, and the integration of fiber optics into next-generation network architectures such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). Additionally, recent developments in fiber optic sensors are discussed, extending the utility of optical fibers beyond data transmission. Through comprehensive analysis and experimental validation, this research offers valuable insights into the future directions of fiber optic technology, highlighting its potential to drive innovation across various industries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20optics" title="fiber optics">fiber optics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20data%20transmission" title=" high-speed data transmission"> high-speed data transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra-low-loss%20optical%20fibers" title=" ultra-low-loss optical fibers"> ultra-low-loss optical fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-core%20fibers" title=" multi-core fibers"> multi-core fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modulation%20formats" title=" modulation formats"> modulation formats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coherent%20detection" title=" coherent detection"> coherent detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software-defined%20networking" title=" software-defined networking"> software-defined networking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20function%20virtualization" title=" network function virtualization"> network function virtualization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiber%20optic%20sensors" title=" fiber optic sensors"> fiber optic sensors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187022/advances-in-fiber-optic-technology-for-high-speed-data-transmission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21758</span> Speed Optimization Model for Reducing Fuel Consumption Based on Shipping Log Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayudhia%20P.%20Gusti">Ayudhia P. Gusti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Semin"> Semin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is known that total operating cost of a vessel is dominated by the cost of fuel consumption. How to reduce the fuel cost of ship so that the operational costs of fuel can be minimized is the question that arises. As the basis of these kinds of problem, sailing speed determination is an important factor to be considered by a shipping company. Optimal speed determination will give a significant influence on the route and berth schedule of ships, which also affect vessel operating costs. The purpose of this paper is to clarify some important issues about ship speed optimization. Sailing speed, displacement, sailing time, and specific fuel consumption were obtained from shipping log data to be further analyzed for modeling the speed optimization. The presented speed optimization model is expected to affect the fuel consumption and to reduce the cost of fuel consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20transportation" title="maritime transportation">maritime transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reducing%20fuel" title=" reducing fuel"> reducing fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shipping%20log%20data" title=" shipping log data"> shipping log data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20optimization" title=" speed optimization"> speed optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61808/speed-optimization-model-for-reducing-fuel-consumption-based-on-shipping-log-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">568</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21757</span> Empirical Investigations on Speed Differentiations of Traffic Flow: A Case Study on a Basic Freeway Segment of O-2 in Istanbul</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Rashid%20Sarand">Hamed Rashid Sarand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kemal%20Sel%C3%A7uk%20%C3%96%C4%9F%C3%BCt"> Kemal Selçuk Öğüt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speed is one of the fundamental variables of road traffic flow that stands as an important evaluation criterion for traffic analyses in several aspects. In particular, varieties of speed variable, such as average speed, free flow speed, optimum speed (capacity speed), acceleration/deceleration speed and so on, have been explicitly considered in the analysis of not only road safety but also road capacity. In the purpose of realizing 'road speed – maximum speed difference across lanes' and 'road flow rate – maximum speed difference across lanes' relations on freeway traffic, this study presents a case study conducted on a basic freeway segment of O-2 in Istanbul. The traffic data employed in this study have been obtained from 5 remote traffic microwave sensors operated by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The study stretch is located between two successive freeway interchanges: Ümraniye and Kavacık. Daily traffic data of 4 years (2011-2014) summer months, July and August are used. The speed data are analyzed into two main flow areas such as uncongested and congested flows. In this study, the regression analyses were carried out in order to examine the relationship between maximum speed difference across lanes and road speed. These investigations were implemented at uncongested and congested flows, separately. Moreover, the relationship between maximum speed difference across lanes and road flow rate were evaluated by applying regression analyses for both uncongested and congested flows separately. It is concluded that there is the moderate relationship between maximum speed difference across lanes and road speed in 50% cases. Additionally, it is indicated that there is the moderate relationship between maximum speed difference across lanes and road flow rate in 30% cases. The maximum speed difference across lanes decreases as the road flow rate increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maximum%20speed%20difference" title="maximum speed difference">maximum speed difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20analysis" title=" regression analysis"> regression analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20traffic%20microwave%20sensor" title=" remote traffic microwave sensor"> remote traffic microwave sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20differentiation" title=" speed differentiation"> speed differentiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20flow" title=" traffic flow "> traffic flow </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36794/empirical-investigations-on-speed-differentiations-of-traffic-flow-a-case-study-on-a-basic-freeway-segment-of-o-2-in-istanbul" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36794.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21756</span> Assessment of the High-Speed Ice Friction of Bob Skeleton Runners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agata%20Tomaszewska">Agata Tomaszewska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Timothy%20Kamps"> Timothy Kamps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephan%20R.%20Turnock"> Stephan R. Turnock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicola%20Symonds"> Nicola Symonds</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bob skeleton is a highly competitive sport in which an athlete reaches speeds up to 40 m/s sliding, head first, down an ice track. It is believed that the friction between the runners and ice significantly contributes to the amount of the total energy loss during a bob skeleton descent. There is only limited available experimental data regarding the friction of bob skeleton runners or indeed steel on the ice at high sliding speeds ( > 20 m/s). Testing methods used to investigate the friction of steel on ice in winter sports have been outlined, and their accuracy and repeatability discussed. A system thinking approach was used to investigate the runner-ice interaction during sliding and create concept designs of three ice tribometers. The operational envelope of the bob skeleton system has been defined through mathematical modelling. Designs of a drum, linear and inertia pin-on-disk tribometers were developed specifically for bob skeleton runner testing with the requirement of reaching up to 40 m/s speed and facilitate fresh ice sliding. The design constraints have been outline and the proposed solutions compared based on the ease of operation, accuracy and the development cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bob%20skeleton" title="bob skeleton">bob skeleton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ice%20friction" title=" ice friction"> ice friction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20tribometers" title=" high-speed tribometers"> high-speed tribometers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20friction" title=" sliding friction"> sliding friction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72268/assessment-of-the-high-speed-ice-friction-of-bob-skeleton-runners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72268.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21755</span> Ergonomic Design of Speed Control Humps/Dips</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emad%20Khorshid">Emad Khorshid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habib%20Awada"> Habib Awada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Newly developed Ergonomic speed control hump/Dip designs are conducted. The numerical simulation for the driver-vehicle-hump dynamic system will be performed using computer software. The design problem for which the speed hump or dip should provide: (1) discomfort feeling to the driver if speed is over the specified limit, and (2) normal/good comfort level to the driver (and or other passengers) if the speed is within the limit. For comparison reasons, different vehicles suspension systems (active, semi-active and non-active suspension) are used in the simulation. The measuring of the acceptable range of vibration will be referenced to the British standard BS6841, ISO 2631/1 and the new ISO 2631/5. All these standards are related to human health and comfort level in terms of acceptable range of whole body vibration exposure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20hump" title="speed hump">speed hump</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20dip" title=" speed dip"> speed dip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergonomic%20design" title=" ergonomic design"> ergonomic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20health" title=" human health"> human health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20modeling" title=" vehicle modeling"> vehicle modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38657/ergonomic-design-of-speed-control-humpsdips" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38657.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21754</span> Hardness Properties of 3D Printed PLA Parts by Fused Deposition Modeling Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anis%20A.%20Ansari">Anis A. Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kamil"> M. Kamil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of 3D printing technology has allowed the manufacturing industry to create parts with a high degree of automation, increased design freedom, and improved mechanical performance. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D printing technique in which successive layers of thermoplastic polymer are deposited and controlled to create a three-dimensional product. In this study, process parameters such as nozzle temperature and printing speed were chosen to investigate their effects on hardness properties. 3D printed specimens were fabricated by an FDM 3D printer from Polylactic acid (PLA) polymer. After analysis, it was observed that the hardness property is much influenced by print speed and nozzle temperature parameters. Maximum hardness was achieved at higher print speed which indicates that the Shore D hardness is directly proportional to the print speed. Moreover, at higher print speed, it has no significant dependence on the nozzle temperature. Hardness is also influenced by nozzle temperature, though to a lesser extent. The hardness slightly lowers when the nozzle temperature is raised from 190 to 210 oC, but due to improved bonding between each raster, a further rise in temperature increases the hardness property. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fused%20deposition%20modeling%20%28FDM%29" title=" fused deposition modeling (FDM)"> fused deposition modeling (FDM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polylactic%20acid%20%28PLA%29" title=" polylactic acid (PLA)"> polylactic acid (PLA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=print%20speed" title=" print speed"> print speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nozzle%20temperature" title=" nozzle temperature"> nozzle temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness%20property" title=" hardness property"> hardness property</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163369/hardness-properties-of-3d-printed-pla-parts-by-fused-deposition-modeling-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163369.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21753</span> Effect of Thermal Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Eurofer Steel Grade</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athina%20Puype">Athina Puype</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lorenzo%20Malerba"> Lorenzo Malerba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nico%20De%20Wispelaere"> Nico De Wispelaere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roumen%20Petrov"> Roumen Petrov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jilt%20Sietsma"> Jilt Sietsma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels like EUROFER97 are primary candidate structural materials for first wall application in the future demonstration (DEMO) fusion reactor. Existing steels of this type obtain their functional properties by a two-stage heat treatment, which consists of an annealing stage at 980°C for thirty minutes followed by quenching and an additional tempering stage at 750°C for two hours. This thermal quench and temper (Q&T) treatment creates a microstructure of tempered martensite with, as main precipitates, M23C6 carbides, with M = Fe, Cr and carbonitrides of MX type, e.g. TaC and VN. The resulting microstructure determines the mechanical properties of the steel. The ductility is largely determined by the tempered martensite matrix, while the resistance to mechanical degradation, determined by the spatial and size distribution of precipitates and the martensite crystals, plays a key role in the high temperature properties of the steel. Unfortunately, the high temperature response of EUROFER97 is currently insufficient for long term use in fusion reactors, due to instability of the matrix phase and coarsening of the precipitates at prolonged high temperature exposure. The objective of this study is to induce grain refinement by appropriate modifications of the processing route in order to increase the high temperature strength of a lab-cast EUROFER RAFM steel grade. The goal of the work is to obtain improved mechanical behavior at elevated temperatures with respect to conventionally heat treated EUROFER97. A dilatometric study was conducted to study the effect of the annealing temperature on the mechanical properties after a Q&T treatment. The microstructural features were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, hardness measurements, tensile tests at elevated temperatures and Charpy V-notch impact testing of KLST-type MCVN specimens were performed to study the mechanical properties of the furnace-heated lab-cast EUROFER RAFM steel grade. A significant prior austenite grain (PAG) refinement was obtained by lowering the annealing temperature of the conventionally used Q&T treatment for EUROFER97. The reduction of the PAG results in finer martensitic constituents upon quenching, which offers more nucleation sites for carbide and carbonitride formation upon tempering. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) was found to decrease with decreasing martensitic block size. Additionally, an increased resistance against high temperature degradation was accomplished in the fine grained martensitic materials with smallest precipitates obtained by tailoring the annealing temperature of the Q&T treatment. It is concluded that the microstructural refinement has a pronounced effect on the DBTT without significant loss of strength and ductility. Further investigation into the optimization of the processing route is recommended to improve the mechanical behavior of RAFM steels at elevated temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductile-to-brittle%20transition%20temperature%20%28DBTT%29" title="ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT)">ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EUROFER" title=" EUROFER"> EUROFER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduced%20activation%20ferritic%2Fmartensitic%20%28RAFM%29%20steels" title=" reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels"> reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20treatments" title=" thermal treatments"> thermal treatments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59346/effect-of-thermal-treatment-on-mechanical-properties-of-reduced-activation-ferriticmartensitic-eurofer-steel-grade" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59346.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21752</span> Wind Velocity Climate Zonation Based on Observation Data in Indonesia Using Cluster and Principal Component Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I%20Dewa%20Gede%20Arya%20Putra">I Dewa Gede Arya Putra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a mathematical procedure that uses orthogonal transformation techniques to change a set of data with components that may be related become components that are not related to each other. This can have an impact on clustering wind speed characteristics in Indonesia. This study uses data daily wind speed observations of the Site Meteorological Station network for 30 years. Multicollinearity tests were also performed on all of these data before doing clustering with PCA. The results show that the four main components have a total diversity of above 80% which will be used for clusters. Division of clusters using Ward's method obtained 3 types of clusters. Cluster 1 covers the central part of Sumatra Island, northern Kalimantan, northern Sulawesi, and northern Maluku with the climatological pattern of wind speed that does not have an annual cycle and a weak speed throughout the year with a low-speed ranging from 0 to 1,5 m/s². Cluster 2 covers the northern part of Sumatra Island, South Sulawesi, Bali, northern Papua with the climatological pattern conditions of wind speed that have annual cycle variations with low speeds ranging from 1 to 3 m/s². Cluster 3 covers the eastern part of Java Island, the Southeast Nusa Islands, and the southern Maluku Islands with the climatological pattern of wind speed conditions that have annual cycle variations with high speeds ranging from 1 to 4.5 m/s². <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCA" title="PCA">PCA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster" title=" cluster"> cluster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ward%27s%20method" title=" Ward's method"> Ward's method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20speed" title=" wind speed"> wind speed</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132942/wind-velocity-climate-zonation-based-on-observation-data-in-indonesia-using-cluster-and-principal-component-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21751</span> Investigations in Machining of Hot Work Tool Steel with Mixed Ceramic Tool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Varaprasad">B. Varaprasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Srinivasa%20Rao"> C. Srinivasa Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hard turning has been explored as an alternative to the conventional one used for manufacture of Parts using tool steels. In the present study, the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and Depth of Cut (DOC) on cutting forces, specific cutting force, power and surface roughness in the hard turning are experimentally investigated. Experiments are carried out using mixed ceramic(Al2O3+TiC) cutting tool of corner radius 0.8mm, in turning operations on AISI H13 tool steel, heat treated to a hardness of 62 HRC. Based on Design of Experiments (DOE), a total of 20 tests are carried out. The range of each one of the three parameters is set at three different levels, viz, low, medium and high. The validity of the model is checked by Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Predicted models are derived from regression analysis. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of specific cutting force, power and surface roughness shows that good agreement has been achieved between them. Therefore, the developed model may be recommended to be used for predicting specific cutting force, power and surface roughness in hard turning of tool steel that is AISI H13 steel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20turning" title="hard turning">hard turning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20cutting%20force" title=" specific cutting force"> specific cutting force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness" title=" surface roughness"> surface roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AISI%20H13" title=" AISI H13"> AISI H13</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20ceramic" title=" mixed ceramic"> mixed ceramic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19263/investigations-in-machining-of-hot-work-tool-steel-with-mixed-ceramic-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">700</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21750</span> Development of a Self-Retractable Front Spoilers Suitable for Indian Road Conditions to Reduce Aerodynamic Drag</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sivaraj">G. Sivaraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20Parammasivam"> K. M. Parammasivam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Veeramanikandan"> R. Veeramanikandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Nithish"> S. Nithish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reduction of ground clearance or (ride height) is a vital factor in minimizing aerodynamic drag force and improving vehicle performance. But in India, minimization of ground clearance is limited because of the road conditions. Due to this problem, reduction of aerodynamic drag and performance are not fully improved. In this view, this paper deals with the development of self-retractable front spoilers which are most suitable for Indian road conditions. These retractable spoilers are fitted in the front portion of the car and in speed below 60 km/hr these spoilers are in retracted positions. But, when the car crosses a speed above 60 km/hr, using electronic circuit the spoilers are activated. Thus, using this technique aerodynamic performance can be improved at a speed above 60 km/hr. Also, when the car speed is reduced below the 60 km/hr mark, the front spoiler are retracted which makes it as a normal car. This is because, in Indian roads, speed breakers are installed to cut off speed at particular places. Thus, in these circumstances there are chances of damaging front spoilers. Since, when the driver sees the speed breaker, he will automatically apply break to prevent damage, at this time using electronic circuit the front spoiler is retracted. However, accidentally when the driver fails to apply brakes there are chances for the front spoilers to get a hit. But as the front spoilers are made of Kevlar composite, it can withstand high impact loads and using a spring mechanism the spoilers are retracted immediately. By using CFD analysis and low-speed wind tunnel testing drag coefficient of the 1:10 scaled car model with and without self-retractable spoilers are calculated and validated. Also, using wind tunnel, proper working of self-retractable at car speed below and above 60 km/hr are validated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerodynamic%20drag" title="aerodynamic drag">aerodynamic drag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD%20analysis" title=" CFD analysis"> CFD analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kevlar%20composite" title=" kevlar composite"> kevlar composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-retractable%20spoilers" title=" self-retractable spoilers"> self-retractable spoilers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20tunnel" title=" wind tunnel"> wind tunnel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39491/development-of-a-self-retractable-front-spoilers-suitable-for-indian-road-conditions-to-reduce-aerodynamic-drag" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21749</span> An Embedded High Speed Adder for Arithmetic Computations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kala%20Bharathan">Kala Bharathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Seshasayanan"> R. Seshasayanan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a 1-bit Embedded Logic Full Adder (EFA) circuit in transistor level is proposed, which reduces logic complexity, gives low power and high speed. The design is further extended till 64 bits. To evaluate the performance of EFA, a 16, 32, 64-bit both Linear and Square root Carry Select Adder/Subtractor (CSLAS) Structure is also proposed. Realistic testing of proposed circuits is done on 8 X 8 Modified Booth multiplier and comparison in terms of power and delay is done. The EFA is implemented for different multiplier architectures for performance parameter comparison. Overall delay for CSLAS is reduced to 78% when compared to conventional one. The circuit implementations are done on TSMC 28nm CMOS technology using Cadence Virtuoso tool. The EFA has power savings of up to 14% when compared to the conventional adder. The present implementation was found to offer significant improvement in terms of power and speed in comparison to other full adder circuits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20logic" title="embedded logic">embedded logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full%20adder" title=" full adder"> full adder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pdp" title=" pdp"> pdp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=xor%20gate" title=" xor gate"> xor gate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30086/an-embedded-high-speed-adder-for-arithmetic-computations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21748</span> Slurry Erosion Behaviour of Cryotreated SS316L Impeller Steel Used for Irrigation Pumps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jagtar%20Singh">Jagtar Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kulwinder%20Singh"> Kulwinder Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Slurry erosion is a type of erosion wherein material is removed from the target surface due to impingement of solid particles entrained in liquid medium. Slurry erosion performance of deep cryogenic treatment on impeller steel SS 316 L has been investigated. Slurry collected from an actual irrigation pump used as the abrasive media in an erosion test rig. An attempt has been made to study the effect of velocity of fluid and impingement angle by constant concentration (ppm) on the slurry erosion behavior of these cryotreated steels under different experimental conditions. The slurry erosion wear analysis of cryotreated and untreated steels was done. The slurry erosion performance of cryotreated SS 316L impeller steel has been found to superior to that of untreated steel. Metallurgical investigation, hardness as well as %age of carbide in both types of steel was also investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20cryogenic%20treatment" title="deep cryogenic treatment">deep cryogenic treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impeller" title=" impeller"> impeller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irrigation%20pumps%20SS316L" title=" Irrigation pumps SS316L"> Irrigation pumps SS316L</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slurry%20erosion" title=" slurry erosion"> slurry erosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33629/slurry-erosion-behaviour-of-cryotreated-ss316l-impeller-steel-used-for-irrigation-pumps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21747</span> Analyzing of Speed Disparity in Mixed Vehicle Technologies on Horizontal Curves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahmina%20Sultana">Tahmina Sultana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasser%20Hassan"> Yasser Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vehicle technologies rapidly evolving due to their multifaceted advantages. Adapted different vehicle technologies like connectivity and automation on the same roads with conventional vehicles controlled by human drivers may increase speed disparity in mixed vehicle technologies. Identifying relationships between speed distribution measures of different vehicles and road geometry can be an indicator of speed disparity in mixed technologies. Previous studies proved that speed disparity measures and traffic accidents are inextricably related. Horizontal curves from three geographic areas were selected based on relevant criteria, and speed data were collected at the midpoint of the preceding tangent and starting, ending, and middle point of the curve. Multiple linear mixed effect models (LME) were developed using the instantaneous speed measures representing the speed of vehicles at different points of horizontal curves to recognize relationships between speed variance (standard deviation) and road geometry. A simulation-based framework (Monte Carlo) was introduced to check the speed disparity on horizontal curves in mixed vehicle technologies when consideration is given to the interactions among connected vehicles (CVs), autonomous vehicles (AVs), and non-connected vehicles (NCVs) on horizontal curves. The Monte Carlo method was used in the simulation to randomly sample values for the various parameters from their respective distributions. Theresults show that NCVs had higher speed variation than CVs and AVs. In addition, AVs and CVs contributed to reduce speed disparity in the mixed vehicle technologies in any penetration rates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20vehicles" title="autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=connected%20vehicles" title=" connected vehicles"> connected vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-connected%20vehicles" title=" non-connected vehicles"> non-connected vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20variance" title=" speed variance"> speed variance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147447/analyzing-of-speed-disparity-in-mixed-vehicle-technologies-on-horizontal-curves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21746</span> Movement of Metallic Inclusions in the Volume of Synthetic Diamonds at High Pressure and High Temperature in the Temperature Gradient Field</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20I.%20Yachevskaya">P. I. Yachevskaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Terentiev"> S. A. Terentiev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Kuznetsov"> M. S. Kuznetsov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several synthetic HPHT diamonds with metal inclusions have been studied. To have possibility of investigate the movement and transformation of the inclusions in the volume of the diamond the samples parallele-piped like shape has been made out of diamond crystals. The calculated value of temperature gradient in the samples of diamond which was placed in high-pressure cell was about 5-10 grad/mm. Duration of the experiments was in range 2-16 hours. All samples were treated several times. It has been found that the volume (dimensions) of inclusions, temperature, temperature gradient and the crystallographic orientation of the samples in the temperature field affects the movement speed of inclusions. Maximum speed of inclusions’ movement reached a value 150 µm/h. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diamond" title="diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusions" title=" inclusions"> inclusions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20gradient" title=" temperature gradient"> temperature gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPHT" title=" HPHT"> HPHT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19108/movement-of-metallic-inclusions-in-the-volume-of-synthetic-diamonds-at-high-pressure-and-high-temperature-in-the-temperature-gradient-field" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19108.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">510</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21745</span> Aerodynamic Design Optimization of High-Speed Hatchback Cars for Lucrative Commercial Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aravind">A. Aravind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Vetrivel"> M. Vetrivel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Abhimanyu"> P. Abhimanyu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20A.%20Akaash%20Emmanuel%20Raj"> C. A. Akaash Emmanuel Raj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Sundararaj"> K. Sundararaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20R.%20S.%20Kumar"> V. R. S. Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The choice of high-speed, low budget hatchback car with diversified options is increasing for meeting the new generation buyers trend. This paper is aimed to augment the current speed of the hatchback cars through the aerodynamic drag reduction technique. The inverted airfoils are facilitated at the bottom of the car for generating the downward force for negating the lift while increasing the current speed range for achieving a better road performance. The numerical simulations have been carried out using a 2D steady pressure-based k-ɛ realizable model with enhanced wall treatment. In our numerical studies, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model and its code of solution are used. The code is calibrated and validated using the exact solution of the 2D boundary layer displacement thickness at the <em>Sanal flow choking</em> condition for adiabatic flows. We observed through the parametric analytical studies that the inverted airfoil integrated with the bottom surface at various predesigned locations of Hatchback cars can improve its overall aerodynamic efficiency through drag reduction, which obviously decreases the fuel consumption significantly and ensure an optimum road performance lucratively with maximum permissible speed within the framework of the manufactures constraints. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerodynamics%20of%20commercial%20cars" title="aerodynamics of commercial cars">aerodynamics of commercial cars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=downward%20force" title=" downward force"> downward force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hatchback%20car" title=" hatchback car"> hatchback car</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverted%20airfoil" title=" inverted airfoil"> inverted airfoil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89486/aerodynamic-design-optimization-of-high-speed-hatchback-cars-for-lucrative-commercial-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21744</span> Effect of Traffic Volume and Its Composition on Vehicular Speed under Mixed Traffic Conditions: A Kriging Based Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhadip%20Biswas">Subhadip Biswas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shivendra%20Maurya"> Shivendra Maurya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Chandra"> Satish Chandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indrajit%20Ghosh"> Indrajit Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Use of speed prediction models sometimes appears as a feasible alternative to laborious field measurement particularly, in case when field data cannot fulfill designer’s requirements. However, developing speed models is a challenging task specifically in the context of developing countries like India where vehicles with diverse static and dynamic characteristics use the same right of way without any segregation. Here the traffic composition plays a significant role in determining the vehicular speed. The present research was carried out to examine the effects of traffic volume and its composition on vehicular speed under mixed traffic conditions. Classified traffic volume and speed data were collected from different geometrically identical six lane divided arterials in New Delhi. Based on these field data, speed prediction models were developed for individual vehicle category adopting Kriging approximation technique, an alternative for commonly used regression. These models are validated with the data set kept aside earlier for validation purpose. The predicted speeds showed a great deal of agreement with the observed values and also the model outperforms all other existing speed models. Finally, the proposed models were utilized to evaluate the effect of traffic volume and its composition on speed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed" title="speed">speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kriging" title=" Kriging"> Kriging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arterial" title=" arterial"> arterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20volume" title=" traffic volume"> traffic volume</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62347/effect-of-traffic-volume-and-its-composition-on-vehicular-speed-under-mixed-traffic-conditions-a-kriging-based-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21743</span> The Effect of Material Properties and Volumetric Changes in Phase Transformation to the Final Residual Stress of Welding Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djarot%20B.%20Darmadi">Djarot B. Darmadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wider growing Finite Element Method (FEM) application is caused by its benefits of cost saving and environment friendly. Also, by using FEM a deep understanding of certain phenomenon can be achieved. This paper observed the role of material properties and volumetric change when Solid State Phase Transformation (SSPT) takes place in residual stress formation due to a welding process of ferritic steels through coupled Thermo-Metallurgy-Mechanical (TMM) analysis. The correctness of FEM residual stress prediction was validated by experiment. From parametric study of the FEM model, it can be concluded that the material properties change tend to over-predicts residual stress in the weld center whilst volumetric change tend to underestimates it. The best final result is the compromise of both by incorporates them in the model which has a better result compared to a model without SSPT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20stress" title="residual stress">residual stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferritic%20steels" title=" ferritic steels"> ferritic steels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSPT" title=" SSPT"> SSPT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coupled-TMM" title=" coupled-TMM"> coupled-TMM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39495/the-effect-of-material-properties-and-volumetric-changes-in-phase-transformation-to-the-final-residual-stress-of-welding-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21742</span> Tribological Performance of Polymer Syntactic Foams in Low-Speed Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Narasimha%20Rao">R. Narasimha Rao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ch.%20Sri%20Chaitanya"> Ch. Sri Chaitanya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Syntactic foams are closed-cell foams with high specific strength and high compression strength. At Low speeds, the wear rate is sensitive to the sliding speeds and other tribological parameters like applied load and the sliding distance. In the present study, the tribological performance of the polymer-based syntactic foams was reported based on the experiments conducted on a pin-on-disc tribometer. The syntactic foams were manufactured with epoxy as the matrix and the cenospheres obtained from the thermal powerplants as the reinforcement. The experiments were conducted at a sliding speed of the 1 m/s. The applied load was varied from 1 kg to 5 kg up to a sliding distance of 3000 m. The wear rate increased with the sliding distance at lower loads. The trend was reversed at higher loads of 5kg. This may be due to the high plastic deformation at the initial stages when higher loads were applied. This was evident with the higher friction constants for the higher loads. The adhesive wear was found to be predominant for lower loads, while the abrasive wear tracks can be seen in micrographs of samples tested under higher loads. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20speed" title="sliding speed">sliding speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syntactic%20foams" title=" syntactic foams"> syntactic foams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tribological%20performance" title=" tribological performance"> tribological performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear%20rate" title=" wear rate"> wear rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169677/tribological-performance-of-polymer-syntactic-foams-in-low-speed-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21741</span> The Effective Use of the Network in the Distributed Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamouni%20Mohammed%20Dhiya%20Eddine">Mamouni Mohammed Dhiya Eddine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work aims at studying the exploitation of high-speed networks of clusters for distributed storage. Parallel applications running on clusters require both high-performance communications between nodes and efficient access to the storage system. Many studies on network technologies led to the design of dedicated architectures for clusters with very fast communications between computing nodes. Efficient distributed storage in clusters has been essentially developed by adding parallelization mechanisms so that the server(s) may sustain an increased workload. In this work, we propose to improve the performance of distributed storage systems in clusters by efficiently using the underlying high-performance network to access distant storage systems. The main question we are addressing is: do high-speed networks of clusters fit the requirements of a transparent, efficient and high-performance access to remote storage? We show that storage requirements are very different from those of parallel computation. High-speed networks of clusters were designed to optimize communications between different nodes of a parallel application. We study their utilization in a very different context, storage in clusters, where client-server models are generally used to access remote storage (for instance NFS, PVFS or LUSTRE). Our experimental study based on the usage of the GM programming interface of MYRINET high-speed networks for distributed storage raised several interesting problems. Firstly, the specific memory utilization in the storage access system layers does not easily fit the traditional memory model of high-speed networks. Secondly, client-server models that are used for distributed storage have specific requirements on message control and event processing, which are not handled by existing interfaces. We propose different solutions to solve communication control problems at the filesystem level. We show that a modification of the network programming interface is required. Data transfer issues need an adaptation of the operating system. We detail several propositions for network programming interfaces which make their utilization easier in the context of distributed storage. The integration of a flexible processing of data transfer in the new programming interface MYRINET/MX is finally presented. Performance evaluations show that its usage in the context of both storage and other types of applications is easy and efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20storage" title="distributed storage">distributed storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20file%20access" title=" remote file access"> remote file access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cluster" title=" cluster"> cluster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-speed%20network" title=" high-speed network"> high-speed network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MYRINET" title=" MYRINET"> MYRINET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero-copy" title=" zero-copy"> zero-copy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memory%20registration" title=" memory registration"> memory registration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20control" title=" communication control"> communication control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=event%20notification" title=" event notification"> event notification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=application%20programming%20interface" title=" application programming interface"> application programming interface</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45739/the-effective-use-of-the-network-in-the-distributed-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21740</span> Functional Plasma-Spray Ceramic Coatings for Corrosion Protection of RAFM Steels in Fusion Energy Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Jiang">Chen Jiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Jordan"> Eric Jordan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maurice%20Gell"> Maurice Gell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balakrishnan%20Nair"> Balakrishnan Nair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nuclear fusion, one of the most promising options for reliably generating large amounts of carbon-free energy in the future, has seen a plethora of ground-breaking technological advances in recent years. An efficient and durable “breeding blanket”, needed to ensure a reactor’s self-sufficiency by maintaining the optimal coolant temperature as well as by minimizing radiation dosage behind the blanket, still remains a technological challenge for the various reactor designs for commercial fusion power plants. A relatively new dual-coolant lead-lithium (DCLL) breeder design has exhibited great potential for high-temperature (>700oC), high-thermal-efficiency (>40%) fusion reactor operation. However, the structural material, namely reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel, is not chemically stable in contact with molten Pb-17%Li coolant. Thus, to utilize this new promising reactor design, the demand for effective corrosion-resistant coatings on RAFM steels represents a pressing need. Solution Spray Technologies LLC (SST) is developing a double-layer ceramic coating design to address the corrosion protection of RAFM steels, using a novel solution and solution/suspension plasma spray technology through a US Department of Energy-funded project. Plasma spray is a coating deposition method widely used in many energy applications. Novel derivatives of the conventional powder plasma spray process, known as the solution-precursor and solution/suspension-hybrid plasma spray process, are powerful methods to fabricate thin, dense ceramic coatings with complex compositions necessary for the corrosion protection in DCLL breeders. These processes can be used to produce ultra-fine molten splats and to allow fine adjustment of coating chemistry. Thin, dense ceramic coatings with chosen chemistry for superior chemical stability in molten Pb-Li, low activation properties, and good radiation tolerance, is ideal for corrosion-protection of RAFM steels. A key challenge is to accommodate its CTE mismatch with the RAFM substrate through the selection and incorporation of appropriate bond layers, thus allowing for enhanced coating durability and robustness. Systematic process optimization is being used to define the optimal plasma spray conditions for both the topcoat and bond-layer, and X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDS are applied to successfully validate the chemistry and phase composition of the coatings. The plasma-sprayed double-layer corrosion resistant coatings were also deposited onto simulated RAFM steel substrates, which are being tested separately under thermal cycling, high-temperature moist air oxidation as well as molten Pb-Li capsule corrosion conditions. Results from this testing on coated samples, and comparisons with bare RAFM reference samples will be presented and conclusions will be presented assessing the viability of the new ceramic coatings to be viable corrosion prevention systems for DCLL breeders in commercial nuclear fusion reactors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breeding%20blanket" title="breeding blanket">breeding blanket</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20protection" title=" corrosion protection"> corrosion protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title=" coating"> coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20spray" title=" plasma spray"> plasma spray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65800/functional-plasma-spray-ceramic-coatings-for-corrosion-protection-of-rafm-steels-in-fusion-energy-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65800.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21739</span> Influence of Driving Speed on Bearing Capacity Measurement of Intra-Urban Roads with the Traffic Speed Deflectometer(Tsd)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pahirangan%20Sivapatham">Pahirangan Sivapatham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Esser"> Barbara Esser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andreas%20Grimmel"> Andreas Grimmel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In times of limited public funds and, in particular, an increased social, environmental awareness, as well as the limited availability of construction materials, sustainable and resource-saving pavement management system, is becoming more and more important. Therefore, the knowledge about the condition of the structural substances, particularly bearing capacity and its consideration while planning the maintenance measures of the subordinate network, i.e., state and municipal roads unavoidable. According to the experience, the recommended ride speed of the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) shall be higher than 40 km/h. Holding of this speed on the intra-urban roads is nearly not possible because of intersections and traffic lights as well as the speed limit. A sufficient background of experience for the evaluation of bearing capacity measurements with TSD in the range of lower speeds is not available yet. The aim of this study is to determine the possible lowest ride speed of the TSD while the bearing capacity measurement on the intra-urban roads. The manufacturer of the TSD used in this study states that the measurements can be conducted at a ride speed of higher than 5 km/h. It is well known that with decreasing ride speed, the viscous fractions in the response of the asphalt pavement increase. This must be taken into account when evaluating the bearing capacity data. In the scope of this study, several measurements were carried out at different speeds between 10 km/h and 60 km/h on the selected intra-urban roads with Pavement-Scanner of the University of Wuppertal, which is equipped with TSD. Pavement-Scanner is able to continuously determine the deflections of asphalt roads in flowing traffic at speeds of up to 80 km/h. The raw data is then aggregated to 10 m mean values so that, as a rule, a bearing capacity characteristic value can be determined for each 10 m road section. By means of analysing of obtained test results, the quality and validity of the determined data rate subject to the riding speed of TSD have been determined. Moreover, the data and pictures of the additional measuring systems of Pavement-Scanners such as High-Speed Road Monitor, Ground Penetration Radar and front cameras can be used to determine and eliminate irregularities in the pavement, which could influence the bearing capacity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity%20measurement" title="bearing capacity measurement">bearing capacity measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20speed%20deflectometer" title=" traffic speed deflectometer"> traffic speed deflectometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-urban%20roads" title=" inter-urban roads"> inter-urban roads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavement-Scanner" title=" Pavement-Scanner"> Pavement-Scanner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20substance" title=" structural substance"> structural substance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137873/influence-of-driving-speed-on-bearing-capacity-measurement-of-intra-urban-roads-with-the-traffic-speed-deflectometertsd" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137873.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21738</span> Sensorless Controller of Induction Motor Using Backstepping Approach and Fuzzy MRAS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abbou">Ahmed Abbou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper present a sensorless controller designed by the backstepping approach for the speed control of induction motor. In this strategy of control, we also combined the method Fuzzy MRAS to estimate the rotor speed and the observer type Luenburger to observe Rotor flux. The control model involves a division by the flux variable that may lead to unbounded solutions. Such a risk is avoided by basing the controller design on Lyapunov function that accounts for the model singularity. On the other hand, this mixed method gives better results in Sensorless operation and especially at low speed. The response time at 5% of the flux is 20ms while the error between the speed with sensor and the estimated speed remains in the range of ±0.8 rad/s for the rated functioning and ±1.5 rad/s for low speed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backstepping%20approach" title="backstepping approach">backstepping approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic" title=" fuzzy logic"> fuzzy logic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20motor" title=" induction motor"> induction motor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=luenburger%20observer" title=" luenburger observer"> luenburger observer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensorless%20MRAS" title=" sensorless MRAS"> sensorless MRAS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40200/sensorless-controller-of-induction-motor-using-backstepping-approach-and-fuzzy-mras" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40200.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21737</span> Influences of Plunge Speed on Axial Force and Temperature of Friction Stir Spot Welding in Thin Aluminum A1100</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suwarsono">Suwarsono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ario%20S.%20Baskoro"> Ario S. Baskoro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gandjar%20Kiswanto"> Gandjar Kiswanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Budiono"> Budiono</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a relatively new technique for joining metal. In some cases on aluminum joining, FSW gives better results compared with the arc welding processes, including the quality of welds and produces less distortion.FSW welding process for a light structure and thin materials requires small forces as possible, to avoid structure deflection. The joining process on FSW occurs because of melting temperature and compressive forces, the temperature generation of caused by material deformation and friction between the cutting tool and material. In this research, High speed rotation of spindle was expected to reduce the force required for deformation. The welding material was Aluminum A1100, with thickness of 0.4 mm. The tool was made of HSS material which was shaped by micro grinding process. Tool shoulder diameter is 4 mm, and the length of pin was 0.6 mm (with pin diameter= 1.5 mm). The parameters that varied were the plunge speed (2 mm/min, 3 mm/min, 4 mm/min). The tool speed is fixed at 33,000 rpm. Responses of FSSW parameters to analyze were Axial Force (Z-Force), Temperature and the Shear Strength of welds. Research found the optimum µFSSW parameters, it can be concluded that the most important parameters in the μFSSW process was plunge speed. lowest plunge speed (2 mm / min) causing the lowest axial force (110.40 Newton). The increases of plunge speed will increase the axial force (maximum Z-Farce= 236.03 Newton), and decrease the shear strength of welds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction%20stir%20spot%20welding" title="friction stir spot welding">friction stir spot welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum%20A1100" title=" aluminum A1100"> aluminum A1100</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plunge%20speed" title=" plunge speed"> plunge speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20force" title=" axial force"> axial force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strength" title=" shear strength"> shear strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55161/influences-of-plunge-speed-on-axial-force-and-temperature-of-friction-stir-spot-welding-in-thin-aluminum-a1100" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55161.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21736</span> Creative Self-efficacy and Innovation Speed of New Ventures: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Bricolage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Wen%20Chen">Yi-Wen Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsueh-Liang%20Fan"> Hsueh-Liang Fan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Evidence shows that start-ups success is positively correlated with innovation speed. However, new ventures are seldom able to acquire abundant resources for new product development (NPD), which means that entrepreneurs may depend on personal creativity instead of physical investments to achieve and accelerate speed of first product launch. This study accentuates the role of entrepreneurial bricolage, which defined as making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities, in the relations of creative self-efficacy and innovation speed. This study uses structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses in a sample of 203 start-ups operating various creative markets. Results reveal that creative self-efficacy is positively and directly associated with innovation speed, whereas entrepreneurial bricolage plays a full mediator. These findings offer important theoretical and practical implications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=creative%20self-efficacy" title="creative self-efficacy">creative self-efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation%20speed" title=" innovation speed"> innovation speed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurial%20bricolage" title=" entrepreneurial bricolage"> entrepreneurial bricolage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20ventures" title=" new ventures"> new ventures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33518/creative-self-efficacy-and-innovation-speed-of-new-ventures-the-mediating-role-of-entrepreneurial-bricolage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33518.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=4" rel="prev">‹</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">5</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=729">729</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=730">730</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20speed%20steels&page=6" rel="next">›</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>