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<span>Toggle In contemporary Jewish practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_contemporary_Jewish_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Kohanim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Kohanim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relationship with Kohanim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Kohanim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bat_Levi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bat_Levi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bat Levi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bat_Levi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Levites_and_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Levites_and_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Levites and the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Levites_and_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levite_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levite_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Levite population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levite_population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levite population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levite_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levite_Y-chromosome_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levite_Y-chromosome_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Levite Y-chromosome studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levite_Y-chromosome_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levite_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levite_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Levite surnames</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levite_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_Levites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Levites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Modern Levites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Levites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Levites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Levites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable Levites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Levites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Explanatory footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="لاويون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاويون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levilil%C9%99r" title="Levililər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Levililər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C" title="لاویان خالقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاویان خالقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levidi" title="Levidi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levidi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levita" title="Levita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Levita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levit" title="Levit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Levit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levido" title="Levido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Levido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebitar" title="Lebitar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lebitar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لاویان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاویان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9C%84%EC%9D%B8" title="레위인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레위인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Lewi" title="Orang Lewi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Lewi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviti" title="Leviti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leviti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_(%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="לוי (יהדות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוי (יהדות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levita" title="Levita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Levita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="لاويون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاويون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitter" title="Levitter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Levitter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewici" title="Lewici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Левиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ලෙවීවරයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෙවීවරයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levite" title="Levite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Levite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levit" title="Levit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Levit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Левіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Левіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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title="Bat Levi">Bat Levi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish male descended patrilineally from the Hebrew tribe of Levi</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Levites</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="he">לויים</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">~500,000–600,000 worldwide<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">240,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Vernacular:<br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and numerous other languages in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a><br /> Historical:<br /><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">other <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />Total percentage of Levites among Jews is about 4%.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Levites</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LEE</span>-vyte</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לְוִיִּם</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Lǝvīyyīm</i></span>) or <b>Levi</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> males who claim <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> descent from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tribe of Levi descended from <a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a>, the third son of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob (Bible)">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a>. The surname <i>Halevi</i>, which consists of the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ה</span></span>" <i>Ha-</i> ('the') plus <i>Levi</i> ('Levite'), is not conclusive regarding being a Levite; a titular use of <b>HaLevi</b> indicates being a Levite. The daughter of a Levite is a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="#Bat_Levi"><i>Bat Levi</i></a></i></span> (<i>Bat</i> being Hebrew for 'daughter'). </p><p>The Tribe of Levi served particular religious duties for the Israelites and had political (administering cities of refuge) and educational responsibilities as well. In return, the <a href="/wiki/Landed_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed tribe">landed tribes</a> were expected to support the Levites with a <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2018:21–25&version=nrsv">Numbers 18:21–25</a>), particularly the tithe known as the <a href="/wiki/First_tithe" title="First tithe">First tithe</a>, <i>ma'aser rishon</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a>, a subset of the Levites, were the priests, who performed the work of holiness in the Temple. The Levites, referring to those who were not Kohanim, were specifically assigned to: </p> <ul><li>Singing<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or playing music in the Temple</li> <li>Serving as guards</li> <li>Carrying<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> into the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+13:33&version=63">Joshua 13:33</a>), the Sons of Levi were the only Israelite tribe that received cities but were not allowed to be landowners "because the Lord the God of Israel Himself is their inheritance" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+18:2&version=63">Deuteronomy 18:2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, Levites are integrated in Jewish communities, but keep a distinct status. There are estimated 300,000 Levites among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jewish">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> communities,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a similar number among <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrahim">Mizrahi</a> Jews combined. The total percentage of Levites among the wider Jewish population is about 4%. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_contemporary_Jewish_practice">In contemporary Jewish practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In contemporary Jewish practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Levites in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> continue to have additional rights and obligations compared to lay people, although these responsibilities have diminished with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Temple</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen"><i>Kohanim</i></a> are eligible to <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">be called to the Torah</a> first, followed by the Levites. Levites also provide assistance to the <i>Kohanim</i>, particularly washing their hands, before the <i>Kohanim</i> recite the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Levites (and Kohanim) are traditionally pledged to Divine service, there is no <a href="/wiki/Pidyon_HaBen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidyon HaBen">Pidyon HaBen</a> (redemption of the firstborn) ceremony for: </p> <ul><li>the son of a Kohen's or a Levite's daughter</li> <li>the son of a Kohen or a Levite.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Orthodox Judaism believes in the eventual <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">rebuilding of a Temple</a> in Jerusalem and a resumption of the Levitical role. A small number of schools, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, train priests and Levites in their respective roles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>—which believes in a restoration of the Temple as a house of worship and in some special role for Levites, although not the ancient sacrificial system as previously practised—recognizes Levites as having special status. Not all Conservative congregations call Kohanim and Levites to the first and second reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, and many no longer perform rituals such as the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a> and Pidyon HaBen in which <i>Kohanim</i> and Levites have a special role. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> do not observe distinctions between Kohanim, Levites, and other <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Kohanim">Relationship with Kohanim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with Kohanim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Ancient_Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Ancient Israel)">Priesthood (Ancient Israel)</a></div> <p>The Kohanim are traditionally believed and <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halachically</a> required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a>. The origins of the name/term <a href="/wiki/Levy_(surname)" title="Levy (surname)">"Levy"</a> in Hebrew remain unclear. Some hypotheses link this name with the Hebrew root <i>lwh</i>, the Aramaic root <i>lwy</i>, or the Arabic root <i>lwy</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <i>kohen</i> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, both Israelite and non-Israelite, such as the Israelite nation as a whole,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the priests (Hebrew <i>kohanim</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>. During the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, Kohanim performed the daily and holiday (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Yom Tov</a>) duties of <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrificial offerings</a>. </p><p>Today <i>kohanim</i> retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and are bound by additional restrictions according to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Blessing" title="Priestly Blessing">Priestly Blessing</a>, the Levites traditionally wash the hands of the Kohanim prior to the blessing of the House of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("A first-born son washes the Kohen's hands if there is no Levite".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Bat_Levi"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bat_Levi">Bat Levi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bat Levi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Orthodox Judaism, children of a Bat Levi, like those of a <a href="/wiki/Bat-Kohen" title="Bat-Kohen">Bat-Kohen</a>, regardless of the child's father's tribe or the mother's marital status, retain the traditional exemption for their children from the requirement of being redeemed through the <a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon HaBen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative Judaism permits a Bat Levi to perform essentially all the rituals a male Levi would perform, including being called to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> for the Levite <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> in those Conservative synagogues which have both retained traditional tribal roles and modified traditional gender roles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, Conservative/Masorti Judaism has not extended Torah honors either to a bat Kohen or to a bat Levi.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Levites_and_the_Holocaust">The Levites and the Holocaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Levites and the Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></div> <p>In 1938, with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, American Orthodox rabbi <a href="/wiki/Mnachem_Risikoff" title="Mnachem Risikoff">Menachem HaKohen Risikoff</a> wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses, in worship, liturgy, and <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism"><i>teshuva</i></a>, repentance. In <i>The Priests and the Levites</i> (1940),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he stressed that members of these groups exist in the realm between history (below) and redemption (above), and must act in a unique way to help move others to prayer and action, and help bring an end to suffering. He wrote, "Today, we also are living through a time of flood, Not of water, but of a bright fire, which burns and turns Jewish life into ruin. We are now drowning in a flood of blood. ... Through the Kohanim and Levi'im help will come to all Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levite_population">Levite population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levite population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levite_Y-chromosome_studies">Levite Y-chromosome studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Levite Y-chromosome studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2003 study of the Y-chromosome by Behar et al. pointed to multiple origins for <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> Levites, who comprise approximately 4% among the Ashkenazi Jews. It found that <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a1a">Haplogroup R1a1a</a> (R-M17), uncommon in the Middle East or among <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, is present in over 50% of Ashkenazi Levites, while the rest of Ashkenazi Levites' paternal lineage is of certain Middle Eastern origin, including Y-chromosome haplogroups E3b, J2, F, R1b, K, I, Q, N and L.<sup id="cite_ref-Behar2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behar2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haplogroup R1a1a is found at the highest levels among people of Eastern European descent, with 50 to 65% among <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups, reaching over 70% in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Brahmin" title="Bengali Brahmin">West Bengal Brahmins</a> in India and among the Mohani people in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Behar's data suggested a founding event, involving an 'introgression' of anywhere from one to fifty non-Jewish European men, occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community as a possible explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-Behar2003_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behar2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Nebel, Behar and Goldstein speculate: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>although neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin, as has been speculated by some authors (Baron 1957; Dunlop 1967; Ben-Sasson 1976; Keys 1999), one cannot rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites."<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 2013 paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. confirmed a Near or Middle Eastern origin for all Ashkenazi Levites, including the R1a Y-chromosome carriers, and refuted the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Previous Y-chromosome studies have demonstrated that Ashkenazi Levites, members of a paternally inherited Jewish Levite caste, display a distinctive founder event within R1a, the most prevalent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europe. Here we report the analysis of 16 whole R1 sequences and show that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage. While our survey of one of these, M582, in 2,834 R1a samples reveals its absence in 922 Eastern Europeans, we show it is present in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as in 33.8% of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males and 5.9% of 303 R1a Near Eastern males, where it shows considerably higher diversity. Moreover, the M582 lineage also occurs at low frequencies in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations. In contrast to the previously suggested Eastern European origin for Ashkenazi Levites, the current data are indicative of a geographic source of the Levite founder lineage in the Near East and its likely presence among pre-Diaspora Hebrews.<sup id="cite_ref-natu_Phyl_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natu_Phyl-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a later 2017 study Behar et al. revised their initially mitigated position, concluding that a "Middle Eastern origin of the Ashkenazi Levite lineage based on what was previously a relatively limited number of reported samples, can now be considered firmly validated", precising that a "rich variation of haplogroup R1a outside of Europe which is phylogenetically separate from the typically European R1a branches", referring to the R1a-Y2619 sub-clade.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage">Lineage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having a last name of Levi or a related term does not necessarily mean a person is a Levite, and many well-known Levites do not have such last names.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levitical status is passed down in families from father<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to child born from a Jewish mother, as part of a family's genealogical tradition. Tribal status of Levite is determined by <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">patrilineal descent</a>, so a child whose biological father is a Levite (in cases of adoption or artificial insemination, status is determined by the genetic father), is also considered a Levite. Jewish status is determined by matrilineal descent, thus conferring levitical status onto children requires both biological parents to be Israelites and the biological father to be a Levite. </p><p>Accordingly, there is currently no branch of Judaism that regards levitical status as conferrable by matrilineal descent. It is either conferrable patrilineally with a Jewish mother, in the traditional manner, or it does not exist and is not conferred at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levite_surnames">Levite surnames</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Levite surnames"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Levites have adopted a related last name to signify their status. Because of diverse geographical locations, the names have several variations:<sup id="cite_ref-Lev.WP_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev.WP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Alouwi</i> – Arabic variant, of Sephardic origin</li> <li><i>Aguiló</i> – surname to the Jews from Mallorca (<a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a>)</li> <li><i>Bazes</i> – a Levite surname.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benveniste" title="Benveniste">Benveniste</a></i> – a Sephardic Levite surname.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epstein" title="Epstein">Epstein</a></i> – one of the European lineages descended from <a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerahiah Ha-Levi</a> of Sepharad</li> <li><i>HaLevi</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halevi" title="Halevi">Halevi</a></i> and <i>Halevy</i> – Hebrew, meaning 'the Levi' or 'the Levite'</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horowitz" title="Horowitz">Horowitz</a> HaLevi</i>, or simply <i>Horowitz/Hurwitz/Gurvich/Gurevich</i> – a European Levite surname, tracing to Isaiah Horowitz HaLevi, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerahiah Ha-Levi</a> of Sepharad</li> <li><i>Lavi</i> – a common Levite surname</li> <li><i>Leefsma</i> – Frisian surname</li> <li><i>Leevi</i> – Finnish variation</li> <li><i>Lev</i> – simplified Russian variation of <i>Levi</i></li> <li><i>Levai</i>, <i>Lévai</i> and <i>Lévay</i> – a Levitic surname, originally meaning "a person from <i><a href="/wiki/Levice" title="Levice">Levice</a></i>" but subsequently used by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> who were forced to change their name during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></li> <li><i>Leven</i> – Swedish variation</li> <li><i>Levente</i> – Hungarian variation</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levi_(surname)" title="Levi (surname)">Lévi, Levi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Levy_(surname)" title="Levy (surname)">Lévy or Levy</a></i> – Hebrew for "Levite", equally common in Ashkenasic and Sephardic groups</li> <li><i>Levian/Livian/Benlevi/Liviem</i> – Persian-Jewish variations</li> <li><i>Lević</i>, also <i>Levinić</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Mo%C5%A1e_Prelevi%C4%87" title="Luciano Moše Prelević">Prelević</a></i> – Croatian or Serbian variations</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levin_(surname)" title="Levin (surname)">Levin</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> variation, also <i><a href="/wiki/Levine" title="Levine">Levine</a></i>, <i>Lavin</i> or <i>Lavine</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, rhyming with "ravine", or in some cases further anglicised to <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, rhyming with "divine") and <i><a href="/wiki/Lewin_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewin (name)">Lewin</a></i> a Polish variation. Sometimes supplemented with German "thal" (valley) to <i>Levinthal</i> or <i>Leventhal</i> and -sohn and -son to <i>Levinson</i> or <i>Levinsohn</i> as a patronymic, and with Slavic -ski and -sky suffixes <i>Levinski</i>, <i>Levinsky</i>, <i>Lewinski</i> and <i>Lewinsky</i> (the "e" often replaced with "a" in German areas).</li> <li><i>Levit</i>, also <i>Levitt</i> – typically from the Bessarabia region of Romania, Moldova and southern Ukraine</li> <li><i>Levita</i> – <a href="/wiki/Elia_Levita" title="Elia Levita">Elia Levita</a>, an ancestor of <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li> <li><i>Levits</i> – the surname in Latvia (adding the <i>s for men or a for women</i>), president of Latvia Egils Levits.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Leviyev</i> – the Russified surname (adding the <i>yev/ev</i>) that many <a href="/wiki/Bukharian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharian Jews">Bukharian Jews</a> of Central Asia have. Sometimes spelled <i>Leviev</i> or even <i>Levaev</i>.</li> <li><i>Lewi</i> or <i>Lewj</i> (Polish, <i>Levi</i> and <i>Levy</i>)</li> <li><i>Lewicki</i> – Polish "of the Levites", also <i>Lewicka</i>, <i>Lewycka</i>, <i>Lewycki</i>, <i>Lewycky</i>, <i>Lewicky</i>, <i>Levicki</i>, <i>Levicky</i> (can also originate from placenames in Poland)</li> <li><i>Lewita</i> – Polish <i>Levite</i> or <i>Levita</i> Latinized, with Slavic suffix -an/in <i>Lewitan</i>, <i>Levitan</i>, <i>Levitin</i>, <i>Lewitin</i>, <i>Lewitinn</i>, and with additional suffix -ski/sky <i>Levitanski</i>, <i>Lewitanski</i>, <i>Levitansky</i>, also <i>Lewitas</i>, <i>Levitas</i>, Lithuanian, Belarusian, <i>Leyva</i> Spanish Sephardic, also but rare <i>Lefite, Lafite, Lafitte</i>, of French Sephardic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lev.WP_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev.WP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Variants from <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <i>Leyvik</i>, a pet form of Leyvi: <i>Levitch</i> Ukrainian variant, also <i>Levicz</i>, <i>Levis</i>, <i>Levitz</i>, <i>Lewicz</i>, <i>Lewitz</i>, <i>Lewis</i>, and with -ski and -sky suffixes <i>Leviczky</i>, <i>Levitski</i>, <i>Levitsky</i>, <i>Lewitski</i> and <i>Lewitsky</i> ("e" and "s" often replaced with "a" and "z" in German areas)</li> <li><i>Loewy</i>, <i>Löwi</i>, <i>Löwy</i> and <i>Loewe</i> German or Swiss variations (although the usual origin for these names is Löwe, the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word for "<a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Lev.WP_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev.WP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moss (Hebrew for Moses) (Descendant of Moses God's most important prophet according to the torah) also ancient Gaelic for Devotee, which Moses was a Levite devoted to his mission to free the Hebrew.</li> <li><i>Segal</i> – shortened "Segen Levi" (secondary Levite)</li> <li><i>Urfali</i> or <i>Levi Urfali</i> (also <i>Levi Abud</i>, <i>Levi Aslan</i>, <i>Levi Hamami</i>) – an <a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a> community surname, which was mostly Levite in origin</li> <li><i>Zemmel</i> – shortened "Zecher mi-Shevet Levi" (descendant of the Levite tribe)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Levites">Modern Levites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern Levites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are some Levites with non-Levite-like last names in modern times: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Levites">Notable Levites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Levites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Levi" title="Joshua ben Levi">Yehoshua ben Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_HaLevi" title="Aharon HaLevi">Aharon HaLevi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halevi_Alkabetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz">Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharsha" title="Maharsha">Maharsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Wahrman" title="Shlomo Wahrman">Shlomo Wahrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar_Berend_Lehmann" title="Issachar Berend Lehmann">Issachar Berend Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Bromberg" title="Avraham Bromberg">Avraham Bromberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Letteris" title="Max Letteris">Max Letteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerahiah Ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechezkel_Landau" title="Yechezkel Landau">Yechezkel Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Torres" title="Luis de Torres">Luis de Torres</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fraenkel" title="Abraham Fraenkel">Abraham Fraenkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Wosner" title="Shmuel Wosner">Shmuel Wosner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Abulafia" title="Meir Abulafia">Meir Abulafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah" title="Samuel ibn Naghrillah">Samuel ibn Naghrillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Zev_Soloveitchik" title="Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik">Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Horowitz" title="Pinchas Horowitz">Pinchas Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Paritcher" title="Hillel Paritcher">Hillel Paritcher</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yechezkel_Levenstein" title="Yechezkel Levenstein">Yechezkel Levenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Belsky" title="Yisroel Belsky">Yisroel Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Epstein" title="Baruch Epstein">Baruch ha-Levi Epstein</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Dov_Soloveitchik_(Beis_Halevi)" title="Yosef Dov Soloveitchik (Beis Halevi)">Yosef Dov Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soloveitchik" title="Chaim Soloveitchik">Chaim Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Willig" title="Mordechai Willig">Mordechai Willig</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levites comprise a subgroup of about 4% of world Jewry.<sup id="cite_ref-bradman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined with <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a>, who are also Levites, the subgroup forms roughly 8% of the Jewish population worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-bradman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 1–1.1 million. Levites also comprise one of the four surviving families of Samaritans, where they serve the role of <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_High_Priest" title="Samaritan High Priest">High Priests</a> due to the fact that the last Samaritan High Priest Cohanic family went extinct in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a Levite assigned to one area was punishable by death for encroaching on one of the other two areas. Kohathites who carried the holy items could not look at the ark or they died, since they were not descendants of Aaron Numbers 4.17-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The child of a Bat Levi [daughter of a Levi] has no Levi status.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bradman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bradman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bradman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradman et al. 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ireton_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSean_Ireton2003" class="citation web cs1">Sean Ireton (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthrobase.com/Txt/I/Ireton_S_01.htm">"The Samaritans – A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century"</a>. Anthrobase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Samaritans+%E2%80%93+A+Jewish+Sect+in+Israel%3A+Strategies+for+Survival+of+an+Ethno-religious+Minority+in+the+Twenty+First+Century&rft.pub=Anthrobase&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sean+Ireton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthrobase.com%2FTxt%2FI%2FIreton_S_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freethesaurus.com/Levite">"Levite synonyms, Levite antonyms"</a>. <i>freethesaurus.com</i>. <q>Synonyms for Levite ... noun a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi … the branch that provided male assistants to ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freethesaurus.com&rft.atitle=Levite+synonyms%2C+Levite+antonyms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freethesaurus.com%2FLevite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Membership in the Levites is determined by paternal descent." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24469">"Medical Definition of Levite"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Definition+of+Levite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D24469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigun.info/hamikdash.html">"The Holy Temple Music"</a>. <q>tractate Arachin (11a) that oral music was never to be uttered by anyone other than a Levite</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Temple+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigun.info%2Fhamikdash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua 13:33, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Levites"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Levites">"Levites" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levites&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeharSaagKarminGover2017" class="citation journal cs1">Behar, Doron M.; Saag, Lauri; Karmin, Monika; Gover, Meir G.; Wexler, Jeffrey D.; Sanchez, Luisa Fernanda; Greenspan, Elliott; Kushniarevich, Alena; Davydenko, Oleg; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Boattini, Alessio; Sarno, Stefania; Pagani, Luca; Carmi, Shai; Tzur, Shay; Metspalu, Ene; Bormans, Concetta; Skorecki, Karl; Metspalu, Mait; Rootsi, Siiri; Villems, Richard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5668307">"The genetic variation in the R1a clade among the Ashkenazi Levites' y chromosome"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 14969. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...714969B">2017NatSR...714969B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-14761-7">10.1038/s41598-017-14761-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5668307">5668307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29097670">29097670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+genetic+variation+in+the+R1a+clade+among+the+Ashkenazi+Levites%27+y+chromosome&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14969&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5668307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29097670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-14761-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...714969B&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Doron+M.&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Karmin%2C+Monika&rft.au=Gover%2C+Meir+G.&rft.au=Wexler%2C+Jeffrey+D.&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Luisa+Fernanda&rft.au=Greenspan%2C+Elliott&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Davydenko%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Sahakyan%2C+Hovhannes&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft.au=Boattini%2C+Alessio&rft.au=Sarno%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Carmi%2C+Shai&rft.au=Tzur%2C+Shay&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Bormans%2C+Concetta&rft.au=Skorecki%2C+Karl&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5668307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Isaac_Rice2017" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Isaac Rice (June 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/880673/rabbi-isaac-rice/the-levi-washing-the-hands-of-the-kohen">"The Levi Washing the Hands of the Kohen"</a>. <i>YUTorah.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YUTorah.org&rft.atitle=The+Levi+Washing+the+Hands+of+the+Kohen&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.au=Rabbi+Isaac+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yutorah.org%2Flectures%2Flecture.cfm%2F880673%2Frabbi-isaac-rice%2Fthe-levi-washing-the-hands-of-the-kohen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissan_Dovid_Dubov" class="citation web cs1">Nissan Dovid Dubov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2313791/jewish/Kohanim-and-Leviim.htm">"Kohanim and Leviim - Jewish Essentials"</a>. <i>chabad.org</i>. <q>In preparation for Duchaning, the Kohen has his hands washed by a Levi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=Kohanim+and+Leviim+-+Jewish+Essentials&rft.au=Nissan+Dovid+Dubov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F2313791%2Fjewish%2FKohanim-and-Leviim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/929263/jewish/Who-Is-Obligated-in-Pidyon-Haben.htm">"Who Is Obligated in Pidyon Haben? – Lifecycle Events"</a>. <q>The son of a Levi's daughter does not have a pidyon haben</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Obligated+in+Pidyon+Haben%3F+%E2%80%93+Lifecycle+Events&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F929263%2Fjewish%2FWho-Is-Obligated-in-Pidyon-Haben.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/l/b/Pidyon_Haben_-_Redemption_of_First_Born.html">"Pidyon Ha'ben – Redemption of First Born"</a>. 15 February 2010. <q>Pidyon Ha'Ben, the "redemption of the first born son," takes place when a ... 4) The father of the baby is not a Kohen or a Levi, and the mother's father is ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pidyon+Ha%27ben+%E2%80%93+Redemption+of+First+Born&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjl%2Fl%2Fb%2FPidyon_Haben_-_Redemption_of_First_Born.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/215910">"Temple Institute announces school to train Levitical priests – Israel"</a>. March 8, 2016. <q>The Temple Institute, dedicated to reestablishing the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, announces school for training Kohanim. ... on the Temple service</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temple+Institute+announces+school+to+train+Levitical+priests+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F215910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MamLeChes KoHaNim – ממלכת כהנים</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010612/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_16089.html">"Priestly Blessing"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_16089.html">the original</a> on 2014-04-27. <q>The general procedure of the Priestly Blessing is: After *Kedushah the priests prepare themselves, removing their shoes and washing their hands with the assistance of the levites, whereafter they ascend the platform before the Ark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Priestly+Blessing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0016_0_16089.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Apple2011" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Apple (2011). <i>Let's Ask the Rabbi</i>. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let%27s+Ask+the+Rabbi&rft.pages=163&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Raymond+Apple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodsideparksynagogue.org.uk/duchening-the-basics">"Duchening: The Basics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duchening%3A+The+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodsideparksynagogue.org.uk%2Fduchening-the-basics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rivash" 15; "Divrei Yatziv" by R' Y. Halberstam, E.H. 6; "Yechaveh Da'at" by R' O. Yosef, V 61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19861990/roth_daughtersaliyot.pdf">Joel Roth, The Status of Daughters of Kohanim and Leviyim for Aliyot, Rabbinical Assembly</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926141046/http://responsafortoday.com/vol3/3.pdf">"See: Robert A. (Rafael) Harris, Rabbinical Assembly of Israel's Law Committee Teshuvah: "The First Two Aliyot for a Bat Kohen and a Bat Levi." pp. 31–33 in <i>Responsa of the Va'ad Halacha of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel</i> 5748–5749 (1989). Volume 3. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly of Israel and the Masorti Movement (Hebrew; English Summary, vii–viii)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.responsafortoday.com/vol3/3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=See%3A+Robert+A.+%28Rafael%29+Harris%2C+Rabbinical+Assembly+of+Israel%27s+Law+Committee+Teshuvah%3A+%22The+First+Two+Aliyot+for+a+Bat+Kohen+and+a+Bat+Levi.%22+pp.+31%E2%80%9333+in+Responsa+of+the+Va%27ad+Halacha+of+the+Rabbinical+Assembly+of+Israel+5748%E2%80%935749+%281989%29.+Volume+3.+Jerusalem%3A+The+Rabbinical+Assembly+of+Israel+and+the+Masorti+Movement+%28Hebrew%3B+English+Summary%2C+vii%E2%80%93viii%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.responsafortoday.com%2Fvol3%2F3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/36377">הכהנים והלוים HaKohanim vHaLeviim (1940)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gershon Greenberg, "Kristallnacht: The American Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Theology of Response," in Maria Mazzenga (editor), <i>American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht</i>, Palgrave MacMillan: 2009, pp. 158–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behar2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behar2003_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behar2003_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeharThomasSkorecki2003" class="citation journal cs1">Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, et al. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180600">"Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 768–779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F378506">10.1086/378506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1180600">1180600</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13680527">13680527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Multiple+origins+of+Ashkenazi+Levites%3A+Y+chromosome+evidence+for+both+Near+Eastern+and+European+ancestries&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=768-779&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13680527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F378506&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Thomas%2C+MG&rft.au=Skorecki%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1180600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhillMyresRootsiMetspalu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Underhill, PA; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE; Semino, O; Battaglia, V; Kutuev, I; Järve, M; Chaubey, G; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Mehdi, SQ; Sengupta, S; Rogaev, EI; Khusnutdinova, EK; Pshenichnov, A; Balanovsky, O; Balanovska, E; Jeran, N; Augustin, DH; Baldovic, M; Herrera, RJ; Thangaraj, K; Singh, V; Singh, L; Majumder, P; Rudan, P; Primorac, D; Villems, R; Kivisild, T (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987245">"Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a"</a>. <i>Eur. J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 479–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2009.194">10.1038/ejhg.2009.194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2987245">2987245</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19888303">19888303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=Separating+the+post-Glacial+coancestry+of+European+and+Asian+Y+chromosomes+within+haplogroup+R1a&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=479-484&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987245%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19888303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2009.194&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Myres%2C+NM&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+S&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+M&rft.au=Zhivotovsky%2C+LA&rft.au=King%2C+RJ&rft.au=Lin%2C+AA&rft.au=Chow%2C+CE&rft.au=Semino%2C+O&rft.au=Battaglia%2C+V&rft.au=Kutuev%2C+I&rft.au=J%C3%A4rve%2C+M&rft.au=Chaubey%2C+G&rft.au=Ayub%2C+Q&rft.au=Mohyuddin%2C+A&rft.au=Mehdi%2C+SQ&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+S&rft.au=Rogaev%2C+EI&rft.au=Khusnutdinova%2C+EK&rft.au=Pshenichnov%2C+A&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+O&rft.au=Balanovska%2C+E&rft.au=Jeran%2C+N&rft.au=Augustin%2C+DH&rft.au=Baldovic%2C+M&rft.au=Herrera%2C+RJ&rft.au=Thangaraj%2C+K&rft.au=Singh%2C+V&rft.au=Singh%2C+L&rft.au=Majumder%2C+P&rft.au=Rudan%2C+P&rft.au=Primorac%2C+D&rft.au=Villems%2C+R&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2987245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein2008_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein,_David_B.2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, David B. (2008). "3". <i>Jacob's legacy: A genetic view of Jewish history</i>. Yale University Press. pp. location 873 (Kindle for PC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12583-2"><bdi>978-0-300-12583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Jacob%27s+legacy%3A+A+genetic+view+of+Jewish+history&rft.pages=location+873+%28Kindle+for+PC%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12583-2&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natu_Phyl-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natu_Phyl_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiiri_RootsiDoron_M._BeharMari_JärveAlice_A._Lin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Siiri Rootsi; Doron M. Behar; Mari Järve; Alice A. Lin; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905698">"Phylogenetic applications of whole Y-chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>4</b>: 2928. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatCo...4.2928R">2013NatCo...4.2928R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms3928">10.1038/ncomms3928</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905698">3905698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24346185">24346185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+applications+of+whole+Y-chromosome+sequences+and+the+Near+Eastern+origin+of+Ashkenazi+Levites&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=2928&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3905698%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24346185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms3928&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatCo...4.2928R&rft.au=Siiri+Rootsi&rft.au=Doron+M.+Behar&rft.au=Mari+J%C3%A4rve&rft.au=Alice+A.+Lin&rft.au=Natalie+M.+Myres&rft.au=Ben+Passarelli&rft.au=G.+David+Poznik&rft.au=Shay+Tzur&rft.au=Hovhannes+Sahakyan&rft.au=Ajai+Kumar+Pathak&rft.au=Saharon+Rosset&rft.au=Mait+Metspalu&rft.au=Viola+Grugni&rft.au=Ornella+Semino&rft.au=Ene+Metspalu&rft.au=Carlos+D.+Bustamante&rft.au=Karl+Skorecki&rft.au=Richard+Villems&rft.au=Toomas+Kivisild&rft.au=Peter+A.+Underhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3905698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some examples of having the title HaLevi, but not in their last name are: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Epstein" title="Baruch Epstein">Baruch Epstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Belsky" title="Yisroel Belsky">Yisroel Belsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Fraenkel" title="Abraham Fraenkel">Abraham Fraenkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Wosner" title="Shmuel Wosner">Shmuel Wosner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meir_Abulafia" title="Meir Abulafia">Meir Abulafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah" title="Samuel ibn Naghrillah">Samuel ibn Naghrillah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Ashlag" title="Yehuda Ashlag">Yehuda Ashlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Zev_Soloveitchik" title="Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik">Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Horowitz" title="Pinchas Horowitz">Pinchas Horowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Paritcher" title="Hillel Paritcher">Hillel Paritcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_of_Lublin" title="Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin">The Chozeh (seer) of Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Schecter" title="Shmuel Schecter">Shmuel Schecter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Weiler">Joseph Weiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yom-Tov_Lipman_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Yom-Tov Lipman Heller">Yom-Tov Lipman Heller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salomon_ibn_Parhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salomon ibn Parhon (page does not exist)">Salomon ibn Parhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Wahrman" title="Shlomo Wahrman">Shlomo Wahrman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salomon_Alkabetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salomon Alkabetz (page does not exist)">Salomon Alkabetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issachar_Berend_Lehmann" title="Issachar Berend Lehmann">Issachar Berend Lehmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Bromberg" title="Avraham Bromberg">Avraham Bromberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Letteris" title="Max Letteris">Max Letteris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yechezkel_Landau" title="Yechezkel Landau">Yechezkel Landau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Moelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Moelin">Jacob Moelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Torres" title="Luis de Torres">Luis de Torres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Herzog" title="Chaim Herzog">Chaim Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Gombiner" title="Avraham Gombiner">Avraham Gombiner</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lev.WP-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lev.WP_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lev.WP_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lev.WP_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inmuchness.wordpress.com/2014/10/18/whats-in-a-name">"What's in a name?"</a>. 18 October 2014. <q>Levi not only has variations like Lewita (Polish) and Loewe (German/Swiss), but also Segal and Zemmel. They sound nothing like the original name, and that's because they're acronyms in the Hebrew alphabet – a great way to hide your Jewish heritage while keeping true to the family identity. Segal stands for 'SeGan Leviyyah', which is roughly translated as 'deputy Levite', since Levites served as deputies to kohanim. Segal itself has variations too, like Chagall (French).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finmuchness.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F18%2Fwhats-in-a-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/people/Don-Judah-de-la-Cavaller%25C3%25ADa-ha-Levi/6000000001500854394">"Don Judah de la Cavalleria Ha Levi (Benveniste "Cavalier") (c. 1227 – 1286)"</a>. 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Judah+de+la+Cavalleria+Ha+Levi+%28Benveniste+%22Cavalier%22%29+%28c.+1227+%E2%80%93+1286%29&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FDon-Judah-de-la-Cavaller%2525C3%2525ADa-ha-Levi%2F6000000001500854394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3011-benveniste">"BENVENISTE"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <q>Joseph ben Ephraim ha-Levi Benveniste</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=BENVENISTE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F3011-benveniste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PBS Show <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Your_Roots" title="Finding Your Roots">Finding Your Roots</a></i> broadcast February 2, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/State/Chaim+Herzog.htm">"Chaim Herzog"</a>. <q>The son of the Chief Rabbi of Ireland, Rabbi Isaac Halevi Herzog</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaim+Herzog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FFacts%2BAbout%2BIsrael%2FState%2FChaim%2BHerzog.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PBS Show <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Your_Roots" title="Finding Your Roots">Finding Your Roots</a></i> broadcast January 26, 2016</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrena,_G._M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Grena, G. M. (2004). <i>LMLK: A Mystery Belonging to the King Vol. 1</i>. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748786-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9748786-0-X"><bdi>0-9748786-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LMLK%3A+A+Mystery+Belonging+to+the+King+Vol.+1&rft.place=Redondo+Beach%2C+California&rft.pub=4000+Years+of+Writing+History&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9748786-0-X&rft.au=Grena%2C+G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevite" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kehuna.org/about-kohanim/twenty-four-places-the-kohanim-are-called-leviim/">Twenty-four places in tanach where the Kohanim are called Levi'im</a> – Kehuna.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cohen-levi.org/the_tribe/welcome_to_the_tribe.htm">The Cohen-Levi Family Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levitedna.org">LeviteDNA.org</a> – website on R1a Ashkenazi Levites</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehath" title="Kehath">Kehath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzzah" title="Uzzah">Uzzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai (bible)">Biblical Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Eben-Ezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriath-Jearim" title="Kiriath-Jearim">Kiriath-Jearim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Cathedral of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tana_Qirqos" title="Tana Qirqos">Tana Qirqos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sign_and_the_Seal" title="The Sign and the Seal">The Sign and the Seal</a></i> (1992 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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