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class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=CCTV&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CCTV" redirects here. For the broadcasting company in China, see <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CCTV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CCTV (disambiguation)">CCTV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Closed captioning</a>.</div> Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television_camera" title="Closed-circuit television camera">closed-circuit television cameras</a> to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors. It differs from <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast television">broadcast television</a> in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">point-to-multipoint</a> (P2MP), or <a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">mesh</a> wired or <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless links</a>. Even though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> in areas that require additional security or ongoing monitoring (<a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> is seldom called "CCTV"<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg/220px-Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg/330px-Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg/440px-Three_Surveillance_cameras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1475"></a><figcaption>Surveillance cameras on the corner of a building</figcaption></figure> The deployment of this technology has facilitated significant growth in state surveillance, a substantial rise in the methods of advanced social monitoring and control, and a host of crime prevention measures throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Though surveillance of the public using CCTV is common in many areas around the world, video surveillance has generated significant debate about balancing its use with individuals' <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> even when in public.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">industrial plants</a>, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central <a href="/wiki/Control_room" title="Control room">control room</a>, especially if the environments observed are dangerous or inaccessible to humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV, using <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> (DVRs), provides recording for possibly many years, with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as <a href="/wiki/Motion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion detection">motion detection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> alerts). More recently, decentralized <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP cameras</a>, perhaps equipped with megapixel sensors, support recording directly to <a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">network-attached storage</a> devices or internal flash for stand-alone operation. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Technology">1.1 Technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Application">1.2 Application</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Uses">2 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Crime_prevention">2.1 Crime prevention</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Forensics">2.1.1 Forensics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Body-worn_cameras">2.2 Body-worn cameras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Traffic_flow_monitoring">2.3 Traffic flow monitoring</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Use_in_homes_and_buildings">2.4 Use in homes and buildings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_schools">2.4.1 In schools</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#In_private_and_public_places">2.4.2 In private and public places</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Criminal_use">2.5 Criminal use</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Prevalence">3 Prevalence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#In_Asia">3.1 In Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#In_the_Americas">3.2 In the Americas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#In_Russia">3.3 In Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#In_Europe">3.4 In Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#In_the_United_Kingdom">3.4.1 In the United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#In_Africa">3.5 In Africa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Privacy">4 Privacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Law_by_countries">4.1 Law by countries</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Technological_developments">5 Technological developments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Computer-controlled_identification">5.1 Computer-controlled identification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Compression">5.2 Compression</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#IP_cameras">5.3 IP cameras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Networking_CCTV_cameras">5.4 Networking CCTV cameras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Wireless_security_cameras">5.5 Wireless security cameras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Talking_CCTV">5.6 Talking CCTV</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Countermeasures">6 Countermeasures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION,_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS,_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif/lossy-page1-220px-THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2033"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif/lossy-page1-220px-THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif/lossy-page1-330px-THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif/lossy-page1-440px-THE_CENTRAL_POLICE_CONTROL_STATION%2C_MANNED_24_HOURS_A_DAY_CONTROLS_ALL_TRAFFIC_LIGHTS%2C_RECEIVES_REMOTE_TV_INPUTS_FROM..._-_NARA_-_551905.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>CCTV monitoring at the Central Police Control Station, Munich, Germany, in 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg/220px-Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg/220px-Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg/330px-Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg/440px-Cameratoezichtcentrale_politie_nederland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Desk in one of the regional control-rooms of the National Police in the Netherlands in 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg/250px-CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg/250px-CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg/330px-CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg/500px-CCTV_control_room_monitor_wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>CCTV control-room monitor wall for 176 open-street cameras in 2017</figcaption></figure> An early <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical</a> CCTV system was developed in June 1927 by Russian physicist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Originally requested by CTO (the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Labor_and_Defense" title="Council of Labor and Defense">Council of Labor and Defense</a>), the system consisted of a manually-operated scanning-transmitting camera and wireless shortwave transmitter and receiver, with a resolution of a hundred lines. Having been commandeered by <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, Theremin's CCTV system was demonstrated to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a>, and subsequently installed in the courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> to monitor approaching visitors.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Another early CCTV system was installed by <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens AG</a> at <a href="/wiki/Test_Stand_VII" title="Test Stand VII">Test Stand VII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, Nazi Germany, in 1942, for observing the launch of <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dornberger-10">[10]</a> In the United States, the first commercial closed-circuit television system became available in 1949 from <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a> and designed by <a href="/wiki/CBS_Laboratories" title="CBS Laboratories">CBS Laboratories</a>, called "Vericon".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Vericon was advertised as not requiring a government permit due to the system using cabled connections between camera and monitor rather than over-the-air transmission.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The earliest video surveillance systems involved constant monitoring because there was no way to record and store information. The development of <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel</a> media enabled the recording of surveillance footage. These systems required magnetic tapes to be changed manually, with the operator having to manually thread the tape from the tape reel through the recorder onto a take-up reel. Due to these shortcomings, video surveillance was not widespread.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorder</a> technology became available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and erase information, and the use of video surveillance became more common.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> During the 1990s, digital <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> was developed, allowing several cameras to record at once, as well as <a href="/wiki/Time_lapse_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Time lapse photography">time lapse</a> and motion-only recording. This saved time and money which then led to an increase in the use of CCTV.<a href="#cite_note-wecusurveillance.com-14">[14]</a> Recently, CCTV technology has been shifting towards Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application">Application</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Early CCTV systems were installed in central London by the Metropolitan Police between 1960 and 1965.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> By 1963, CCTV was being used in Munich to monitor traffic.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Closed-circuit television was used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatre_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre television">theatre television</a> for sports such as <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">professional boxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, and from 1964 through 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> automobile race. Boxing telecasts were broadcast live to a select number of venues, mostly theaters, with arenas, stadiums, schools, and convention centres also being less often used venues, where viewers paid for tickets to watch the fight live.<a href="#cite_note-Ezra-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloodyelbow-19">[19]</a> The first fight with a closed-circuit telecast was <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Joe_Walcott" title="Jersey Joe Walcott">Joe Walcott</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Closed-circuit telecasts peaked in popularity with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> in the 1960s and 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-Ezra-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloodyelbow-19">[19]</a> with "<a href="/wiki/The_Rumble_in_the_Jungle" title="The Rumble in the Jungle">The Rumble in the Jungle</a>" fight drawing 50 million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Thrilla_in_Manila" title="Thrilla in Manila">Thrilla in Manila</a>" drawing 100 million CCTV viewers worldwide in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_I" title="WrestleMania I">WrestleMania I</a> professional wrestling show was seen by over one million viewers with this scheme.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As late as 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Julio_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez_vs._Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya">Julio César Chávez vs. Oscar De La Hoya</a> boxing fight had 750,000 viewers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Although closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> home <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still in use today for most awards shows and other events that are transmitted live to most venues but do not air as such on network television, and later re-edited for broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-bloodyelbow-19">[19]</a> In September 1968, <a href="/wiki/Olean,_New_York" title="Olean, New York">Olean, New York</a>, was the first city in the United States to install CCTV video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.<a href="#cite_note-Robb,_Gary_C._1979_pg._571-602-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Van_Brittan_Brown_and_Albert_L._Brown" title="Marie Van Brittan Brown and Albert L. Brown">Marie Van Brittan Brown</a> received a patent for the design of a CCTV-based home security system in 1969. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3482037">U.S. patent 3,482,037</a>). Another early appearance was in 1973 in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yesil,_Bilge-26">[26]</a> The NYPD installed it to deter crime in the area; however, crime rates did not appear to drop much due to the cameras.<a href="#cite_note-Yesil,_Bilge-26">[26]</a> Nevertheless, during the 1980s, video surveillance began to spread across the country specifically targeting public areas.<a href="#cite_note-wecusurveillance.com-14">[14]</a> It was seen as a cheaper way to deter crime compared to increasing the size of the police departments.<a href="#cite_note-Yesil,_Bilge-26">[26]</a> Some businesses as well, especially those that were prone to theft, began to use video surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-Yesil,_Bilge-26">[26]</a> From the mid-1990s on, police departments across the country installed an increasing number of cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools, and public parks.<a href="#cite_note-Yesil,_Bilge-26">[26]</a> CCTV later became common in banks and stores to discourage theft by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1997, 3,100 CCTV systems were installed in public housing and residential areas in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> in 1985, led to several larger trial programs later that decade. The first use by local government was in <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a>, Norfolk, in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-wndc-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_prevention">Crime prevention</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crime prevention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulger_cctv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/Bulger_cctv.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/Bulger_cctv.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="180" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The two-year-old <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_James_Bulger" title="Murder of James Bulger">James Bulger</a> being led away by his killers, recorded on shopping centre CCTV in 1993; this <a href="/wiki/Narrow-bandwidth_television" title="Narrow-bandwidth television">narrow-bandwidth television</a> system had a low <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Video_surveillance_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Video_surveillance_sign.jpg/250px-Video_surveillance_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="538"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Video_surveillance_sign.jpg/250px-Video_surveillance_sign.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Video_surveillance_sign.jpg/330px-Video_surveillance_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Video_surveillance_sign.jpg/500px-Video_surveillance_sign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sign warning that premises are watched by CCTV cameras</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">crime prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">predictive policing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">criminal investigation</a></div> A 2008 report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3% of crimes were solved by CCTV.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In London, a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A 2009 systematic review by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> used <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analytic</a> techniques to pool the average effect of CCTV on crime across 41 different studies.<a href="#cite_note-Public-32">[32]</a> The studies included in the meta-analysis used <a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">quasi-experimental evaluation designs</a> that involved before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and control areas.<a href="#cite_note-Public-32">[32]</a> However, researchers have argued that the British car park studies included in the meta-analysis cannot accurately control for the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with a range of other security-related measures.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Second, some have noted that, in many of the studies, there may be issues with <a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">selection bias</a> since the introduction of CCTV was potentially <a href="/wiki/Endogeneity_(econometrics)" title="Endogeneity (econometrics)">endogenous</a> to previous crime trends.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In particular, the estimated effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg/250px-Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg/250px-Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg/330px-Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg/500px-Alexis_Navy_Yard_012_1dsLQLVk7nY.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A CCTV captured the perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard_shooting" title="Washington Navy Yard shooting">Washington Navy Yard shooting</a>, Aaron Alexis, during his rampage</figcaption></figure> In 2012, cities such as Manchester in the UK are using <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">DVR</a>-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 2013, City of Philadelphia Auditor found that the $15 million system was operational only 32% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> There is <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal evidence</a> that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders; for example, UK police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Cameras have also been installed on <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> in the hope of deterring crime.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A 2017 review published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scandinavian_Studies_in_Criminology_and_Crime_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention">Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention</a> compiles seven studies that use such research designs. The studies found that CCTV reduced crime by 24–28% in public streets and urban subway stations. It also found that CCTV could decrease unruly behaviour in football stadiums and theft in supermarkets/mass merchant stores. However, there was no evidence of CCTV having desirable effects in parking facilities or suburban subway stations. Furthermore, the review indicates that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than in violent crimes.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, a 2019, 40-year-long <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> study reported that the most consistent effects of crime reduction of CCTV were in car parks.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap, the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Gill and Spriggs did a <a href="/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Cost-effectiveness analysis">cost-effectiveness analysis</a> (CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss.<a href="#cite_note-Assessing-44">[44]</a> Critics however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional cost effectiveness analysis and were omitted from their study.<a href="#cite_note-Assessing-44">[44]</a> In October 2009, an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Russia has also implemented a video surveillance system called 'Safe City', which has the capability to recognize facial features and moving objects, sending the data automatically to government authorities. However, the widespread tracking of individuals through video surveillance has raised significant privacy issues.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forensics">Forensics</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forensics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics and perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attack">terrorist attacks</a>. Furthermore, there are various projects—such as <a href="/wiki/INDECT" title="INDECT">INDECT</a>—that aim to detect suspicious behaviours of individuals and crowds.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> It has been argued that terrorists will not be deterred by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of the current use of video surveillance and that terrorists might even see it as an extra channel for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and publication of their acts.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In Germany, calls for extended video surveillance by the country's main political parties, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> have been dismissed as "little more than a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> for a subjective feeling of security" by a member of the Left party.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped deter <a href="/wiki/Loan_shark" title="Loan shark">loan sharks</a>, nab litterbugs, and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, Mexico, hired deaf police officers to <a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">lip read</a> conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp/250px-Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp/250px-Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp.png" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp/330px-Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp/500px-Omar_Habhan_Westgate_attack.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omar_Nabhan" title="Omar Nabhan">Omar Nabhan</a>, as seen on CCTV during the <a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">Westgate shopping mall attack</a> that resulted in the deaths of 71 people. Authorities observed the attack via the cameras within the mall.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body-worn_cameras">Body-worn cameras</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Body-worn cameras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Body_worn_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Body worn video">Body worn video</a></div> In recent years, the use of <a href="/wiki/Body_worn_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Body worn video">body-worn video</a> cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of surveillance in law enforcement, there are surveillance cameras that are worn by the police officer and are usually located on a police officer's chest or head.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung-54">[54]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a> (BJS), in the United States, in 2016, about 47% of the 15,328 general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Law enforcement in the United States">law enforcement</a> agencies had acquired body-worn cameras.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_flow_monitoring">Traffic flow monitoring</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Traffic flow monitoring" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_camera" title="Traffic camera">Traffic camera</a></div> Many cities and <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems. Many of these cameras however, are owned by private companies and transmit data to drivers' <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> systems. <a href="/wiki/Highways_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways England">Highways England</a> has a publicly owned CCTV network of over 3000 pan–tilt–zoom cameras covering the British motorway and trunk road network. These cameras are primarily used to monitor traffic conditions and are not used as <a href="/wiki/Speed_cameras" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed cameras">speed cameras</a>. With the addition of fixed cameras for the <a href="/wiki/Active_traffic_management" title="Active traffic management">active traffic management</a> system, the number of cameras on the Highways England's CCTV network is likely to increase significantly over the next few years.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">London congestion charge</a> is enforced by cameras positioned at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically read the number plates of vehicles that enter the zone. If the driver does not pay the charge then a fine will be imposed.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Similar systems are being developed as a means of locating cars reported stolen.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Other surveillance cameras serve as <a href="/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera" title="Traffic enforcement camera">traffic enforcement cameras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Saudi Arabia, CCTV cameras are used for monitoring (and thus <a href="/wiki/Crowd_control" title="Crowd control">managing</a>) the flow of crowds.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Quezon_City" title="San Antonio, Quezon City">barangay San Antonio</a> used CCTV cameras and artificial intelligence software to detect the <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">formation of crowds</a> during an <a href="/wiki/Disease_outbreak" title="Disease outbreak">outbreak of a disease</a>. Security personnel were sent whenever a crowd formed at a particular location in the city.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_homes_and_buildings">Use in homes and buildings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use in homes and buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_schools">In schools</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In schools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_surveillance_in_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Video surveillance in schools">Video surveillance in schools</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm/250px--Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="142" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="842" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1558" data-height="888"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="252" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="422" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm/Andover_Tornado_CCTV.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Surveillance video of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Andover_tornado" title="2022 Andover tornado">2022 Andover tornado</a> as it passed by a school. Several cameras in and outside of the building captured the event.</figcaption></figure> In the United States, Britain, Canada,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Australia,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools to prevent <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>, monitoring visitors, and maintaining a record of evidence of a crime. There are some restrictions: cameras are not typically installed in areas where there is a "reasonable <a href="/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation of privacy">expectation of privacy</a>", such as bathrooms, gym locker areas, and private offices. Cameras are generally acceptable in parking lots, cafeterias, and supply rooms. Though some teachers object to the installation of cameras.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A study of high school students in Israeli schools shows that students' views on CCTV used in school are based on how they think of their teachers, school, and authorities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a> It also stated that most students do not want CCTV installed inside a classroom.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_private_and_public_places">In private and public places</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In private and public places" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many homeowners choose to install CCTV systems either inside or outside their own homes, sometimes both. Modern CCTV systems can be monitored through mobile phone apps with internet coverage. Some systems also provide motion detection, so when movement is detected, an alert can be sent to a phone.<a href="#cite_note-cnet-67">[67]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg/250px-SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 91px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg/250px-SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="91" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg/330px-SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg/500px-SISS_VPU3400_8-channel_20080502.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Digital video recorder for public transport</figcaption></figure> On a <a href="/wiki/One-man_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="One-man operation">driver-only operated</a> train, CCTV cameras may allow the driver to confirm that people are clear of doors before closing them and starting the train.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A trial by <a href="/wiki/Rotterdamse_Elektrische_Tram" title="Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram">RET</a> in 2011 with <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition</a> cameras mounted on trams made sure that people who were banned from them did not sneak on anyway.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> CCTV has also been frequently operated in many department stores and shopping malls to mitigate concerns of potential theft. In some countries, malls must obtain approval from the <a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Ministry of Interior</a> (MOI)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a> (ICO) before installing CCTVs.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Some organizations also use CCTV to monitor the actions of workers in a workplace.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg/170px-CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg/170px-CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg/255px-CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg/340px-CCTV_dome_camera_subway_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dome camera in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station" title="Rotterdam Centraal station">Rotterdam central metro station</a></figcaption></figure>Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV inside the venue, either to display on the stadium or arena's <a href="/wiki/Scoreboard" title="Scoreboard">scoreboard</a> or in the concourse or restroom areas to allow people to view action outside the seating bowl. The cameras send the feed to a central control centre where a producer selects feeds to send to the television monitors that people can view. In a trial with CCTV cameras, football club fans no longer needed to identify themselves manually, but could pass freely after being authorized by the facial recognition system.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_use">Criminal use</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criminal use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Criminals may use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Hidden_camera" title="Hidden camera">hidden camera</a> at an <a href="/wiki/Automated_Teller_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Teller Machine">ATM</a> can capture people's <a href="/wiki/Personal_Identification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Identification Number">PINs</a> as they are entered without their knowledge. The devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor the keypad of the machine as people enter their PINs. Images may be transmitted wirelessly to the criminal. Even lawful surveillance cameras sometimes have their data received by people who have no legal right to receive it.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevalence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png/220px-Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="837"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png/220px-Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png/330px-Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png/440px-Surveillance_cameras_mapped.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A crowdsourced map of CCTV cameras near <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arche" title="Grande Arche">Grande Arche</a>, Paris, using <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> data<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG/220px-UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG/220px-UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG/330px-UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG/440px-UnitedNationsNewYork.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">headquarters of the United Nations</a> in New York, with cameras visible on the side of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">UN General Assembly Building</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-SDM2016-76">[76]</a> In Asia, different human activities attracted the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to business and related industries,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> transportation,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> sports,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and care for the environment.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2018, China was reported to have over 170 million CCTV cameras.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 2023, China was estimated to have <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">a huge surveillance network</a> of around 540–626 million surveillance cameras, though numbers differ significantly between sources.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China's capital city, has the most cameras for a city overall, with a total of 1.15 million installed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-84">[84]</a> The cameras are used to record details such as gender, age, and ethnicity. Cameras have been used in a southern Chinese city to issue tickets to people for <a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">infractions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In India, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, the capital, have around 900,000 and 450,000 cameras, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:3-83">[83]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> has the highest density per area of CCTV cameras worldwide, with 657 cameras per square kilometer in 2020 (from 280,000 CCTVs). China and India have some of the highest-density and the most amount of CCTVs in cities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-84">[84]</a> South Korea's military has removed over 1,300 surveillance Chinese cameras from its bases for security reasons.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In Hong Kong, the police have stated that they are planning to install up to 7,000 surveillance cameras across Hong Kong in roughly three years time, up from the estimated 600 installed cameras in 2024; this amounts to roughly 2,000 planned cameras every year starting from 2025.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Earlier, in June 2024, the cameras have also been vaguely planned to be integrated with facial recognition artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The plan has been criticized for the potential for the country to become similar to the "intense surveillance of mainland China".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In Japan, an estimation by <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Business_Publications" title="Nikkei Business Publications">Nikkei Business</a> estimated that the total number of security cameras in Japan is approximately 5 million in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In Singapore, it was estimated that the total number of CCTVs was around 90,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Americas">In the Americas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg/250px-2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg/250px-2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg/330px-2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg/500px-2017-08-13_Sunriver_Airport_18.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surveillance camera mounted on a tripod in <a href="/wiki/Sunriver,_Oregon" title="Sunriver, Oregon">Sunriver, Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, many linked to an integrated camera network.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2009-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> New York City's <a href="/wiki/Domain_Awareness_System" title="Domain Awareness System">Domain Awareness System</a> has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> there are over 4,000 cameras on the subway system (although nearly half of them do not work),<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and two-thirds of large apartment and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Metro" title="Washington Metro">Metro</a> has nearly 6,000 cameras in use across the system.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> There were an estimated 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported net earnings of $120 million in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> With lower cost and easier installation, sales of home security cameras increased in the early 21st century. Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to deter future terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Yesil,_Bilge-26">[26]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Grant_Program" title="Homeland Security Grant Program">Homeland Security Grant Program</a>, government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2018, there are approximately 70 million surveillance cameras in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In Canada, Project SCRAM is a policing effort by the Canadian policing service <a href="/wiki/Halton_Regional_Police_Service" title="Halton Regional Police Service">Halton Regional Police Service</a> to register and help consumers understand privacy and safety issues related to the installations of home security systems. The project service has not been extended to commercial businesses.<a href="#cite_note-One_Vision,_One_Mission,_One_Team-108">[108]</a> In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with the increase of property crime.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In Brazil, CCTV usage is only permitted in public areas, though individuals must be informed about the presence of the camera according to the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/General_Personal_Data_Protection_Law" title="General Personal Data Protection Law">LGPD</a> (which broadly aligns with the EU's GDPR),<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Code" title="Brazilian Civil Code">Brazilian Civil Code</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Standards_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian National Standards Organization">Brazilian Association of Technical Standards</a>. However, starting in 2023, in Brazil, the Smart Sampa project, a project that plans to deploy 20,000 facial recognition cameras by 2024, has been criticized for its potential to be "biased against <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black individuals</a>" and overall risks of data privacy.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Russia">In Russia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Soviet_Motorised_CCTV_camera_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soviet motorized CCTV camera</figcaption></figure> In 2017, in Russia, the Moscow network included 160,000 CCTV cameras and 95 percent of residential buildings; over 3,500 Russian cameras were connected to the General Centre for Data Storage and Processing.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Video recordings are used to solve 70 percent of offenses and crimes.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In 2024, there are over 1 million video surveillance cameras in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> About 230,000 are in use in Moscow alone.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> According to data from the Russian Minister for Digital Development, <a href="/wiki/Maksut_Shadayev" title="Maksut Shadayev">Maksut Shadayev</a>, one in three of all CCTVs in Russia were connected to a <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a>. A leaked document revealed that the president of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, called on the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Russian security services</a> to fund "a massive AI-based surveillance apparatus". The spending of over <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>115 million was planned for the system in 2024–2026.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of CCTV cameras are operated not by government bodies, but by private individuals or companies, especially to monitor the interiors of shops and businesses. According to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act 2000</a> requests, the total number of local government-operated CCTV cameras was around 52,000 over the entirety of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-refBBW1-118">[118]</a> An article published in CCTV Image magazine estimated the number of private and local government-operated cameras in the United Kingdom was 1.85 million in 2011. The estimate was based on extrapolating from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire Constabulary</a> jurisdiction. This works out as an average of one camera for every 32 people in the UK, although the density of cameras varies greatly from place to place. The Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day would be seen by 70 CCTV cameras.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2011-119">[119]</a> The Cheshire figure is regarded as more dependable than a previous study by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of UrbanEye published in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2011-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Based on a small sample in <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a> High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Greater London</a> to be around 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to be around 4.2 million. According to their estimate, the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been acknowledged for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> it has been widely quoted. Furthermore, the figure of 500,000 for Greater London is often confused with the figure for the police and local government-operated cameras in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, which was about 650 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-refBBW1-118">[118]</a> The CCTV User Group estimated that there were around 1.5 million private and local government CCTV cameras in city centres, stations, airports, and major retail areas in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Research conducted by the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research and based on a survey of all Scottish local authorities identified that there are over 2,200 public space CCTV cameras in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The UK has often been cited as a country that has one of the most CCTV cameras in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In South Africa, due to the <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">high crime rate</a>, CCTV surveillance is widely prevalent. The first <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a> was released in 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Axis_Communications" title="Axis Communications">Axis Communications</a>, but IP cameras did not arrive in South Africa until 2008.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> To regulate the number of suppliers in 2001, the Private Security Industry Regulation Act was passed requiring all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA).<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In Egypt, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> has approximately 47,000 cameras,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New Administrative Capital</a> has more than 6,000 surveillance cameras in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In South Sudan, the Ministry of Interior has reinstated the operation of CCTV surveillance cameras in <a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a> after the cameras have been inactive for over four years;<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> South Sudan also launched a drone security system in 2024 in Juba.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Privacy">Privacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Privacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfm_cctv_van.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wfm_cctv_van.jpg/220px-Wfm_cctv_van.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wfm_cctv_van.jpg/220px-Wfm_cctv_van.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wfm_cctv_van.jpg/330px-Wfm_cctv_van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wfm_cctv_van.jpg/440px-Wfm_cctv_van.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A mobile closed-circuit TV van monitoring a street market</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Visual_privacy" title="Visual privacy">Visual privacy</a></div> Proponents of CCTV cameras argue that cameras are effective at deterring and solving crime, and that appropriate regulation and legal restrictions on surveillance of public spaces can provide sufficient protections so that an individual's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> can reasonably be weighed against the benefits of surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Anti-surveillance_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-surveillance activists">anti-surveillance activists</a> have held that there is a right to privacy in public areas, that the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to databases of people's pictures and identity, presents a breach of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Public_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Public place">public places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Furthermore, some scholars have argued that situations wherein a person's rights can be justifiably compromised are so rare as to not sufficiently warrant the frequent compromising of public privacy rights that occurs in regions with widespread CCTV surveillance. For example, in her book Setting the Watch: Privacy and the Ethics of CCTV Surveillance, Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only in "certain restrictively defined situations", such as when a specific location has a "comprehensively documented and significant criminal threat".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg/220px-CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg/220px-CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg/330px-CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg/440px-CCTV_graffiti_-_geograph.org.uk_-_977154.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anti-CCTV graffiti on the wall of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_by_countries">Law by countries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Law by countries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the Constitution does not explicitly include the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> although the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> has said several of the amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this right.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Access to video surveillance recordings may require a judge's <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a>, which is readily available.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> However, there is little legislation and regulation specific to video surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the use of video surveillance has grown very rapidly. In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, both the municipal and provincial versions of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_and_Protection_of_Privacy_Act_(Ontario)" title="Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Ontario)">Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act</a> outline guidelines that control how images and information can be gathered by this method and or released.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> All countries in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are signatories to the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, which protects individual rights, including the right to privacy. The <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR) required that the footage should only be retained for as long as necessary for the purpose for which it was collected. In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the use of CCTV in public spaces is regulated both nationally and via GDPR. In an opinion poll commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> in August 2017, the general public of Sweden was asked to choose one measure that would ensure their need for privacy when subject to CCTV operation in public spaces: 43% favored regulation in the form of clear routines for managing, storing, and distributing image material generated from surveillance cameras, 39% favored regulation in the form of clear signage informing that camera surveillance in public spaces is present, 10% favored regulation in the form of having restrictive policies for issuing permits for surveillance cameras in public spaces, 6% were unsure, and 2% favored regulation in the form of having permits restricting the use of surveillance cameras during certain times.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SurveillanceCamera4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SurveillanceCamera4.jpg/170px-SurveillanceCamera4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 282px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SurveillanceCamera4.jpg/170px-SurveillanceCamera4.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="282" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SurveillanceCamera4.jpg/255px-SurveillanceCamera4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/SurveillanceCamera4.jpg/340px-SurveillanceCamera4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A surveillance camera aimed at a public street (<a href="/wiki/Kungsgatan,_Stockholm" title="Kungsgatan, Stockholm">Kungsgatan</a>) in Stockholm, Sweden, mounted on top of the pole</figcaption></figure> In an updated opinion poll commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> in December 2019, the general public of Sweden was asked to share their attitudes toward the use of surveillance cameras (CCTV) in public spaces. A significant majority, 88%, expressed a positive view—45% were very positive and 43% quite positive—while only 11% held negative views, and 1% were unsure. Participants were also asked whether they believed surveillance cameras in various environments violated their personal privacy. A majority rejected that such surveillance violated their privacy at national border-crossings (82%), in city centers (77%), parks and green spaces (74%), large public events (80%), and healthcare units (68%). Somewhat less rejection was observed for surveillance in residential areas, where 67% rejected the notion that it violated their privacy. When asked about the perceived use of automatic facial recognition in surveillance cameras in Sweden, 9% believed it was used quite a lot, 55% believed it was not used much, 21% believed it was not used at all, and 15% were unsure. Regarding privacy risks, 55% of respondents believed the greatest risk came from commercial documentation of individuals (e.g., data collection tracking online consumer behavior), followed by 20% who pointed to other members of the public documenting them (e.g., photography or audio recording), and 11% who saw the greatest risk in public sector data collection (e.g., by law enforcement or healthcare providers). 15% were unsure. When asked to whom they would turn to report a privacy breach related to public camera surveillance, 35% said the Swedish National Police, 6% mentioned the Swedish Data Protection Authority, and 39% did not know where to turn. <a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998" title="Data Protection Act 1998">Data Protection Act 1998</a> imposes legal restrictions on the uses of CCTV recordings and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection Agency. In 2004, the successor to the Data Protection Agency, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a>, clarified that this required registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioner and prompt deletion of archived recordings. However, subsequent case law (<a href="/wiki/Durant_v_Financial_Services_Authority" title="Durant v Financial Services Authority">Durant vs. FSA</a>) limited the scope of the protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently regulated.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A 2007 report by the UK Information Commissioner's Office highlighted the need for the public to be made more aware of the growing use of surveillance and the potential impact on civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the same year, a campaign group claimed that the majority of CCTV cameras in the UK are operated illegally or are in breach of privacy guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2007-145">[145]</a> In response, the Information Commissioner's Office rebutted the claim and added that any reported abuses of the Data Protection Act are swiftly investigated.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph2007-145">[145]</a> Even if there are some concerns arising from the use of CCTV such as involving privacy,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> more commercial establishments are still installing CCTV systems in the UK. In 2012, the UK government enacted the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Freedoms_Act_2012" title="Protection of Freedoms Act 2012">Protection of Freedoms Act</a> which includes several provisions related to controlling the storage and use of information about individuals. Under this Act, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> published a code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras by government and local authorities. The code wrote that "surveillance by consent should be regarded as analogous to <a href="/wiki/Policing_by_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing by consent">policing by consent</a>."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the main laws governing CCTV usage are <a href="/wiki/Data_Privacy_Act_of_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Privacy Act of 2012">Data Privacy Act of 2012</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime_Prevention_Act_of_2012" title="Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012">Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012</a>. The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) is the primary law that governs data privacy in the Philippines. The Act mandates that the privacy of individuals must be respected and protected. The law applies to CCTV cameras as they collect and process personal data. The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) includes provisions that apply to CCTV usage. Under the Act, the unauthorized access to, interception of, or interference with data is a criminal offense. This means that unauthorized access to CCTV footage could potentially be considered a cybercrime.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Technological_developments">Technological developments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Technological developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg/250px-Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg/500px-Closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surveillance camera at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow Airport</a> with a wiper for clear images during rain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-controlled_identification">Computer-controlled identification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Computer-controlled identification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Computer-controlled cameras can identify, <a href="/wiki/Video_tracking" title="Video tracking">track</a>, and categorize objects in their field of view.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_content_analysis" title="Video content analysis">Video content analysis</a>, also referred to as video analytics, is the capability of automatically analyzing <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> to detect and determine temporal events not based on a single image but rather on <a href="/wiki/Object_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Object classification">object classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Advanced VCA applications can measure object speed. Some video analytics applications can be used to apply rules to designated areas. These rules can relate to access control. For example, they can describe which objects can enter into a specific area.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> There are different approaches to implementing VCA technology. Data may be processed on the camera itself (<a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">edge processing</a>) or by a centralized server.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a>-powered CCTV cameras have also been further tested to detect congestion,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> be used as a facial recognition system, and predict signs of criminal activities.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compression">Compression</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Compression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per second, and image size, and is affected by the retention period of the videos or images.<a href="#cite_note-JVSG_Video_Compression_Guide_2010-157">[157]</a> DVRs store images in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_file_format" title="Proprietary file format">proprietary file formats</a>. CCTV security cameras can either store the images on a local hard disk drive, an SD card, or in the cloud. Recordings may be retained for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived, overwritten, or deleted, the period being determined by the organisation that generated them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IP_cameras">IP cameras</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: IP cameras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 320px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Intellinet_Network_Solutions_NSC11-WN_Home_Network_IP_Camera.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="320" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A wireless <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a></figcaption></figure> A growing branch in CCTV is internet protocol cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014 was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> IP cameras use the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) used by most <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (LANs) to transmit video across data networks in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras remotely on a computer or phone via an internet connection.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> IP cameras are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a>) and have many of the same benefits and security risks as other IP-enabled devices.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smart_doorbell" title="Smart doorbell">Smart doorbells</a> are one example of a type of CCTV that uses IP to allow it to send alerts. Main types of IP cameras include fixed cameras, <a href="/wiki/Pan%E2%80%93tilt%E2%80%93zoom_camera" title="Pan–tilt–zoom camera">pan–tilt–zoom</a> (PTZ) cameras, and multi-sensor cameras.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Fixed cameras' resolution typically does not exceed 20 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">megapixels</a>. The main feature of a PTZ is its remote directional and <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">optical zoom</a> capability. With multi-sensor cameras, wider areas can be monitored. Industrial video surveillance systems use <a href="/wiki/Network_video_recorder" title="Network video recorder">network video recorders</a> to support IP cameras. These devices are responsible for the recording, storage, video stream processing, and alarm management. Since 2008, IP video surveillance manufacturers can use a standardized network interface (<a href="/wiki/ONVIF" title="ONVIF">ONVIF</a>) to support compatibility between systems.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a private network or <a href="/wiki/VPN" class="mw-redirect" title="VPN">VPN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking_CCTV_cameras">Networking CCTV cameras</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Networking CCTV cameras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects, etc.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Even homeowners are able to contribute footage. It is estimated to incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The system is used by Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Emergency_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Emergency Management">Office of Emergency Management</a> in case of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for use as evidence in criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_security_cameras">Wireless security cameras</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wireless security cameras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_security_camera" title="Wireless security camera">Wireless security camera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg/220px-Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg/220px-Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg/330px-Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg/440px-Lorex_digital_wireless_camera.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wireless_security_camera" title="Wireless security camera">Wireless security camera</a></figcaption></figure> Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Previous generations of wireless security cameras relied on analogue technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology with usually more secure and interference-free signals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">Wireless mesh networks</a> have been used for connection with the other radios in the same group.<a href="#cite_note-:5-169">[169]</a> There are also cameras using solar power. Wireless IP cameras can become a client on the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">WLAN</a>, and they can be configured with encryption and <a href="/wiki/Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">authentication protocols</a> with a connection to an <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">access point</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talking_CCTV">Talking CCTV</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Talking CCTV" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Talking_CCTV" title="Talking CCTV">Talking CCTV</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, United Kingdom, in 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_experiment" title="Pilot experiment">pilot scheme</a> for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" was put into action, allowing operators of CCTV cameras to communicate through the camera via a speaker when it is needed. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Mallon" title="Ray Mallon">Ray Mallon</a>, the mayor and former senior police officer of <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, implemented "Talking CCTV" in his area.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Other towns have had such cameras installed. In 2007, several of the devices were installed in <a href="/wiki/Bridlington" title="Bridlington">Bridlington</a> town centre, <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Countermeasures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> In December 2016, a form of anti-CCTV and facial recognition sunglasses called "reflectacles" were invented by a craftsman based in Chicago named Scott Urban.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> They reflect infrared and, optionally, visible light which makes the user's face a white blur to cameras. The project passed its funding goal of $28,000, and "reflectacles" became commercially available in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_for_video_surveillance" title="Artificial intelligence for video surveillance">Artificial intelligence for video surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugging" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugging">Bugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">"CATV" as cable television</a>—not to be confused with CCTV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television_camera" title="Closed-circuit television camera">Closed-circuit television camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_and_night_camera" title="Day and night camera">Day and night camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effio" title="Effio">Effio</a>, uncompressed analog streaming video format</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_in_the_sky_(camera)" title="Eye in the sky (camera)">Eye in the sky (camera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_security_camera" title="Fake security camera">Fake security camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INDECT" title="INDECT">INDECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_operations_center" title="Security operations center">Security operations center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_smoke" title="Security smoke">Security smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_camera" title="Smart camera">Smart camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousveillance" title="Sousveillance">Sousveillance</a> (inverse surveillance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_Modern_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on Modern Liberty">The Convention on Modern Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Network_Protocol" title="TV Network Protocol">TV Network Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_vehicle_inspection" title="Under vehicle inspection">Under vehicle inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Video analytics">Video analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Video evidence">Video evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County_Closed-Circuit_Educational_Television_Project" title="Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project">Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Applications" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Surveillance drone</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKumarSvensson2015" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Svensson, Jakob, eds. 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Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 146–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096169-9"><bdi>978-0-08-096169-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+video+surveillance+and+security&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-096169-9&rft.aulast=Caputo&rft.aufirst=Tony+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/5353538.stm">"Town trials talking CCTV cameras"</a>. BBC News. 17 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Town+trials+talking+CCTV+cameras&rft.date=2006-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Ftees%2F5353538.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6492925.stm">"'Talking' CCTV cameras are tested"</a>. BBC News. 25 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Talking%27+CCTV+cameras+are+tested&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhumber%2F6492925.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042059/https://www.magneticmag.com/2016/12/be-seen-and-unseen-reflectacles-are-the-sunglasses-of-the-future/">"Be Seen and Unseen! Reflectacles are the Sunglasses of the Future"</a>. Magnetic Magazine. 29 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magneticmag.com/2016/12/be-seen-and-unseen-reflectacles-are-the-sunglasses-of-the-future/">the original</a> on 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magnetic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Be+Seen+and+Unseen%21+Reflectacles+are+the+Sunglasses+of+the+Future&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magneticmag.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fbe-seen-and-unseen-reflectacles-are-the-sunglasses-of-the-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/reflectacles/reflectacles-reflective-eyewear-and-sunglasses">"Reflectacles - Reflective Eyewear and Sunglasses"</a>. Kickstarter. 22 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kickstarter&rft.atitle=Reflectacles+-+Reflective+Eyewear+and+Sunglasses&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kickstarter.com%2Fprojects%2Freflectacles%2Freflectacles-reflective-eyewear-and-sunglasses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong,_Gary1999" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Gary, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gENAQAAMAAJ">The maximum surveillance society: the rise of CCTV</a>. Berg (originally, University of Michigan Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859732212" title="Special:BookSources/9781859732212"><bdi>9781859732212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+maximum+surveillance+society%3A+the+rise+of+CCTV&rft.pub=Berg+%28originally%2C+University+of+Michigan+Press%29&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781859732212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gENAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyfe,_NicholasBannister,_Jon2005" class="citation book cs1">Fyfe, Nicholas; Bannister, Jon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=box4yhB5TL4C&pg=PA364">"City Watching: Closed-Circuit Television in Public Spaces"</a>. In Fyfe, Nicholas; Kenny, Judith T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urbangeographyre0000unse">The Urban Geography Reader</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415307017" title="Special:BookSources/9780415307017"><bdi>9780415307017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+Watching%3A+Closed-Circuit+Television+in+Public+Spaces&rft.btitle=The+Urban+Geography+Reader&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415307017&rft.au=Fyfe%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Bannister%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbox4yhB5TL4C%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassauer,_Anne2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nassauer, Anne (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022427817715754">"How Robberies Succeed or Fail: Analyzing Crime Caught on CCTV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Research_in_Crime_and_Delinquency" title="Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency">Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency</a>. 55 (1): 125–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022427817715754">10.1177/0022427817715754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Crime+and+Delinquency&rft.atitle=How+Robberies+Succeed+or+Fail%3A+Analyzing+Crime+Caught+on+CCTV&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022427817715754&rft.au=Nassauer%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0022427817715754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewburn,_TimHayman,_Stephanie2001" class="citation book cs1">Newburn, Tim; Hayman, Stephanie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YaonBzDpUjIC">Policing, Surveillance and Social Control: CCTV and police monitoring of suspects</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843924692" title="Special:BookSources/9781843924692"><bdi>9781843924692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing%2C+Surveillance+and+Social+Control%3A+CCTV+and+police+monitoring+of+suspects&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781843924692&rft.au=Newburn%2C+Tim&rft.au=Hayman%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYaonBzDpUjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris,_Clive2003" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Clive (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCLFBfZwl08C&pg=PA249">"From Personal to Digital: CCTV, the panopticon, and the technological mediation of suspicion and social control"</a>. In Lyon, David (ed.). Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415278737" title="Special:BookSources/9780415278737"><bdi>9780415278737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Personal+to+Digital%3A+CCTV%2C+the+panopticon%2C+and+the+technological+mediation+of+suspicion+and+social+control&rft.btitle=Surveillance+as+Social+Sorting%3A+Privacy%2C+Risk%2C+and+Digital+Discrimination&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415278737&rft.au=Norris%2C+Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCLFBfZwl08C%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClosed-circuit+television" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wei Qi Yan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-10713-0">Introduction to Intelligent Surveillance: Surveillance Data Capture, Transmission, and Analytics</a>, Springer London.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&oldid=1282718771">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&oldid=1282718771</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Closed-circuit_television&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 March 2025, at 05:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دائرة تلفزيونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة تلفزيونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitu_zarr%C3%A1u_de_televisi%C3%B3n" title="Circuitu zarráu de televisión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circuitu zarráu de televisión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qapal%C4%B1_d%C3%B6vriyy%C9%99li_televiziya" title="Qapalı dövriyyəli televiziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qapalı dövriyyəli televiziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="ভিডিও নজরদারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিডিও নজরদারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Видеонаблюдение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видеонаблюдение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_tancat_de_televisi%C3%B3" title="Circuit tancat de televisió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circuit tancat de televisió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerov%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Kamerový systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kamerový systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveglianza_Video" title="Surveglianza Video – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Surveglianza Video" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledu_cylch_cyfyng" title="Teledu cylch cyfyng – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teledu cylch cyfyng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videooverv%C3%A5gning" title="Videoovervågning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Videoovervågning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%C3%BCberwachung" title="Videoüberwachung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Videoüberwachung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisetelevisioon" title="Sisetelevisioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sisetelevisioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κλειστό κύκλωμα τηλεόρασης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλειστό κύκλωμα τηλεόρασης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_cerrado_de_televisi%C3%B3n" title="Circuito cerrado de televisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circuito cerrado de televisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87" title="سامانه تصویری مداربسته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه تصویری مداربسته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9osurveillance" title="Vidéosurveillance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vidéosurveillance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilif%C3%ADs_ciorcaid_iata" title="Teilifís ciorcaid iata – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilifís ciorcaid iata" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circu%C3%ADto_pechado_de_televisi%C3%B3n" title="Circuíto pechado de televisión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circuíto pechado de televisión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%87%84%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C_%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="폐쇄회로 텔레비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐쇄회로 텔레비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_nadzor" title="Video nadzor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Video nadzor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_pengawas" title="Kamera pengawas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamera pengawas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eftirlit_me%C3%B0_myndav%C3%A9lum" title="Eftirlit með myndavélum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eftirlit með myndavélum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisione_a_circuito_chiuso" title="Televisione a circuito chiuso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Televisione a circuito chiuso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8" title="טלוויזיה במעגל סגור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלוויזיה במעגל סגור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸಂವೃತ ಸಂಚಾರಮಾರ್ಗದ ದೂರದರ್ಶನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂವೃತ ಸಂಚಾರಮಾರ್ಗದ ದೂರದರ್ಶನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്ലോസ്ഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട് ടെലിവിഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലോസ്ഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട് ടെലിവിഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_litar_tertutup" title="Kamera litar tertutup – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kamera litar tertutup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="လုံခြုံရေး ကင်မရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လုံခြုံရေး ကင်မရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameratoezicht" title="Cameratoezicht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cameratoezicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameraoverv%C3%A5king" title="Kameraovervåking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kameraovervåking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videokuzatuv" title="Videokuzatuv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Videokuzatuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DA%93%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%85" title="د تړلې دورې تلویزیوني سیسټم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تړلې دورې تلویزیوني سیسټم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telewizja_przemys%C5%82owa" title="Telewizja przemysłowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telewizja przemysłowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_fechado_de_televis%C3%A3o" title="Circuito fechado de televisão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circuito fechado de televisão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supravegherea_video" title="Supravegherea video – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Supravegherea video" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Видеонаблюдение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видеонаблюдение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_v%C3%ABzhgimi" title="Video vëzhgimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Video vëzhgimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සංවෘත පරිපථ රූපවාහිනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංවෘත පරිපථ රූපවාහිනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Closed-circuit television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priemyseln%C3%A1_telev%C3%ADzia" title="Priemyselná televízia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priemyselná televízia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_nadzor" title="Video nadzor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Video nadzor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Видео-надзор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Видео-надзор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_nadzor" title="Video nadzor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Video nadzor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvontakamera" title="Valvontakamera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valvontakamera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera%C3%B6vervakning" title="Kameraövervakning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kameraövervakning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மூடிய-மின்சுற்று தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூடிய-மின்சுற்று தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="โทรทัศน์วงจรปิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรทัศน์วงจรปิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Назорати видеоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Назорати видеоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal%C4%B1_devre_televizyon" title="Kapalı devre televizyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapalı devre televizyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Відеоспостереження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відеоспостереження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سی سی ٹی وی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سی سی ٹی وی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_quan_s%C3%A1t" title="Camera quan sát – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Camera quan sát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guigne-djin" title="Guigne-djin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guigne-djin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="闭路电视 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="闭路电视" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%89%E8%B7%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="閉路電視 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="閉路電視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%89%E8%B7%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="閉路電視 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="閉路電視" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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