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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prevention and mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Describing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Describing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Describing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Describing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_projects_with_large_cost_overruns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_projects_with_large_cost_overruns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of projects with large cost overruns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_projects_with_large_cost_overruns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Underestimated" redirects here. For the Jennifer Paige song, see <a href="/wiki/Underestimated_(song)" title="Underestimated (song)">Underestimated (song)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unexpected incurred costs in excess of budgeted amounts</div> <p>A <b>cost overrun</b>, also known as a <b>cost increase</b> or <b>budget overrun</b>, involves unexpected incurred <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">costs</a>. When these costs are in excess of budgeted amounts due to a <a href="/wiki/Value_engineering" title="Value engineering">value engineering</a> underestimation of the actual cost during budgeting, they are known by these terms. </p><p>Cost overruns are common in <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> projects. For <a href="/wiki/IT_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="IT projects">IT projects</a>, a 2004 industry study by the <a href="/wiki/Standish_Group" title="Standish Group">Standish Group</a> found an average cost overrun of 43 percent; 71 percent of projects came in over budget, exceeded time estimates, and had estimated too narrow a <a href="/wiki/Scope_(project_management)" title="Scope (project management)">scope</a>; and total waste was estimated at $55 billion per year in the US alone.<sup id="cite_ref-chaos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many major construction projects have incurred cost overruns; cost estimates used to decide whether important transportation infrastructure should be built can mislead grossly and systematically.<sup id="cite_ref-errororlie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-errororlie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cost overrun is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Cost_escalation" title="Cost escalation">cost escalation</a>, which is an <i>anticipated</i> growth in a budgeted cost due to factors such as inflation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent works by Ahiaga-Dagbui and Smith suggests an alternative to what is traditionally seen as an overrun in the construction field.<sup id="cite_ref-datamining_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datamining-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attempt to make a distinction between the often <b>conflated causes of construction cost underestimation</b> and <b>eventual cost overruns</b>. Critical to their argument is the point of reference for measuring cost overruns. Whereas some measure the size of cost overruns as the difference between cost at the time of decision to build and final completion costs, others measure the size of overruns as the difference between cost at contract award and final completion cost. This leads to a wide range in the size of overruns reported in different studies. </p><p>Four types of <a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">explanation</a> for cost overrun exist: <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>-<a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_engineering" title="Value engineering">value engineering</a>. Technical explanations account for cost overrun in terms of imperfect <a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">forecasting</a> techniques, inadequate data, etc. Psychological explanations account for overrun in terms of <a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">optimism bias</a> with forecasters. <a href="/wiki/Scope_creep" title="Scope creep">Scope creep</a>, where the requirements or targets rises during the project, is common. Finally, political-economic explanations see overrun as the result of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_misrepresentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic misrepresentation">strategic misrepresentation</a> of scope or budgets. Historically, political explanations for cost overrun have been seen to be the most dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-embeddedness_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embeddedness-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the USA, the architectural firm Home Architects has attributed this to a human trait they call "Psychology of Construction Cost Denial", regarding the cost inflation of custom homes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A less explored possible cause of cost overruns on construction project is the <a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">escalation of commitment</a> to a course of action. This theory, grounded in social psychology and organisation behaviour, suggests the tendency of people and organisations to become locked-in and entrapped in a particular course of action and thereby 'throw good money after bad' to make the venture succeed. This defies conventional rationality behind subjective expected utility theory. Ahiaga-Dagbui and Smith explore the effects of <a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">escalation of commitment</a> on project delivery in construction using the case of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-scottish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scottish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a recent study has suggested that principles of chaos theory can be employed to understand how cost overruns emerge in <a href="/wiki/Megaprojects" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaprojects">megaprojects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This paper seeks to reclassify megaprojects as chaotic systems that are nonlinear and therefore difficult to predict. Using cases of cost overruns in oil and gas megaprojects, this study makes strong argument that chaos theory can indeed be a silver bullet in finding solutions to the recurring problem of cost overruns in megaprojects. </p><p>A newly discovered possible cause of cost overruns is <a href="/wiki/Value_engineering" title="Value engineering">value engineering</a>, and an approach to correct value engineering cost overruns known as value-driven-design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_mitigation">Prevention and mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prevention and mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to problem of cost overruns on major projects, the UK Government set up a Major Projects Authority to provide <a href="/wiki/Project_assurance" title="Project assurance">project assurance</a> to HM Treasury and other Government departments undertaking major projects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent review of the financial effectiveness of project assurance in reducing cost overruns found the project assurance process to be effective in reducing cost overruns and recommended an expansion of the process to cover most of the Government's project portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project assurance is now also being used by private sector companies undertaking major projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Describing">Describing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Describing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cost_overrun" title="Special:EditPage/Cost overrun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cost overrun can be described in multiple ways. </p> <ul><li>As a percentage of the total expenditure</li> <li>As a total percentage including and above the original budget</li> <li>As a percentage of the cost overruns to original budget</li></ul> <p>For example, consider a bridge with a construction budget of $100 million where the actual cost was $150 million. This scenario could be truthfully represented by the following statement </p> <ul><li>The cost overruns constituted 33% of the total expense.</li> <li>The budget for the bridge increased to 150%.</li> <li>The cost overruns exceeded the original budget by 50%.</li></ul> <p>The final example is the most commonly used as it specifically describes the cost overruns exclusively whereas the other two describe the overrun as an aspect of the total expense. In any case care should be taken to accurately describe what is meant by the chosen percentage so as to avoid ambiguity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_projects_with_large_cost_overruns">List of projects with large cost overruns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of projects with large cost overruns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information</b> in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_failed_and_overbudget_custom_software_projects" title="List of failed and overbudget custom software projects">List of failed and overbudget custom software projects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cost_overrun" title="Special:EditPage/Cost overrun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> was completed ten years late and more than fourteen times over budget.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Firearms_Registry" title="Canadian Firearms Registry">Canadian Firearms Registry</a>, initially projected to cost Canadian taxpayers $CAN 2 million, ended up being 1,000 times over budget at $CAN 2 billion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Mountain_pipeline" title="Trans Mountain pipeline">Trans Mountain pipeline</a> expansion comes in 70 per cent higher than expected. Trans Mountain Corporation announced the projected cost of the pipeline expansion has soared from its earlier estimate of $12.6 billion to $21.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">NHS</a> patient records system, implemented as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Programme_for_IT" class="mw-redirect" title="National Programme for IT">National Programme for IT</a>, was originally estimated to cost £6.4bn and eventually abandoned before completion after £10bn were spent. It was described as "one of the worst and most expensive contracting fiascos in the history of the public sector".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-scottish_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scottish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally "expected to take two years and cost £40 million" but "took five years and cost £400 million".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Trams" title="Edinburgh Trams">Edinburgh Trams</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cost_overrun" title="Special:EditPage/Cost overrun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Dig" title="Big Dig">Big Dig</a>, a multi-billion dollar highway reconstruction in Boston, was delivered nine years late with a cost overrun of 190% adjusted for inflation.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Dreamliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Dreamliner">Boeing Dreamliner</a> programme, announced in 2003, was supposed to cost $6 billion and see the plane take to the air in 2008. The final bill was closer to $32 billion; and the plane arrived three years late.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cost_overrun" title="Special:EditPage/Cost overrun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Brandenburg_Airport" title="Berlin Brandenburg Airport">Berlin Brandenburg Airport</a>: 1 billion euro → 6 billion euro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Philharmonic_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe Philharmonic Hall">Elbe Philharmonic Hall</a> in Hamburg: 77 million euro → 789 million euro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landesarchiv_Nordrhein-Westfalen" title="Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen">Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen</a> in Duisburg: 30 million euro → 195 million euro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatsoper Unter den Linden">Staatsoper Unter den Linden</a>: 240 million euro → 400 million euro</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cost_overrun" title="Special:EditPage/Cost overrun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Unit_3" title="Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant">Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3</a>: 3 billion euro → 8.5 billion euro (as of 2017, project still ongoing)</li> <li>Helsinki <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4nsimetro" title="Länsimetro">Western Metro Extension</a>: 400 million euro → 1.19 billion euro (September 2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cost_overrun" title="Special:EditPage/Cost overrun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>: US$12 billion → US$51 billion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krestovsky_Stadium" title="Krestovsky Stadium">Krestovsky Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> = 548%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admissible_heuristic" title="Admissible heuristic">Admissible heuristic</a> – Computer science pathfinding concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_shortfall" title="Benefit shortfall">Benefit shortfall</a> – When the actual benefits of a venture are less than the projected or estimated benefits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downside_risk" title="Downside risk">Downside risk</a> – Risk of the actual return being below the expected return</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_contract_theory" title="Efficient contract theory">Efficient contract theory</a> – Hypothesis that if a contract continues to exist it must be efficient due to survivorship bias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment" title="Escalation of commitment">Escalation of commitment</a> – A human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasingly greater risk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiding_hand_principle" title="Hiding hand principle">Hiding hand principle</a> – How ignorance intersects with rational choice to undertake a project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a> – Extremely large-scale construction and investment project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">Optimism bias</a> – Type of cognitive bias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_fallacy" title="Planning fallacy">Planning fallacy</a> – Cognitive bias of underestimating time needed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_class_forecasting" title="Reference class forecasting">Reference class forecasting</a> – Method of predicting the future</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_creep" title="Scope creep">Scope creep</a> – Continuous or uncontrolled growth in a project's scope, at any point after the project begins</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chaos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chaos_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStandish_Group2004" class="citation report cs1">Standish Group (2004). CHAOS Report (Report). West Yarmouth, Massachusetts: Standish Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=CHAOS+Report&rft.place=West+Yarmouth%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Standish+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Standish+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACost+overrun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-errororlie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-errororlie_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlyvbjergHolmBuhl2002" class="citation journal cs1">Flyvbjerg, Bent; Holm, Mette K. Skamris; Buhl, Søren L. (2002). "Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?". <i>Journal of the American Planning Association</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 279–295. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.6604">1303.6604</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013arXiv1303.6604F">2013arXiv1303.6604F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01944360208976273">10.1080/01944360208976273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5807225">5807225</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2278415">2278415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Planning+Association&rft.atitle=Underestimating+Costs+in+Public+Works+Projects%3A+Error+or+Lie%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-295&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5807225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013arXiv1303.6604F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1303.6604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2278415%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01944360208976273&rft.aulast=Flyvbjerg&rft.aufirst=Bent&rft.au=Holm%2C+Mette+K.+Skamris&rft.au=Buhl%2C+S%C3%B8ren+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACost+overrun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-datamining-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-datamining_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhiaga-DagbuiSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ahiaga-Dagbui, Dominic D.; Smith, Simon D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262932913">"Dealing with construction cost overruns using data mining"</a>. <i>Construction Management and Economics</i>. <b>32</b> (7–8): 682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01446193.2014.933854">10.1080/01446193.2014.933854</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10059%2F1307">10059/1307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58922802">58922802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Construction+Management+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Dealing+with+construction+cost+overruns+using+data+mining&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=682&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10059%2F1307&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58922802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01446193.2014.933854&rft.aulast=Ahiaga-Dagbui&rft.aufirst=Dominic+D.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Simon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262932913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACost+overrun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-embeddedness-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-embeddedness_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantarelliFlybjergMolinvan_Wee2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cantarelli, Chantal C.; Flybjerg, Bent; Molin, Eric J. 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The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abandoned+NHS+IT+system+has+cost+%C2%A310bn+so+far&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft.aulast=Syal&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2013%2Fsep%2F18%2Fnhs-records-system-10bn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACost+overrun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2017" class="citation book cs1">Harari, Yuval Noah (2017). <i>Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow</i>. New York: Harper. p. 305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Deus%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Tomorrow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACost+overrun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/risks">The RISKS digest</a> (focuses on failed and overran IT projects)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&oldid=1235259081">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_overrun&oldid=1235259081</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Costs" title="Category:Costs">Costs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2023">Articles needing additional references from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from August 2022">Articles needing cleanup from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_list_cleanup_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia list cleanup from August 2022">Wikipedia list cleanup from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 July 2024, at 12:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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