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<span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strong_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strong_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Strong state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strong_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_exceptionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_exceptionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>French exceptionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_exceptionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_legacy_after_Charles_de_Gaulle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_legacy_after_Charles_de_Gaulle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political legacy after Charles de Gaulle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_legacy_after_Charles_de_Gaulle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Currents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Currents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Currents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_Gaullism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Gaullism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Traditional Gaullism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Gaullism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_Gaullism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_Gaullism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social Gaullism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_Gaullism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Gaullism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Gaullism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Neo-Gaullism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Gaullism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_Gaulle_vs._the_parties_(1944–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Gaulle_vs._the_parties_(1944–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>De Gaulle vs. the parties (1944–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Gaulle_vs._the_parties_(1944–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaullist_party_and_Fourth_Republic:_opposition_and_desert_crossing_(1947–1958)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaullist_party_and_Fourth_Republic:_opposition_and_desert_crossing_(1947–1958)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gaullist party and Fourth Republic: opposition and desert crossing (1947–1958)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaullist_party_and_Fourth_Republic:_opposition_and_desert_crossing_(1947–1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaullist_party's_height_(1958–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaullist_party's_height_(1958–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gaullist party's height (1958–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaullist_party's_height_(1958–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chirac-led_neo-Gaullist_party:_RPR_and_UMP_(1976–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirac-led_neo-Gaullist_party:_RPR_and_UMP_(1976–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Chirac-led neo-Gaullist party: RPR and UMP (1976–2007)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirac-led_neo-Gaullist_party:_RPR_and_UMP_(1976–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaullism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديغولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديغولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismu" title="Gaullismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gaullismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismus" title="Gaullismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaullismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliaeth" title="Gauliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gauliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismus" title="Gaullismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaullismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γκωλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκωλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismo" title="Gaullismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gaullismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%ADlismo" title="Gaŭlismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaŭlismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismo" title="Gaullismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaullismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismo" title="Gaullismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gaullismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EA%B3%A8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="드골주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드골주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Գոլիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոլիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullizam" title="Gaullizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gaullizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulismo" title="Gaulismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gaulismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismi" title="Gaullismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gaullismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollismo" title="Gollismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gollismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Голлизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Голлизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gollisms" title="Gollisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gollisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="ド・ゴール主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ド・ゴール主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullisme" title="Gaullisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gaullisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullizm" title="Gaullizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaullizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismo" title="Gaullismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaullismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Голлизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голлизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gaullism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golizam" title="Golizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Golizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degolizam" title="Degolizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Degolizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullismi" title="Gaullismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaullismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gaullism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaullizm" title="Gaullizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaullizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Голлізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голлізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%AB%98%E6%A8%82%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="戴高樂主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴高樂主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q770215#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/220px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/330px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg/440px-De_Gaulle-OWI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> in his military uniform <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gaullism</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Gaullisme</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡolism]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">French political stance</a> based on the thought and action of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, who would become the founding <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gaulle <a href="/wiki/French_withdrawal_from_NATO_command" class="mw-redirect" title="French withdrawal from NATO command">withdrew French forces</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_NATO" title="Structure of NATO">NATO Command Structure</a>, forced the removal of allied (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>) military bases from France, as well as initiated <a href="/wiki/Force_de_dissuasion" title="Force de dissuasion">France's own independent</a> nuclear deterrent programme. His actions were predicated on the view that France would not be subordinate to other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Serge_Berstein" title="Serge Berstein">Serge Berstein</a>, Gaullism is "neither a doctrine nor a <a href="/wiki/Political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">political ideology</a>" and cannot be considered either <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> or <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>. Rather, "considering its historical progression, it is a <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a> exercise of power that is neither free from contradictions nor of concessions to momentary necessity, even if the imperious word of the general gives to the practice of Gaullism the allure of a programme that seems profound and fully realised." Gaullism is "a peculiarly French phenomenon, without doubt the quintessential French political phenomenon of the 20th century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_D._Kritzman" title="Lawrence D. Kritzman">Lawrence D. Kritzman</a> argues that Gaullism may be seen as a form of French patriotism in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>. He writes: "Aligned on the political spectrum with the right, Gaullism was committed nevertheless to the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican values</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>, and so distanced itself from the particularist ambitions of the traditional right and its xenophobic causes." Furthermore, "Gaullism saw as its mission the affirmation of national sovereignty and unity, which was diametrically opposed to the divisiveness created by the leftist commitment to <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaullism was nationalistic. In the early post-WWII period, Gaullists advocated for retaining the French Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gaulle shifted his stance on empire in the mid-1950s, suggesting potential federal arrangements or <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and membership in the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berstein writes that Gaullism has progressed in multiple stages: </p> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>The flag of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a>, a symbol of Gaullism<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>The first phase (1940–45) occurred during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In this period, Gaullism is identified with those French who rejected the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">armistice with Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a> collaborators led by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, and joined with General Charles de Gaulle and the <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French Forces</a>, who sought to put France back in the war on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the second phase (1946–1958), Gaullism was a type of opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth French Republic">Fourth French Republic</a>. Gaullists in this period challenged the unstable parliamentary government of the Fourth Republic and advocated its replacement with "<a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">a president of the republic with preeminent constitutional powers</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the third phase (1958–69), "Gaullism was nothing other than the support given to the general's own politics after he returned to power in 1958 and served as president of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth Republic</a> from 1959 until his resignation in 1969."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Since 1969, Gaullism has been used to describe those identified as heirs to de Gaulle's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Lorraine" title="Cross of Lorraine">Cross of Lorraine</a>, used by the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistant</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> (1940–1944) during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, has served as the symbol of many Gaullist parties and movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a> (1947–1955), the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for the New Republic (France)">Union for the New Republic</a> (1958–1967), or the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (1976–2002).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in France</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#French_integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#France" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme#France" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#France" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle#The_natural_order" title="La Politique naturelle">Natural order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouan</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Ballanche" title="Pierre-Simon Ballanche">Ballanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1802)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1819)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(post_Liberation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (post Liberation)">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études<br />pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(pre_Liberation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (pre Liberation)">Action Française (pre Liberation)</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/France_profonde" title="France profonde">France profonde</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina"><i>Maurrassisme</i> in Argentina</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ligues_d%27extr%C3%AAme_droite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligues d'extrême droite">Ligues d'extrême droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#France" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sinistrisme" title="Sinistrisme">Sinistrisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntist_Right_(French_politics)" title="Sovereigntist Right (French politics)">Sovereigntist Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong_state">Strong state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Strong state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "fundamental principle" of Gaullism is a "certain idea of France" as a strong state. In his <i>War Memoirs</i>, de Gaulle describes France as "an indomitable entity, a 'person' with whom a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> dialogue was maintained throughout history. The goal of Gaullism, therefore, is to give precedence to its interests, to ensure that the voice is heard, to make it respected, and to assure its survival … to remain worthy of its past, the nation must endow itself with a powerful state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kritzman writes that "the Gaullist idea of France set out to restore the honor of the nation and affirm its grandeur and independence" with de Gaulle seeking to "construct a messianic vision of France's historic destiny, reaffirm its prestige in the world, and transcend the national humiliations of the past."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, de Gaulle urged French unity over divisive "partisan quarrels" and emphasized French heritage, including both the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French political figures most admired by de Gaulle "were those responsible for national consensus—<a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>—who saw as their goal the creation of political and social unity by a strong state."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to strengthen France, Gaullists also emphasize the need for "a strong economy and a stable society." Gaullism believes, according to Berstein, that "it is the imperative of the state, as guardian of the national interest, to give impetus to economic growth and to guide it. <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a> opinion is accepted if it promises more efficiency than planning. As for social justice, so long as its natural distrust of <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a> can be allayed, it is less a matter of doctrine than a means of upholding stability. To put an end to class struggle, Gaullists hope to make use of participation, a nineteenth-century concept of which the general spoke frequently, but which he allowed his associates to ignore."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of a strong state, de Gaulle highlighted the necessity to found state institutions on a strong executive, contrasting with the French republican tradition, which emphasized the role of the elected assembly. During his time in office, de Gaulle sought to establish authority by holding direct universal votes and popular <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">referendums</a> and by directly engaging with the nation (via speeches broadcast over radio, press conferences, and trips to the provinces).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though he frequently spoke on his respect for democracy, his political opponents perceived in his rule a tendency toward dictatorial power; many feared a <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> revival or a <a href="/wiki/Republican_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican monarchy">republican monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France remained a democracy, however, and de Gaulle's decision to step down as president following voters' rejection of the <a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">April 1969 constitutional referendum</a> showed that his commitment to democratic principles was not merely a rhetorical ploy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_exceptionalism">French exceptionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French exceptionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, Gaullists are identified with both <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a>, and de Gaulle sought to impose French influence on the global order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaullists supported <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, which freed France from the burden of <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reflected in de Gaulle's resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria crisis</a> (1954–1962), which was strongly influenced by de Gaulle's <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a>, or "keen sense of political expediency."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing that decolonization was inevitable, and that a continued crisis and extended <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> would harm the French economy and perpetuate national disunity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "de Gaulle felt that it was in France's best interests to grant independence and desist from military engagement," thereby preserving French unity and grandeur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Gaulle_1961_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/De_Gaulle_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg/203px-De_Gaulle_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/De_Gaulle_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg/304px-De_Gaulle_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/De_Gaulle_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg/406px-De_Gaulle_1961_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Charles de Gaulle in 1961, then the French president</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaullists emphasize the need for France to "guarantee its national independence without resorting to allies whose interests might not coincide with those of France." The development of <a href="/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="France and weapons of mass destruction">independent French nuclear capability</a>, undertaken at significant effort despite much international criticism, was an outgrowth of this worldview. However, de Gaulle simultaneously initiated one of the first international nonproliferation efforts by quietly unshackling and distancing the French program from a diplomatically troublesome secret involvement with an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel#Before_Dimona,_1949–1956" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">Israeli junior partner</a>, attempting to demilitarize and open to international oversight the Israeli nuclear arms program.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France under de Gaulle sought to avoid a post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">bipolar global political order</a> dominated by the two superpowers of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and sought to avoid <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-American relations">dependence on the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kritzman writes: "Gaullist foreign policy was motivated by its need to distinguish itself from … the two great superpowers. Paradoxically, [de Gaulle] desired to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Western alliance">Western alliance</a> and be critical of it at the same time on key issues such as defense."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, de Gaulle withdrew France from <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) military operations in 1966, and directed non-French NATO troops to leave France, although France remained a NATO member. Gaullists were also critical of the overseas economic influence of the U.S. and the role of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_monetary_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="International monetary systems">international monetary system</a>. Under de Gaulle, France <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">established diplomatic relations with China</a> earlier than most other Western nations; imposed an <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="France–Israel relations">arms embargo against Israel</a> (1967); and denounced <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Gaulle and the Gaullists did not support Europe as a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> entity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did favour <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> in the form of "a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> mutually engaged in "common policy, autonomous from the superpowers," and significantly influenced by France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Gaulle's hopes to advance this sort of union largely failed, however, "in the face of the desire of the other European powers to remain closely allied to the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_legacy_after_Charles_de_Gaulle">Political legacy after Charles de Gaulle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political legacy after Charles de Gaulle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De Gaulle's political legacy has been profound in France and has gradually influenced the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor as president, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>, consolidated Gaullism during his term from 1969 to 1974. Once-controversial Gaullist ideas have become accepted as part of the French political consensus and "are no longer the focus of political controversy." For instance, the strong presidency was maintained by all of de Gaulle's successors, including the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (1981–1995). French independent nuclear capability and a foreign policy influenced by Gaullism–although expressed "in more flexible terms"–remains "the guiding force of French international relations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a>, de Gaulle's legacy was claimed by candidates ranging from the radical left to the radical right, including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Jean-Luc Mélenchon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Hamon" title="Benoît Hamon">Benoît Hamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon" title="François Fillon">François Fillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Berstein, "It is no exaggeration to say that Gaullism has molded post-war France. At the same time, considering that the essence of Gaullist ideas are now accepted by everyone, those who wish to be the legitimate heirs of de Gaulle (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> of the RPR) now have an identity crisis. It is difficult for them to distinguish themselves from other political perspectives."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all Gaullist ideas have endured, however. Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s, there have been several periods of <i><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a></i> (1986–1988, 1993–1995, 1997–2002), in which the president and prime minister have been from different parties, a marked shift from the "imperial presidency" of de Gaulle. De Gaulle's economic policy, based on the idea of <i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a></i> (state stewardship of the economy), has also weakened. Although the major French banks, as well as insurance, telecommunications, steel, oil and pharmaceutical companies, were state-owned as recently as the mid-1980s, the French government has since then <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a> many state assets.<sup id="cite_ref-Astier_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astier-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currents">Currents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Currents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_France" title="Category:Conservatism in France">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in France</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-Monarchist_France_Conservatism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#French_integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#France" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary#France" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme#France" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">French culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">Restauration</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#France" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Politique_naturelle#The_natural_order" title="La Politique naturelle">Natural order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Souverainisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchiens" title="Monarchiens">Monarchiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouan</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">First White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Jehu" title="Companions of Jehu">Companions of Jehu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscadins">Muscadins</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_White_Terror" title="Second White Terror">Second White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-royalists">Ultra-royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Daudet_affair" title="Philippe Daudet affair">Philippe Daudet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_alliance_crisis" title="2024 The Republicans alliance crisis">2024 The Republicans alliance crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Ballanche" title="Pierre-Simon Ballanche">Ballanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" title="Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc de Saint-Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bruckner" title="Pascal Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bruneti%C3%A8re" title="Ferdinand Brunetière">Brunetière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cau_(writer)" title="Jean Cau (writer)">Cau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fabr%C3%A8gues" title="Jean de Fabrègues">de Fabrègues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Freund" title="Julien Freund">Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Girardet" title="Raoul Girardet">Girardet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_thinking_of_Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau">Social thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Houellebecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Jules Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_Augustin_Morel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bénédict Augustin Morel">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maffesoli" title="Michel Maffesoli">Maffesoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nimier" title="Roger Nimier">Nimier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Poulat" title="Émile Poulat">Poulat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_R%C3%A9mond" title="René Rémond">Rémond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">de Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rueff" title="Jacques Rueff">Rueff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_Illustrating_the_History_of_Jacobinism" title="Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism">Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genius_of_Christianity" title="The Genius of Christianity">The Genius of Christianity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1802)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pope_(book)" title="The Pope (book)">The Pope</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1819)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg_Dialogues" title="St Petersburg Dialogues">St Petersburg Dialogues</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancient_City" title="The Ancient City">The Ancient City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1864)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_a_Nation%3F" title="What Is a Nation?">What Is a Nation?</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowd:_A_Study_of_the_Popular_Mind" title="The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind">The Crowd</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enqu%C3%AAte_sur_la_monarchie" title="Enquête sur la monarchie">Inquiry into the Monarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Avenir_de_l%27intelligence" title="L'Avenir de l'intelligence">"The Future of the Intelligentsia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Political_Ideas" title="My Political Ideas">My Political Ideas</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1937)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reign_of_Quantity_and_the_Signs_of_the_Times" title="The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times">The Reign of Quantity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Opium_of_the_Intellectuals" title="The Opium of the Intellectuals">The Opium of the Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1955)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Camp_of_the_Saints" title="The Camp of the Saints">The Camp of the Saints</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tyranny_of_Guilt" title="The Tyranny of Guilt">The Tyranny of Guilt</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_French_Suicide" title="The French Suicide">The French Suicide</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(novel)" title="Submission (novel)">Submission</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Bellamy" title="François-Xavier Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Ciotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_Fou%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yann Fouéré">Fouéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Juppé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_K%C3%A9rillis" title="Henri de Kérillis">de Kérillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marine_Le_Pen" title="Political positions of Marine Le Pen">Political positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_de_MacMahon" title="Patrice de MacMahon">MacMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Messmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_P%C3%A9cresse" title="Valérie Pécresse">Pécresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte" title="Alain Peyrefitte">Peyrefitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Poisson" title="Jean-Frédéric Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">de Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Pompidou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Retailleau" title="Bruno Retailleau">Retailleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque" title="François de La Rocque">de La Rocque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin" title="René de La Tour du Pin">de La Tour du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent-Marie_Vi%C3%A9not,_Count_of_Vaublanc" title="Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc">de Vaublanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">de Villiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Barbier" title="Christophe Barbier">Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Buisson" title="Patrick Buisson">Buisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Olivier_Giesbert" title="Franz-Olivier Giesbert">Giesbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_de_Girardin" title="Émile de Girardin">de Girardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha%C3%AFs_d%27Escufon" title="Thaïs d'Escufon">d'Escufon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jamet" title="Dominique Jamet">Jamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_L%C3%A9vy" title="Élisabeth Lévy">Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Marmin" title="Michel Marmin">Marmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte" title="Étienne Mougeotte">Mougeotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Nay" title="Catherine Nay">Nay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Obertone" title="Laurent Obertone">Obertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orcival" title="François d'Orcival">d'Orcival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_d%27Ornellas" title="Charlotte d'Ornellas">d'Ornellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Pauwels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Sastre" title="Peggy Sastre">Sastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Royale" title="Alliance Royale">Alliance Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Future" title="French Future">French Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_with_Confidence" title="Future with Confidence">Future with Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Independents_and_Peasants" title="National Centre of Independents and Peasants">National Centre of Independents & Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republicans" title="Senate Republicans">Senate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyons_libres" title="Soyons libres">Soyons libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA, the Way of the People</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Alliance" title="Democratic Republican Alliance">Democratic Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Agrarian_and_Peasant_Party" title="French Agrarian and Peasant Party">French Agrarian and Peasant Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Social_Party" title="French Social Party">French Social Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Radicals" title="Independent Radicals">Independent Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Order" title="Party of Order">Party of Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Popular Liberal Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Federation" title="Republican Federation">Republican Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Party_(France)" title="Resistance Party (France)">Resistance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(post_Liberation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (post Liberation)">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Recherche_et_d%27%C3%89tudes_pour_la_Civilisation_Europ%C3%A9enne" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupement de Recherche et d'Études pour la Civilisation Européenne">Groupement de Recherche et d'Études<br />pour la Civilisation Européenne</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_and_Liberty_Movement" title="Initiative and Liberty Movement">Initiative and Liberty Movement</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">March for Life</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Action_Royaliste" title="Nouvelle Action Royaliste">Nouvelle Action Royaliste</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_national_de_la_jeunesse" title="Rassemblement national de la jeunesse">Rassemblement national de la jeunesse</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Student_Cockade" title="Student Cockade">Student Cockade</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDR_group" title="UDR group">UDR group</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_Inter-universitaire" title="Union Nationale Inter-universitaire">Union Nationale Inter-universitaire</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_(pre_Liberation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Française (pre Liberation)">Action Française (pre Liberation)</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cercle_Proudhon" title="Cercle Proudhon">Cercle Proudhon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussards_(literary_movement)" title="Hussards (literary movement)">Hussards</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27Action_Civique" title="Service d'Action Civique">Service d'Action Civique</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantico" title="Atlantico">Atlantico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Famille_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Famille chrétienne">Famille chrétienne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_du_Sud" title="L'Écho du Sud">L'Écho du Sud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Libert%C3%A9_(France)" title="La Liberté (France)">La Liberté</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Nation_fran%C3%A7aise" title="La Nation française">La Nation française</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(French_newspaper)" title="La Presse (French newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Quotidien_de_Paris" title="Le Quotidien de Paris">Le Quotidien de Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154e9d; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archeofuturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeofuturism">Archeofuturism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/France_profonde" title="France profonde">France profonde</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina"><i>Maurrassisme</i> in Argentina</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ligues_d%27extr%C3%AAme_droite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligues d'extrême droite">Ligues d'extrême droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#France" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sinistrisme" title="Sinistrisme">Sinistrisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntist_Right_(French_politics)" title="Sovereigntist Right (French politics)">Sovereigntist Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/14px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/21px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/28px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_France" title="Template talk:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Gaullism">Traditional Gaullism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditional Gaullism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "traditional Gaullism" (<i>Gaullisme traditionnel</i>) has been used by scholars to describe the core values of Gaullism embodied by the actions and policies of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, generally in distinction with other Gaullist currents such as "social Gaullism" and "neo-Gaullism".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistant</a> Gaullism (<i>Gaullisme de Résistance</i>) emphasizes the need for French political and military independence from potentially hostile powers, inspired by de Gaulle's role in the fight against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> during World War II. The term "first-generation Chiraquian Gaullism" (<i>Gaullisme chiraquien de première génération</i>) has been used to describe politicians loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> stance and the opposition to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> as initially advocated by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> in the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position was embodied in particular by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a>, who came to oppose Chirac's shift to neo-Gaullism during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Gaullism">Social Gaullism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social Gaullism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social Gaullism, or "left-wing Gaullism", focuses on the social dimensions of Gaullism, and has often been linked by scholars to <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, which was perceived as a threat to national unity, de Gaulle advocated instead a "capital-labour association", that is the need for the direct participation of workers in their company's financial results and management, which he believed was a necessary condition for them to take an interest in its functioning and development.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of Gaullism has been promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Labour" title="Democratic Union of Labour">Democratic Union of Labour</a> between 1959 and 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by politicians like <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Capitant" title="René Capitant">René Capitant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charbonnel" title="Jean Charbonnel">Jean Charbonnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Hamon" title="Léo Hamon">Léo Hamon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Dechartre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Dechartre (page does not exist)">Philippe Dechartre</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Dechartre" class="extiw" title="fr:Philippe Dechartre">fr</a>]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Jean_Matt%C3%A9oli" title="Jean Mattéoli">Jean Mattéoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_and_Republican_Movement" title="Citizen and Republican Movement">Citizen and Republican Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Chev%C3%A8nement" title="Jean-Pierre Chevènement">Jean-Pierre Chevènement</a> took up the banner of left-Gaullism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Gaullism">Neo-Gaullism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neo-Gaullism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Neo-Gaullism" has been used in the literature to describe a movement that emerged after the death of de Gaulle in 1970 and drew more influence from <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>. Many aspects of neo-Gaullism, such as support for the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992) and French rapprochement with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> under Chirac's presidency, have been described as difficult to reconcile with the historical idea of Gaullism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, key components of Gaullism have remained, including the concept of a strong, independent state, the unity of the French people and references to de Gaulle's leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Gaullists have also conserved in some aspects the idea that France has a role to play in containing the world's "hyperpowers", as seen in Chirac's refusal to follow the US in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pompidolian Gaullism (<i>Gaullism pompidolien</i>) highlights the need for France to adapt its economy in an increasingly competing world that may threaten social peace at home, in the legacy of French president <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> (1969–1974). "Second-generation Chiraquian Gaullism" (or "Chiraquian neo-Gaullism"), which emerged in the mid-1980s, has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and is more open to European integration, in the legacy of French president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (1995–2007).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_2">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the term <b>Gaullist Party</b> is usually used to refer to the largest party professing to be <a href="/wiki/Gaullist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist">Gaullist</a>. Gaullism claims to transcend the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right divide</a> in a similar way to <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> parties elsewhere such as <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Justicialist_Party" title="Justicialist Party">Justicialist Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p><p>In the past, some Gaullist voters saw themselves as leaning towards the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>, a view ascribed to the once-leading Gaullist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a>. Most of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s own followers leaned towards the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democratic">christian democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National conservative">national conservative</a>. Consequently, left-leaning voters started showing less support again after Malraux's death in 1976, as figures of the Gaullist left (like <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a>) were gradually marginalised. Under its various names and acronyms, the Gaullist Party has been the dominant organisation of the French right since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> (1958). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Gaulle_vs._the_parties_(1944–1947)"><span id="De_Gaulle_vs._the_parties_.281944.E2.80.931947.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="De_Gaulle_vs._the_parties_(1944–1947)"></span>De Gaulle vs. the parties (1944–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: De Gaulle vs. the parties (1944–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author of the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">L'Appel of 18 June 1940</a>, and founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> occupation and the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy government">Vichy government</a>. Yet, based in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, he was forced to compromise with the domestic <a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">Resistance</a> movements dominated by various political forces (such as the Communists). In 1944, while <a href="/wiki/France_was_liberated" class="mw-redirect" title="France was liberated">France was liberated</a>, de Gaulle presided over the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">provisional government</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Communists, Socialists, and Christian Democrats</a>. Because de Gaulle refused to create a great political party unifying the non-Communist Resistance, a lot of parties re-emerged. The Christian democratic <a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a> (MRP) seemed to be the closest to de Gaulle. </p><p>The provisional government implemented policies inspired by the programme of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Resistance">National Council of Resistance</a>: nationalization of banks and some industrial companies (for example <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>), and the development of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. However, it was divided about the way forward for political institutions and the constitution for the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>. For de Gaulle, the "regime of the parties" that had characterized the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> was a cause of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940 military disaster</a>. He advocated a strong executive power, governing in the national interest, led by a man who was an incarnation of national unity. Indeed, in his mind, France is strong when it is united and the parties, represented in Parliament, serve particular interests and thus express national divisions. </p><p>In November 1945, a large majority of the French voters <a href="/wiki/1945_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1945 French constitutional referendum">accepted</a> the elaboration of a new Constitution. At the same time, they <a href="/wiki/1945_French_legislative_election" title="1945 French legislative election">elected</a> a new <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">National Assembly</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>, the Socialist <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO) and the Christian democratic MRP were the largest forces represented in this Assembly. It re-elected de Gaulle as president of the provisional government but, disagreeing with restoration of the "regime of the parties", de Gaulle resigned in January 1946. </p><p>In May 1946, a first constitutional law was rejected by <a href="/wiki/May_1946_French_constitutional_referendum" title="May 1946 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a>. One month later, a new Assembly was <a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">elected</a> in order to write a new constitutional text. In his <i>Bayeux Manifesto</i>, de Gaulle outlined his institutional ideas but he was accused of wanting re-establish a <a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a> government. Furthermore, without the support of a political force, he could not influence the constitutional law being prepared. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Capitant" title="René Capitant">René Capitant</a> founded a Gaullist Union for the Fourth Republic but it could not prevent the approval of the text prepared by the elected National Assembly, which restored the parliamentary system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaullist_party_and_Fourth_Republic:_opposition_and_desert_crossing_(1947–1958)"><span id="Gaullist_party_and_Fourth_Republic:_opposition_and_desert_crossing_.281947.E2.80.931958.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gaullist_party_and_Fourth_Republic:_opposition_and_desert_crossing_(1947–1958)"></span>Gaullist party and Fourth Republic: opposition and desert crossing (1947–1958)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gaullist party and Fourth Republic: opposition and desert crossing (1947–1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></div> <p>In 1947, he gathered the anti-Communist opposition in the Rally of the French People (<i>Rassemblement du peuple français</i> or RPF). He accused the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> of being dominated by the "parliamentary fiddles" and to organize the state helplessness. In keeping with its strongly nationalist stance, it accused the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> of being a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Furthermore, it denounced what it called the "abandonment" of colonies by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(France)" title="Third Force (France)">Third Force</a> cabinets, and it viewed French participation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> to be a threat to the nation. In addition, the Gaullists recommended an association between capital and labour in order to end the "struggle of classes", which hampered national unity. </p><p>Six months after its founding, membership of the RPF reached one million. It took control of the executive of many cities, including <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/1951_French_legislative_election" title="1951 French legislative election">1951 legislative election</a>, despite the change to the ballot system, the RPF formed the largest parliamentary group of the National Assembly but had a systematic opposition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="need to clarify what is meant by "had a systematic opposition" (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1952, some RPF deputies voted in favour of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Antoine Pinay</a>'s cabinet then joined the majority, against the instructions of de Gaulle. They left the RPF parliamentary group. More and more divided, the RPF suffered a significant decrease in support in the 1953 local elections. On 6 May 1953, de Gaulle asked to the Gaullist deputies to abandon the name "RPF". One month later, 5 Gaullist deputies joined <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Joseph Laniel</a>'s government. Indeed, they participated to right-wing majorities then, a part of the Gaullists as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a> joined the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Republican_Front_(French_Fourth_Republic)" title="Republican Front (French Fourth Republic)">Republican Front</a> under the label <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Social_Republicans" title="National Centre of Social Republicans">National Centre of Social Republicans</a> (<i>Centre national des républicains sociaux</i> or CNRS). </p><p>At the end of the 1950s, the Fourth Republic floundered in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">13 May 1958 crisis</a> led to turmoil, and a threat of military coup was brandished. Emissaries sent by de Gaulle such as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Soustelle" title="Jacques Soustelle">Jacques Soustelle</a> participated in this bustle. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> accepted to call back de Gaulle to lead the cabinet. On 28 September, a new constitution was approved by referendum and the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> was born. The parliamentary system was not questioned, but the presidential function was enhanced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaullist_party's_height_(1958–1976)"><span id="Gaullist_party.27s_height_.281958.E2.80.931976.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gaullist_party's_height_(1958–1976)"></span>Gaullist party's height (1958–1976)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gaullist party's height (1958–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a></div> <p>In order that he should not be faced with an hostile National Assembly, dominated by the parties (as was the case in 1945–1946), de Gaulle let his followers organize a political party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a> (<i>Union pour la nouvelle république</i> or UNR). After the <a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">November 1958 legislative election</a>, it became the largest force in the political system. It was allied with centre-left and centre-right parties to support de Gaulle, who was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> by a congress of local and national elected officials in December 1958. <a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Michel Debré</a> was nominated as prime minister. </p><p>However, the change of Algerian policy divided the party. The chairman of the National Assembly <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas" title="Jacques Chaban-Delmas">Jacques Chaban-Delmas</a> considered Algeria was a part of the presidential "reserved domain", as well as foreign and military affairs. Soustelle, leader of the pro-<a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> faction in the party, left the cabinet in 1960, then was ejected from the UNR. He joined <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a> at the head of the <i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a></i> which perpetrated terrorist attacks. After this crisis, the UNR appeared as the party of de Gaulle's unconditional supporters, hence its reputation of "boot party". Debré theorized its function of strap of the government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="need to clarify what is meant by "boot party" and "function of strap of the government" (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With de Gaulle refusing to be a party leader, Debré covertly took this position. </p><p>Meanwhile, the centre-left parties returned to the opposition in 1959, followed in 1962 by the centre-right parties, who criticized the eurosceptic declarations of de Gaulle and the "presidentialisation" of French politics. Indeed, de Gaulle instituted the <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> of the presidency, defying all political parties (except the UNR). The French voters approved this by <a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">referendum</a>. De Gaulle had intended to replace Debré with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> as prime minister but this was denied by a vote of no-confidence. De Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly. Associated with the left-wing Gaullists of the Democratic Union of Labour (<i>Union démocratique du travail</i> or UDT), and allied with <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Independent_Republicans" title="Independent Republicans">Independent Republicans</a>, the UNR won the <a href="/wiki/1962_French_legislative_election" title="1962 French legislative election">1962 legislative election</a> and Pompidou was confirmed to lead the cabinet. </p><p>Naturally, the UNR/UDT supported de Gaulle's candidature at the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a>. But he won only after a second ballot, which he considered as a disavowal. Relations became more difficult with the only non-Gaullist party in the presidential majority, the Independent Republicans, while the opposition was reconstructed. </p><p>While the Popular Republican Movement intensified its criticism, some Christian-Democrats, such <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schumann" title="Maurice Schumann">Maurice Schumann</a>, joined the Gaullist Party, renamed Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic (<i>Union des démocrates pour la Cinquième République</i> or UD-V<sup>e</sup>). Prime Minister Pompidou led the party during the <a href="/wiki/1967_French_legislative_election" title="1967 French legislative election">1967 legislative campaign</a>. He encouraged the emergence of a new generation of Gaullist politicians who were loyal to him. The incumbent parliamentary majority only won a narrow victory. </p><p>One year later, Gaullist power was confronted with the social and student protests of the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a> crisis. Although the newly renamed Union for the Defense of the Republic (<i>Union pour la défense de la République</i> or UDR) triumphed at the <a href="/wiki/1968_French_legislative_election" title="1968 French legislative election">June 1968 legislative election</a>, disagreements had risen between de Gaulle and Pompidou. Pompidou reproached de Gaulle for leaving the country during the crisis without informing him. For de Gaulle, his aim of an alliance between capital and labour could prevent this sort of social crisis, but Pompidou wished to scrap it. Indeed, for de Gaulle's circle, Pompidou was more a classical conservative than a real Gaullist. </p><p>Pompidou left the leadership of the cabinet in order to prepare his future presidential campaign. In this, he declared his candidacy if de Gaulle were to resign. That was the case in 1969, after the failure of <a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">that year's referendum on Senate and regional reform</a>, and he won the <a href="/wiki/1969_French_presidential_election" title="1969 French presidential election">1969 presidential election</a> despite the reluctance of some of the "barons of Gaullism". </p><p>His prime minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas announced a reform programme for a "New Society". It raised sceptical reactions from the conservative wing of the UDR, then from Pompidou himself. They reproached him for giving too many concessions to the left-wing opposition. In President Pompidou's circle, he was accused of wanting to weaken the presidential functions in favour of himself. The party became the Union of Democrats for the Republic (<i>Union des démocrates pour la République</i>) while this crisis broke out. Pompidou refused Chaban-Delmas a vote of confidence in the National Assembly and, when he held it anyway, Pompidou forced him to resign and nominated <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Messmer" title="Pierre Messmer">Pierre Messmer</a>. The UDR, allied with the Independent Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Centre,_Democracy_and_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre, Democracy and Progress">Centre, Democracy and Progress</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/1973_French_legislative_election" title="1973 French legislative election">1973 legislative election</a> and succeeded in blocking the "Union of the Left" and its <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Programme">Common Programme</a></i>. </p><p>When Pompidou died in office, on 2 April 1974, his two former prime ministers, Chaban-Delmas and Messmer, claimed the UDR candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">presidential election</a>. Finally, the latter withdrew, but some influential personalities in the party, notably in the circle of the late president, doubted of the capacity of Chaban-Delmas to defeat <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, the representative of the "Union of the Left". Led by the young minister <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, a former adviser of Pompidou, they published the <i>Call of the 43</i>. They covertly supported Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Minister of Economy and the Independent Republicans' leader. Giscard eliminated Chaban-Delmas in the first round, then narrowly defeated Mitterrand in the second. He was the first non-Gaullist President of the Fifth Republic. </p><p>Chirac became prime minister, and then leader of the UDR in December 1974, in spite of the negative opinions of many historical Gaullist personalities (Michel Debré, Jacques Chaban-Delmas, etc.). They accused him of having betrayed the party during the previous presidential campaign. Some months later, a conflict broke out between the executive leadership and Chirac left the cabinet in August 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chirac-led_neo-Gaullist_party:_RPR_and_UMP_(1976–2007)"><span id="Chirac-led_neo-Gaullist_party:_RPR_and_UMP_.281976.E2.80.932007.29"></span>Chirac-led neo-Gaullist party: RPR and UMP (1976–2007)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chirac-led neo-Gaullist party: RPR and UMP (1976–2007)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a></div> <p>In December 1976, the UDR was replaced by the Rally for the Republic (<i>Rassemblement pour la République</i> or RPR). This name was chosen due to its similarity with the RPF. Indeed, the New Gaullist Party was devised as a machine of reconquest behind one man, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>. </p><p>Without withdrawing from the presidential majority, the RPR criticized the executive duo of President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a>. In December 1978, six months before the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979 European Parliament election</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Cochin" title="Call of Cochin">Call of Cochin</a></i> denounced the "abasement of France" by "the foreign party", which sacrificed the national interests and the independence of the country in order to build a federal Europe. This accusation targeted clearly Giscard d'Estaing. The RPR contrasted the social doctrine of Gaullism to the president's <a href="/wiki/Market_liberalism" title="Market liberalism">market liberalism</a>. </p><p>The RPR supported Chirac in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a> but he was eliminated in the first round. He refused to give instructions for voting for the second round, even if he said "in a private capacity", he would vote for Giscard d'Estaing. In fact, the RPR was suspected of working for the defeat of the incumbent president. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> leader François Mitterrand became president, the RPR gradually abandoned the Gaullist doctrine, adopting the European and liberal positions of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_French_Democracy" title="Union for French Democracy">Union for French Democracy</a> (<i>Union pour la démocratie française</i> or UDF). The two parties competed for the leadership of the right-wing opposition, but they presented a common list at the 1984 European Parliament election and a platform to prepare for winning the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative election</a>. </p><p>From 1986 to 1988, Chirac "<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabited</a>" as prime minister with Mitterrand, but lost the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">1988 presidential election</a>. After his defeat, his leadership was challenged by younger politicians who wished to renew the right. Furthermore, the abandonment of the Gaullist doctrine was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasqua" title="Charles Pasqua">Charles Pasqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin" title="Philippe Séguin">Philippe Séguin</a>. They tried to remove him from the RPR leadership in 1990, in vain. However, the division re-appeared with the <a href="/wiki/1992_French_Maastricht_Treaty_referendum" title="1992 French Maastricht Treaty referendum">1992 Maastricht referendum</a>. Chirac voted "yes" whereas Séguin and Pasqua campaigned for "no". </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Union_for_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for France">Union for France</a>", a RPR/UDF coalition, won the <a href="/wiki/1993_French_legislative_election" title="1993 French legislative election">1993 legislative election</a>. Chirac refused to re-cohabit with Mitterrand, and his confidente <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Balladur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Balladur">Edouard Balladur</a> became prime minister. Balladur promised he would not be a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 presidential election</a>. Nevertheless, polls indicated Balladur was the favorite in the presidential race and furthermore, he was supported by the majority of right-wing politicians. He decided finally to be a candidate against Chirac. However, they claimed they remained "friends for 30 years". </p><p>The Socialists being weakened after the 14 years of Mitterrand's presidency, the main contest was on the right, between Balladur and Chirac, two Neo-Gaullists. Balladur proposed a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> programme and took advantage of the "positive results" of his cabinet, whereas Chirac advocated <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> to reduce the "social fracture" and criticized the "dominant ideas", targeting Balladur. Chirac won the <a href="/wiki/1995_French_presidential_election" title="1995 French presidential election">1995 presidential election</a>. </p><p>In November 1995, his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>, "the best among us" according to Chirac, announced a plan of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> reforms which sparked wide social conflict. President Chirac dissolved the National Assembly and lost the <a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997 legislative election</a>. He was forced to cohabit with a left-wing cabinet led by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Jospin" title="Lionel Jospin">Lionel Jospin</a> until 2002. </p><p>Séguin succeeded Juppé as RPR leader. But, he criticized the ascendancy of President Jacques Chirac over the party. He resigned during the 1999 European election campaign, while Pasqua presented a dissident list to advocate the <a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Gaullist idea of a "Europe of nations"</a>. Pasqua founded the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a> (<i>Rassemblement pour la France</i> or RPF) and obtained more votes than the RPR official list led by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Alliot-Marie" title="Michèle Alliot-Marie">Michèle Alliot-Marie</a> was elected RPR leader, against the wishes of President Chirac who supported another candidate. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">2002 presidential election</a>, RPR and non-RPR supporters of Chirac gathered in an association: the "Union on the move". It became the Union for the Presidential Majority (<i>Union pour la majorité présidentielle</i> or UMP) after the 21 April electoral shock. Chirac was re-elected and the new party won the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_election" title="2002 French legislative election">legislative election</a>. It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> a few months later, establishing the UMP as a permanent organization. Jacques Chirac finished his presidency in 2007 after 12 years in power, where in 2004 the new president of the party became Nicolas Sarkozy the main rival of Chirac. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of <a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist political parties</a> and their successors: </p> <ul><li>1947–1955: <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a> (RPF)</li> <li>1954–1958: <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Social_Republicans" title="National Centre of Social Republicans">National Centre of Social Republicans</a> (RS)</li> <li>1958–1962: <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for the New Republic (France)">Union for the New Republic</a> (UNR)</li> <li>1958–1962: Democratic Union of Labour (UDT)</li> <li>1962–1967: <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for the New Republic (France)">Union for the New Republic</a> – Democratic Union of Labour (UNR – UDT)</li> <li>1967–1976: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a> (UDR)</li> <li>1974–1980's: Democrats Movement (MDD)</li> <li>1976–2002: <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (RPR)</li> <li>1993–2003: <a href="/wiki/Citizen_and_Republican_Movement" title="Citizen and Republican Movement">Citizen Movement</a> (MDC)</li> <li>1994–2018: <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a> (MPF)</li> <li>1999–2011: Rally for France (RPF)</li> <li>2002–2015: <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union for a Popular Movement</a> (UMP): <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> in <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007</a>. During his leadership, the gaullist party shifted to the right with more <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> policies. Sarkozy was defeated in <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012</a>. Despite his defeat, Nicolas Sarkozy remained influential in the party politics. He became again then President of the UMP in 2014 and renamed the gaullist party into <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">Republicans</a> in 2015.</li> <li>2003–present: <a href="/wiki/Citizen_and_Republican_Movement" title="Citizen and Republican Movement">Citizen and Republican Movement</a> (MRC)</li> <li>2008–2014: <a href="/wiki/Debout_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Debout la République">Debout la République</a> (DLR)</li> <li>2014–present: <a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a> (DLF)</li> <li>2015–present: <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans</a> (LR): In 2016, Sarkozy was defeated in the presidential primaries. <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Wauquiez" title="Laurent Wauquiez">Laurent Wauquiez</a> was selected as leader in 2017. Since then the party has moved further to the right.</li> <li>2017–present: <a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a> (LP)</li> <li>2018–present: <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' Movement (France)">Citizen Movement</a> (MDC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle">Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerstein2001b307–308_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerstein2001b">Berstein 2001b</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan. <i>Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview</i>. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2008. Pp. 1059.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKritzmanReilly200651–54_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKritzmanReilly2006">Kritzman & Reilly 2006</a>, pp. 51–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKahler1984" class="citation book cs1">Kahler, Miles (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/33697"><i>Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5558-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5558-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-5558-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+in+Britain+and+France%3A+The+Domestic+Consequences+of+International+Relations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5558-2&rft.aulast=Kahler&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F33697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLachaise1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lachaise, Bernard (1998). "Contestataires et compagnons : les formes de l'engagement gaulliste". <i>Vingtième Siècle. 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"L'Univers Idéologique des Cadres RPR: Entre l'héritage gaulliste et la dérive droitière". <i>Revue française de science politique</i>. <b>37</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">675–</span>695. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frfsp.1987.411575">10.3406/rfsp.1987.411575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2950">0035-2950</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43118723">43118723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+de+science+politique&rft.atitle=L%27Univers+Id%C3%A9ologique+des+Cadres+RPR%3A+Entre+l%27h%C3%A9ritage+gaulliste+et+la+d%C3%A9rive+droiti%C3%A8re&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E675-%3C%2Fspan%3E695&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0035-2950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43118723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frfsp.1987.411575&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A9chon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Derville%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Lecomte%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLavillatte2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lavillatte, Bruno (2006). "Un gaullisme intransmissible". <i>Médium</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fmediu.007.0096">10.3917/mediu.007.0096</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1771-3757">1771-3757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9dium&rft.atitle=Un+gaullisme+intransmissible&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fmediu.007.0096&rft.issn=1771-3757&rft.aulast=Lavillatte&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnappWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). <i>The Government and Politics of France</i>. Routledge. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6"><bdi>978-0-415-35732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+France&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35732-6&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLachaise1994" class="citation journal cs1">Lachaise, Bernard (1994). "Le RPR et le gaullisme. Les infortunes d'une fidélité". <i>Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fxxs.1994.3107">10.3406/xxs.1994.3107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vingti%C3%A8me+Si%C3%A8cle.+Revue+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=Le+RPR+et+le+gaullisme.+Les+infortunes+d%27une+fid%C3%A9lit%C3%A9&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fxxs.1994.3107&rft.aulast=Lachaise&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPozzi2020" class="citation web cs1">Pozzi, Jérôme (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/le-gaullisme-social-le-rendez-vous-manque-de-la-droite-francaise-138310">"Le gaullisme social : le rendez-vous manqué de la droite française ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Le+gaullisme+social+%3A+le+rendez-vous+manqu%C3%A9+de+la+droite+fran%C3%A7aise+%3F&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Pozzi&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fle-gaullisme-social-le-rendez-vous-manque-de-la-droite-francaise-138310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerstein2001a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Berstein" title="Serge Berstein">Berstein, Serge</a> (2001a). <i>Histoire du gaullisme</i>. Perrin. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-01155-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-01155-9"><bdi>2-262-01155-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/407137019">407137019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+gaullisme&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F407137019&rft.isbn=2-262-01155-9&rft.aulast=Berstein&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTiersky1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tiersky, Ronald (1996). "A Likely Story: Chirac, France-NATO, European Security, and American Hegemony". <i>French Politics and Society</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-1267">0882-1267</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42844543">42844543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=A+Likely+Story%3A+Chirac%2C+France-NATO%2C+European+Security%2C+and+American+Hegemony&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42844543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0882-1267&rft.aulast=Tiersky&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Julian (1999). "General de Gaulle and His Enemies: Anti-Gaullism in France Since 1940". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679392">10.2307/3679392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4401">0080-4401</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679392">3679392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154467724">154467724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=General+de+Gaulle+and+His+Enemies%3A+Anti-Gaullism+in+France+Since+1940&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0080-4401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154467724%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679392&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation news cs1">Miller, John J. (3 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/03/opinion/liberte-egalite-absurdite.html">"Liberté, Egalité, Absurdité"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Libert%C3%A9%2C+Egalit%C3%A9%2C+Absurdit%C3%A9&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F01%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fliberte-egalite-absurdite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaullism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berstein, Serge, <i>Histoire du gaullisme</i>, Perrin, Paris, 2001.</li> <li>Choisel, Francis, <i>Bonapartisme et gaullisme</i>, Paris, Albatros, 1987.</li> <li>Choisel, Francis, <i>Comprendre le gaullisme</i>, L'Harmattan, 2016.</li> <li>Gordon, Philip H. <i>A Certain Idea of France: French Security Policy and the Gaullist Legacy</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107405557">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421024059/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107405557">Archived</a> 21 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Grosser, Alfred. <i>French foreign policy under De Gaulle</i> (1977)</li> <li>Jackson, Julian. <i>De Gaulle</i> (2018) 887pp; the most recent major biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKritzmanReilly2006" class="citation book cs1">Kritzman, Lawrence D; Reilly, Brian J (2006). "Gaullism". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiahistoryo2006unse"><i>The Columbia History of Twentieth-century French Thought</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10791-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10791-9"><bdi>0-231-10791-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaullism&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+Twentieth-century+French+Thought&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-231-10791-9&rft.aulast=Kritzman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+D&rft.au=Reilly%2C+Brian+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiahistoryo2006unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kulski, W. W. <i>De Gaulle and the World: The Foreign Policy of the Fifth French Republic</i> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degaulleworld00kuls">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Touchard, Jean, <i>Le gaullisme (1940–1969)</i>, Paris, Seuil, coll. Points Histoire.1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerstein2001b" class="citation book cs1">Berstein, Serge (2001b). "Gaullism". <i>The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World second edition ed. Joel Krieger</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-11739-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-11739-5"><bdi>0-195-11739-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaullism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Politics+of+the+World+second+edition+ed.+Joel+Krieger&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-195-11739-5&rft.aulast=Berstein&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaullism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Birthplace of Charles de Gaulle">Birthplace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Gaulle_family" title="De Gaulle family">Family</a></li> <li>World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_(France)" title="5th Army (France)">5th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinant" title="Battle of Dinant">Battle of Dinant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interwar period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Military_Mission_to_Poland" title="French Military Mission to Poland">French Military Mission to Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_during_World_War_II" title="Charles de Gaulle during World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of<br />France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(France,_1940)" title="4th Armored Division (France, 1940)">4th Armored Division</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Battle of Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Battle of Abbeville</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French">Campaigns</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">CNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">CFLN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1958_crisis_in_France" title="May 1958 crisis in France">May 1958 crisis</a></li> <li>1958 elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_presidential_election" title="1958 French presidential election">presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_legislative_election" title="1958 French legislative election">legislative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">1958 constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1958 French constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Presidency of Charles de Gaulle">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Plan" title="Constantine Plan">Constantine Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouchet_Plan" title="Fouchet Plan">Fouchet Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Clamart_attack" title="Petit-Clamart attack">1962 assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_French_presidential_election_referendum" title="1962 French presidential election referendum">1962 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle%27s_trip_to_South_America" title="Charles de Gaulle's trip to South America">Trip to South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_French_constitutional_referendum" title="1969 French constitutional referendum">1969 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle#Later_life" title="Charles de Gaulle">Later life and death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments and<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_French_People" title="Rally of the French People">Rally of the French People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Labour" title="Democratic Union of Labour">Democratic Union of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democrats_for_the_Republic" title="Union of Democrats for the Republic">Union of Democrats for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_France" title="Rally for France">Rally for France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches and<br />statements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_of_18_June" title="Appeal of 18 June">Appeal of 18 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bayeux_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="1944 Bayeux speech">1944 Bayeux speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bayeux_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Bayeux speech">1946 Bayeux speech</a></li> <li><i>"<a href="/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre" title="Vive le Québec libre">Vive le Québec libre</a> !"</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh_speech" title="Phnom Penh speech">Phnom Penh speech</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_fran%C3%A7aise_!" class="extiw" title="fr:Vive l'Algérie française !">Vive l'Algérie française !</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaullism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gaullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Gaullism">Social Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Ouvri%C3%A8re" title="Action Ouvrière">Action Ouvrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gaullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-gaullism">Anti-Gaullism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial_Charles-de-Gaulle" title="Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle">Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenauer-de_Gaulle_Prize" title="Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize">Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">Fifth French Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="List of things named after Charles de Gaulle">Things named after Charles de Gaulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_de_Gaulle" title="Yvonne de Gaulle">Yvonne Vendroux</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Gaulle" title="Philippe de Gaulle">Philippe de Gaulle</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Gaulle" title="Anne de Gaulle">Anne</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Gaulle" title="Henri de Gaulle">Henri de Gaulle</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Resurrection" title="Operation Resurrection">Operation Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Liberation" title="Order of Liberation">Order of Liberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_Medal" title="Resistance Medal">Resistance Medal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngol" title="Ngol">Ngol</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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