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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/powering-wireless-communications?a=1&c=1148","20111217065856","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1324105136"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <title>Power Systems Design (PSD) empowers global innovation for the power electronic design engineering community.</title> <meta name="keywords" content="Power Systems Design, PSD, power electronics design engineering, Top Story, ViewPoint, PowerLine, PowerPlayer, MarketWatch, Design Tips, TechTalk, Technical Features, Special Reports, Career Development, GreenPage, Dilbert"> <meta name="description" content="Power Systems Design (PSD) empowers global innovation for the power electronic design engineering community by providing in-depth editorial content focused on helping the design engineering professionals with their latest product designs."> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/web/20111217065856cs_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/web.css">   <script language="javascript">  </script> <script src="/web/20111217065856js_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/AC_RunActiveContent.js" language="javascript"></script> <script src="/web/20111217065856js_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/ar_old.js" language="javascript"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">  </script> <script language="JScript" type="text/jscript" src="/web/20111217065856js_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/clickfix.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20111217065856js_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/_ar/4_5_4_5/script/jquery/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20111217065856js_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/_ar/4_5_4_5/script/jquery/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20111217065856js_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/_ar/4_5_4_5/script/ar.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">  </script> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="/web/20111217065856im_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/favicon.ico"><script>  </script><script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $('.lightbox-image .ss-pic-inner a').lightBox({ overlayBgColor: '#EEE', overlayOpacity: 0.8, containerResizeSpeed: 350, txtImage: 'Image', txtOf: 'of' }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /** * jQuery lightBox plugin * This jQuery plugin was inspired and based on Lightbox 2 by Lokesh Dhakar (http://www.huddletogether.com/projects/lightbox2/) * and adapted to me for use like a plugin from jQuery. * @name jquery-lightbox-0.5.js * @author Leandro Vieira Pinho - http://leandrovieira.com * @version 0.5 * @date April 11, 2008 * @category jQuery plugin * @copyright (c) 2008 Leandro Vieira Pinho (leandrovieira.com) * @license CCAttribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Brazil - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en_US * @example Visit http://leandrovieira.com/projects/jquery/lightbox/ for more informations about this jQuery plugin */ // Offering a Custom Alias suport - More info: http://docs.jquery.com/Plugins/Authoring#Custom_Alias (function($) { /** * $ is an alias to jQuery object * */ $.fn.lightBox = function(settings) { // Settings to configure the jQuery lightBox plugin how you like settings = jQuery.extend({ // Configuration related to overlay overlayBgColor: '#000', // (string) Background color to overlay; inform a hexadecimal value like: #RRGGBB. Where RR, GG, and BB are the hexadecimal values for the red, green, and blue values of the color. overlayOpacity: 0.8, // (integer) Opacity value to overlay; inform: 0.X. Where X are number from 0 to 9 // Configuration related to navigation fixedNavigation: false, // (boolean) Boolean that informs if the navigation (next and prev button) will be fixed or not in the interface. // Configuration related to images imageLoading: 'library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-ico-loading.gif', // (string) Path and the name of the loading icon imageBtnPrev: 'library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-btn-prev.gif', // (string) Path and the name of the prev button image imageBtnNext: 'library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-btn-next.gif', // (string) Path and the name of the next button image imageBtnClose: 'library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-btn-close.gif', // (string) Path and the name of the close btn imageBlank: 'library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-blank.gif', // (string) Path and the name of a blank image (one pixel) // Configuration related to container image box containerBorderSize: 10, // (integer) If you adjust the padding in the CSS for the container, #lightbox-container-image-box, you will need to update this value containerResizeSpeed: 400, // (integer) Specify the resize duration of container image. These number are miliseconds. 400 is default. // Configuration related to texts in caption. For example: Image 2 of 8. You can alter either "Image" and "of" texts. txtImage: 'Image', // (string) Specify text "Image" txtOf: 'of', // (string) Specify text "of" // Configuration related to keyboard navigation keyToClose: 'c', // (string) (c = close) Letter to close the jQuery lightBox interface. Beyond this letter, the letter X and the SCAPE key is used to. keyToPrev: 'p', // (string) (p = previous) Letter to show the previous image keyToNext: 'n', // (string) (n = next) Letter to show the next image. // Don¥t alter these variables in any way imageArray: [], activeImage: 0 },settings); // Caching the jQuery object with all elements matched var jQueryMatchedObj = this; // This, in this context, refer to jQuery object /** * Initializing the plugin calling the start function * * @return boolean false */ function _initialize() { _start(this,jQueryMatchedObj); // This, in this context, refer to object (link) which the user have clicked return false; // Avoid the browser following the link } /** * Start the jQuery lightBox plugin * * @param object objClicked The object (link) whick the user have clicked * @param object jQueryMatchedObj The jQuery object with all elements matched */ function _start(objClicked,jQueryMatchedObj) { // Hime some elements to avoid conflict with overlay in IE. These elements appear above the overlay. $('embed, object, select').css({ 'visibility' : 'hidden' }); // Call the function to create the markup structure; style some elements; assign events in some elements. _set_interface(); // Unset total images in imageArray settings.imageArray.length = 0; // Unset image active information settings.activeImage = 0; // We have an image set? Or just an image? Let¥s see it. if ( jQueryMatchedObj.length == 1 ) { settings.imageArray.push(new Array(objClicked.getAttribute('href'),objClicked.getAttribute('title'))); } else { // Add an Array (as many as we have), with href and title atributes, inside the Array that storage the images references for ( var i = 0; i < jQueryMatchedObj.length; i++ ) { settings.imageArray.push(new Array(jQueryMatchedObj[i].getAttribute('href'),jQueryMatchedObj[i].getAttribute('title'))); } } while ( settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage][0] != objClicked.getAttribute('href') ) { settings.activeImage++; } // Call the function that prepares image exibition _set_image_to_view(); } /** * Create the jQuery lightBox plugin interface * * The HTML markup will be like that: <div id="jquery-overlay"></div> <div id="jquery-lightbox"> <div id="lightbox-container-image-box"> <div id="lightbox-container-image"> <img src="../fotos/XX.jpg" id="lightbox-image"> <div id="lightbox-nav"> <a href="#" id="lightbox-nav-btnPrev"></a> <a href="#" id="lightbox-nav-btnNext"></a> </div> <div id="lightbox-loading"> <a href="#" id="lightbox-loading-link"> <img src="../library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-ico-loading.gif"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="lightbox-container-image-data-box"> <div id="lightbox-container-image-data"> <div id="lightbox-image-details"> <span id="lightbox-image-details-caption"></span> <span id="lightbox-image-details-currentNumber"></span> </div> <div id="lightbox-secNav"> <a href="#" id="lightbox-secNav-btnClose"> <img src="../library/resources/designs/lightbox/lightbox-btn-close.gif"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> * */ function _set_interface() { // Apply the HTML markup into body tag $('body').append('<div id="jquery-overlay"></div><div id="jquery-lightbox"><div id="lightbox-container-image-box"><div id="lightbox-container-image"><img id="lightbox-image"><div style="" id="lightbox-nav"><a href="#" id="lightbox-nav-btnPrev"></a><a href="#" id="lightbox-nav-btnNext"></a></div><div id="lightbox-loading"><a href="#" id="lightbox-loading-link"><img src="' + settings.imageLoading + '"></a></div></div></div><div id="lightbox-container-image-data-box"><div id="lightbox-container-image-data"><div id="lightbox-image-details"><span id="lightbox-image-details-caption"></span><span id="lightbox-image-details-currentNumber"></span></div><div id="lightbox-secNav"><a href="#" id="lightbox-secNav-btnClose"><img src="' + settings.imageBtnClose + '"></a></div></div></div></div>'); // Get page sizes var arrPageSizes = ___getPageSize(); // Style overlay and show it $('#jquery-overlay').css({ backgroundColor: settings.overlayBgColor, opacity: settings.overlayOpacity, width: arrPageSizes[0], height: arrPageSizes[1] }).fadeIn(); // Get page scroll var arrPageScroll = ___getPageScroll(); // Calculate top and left offset for the jquery-lightbox div object and show it $('#jquery-lightbox').css({ top: arrPageScroll[1] + (arrPageSizes[3] / 10), left: arrPageScroll[0] }).show(); // Assigning click events in elements to close overlay $('#jquery-overlay,#jquery-lightbox').click(function() { _finish(); }); // Assign the _finish function to lightbox-loading-link and lightbox-secNav-btnClose objects $('#lightbox-loading-link,#lightbox-secNav-btnClose').click(function() { _finish(); return false; }); // If window was resized, calculate the new overlay dimensions $(window).resize(function() { // Get page sizes var arrPageSizes = ___getPageSize(); // Style overlay and show it $('#jquery-overlay').css({ width: arrPageSizes[0], height: arrPageSizes[1] }); // Get page scroll var arrPageScroll = ___getPageScroll(); // Calculate top and left offset for the jquery-lightbox div object and show it $('#jquery-lightbox').css({ top: arrPageScroll[1] + (arrPageSizes[3] / 10), left: arrPageScroll[0] }); }); } /** * Prepares image exibition; doing a image¥s preloader to calculate it¥s size * */ function _set_image_to_view() { // show the loading // Show the loading $('#lightbox-loading').show(); if ( settings.fixedNavigation ) { $('#lightbox-image,#lightbox-container-image-data-box,#lightbox-image-details-currentNumber').hide(); } else { // Hide some elements $('#lightbox-image,#lightbox-nav,#lightbox-nav-btnPrev,#lightbox-nav-btnNext,#lightbox-container-image-data-box,#lightbox-image-details-currentNumber').hide(); } // Image preload process var objImagePreloader = new Image(); objImagePreloader.onload = function() { $('#lightbox-image').attr('src',settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage][0]); // Perfomance an effect in the image container resizing it _resize_container_image_box(objImagePreloader.width,objImagePreloader.height); // clear onLoad, IE behaves irratically with animated gifs otherwise objImagePreloader.onload=function(){}; }; objImagePreloader.src = settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage][0]; }; /** * Perfomance an effect in the image container resizing it * * @param integer intImageWidth The image¥s width that will be showed * @param integer intImageHeight The image¥s height that will be showed */ function _resize_container_image_box(intImageWidth,intImageHeight) { // Get current width and height var intCurrentWidth = $('#lightbox-container-image-box').width(); var intCurrentHeight = $('#lightbox-container-image-box').height(); // Get the width and height of the selected image plus the padding var intWidth = (intImageWidth + (settings.containerBorderSize * 2)); // Plus the image¥s width and the left and right padding value var intHeight = (intImageHeight + (settings.containerBorderSize * 2)); // Plus the image¥s height and the left and right padding value // Diferences var intDiffW = intCurrentWidth - intWidth; var intDiffH = intCurrentHeight - intHeight; // Perfomance the effect $('#lightbox-container-image-box').animate({ width: intWidth, height: intHeight },settings.containerResizeSpeed,function() { _show_image(); }); if ( ( intDiffW == 0 ) && ( intDiffH == 0 ) ) { if ( $.browser.msie ) { ___pause(250); } else { ___pause(100); } } $('#lightbox-container-image-data-box').css({ width: intImageWidth }); $('#lightbox-nav-btnPrev,#lightbox-nav-btnNext').css({ height: intImageHeight + (settings.containerBorderSize * 2) }); }; /** * Show the prepared image * */ function _show_image() { $('#lightbox-loading').hide(); $('#lightbox-image').fadeIn(function() { _show_image_data(); _set_navigation(); }); _preload_neighbor_images(); }; /** * Show the image information * */ function _show_image_data() { $('#lightbox-container-image-data-box').slideDown('fast'); $('#lightbox-image-details-caption').hide(); if ( settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage][1] ) { $('#lightbox-image-details-caption').html(settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage][1]).show(); } // If we have a image set, display 'Image X of X' if ( settings.imageArray.length > 1 ) { $('#lightbox-image-details-currentNumber').html(settings.txtImage + ' ' + ( settings.activeImage + 1 ) + ' ' + settings.txtOf + ' ' + settings.imageArray.length).show(); } } /** * Display the button navigations * */ function _set_navigation() { $('#lightbox-nav').show(); // Instead to define this configuration in CSS file, we define here. And it¥s need to IE. Just. $('#lightbox-nav-btnPrev,#lightbox-nav-btnNext').css({ 'background' : 'transparent url(' + settings.imageBlank + ') no-repeat' }); // Show the prev button, if not the first image in set if ( settings.activeImage != 0 ) { if ( settings.fixedNavigation ) { $('#lightbox-nav-btnPrev').css({ 'background' : 'url(' + settings.imageBtnPrev + ') left 15% no-repeat' }) .unbind() .bind('click',function() { settings.activeImage = settings.activeImage - 1; _set_image_to_view(); return false; }); } else { // Show the images button for Next buttons $('#lightbox-nav-btnPrev').unbind().hover(function() { $(this).css({ 'background' : 'url(' + settings.imageBtnPrev + ') left 15% no-repeat' }); },function() { $(this).css({ 'background' : 'transparent url(' + settings.imageBlank + ') no-repeat' }); }).show().bind('click',function() { settings.activeImage = settings.activeImage - 1; _set_image_to_view(); return false; }); } } // Show the next button, if not the last image in set if ( settings.activeImage != ( settings.imageArray.length -1 ) ) { if ( settings.fixedNavigation ) { $('#lightbox-nav-btnNext').css({ 'background' : 'url(' + settings.imageBtnNext + ') right 15% no-repeat' }) .unbind() .bind('click',function() { settings.activeImage = settings.activeImage + 1; _set_image_to_view(); return false; }); } else { // Show the images button for Next buttons $('#lightbox-nav-btnNext').unbind().hover(function() { $(this).css({ 'background' : 'url(' + settings.imageBtnNext + ') right 15% no-repeat' }); },function() { $(this).css({ 'background' : 'transparent url(' + settings.imageBlank + ') no-repeat' }); }).show().bind('click',function() { settings.activeImage = settings.activeImage + 1; _set_image_to_view(); return false; }); } } // Enable keyboard navigation _enable_keyboard_navigation(); } /** * Enable a support to keyboard navigation * */ function _enable_keyboard_navigation() { $(document).keydown(function(objEvent) { _keyboard_action(objEvent); }); } /** * Disable the support to keyboard navigation * */ function _disable_keyboard_navigation() { $(document).unbind(); } /** * Perform the keyboard actions * */ function _keyboard_action(objEvent) { // To ie if ( objEvent == null ) { keycode = event.keyCode; escapeKey = 27; // To Mozilla } else { keycode = objEvent.keyCode; escapeKey = objEvent.DOM_VK_ESCAPE; } // Get the key in lower case form key = String.fromCharCode(keycode).toLowerCase(); // Verify the keys to close the ligthBox if ( ( key == settings.keyToClose ) || ( key == 'x' ) || ( keycode == escapeKey ) ) { _finish(); } // Verify the key to show the previous image if ( ( key == settings.keyToPrev ) || ( keycode == 37 ) ) { // If we¥re not showing the first image, call the previous if ( settings.activeImage != 0 ) { settings.activeImage = settings.activeImage - 1; _set_image_to_view(); _disable_keyboard_navigation(); } } // Verify the key to show the next image if ( ( key == settings.keyToNext ) || ( keycode == 39 ) ) { // If we¥re not showing the last image, call the next if ( settings.activeImage != ( settings.imageArray.length - 1 ) ) { settings.activeImage = settings.activeImage + 1; _set_image_to_view(); _disable_keyboard_navigation(); } } } /** * Preload prev and next images being showed * */ function _preload_neighbor_images() { if ( (settings.imageArray.length -1) > settings.activeImage ) { objNext = new Image(); objNext.src = settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage + 1][0]; } if ( settings.activeImage > 0 ) { objPrev = new Image(); objPrev.src = settings.imageArray[settings.activeImage -1][0]; } } /** * Remove jQuery lightBox plugin HTML markup * */ function _finish() { $('#jquery-lightbox').remove(); $('#jquery-overlay').fadeOut(function() { $('#jquery-overlay').remove(); }); // Show some elements to avoid conflict with overlay in IE. These elements appear above the overlay. $('embed, object, select').css({ 'visibility' : 'visible' }); } /** / THIRD FUNCTION * getPageSize() by quirksmode.com * * @return Array Return an array with page width, height and window width, height */ function ___getPageSize() { var xScroll, yScroll; if (window.innerHeight && window.scrollMaxY) { xScroll = window.innerWidth + window.scrollMaxX; yScroll = window.innerHeight + window.scrollMaxY; } else if (document.body.scrollHeight > document.body.offsetHeight){ // all but Explorer Mac xScroll = document.body.scrollWidth; yScroll = document.body.scrollHeight; } else { // Explorer Mac...would also work in Explorer 6 Strict, Mozilla and Safari xScroll = document.body.offsetWidth; yScroll = document.body.offsetHeight; } var windowWidth, windowHeight; if (self.innerHeight) { // all except Explorer if(document.documentElement.clientWidth){ windowWidth = document.documentElement.clientWidth; } else { windowWidth = self.innerWidth; } windowHeight = self.innerHeight; } else if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.clientHeight) { // Explorer 6 Strict Mode windowWidth = document.documentElement.clientWidth; windowHeight = document.documentElement.clientHeight; } else if (document.body) { // other Explorers windowWidth = document.body.clientWidth; windowHeight = document.body.clientHeight; } // for small pages with total height less then height of the viewport if(yScroll < windowHeight){ pageHeight = windowHeight; } else { pageHeight = yScroll; } // for small pages with total width less then width of the viewport if(xScroll < windowWidth){ pageWidth = xScroll; } else { pageWidth = windowWidth; } arrayPageSize = new Array(pageWidth,pageHeight,windowWidth,windowHeight); return arrayPageSize; }; /** / THIRD FUNCTION * getPageScroll() by quirksmode.com * * @return Array Return an array with x,y page scroll values. */ function ___getPageScroll() { var xScroll, yScroll; if (self.pageYOffset) { yScroll = self.pageYOffset; xScroll = self.pageXOffset; } else if (document.documentElement && document.documentElement.scrollTop) { // Explorer 6 Strict yScroll = document.documentElement.scrollTop; xScroll = document.documentElement.scrollLeft; } else if (document.body) {// all other Explorers yScroll = document.body.scrollTop; xScroll = document.body.scrollLeft; } arrayPageScroll = new Array(xScroll,yScroll); return arrayPageScroll; }; /** * Stop the code execution from a escified time in milisecond * */ function ___pause(ms) { var date = new Date(); curDate = null; do { var curDate = new Date(); } while ( curDate - date < ms); }; // Return the jQuery object for chaining. The unbind method is used to avoid click conflict when the plugin is called more than once return this.unbind('click').click(_initialize); }; })(jQuery); // Call and execute the function immediately passing the jQuery object </script> <style> /** * jQuery lightBox plugin * This jQuery plugin was inspired and based on Lightbox 2 by Lokesh Dhakar (http://www.huddletogether.com/projects/lightbox2/) * and adapted to me for use like a plugin from jQuery. * @name jquery-lightbox-0.5.css * @author Leandro Vieira Pinho - http://leandrovieira.com * @version 0.5 * @date April 11, 2008 * @category jQuery plugin * @copyright (c) 2008 Leandro Vieira Pinho (leandrovieira.com) * @license CCAttribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Brazil - http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/br/deed.en_US * @example Visit http://leandrovieira.com/projects/jquery/lightbox/ for more informations about this jQuery plugin */ #jquery-overlay { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; z-index: 9000; width: 100%; height: 500px; } #jquery-lightbox { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; text-align: center; line-height: 0; } #jquery-lightbox a img { border: none; } #lightbox-container-image-box { position: relative; background-color: #fff; width: 250px; height: 250px; margin: 0 auto; } #lightbox-container-image { padding: 10px; } #lightbox-loading { position: absolute; top: 40%; left: 0%; height: 25%; width: 100%; text-align: center; line-height: 0; } #lightbox-nav { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } #lightbox-container-image-box > #lightbox-nav { left: 0; } #lightbox-nav a { outline: none;} #lightbox-nav-btnPrev, #lightbox-nav-btnNext { width: 49%; height: 100%; zoom: 1; display: block; } #lightbox-nav-btnPrev { left: 0; float: left; } #lightbox-nav-btnNext { right: 0; float: right; } #lightbox-container-image-data-box { font: 10px Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #fff; margin: 0 auto; line-height: 1.4em; overflow: auto; width: 100%; padding: 0 10px 0; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 10px 15px #CCC; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 10px 15px #CCC; box-shadow: 0px 10px 15px #CCC; } #lightbox-container-image-data { padding: 0 10px; color: #666; #width: 100%; } #lightbox-container-image-data #lightbox-image-details { width: 70%; float: left; text-align: left; } #lightbox-image-details-caption { font-weight: bold; } #lightbox-image-details-currentNumber { display: block; clear: left; padding-bottom: 1.0em; } #lightbox-secNav-btnClose { width: 66px; float: right; padding-bottom: 0.7em; } </style><meta name="viewport" content="width=1200"/><script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-25212983-2']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/challenges-for-renewable-energy-?a=1&c=1148">Next >></a></div> </div>  <div class="pm-inner"><h1 class="page-title">Powering Wireless Communications</h1></div> <div class="article-info"> <div class="pm-inner"> <div class="byline"><div class="byline-label">Author:</div> Fred Zust,Vice President & General Manager, Communications Division, Integrated Device Technology</div> <div class="article-date"><div class="article-date-label">Date:</div> 11/23/2010</div> </div>  </div>  <div class="content-inner111"> <div class="column1"> <div class="column-border"> <div class="column-inner"> <div class="ads-top1-outer"></div> <div id="arnav2" class="arnav"> <ul> <li id="arnav2_1" class=" parent"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/experts-exchange"> <div class="arnav-pre"></div> <div class="arnav-icon"></div> <div class="arnav-text">Experts Exchange</div><div 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The requirement for more data consumption for a richer multimedia experience will encourage service providers to add higher capacity 3.5G and 4G base stations to their existing wireless infrastructure mix, be they WiMAX or 3G LTE.</i> </p><p>In 3.5G and 4G base station architectures, the increasing data rate and the push for a higher capacity of users per base station led to increasing backplane speeds between radio and baseband cards. This overall bandwidth increase, in turn, requires more multi-core digital signal processors (DSPs) interconnected in a standard cluster configuration on the baseband card with FPGAs and embedded processors in a peer-to-peer networking cluster. </p><p>Multi-core DSPs now offer architectures with three to six cores, operating in the Gigahertz-per-core range. Data rates between processing elements and the back plane can range from 1 gigabit to as high as 10Gbps, all of which are supported by semiconductors that use the RapidIO 1.3 standard. Continued demands for greater bandwidth have resulted in a market need for higher data rates between processing elements, while at the same time, maintaining low latency, deterministic reliable packet delivery plus an easy-to-manage memory map. All of these are attributes supported by RapidIO 1.3 </p><p>The above market drivers led to the Serial RapidIO® 2.1 standard. Leading wireless infrastructure equipment providers are adopting this technology in their next-generation platform designs to increase overall system performance and support more subscribers per base station with more revenue-generating, real-time multimedia features. But Serial RapidIO 2.1 is not limited to the rollout of new platforms or upgrades of base stations to 4G standards. </p><p>In some cases, Serial RapidIO 2.1 is ideal for cost-reduction and power-saving measures in legacy platform updates because Serial RapidIO 2.1 can support more bandwidth per serial link, doubling the baud rate on a link from 3.125Gbaud in Serial RapidIO 1.3 to 6.25Gbaud in <br>Serial RapidIO 2.1. Moreover, it can be transmitted up to 100cm over two connectors, making it ideal for cascading multiple chassis co-located in one physical rack, immediately expanding the processing capacity of a base station. </p><p>Serial RapidIO 2.1 also adds support for Virtual Channels (VCs) and Virtual Output Queuing (VOQs), improving overall traffic management and allowing OEMs to support more bandwidth in the network with differentiated classes of service, ideal for 4G networks being developed today. </p><p>Improvements to Quality of Service (QoS) will appeal to carrier-grade communications applications. Within the physical layer, the new standard additions receive equalization capabilities that will allow it to support extended long-reach (100cm) traces at the full data rate. This can even be done with conventional FR4-based PC board materials. </p><p>In embedded systems, all of the above features are only supported by RapidIO. While 10 Gigabit Ethernet offers some of the attributes that RapidIO 2.1 offers, given that it originates from the LAN/WAN networks, using it in multiprocessor embedded systems for peer-to-peer processing can be difficult due to its higher latency, non-deterministic packet delivery, large packets sizes (causing system-level congestion) and large processor overhead in terminating the protocol, reducing processor cycles for application implementation. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet raw data rate is only half of what is available with Serial RapidIO 2.1. Wireless system OEMs, as well as those in other embedded markets, have chosen to continue from their existing RapidIO 1.3 investments and are moving forward with Serial RapidIO 2.1. </p><p>The continuous advances in the wireless infrastructure create the need for significant increases in system capability and bandwidth. The industry has responded with the evolution of its most successful interface standard to meet the needs for more bandwidth, more flexibility and better quality of service. Serial RapidIO 2.1 addresses all of these needs and maintains backward compatibility with the previous versions of the specification — helping to keep the installed infrastructure base from becoming obsolete. <br><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://www.idt.com/" target="_blank"> <br>www.idt.com</a></p></div> <div class="ss-clear"></div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="pm-clear"></div> </div></div> <div class="p-clm-mod-main"><div class="mg-inner"></div></div> <div class="p-mobile-mod-main"><div class="mg-inner"></div></div> <div class="nav-article-bottom"> <div class="nav-article-bottom-return"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/power-player"><< Return to PowerPlayer</a> </div> <div class="nav-article-bottom-previous"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/powering-healthcare?a=1&c=1148"><< Previous</a></div> <div class="nav-article-bottom-next"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/challenges-for-renewable-energy-?a=1&c=1148">Next >></a></div> </div>   <div class="ads-bottom2-outer"></div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="column3"> <div class="column-border"> <div class="column-inner"> <div class="ads-top3-outer"></div> <div class="ads-top3_2-outer"></div> <div class="ads-top3_3-outer"></div> <div class="ads-top3_4-outer"></div>  <div class="p-int-mod-right"><div class="mg-inner"> <div id="pm4697" class="pm100" style="position: relative; float: left; width:100%;"> <div class="pm-inner"> <div class="ss"> <div style="position: relative; float: left; width: 76px;"> <div class="ss-pic-inner" style="position: relative; width: 66px;"> <img name="pic4697" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856im_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/library/resources66/images/headshots/headshots_fred_zust_72dpi.jpg" width="66" border="0" alt=""><br> </div>  </div> <div class="ss-text" style="text-align: left;"><p class="firstP"><i>Fred Zust <br>VP & G M, <br>Integrated Device Technology</i></p></div> <div class="ss-clear"></div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div class="pm-clear"></div> </div></div> <div class="p-clm-mod-right"><div class="mg-inner"></div></div>  <div class="ads-bottom3-outer"> <div class="ads-bottom3-inner"> <div class="ad"><a href="ads/124/9/1707"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856im_/http://www.powersystemsdesign.com/library/resources/ads/ir/10943wa_supirbuck-tool_160x600.gif" width="160" height="600" alt="" border="0"></a></div> <div class="ad"><script language="JavaScript1.1" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856js_/http://ad.doubleclick.net/adj/N4481.151478.POWERSYSTEMSDESIGN/B6087930;sz=160x600;click=;ord=[timestamp]"> </script> <noscript> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856/http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/N4481.151478.POWERSYSTEMSDESIGN/B6087930;sz=160x600;ord=[timestamp]"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111217065856im_/http://ad.doubleclick.net/ad/N4481.151478.POWERSYSTEMSDESIGN/B6087930;sz=160x600;ord=[timestamp]" border="0" width="160" height="600" alt="Advertisement"></a> </noscript></div>  </div>  </div> </div>  </div>  </div>   <div class="content-clear"></div>  </div>   </div>  <div class="ads-right-outer"></div>  </div>  <div class="footer1"> <div class="footer1-text">Copyright © 2011. 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