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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Companionship of Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Companionship_of_Muhammad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Companionship of Muhammad subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Companionship_of_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conversion to Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_Abyssinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_Abyssinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Migration to Abyssinia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_Abyssinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Migration to Medina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Life in Medina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad's_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad's_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Muhammad's last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad's_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliph_Abu_Bakr's_era_(632–634)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliph_Abu_Bakr's_era_(632–634)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliph_Abu_Bakr's_era_(632–634)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_Uthman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Uthman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election of Uthman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Uthman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caliphate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_social_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_social_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic and social administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_social_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Military expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opposition_to_Uthman's_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opposition_to_Uthman's_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Public opposition to Uthman's policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opposition_to_Uthman's_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_the_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_the_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Reasons for the opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_the_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uthman's_attempts_to_appease_the_dissidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uthman's_attempts_to_appease_the_dissidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Uthman's attempts to appease the dissidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uthman's_attempts_to_appease_the_dissidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_against_Uthman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_against_Uthman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Revolt against Uthman</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolt_against_Uthman-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolt against Uthman subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolt_against_Uthman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebels_in_Medina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebels_in_Medina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rebels in Medina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebels_in_Medina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Uthman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Uthman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Siege of Uthman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Uthman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_anti-Uthman_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_anti-Uthman_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Causes of anti-Uthman revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_anti-Uthman_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assassination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Appearance and character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance_and_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uthman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsman_bin_Affan" title="Utsman bin Affan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Utsman bin Affan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oethman" title="Oethman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oethman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان بن عفان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عثمان بن عفان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthm%C3%A1n_ibn_Aff%C3%A1n" title="Uthmán ibn Affán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uthmán ibn Affán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_ibn_%C6%8Fffan" title="Osman ibn Əffan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osman ibn Əffan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان بن عفان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عثمان بن عفان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উসমান ইবন আফফান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উসমান ইবন আফফান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsman" title="Utsman – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Utsman" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%98%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Усман ибн Әффан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Усман ибн Әффан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Усман (халиф) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Усман (халиф)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_ibn_Affan" title="Osman ibn Affan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthm%C3%A1n_ibn_Aff%C3%A1n" title="Uthmán ibn Affán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uthmán ibn Affán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n_ibn_%CA%BFAff%C4%81n" title="ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%AA%DE%98%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AA" title="ޢުޘްމާނުގެފާނު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢުޘްމާނުގެފާނު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Uthm%C4%81n_ibn_%E2%80%98Aff%C4%81n" title="‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B8%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Οθμάν ιμπν Αφφάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οθμάν ιμπν Αφφάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthm%C3%A1n_ibn_Aff%C3%A1n" title="Uthmán ibn Affán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uthmán ibn Affán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uthman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عثمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othm%C3%A2n_ibn_Aff%C3%A2n" title="Othmân ibn Affân – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Othmân ibn Affân" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%8C_%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%84%ED%8C%90" title="우스만 이븐 아판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우스만 이븐 아판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Ibn_Affan" title="Usman Ibn Affan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Usman Ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उस्मान बिन अफ़्फ़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उस्मान बिन अफ़्फ़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_ibn_Affan" title="Osman ibn Affan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsman_bin_Affan" title="Utsman bin Affan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utsman bin Affan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n_b._%CA%BFAff%C4%81n" title="ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F" title="עות'מאן בן עפאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עות'מאן בן עפאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsman_bin_Affan" title="Utsman bin Affan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Utsman bin Affan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უსმან იბნ აფანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უსმან იბნ აფანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8F%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%8E%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عُثمان بِن عَفان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عُثمان بِن عَفان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Осман ибн Аффан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осман ибн Аффан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman" title="Osman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Osman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Усман ибну Аффан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Усман ибну Аффан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оьсман – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Оьсман" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomanus" title="Ottomanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ottomanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C4%81ns_Ibn_Af%C4%81ns" title="Osmāns Ibn Afāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmāns Ibn Afāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Усман ибн Аффан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Усман ибн Аффан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utmanas_ibn_al-Afanas" title="Utmanas ibn al-Afanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Utmanas ibn al-Afanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszm%C3%A1n_kalifa" title="Oszmán kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszmán kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഉസ്‌മാൻ ബിൻ അഫ്ഫാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉസ്‌മാൻ ബിൻ അഫ്ഫാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان بن عفان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عثمان بن عفان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_bin_Affan" title="Uthman bin Affan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uthman bin Affan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsman_bin_Affan" title="Utsman bin Affan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Utsman bin Affan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oethman_ibn_Affan" title="Oethman ibn Affan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oethman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ウスマーン・イブン・アッファーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウスマーン・イブン・アッファーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ӏусман ибн Ӏаффан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏусман ибн Ӏаффан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_ibn_Affan" title="Othman ibn Affan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Othman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usmon_ibn_Affon" title="Usmon ibn Affon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Usmon ibn Affon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عثمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان بن عفان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عثمان بن عفان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_ibn_Affan" title="Usman ibn Affan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Usman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otom%C3%A3o" title="Otomão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otomão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman" title="Usman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Usman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Усман ибн Аффан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Усман ибн Аффан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_ibn_Afan" title="Osman ibn Afan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Osman ibn Afan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان بن عفان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عثمان بن عفان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utm%C3%A1n_ibn_Aff%C3%A1n" title="Utmán ibn Affán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Utmán ibn Affán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_ibn_Afan" title="Osman ibn Afan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osman ibn Afan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusmaan_bin_Cafaan" title="Cusmaan bin Cafaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cusmaan bin Cafaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عوسمان کوڕی عەفان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عوسمان کوڕی عەفان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Осман ибн Афан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Осман ибн Афан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_ibn_Afan" title="Osman ibn Afan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osman ibn Afan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsman_bin_%27Affan" title="Utsman bin 'Affan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Utsman bin 'Affan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_ibn_Affan" title="Usman ibn Affan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Usman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" title="Uthman Ibn Affan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uthman Ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உதுமான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உதுமான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99)" title="Госман (хәлифә) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Госман (хәлифә)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉస్మాన్ ఇబ్న్ అఫ్ఫాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อุษมาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุษมาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Усмон ибни Аффон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Усмон ибни Аффон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman" title="Osman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Осман ібн Аффан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Осман ібн Аффан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عثمان بن عفان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عثمان بن عفان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%86%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئوسمان بىننى ئەففان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوسمان بىننى ئەففان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_bin_Affan" title="Othman bin Affan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Othman bin Affan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otman_(calife)" title="Otman (calife) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Otman (calife)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" title="Uthman ibn Affan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uthman ibn Affan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1" title="奥斯曼·本·阿凡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥斯曼·本·阿凡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E6%9C%AC%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1" title="奧斯曼本阿凡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧斯曼本阿凡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_ibn_Efan" title="Usman ibn Efan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Usman ibn Efan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1" title="奥斯曼·本·阿凡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥斯曼·本·阿凡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37731#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Uthman" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">3rd Rashidun caliph from 644 to 656</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the name, see <a href="/wiki/Usman_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usman (name)">Usman (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Uthman<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُثْمَان</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></i><div class="plainlist"><i></i> <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">Khalifat Allah</a></i></span></li></ul> </div><i></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayasofya_13_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="675" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Calligraphic seal featuring Uthman's name, on display in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 644 – 17 June 656</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 573 (46 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">BH</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 656 (aged 83) <br /> (12<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/18 <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a> 35 AH)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, Hejaz, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannat al-Baqi">Jannat al-Baqi</a>, Medina</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Muhammad" title="Ruqayya bint Muhammad">Ruqayya bint Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammad" title="Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad">Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad</a></li> <li>Fakhita bint Ghazwan</li> <li>Asma bint Abi Jahl</li> <li>Umm al-Banin Mulayka bint Uyayna</li> <li>Fatima bint al-Walid</li> <li>Bint Khalid ibn Asid</li> <li>Umm 'Amr Umm Najm bint Jundab</li> <li>Ramla bint Shayba</li> <li>Bunana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27ila_bint_al-Furafisa" title="Na'ila bint al-Furafisa">Na'ila bint al-Furafisa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Uthman#Children_and_Descendants" title="Family tree of Uthman">(among others)</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Uthman" title="Amr ibn Uthman">Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_ibn_Uthman" title="Aban ibn Uthman">Aban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Uthman" title="Sa'id ibn Uthman">Sa'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Uthman" title="Abd Allah ibn Uthman">Abd Allah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Tribe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Banu Umayya</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Affan_ibn_Abi_al-As" title="Affan ibn Abi al-As">Affan ibn Abi al-As</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arwa_bint_Kurayz" title="Arwa bint Kurayz">Arwa bint Kurayz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%; white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uthman</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">The Generous (al-Ghani)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayasofya_13_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Uthman"><img alt="Uthman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG/140px-Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG/210px-Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG/280px-Ayasofya_13_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d6e7ff; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Uthman" title="Family tree of Uthman">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_of_Uthman" title="Election of Uthman">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_under_Caliph_Uthman" title="Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Uthman" title="Assassination of Uthman">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthmaniyya" title="Uthmaniyya">Uthmaniyya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uthman" title="Category:Uthman">Category</a></li> <li><span 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series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Uthman ibn Affan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 573 or 576</span> – 17 June 656) was the third <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun caliph">caliph</a>, ruling from 644 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Uthman" title="Assassination of Uthman">his assassination</a> in 656. Uthman, a second cousin, son-in-law, and notable <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companion</a> of the Islamic Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, played a major role in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">early Islamic history</a>. During his reign as caliph, he was known for ordering the official compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Uthman%27s_Quran" title="Uthman's Quran">standardized version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> that is still being used today. </p><p>Before his predecessor, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644</span>), died in office, he appointed a committee of trustees to elect a successor. Uthman, who was then aged 68–71 years, was elected to succeed him and became the oldest person to hold such a high position. During his premiership, the Caliphate expanded further into <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in 650 and reached as far as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> in 651. Uthman instituted <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized reforms</a> in order to create a more cohesive administrative structure and fostered rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. </p><p>However, the last years of his reign were marked by discontent that eventually evolved into an <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">armed revolt</a>, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uthman" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Uthman">siege upon his residence</a> and ultimately culminating in his assassination. <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> tradition considers him the third <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun caliph">rightly-guided caliph</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Uthman" title="Family tree of Uthman">Family tree of Uthman</a></div> <p>Uthman was born in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. The exact date is disputed, both 573 and 576 are indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Saad3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born to an affluent family of the noble <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad</a> clan. His father, <a href="/wiki/Affan_ibn_Abi_al-As" title="Affan ibn Abi al-As">Affan ibn Abi al-As</a> was of the Umayyad, and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Arwa_bint_Kurayz" title="Arwa bint Kurayz">Arwa bint Kurayz</a> was of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Abd_Shams" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Abd Shams">Abdshams</a>, which were both powerful and wealthy clans in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. Uthman had one sister, Amina. </p><p>Uthman is related to Muhammad through his mother, who was the first cousin of Muhammad and made Uthman his first cousin's son. </p><p>His father died at a young age while on a <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan travel</a>, leaving Uthman with a large inheritance. He brilliantly invested the wealth in trade and became a highly successful merchant, making him one the wealthiest people from the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nectar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nectar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companionship_of_Muhammad">Companionship of Muhammad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Companionship of Muhammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Islam">Conversion to Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conversion to Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On returning from a business trip to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in 611, Uthman learned of Muhammad's declared mission. After a discussion with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, Uthman decided to convert to Islam, and Abu Bakr brought him to Muhammad to declare his faith. Uthman thus became <a href="/wiki/Timing_of_Sahabah_becoming_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Timing of Sahabah becoming Muslims">one of the earliest converts to Islam</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a>, Abu Bakr and a few others. His conversion to Islam angered his clan, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Banu Umayyah</a>, who strongly opposed Muhammad's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Basit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is listed as one of the twenty two Meccans at the dawn of Islam who knew how to write.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_Abyssinia">Migration to Abyssinia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migration to Abyssinia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, migrated to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>) in April 615, along with ten Muslim men and three women. Scores of Muslims joined them later.<sup id="cite_ref-Ishaq_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishaq-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saad1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235–236">: 235–236 </span></sup> As Uthman already had some business contacts in Abyssinia, he continued to practice his profession as a trader and he continued to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four years, the news spread among the Muslims in Abyssinia that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and this acceptance persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya and 39 Muslims to return. However, when they reached Mecca, they found that the news about the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false. Nevertheless, Uthman and Ruqayya re-settled in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-Ishaq_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishaq-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167–169">: 167–169 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saad1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saad1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 238">: 238 </span></sup> Uthman had to start his business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_Medina">Migration to Medina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migration to Medina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 622, Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, were among the third group of Muslims to migrate to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. Upon arrival, Uthman stayed with Abu Talha ibn Thabit before moving into the house he purchased a short time later. Uthman was one of the richest merchants of Mecca, with no need of financial help from his <a href="/wiki/Ansari_(nesbat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansari (nesbat)">Ansari</a> brothers, as he had brought the considerable fortune he had amassed with him to Medina. Most Muslims of Medina were farmers with little interest in trade, and <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> had conducted most trading in the town. Uthman realized there was a considerable commercial opportunity to promote trade among Muslims and soon established himself as a trader in Medina. With hard work and honesty, his business flourished, making him one of the richest men in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of Uthman's wives having been elder daughters of Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a> earned him the honorific title <i>Dhū al-Nurayn</i> ("The Possessor of Two Lights").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the Muslim world, Uthman is known by his honorific title "Ghani" that translates to "exceedingly generous" which was bestowed upon him for his remarkable donations towards helping those in need and for the cause of Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Medina">Life in Medina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life in Medina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali</a> married <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a>, Uthman bought Ali's shield for five hundred <a href="/wiki/Dirhams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirhams">dirhams</a>. Four hundred was set aside as <i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>) for Fatimah's marriage, leaving a hundred for all other expenses. Later, Uthman presented the armour back to Ali as a wedding present.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles">Battles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></div> <p>Uthman participated in all major battles which took place in the early period of Islam except for Badr and that too because the Prophet of Islam commanded him to stay back and tend to his wife who was unwell at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding this, there is a hadith which states, "You (Uthman) will have the reward and the share of booty of a man who was present at Badr".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, during the campaigns of Ghatafan and Dhat al-Riqa the Prophet of Islam left Uthman in charge of Madinah when the Muslim army ventured out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad's_last_years"><span id="Muhammad.27s_last_years"></span>Muhammad's last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Muhammad's last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">The event of Ghadir Khumm</a></div> <p>In 632, the year Muhammad died, Uthman participated in the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nectar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nectar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman was also present at <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">the event of Ghadir Khumm</a>, where, according to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> sources, he was among those who pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliph_Abu_Bakr's_era_(632–634)"><span id="Caliph_Abu_Bakr.27s_era_.28632.E2.80.93634.29"></span>Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uthman had a very close relationship with Abu Bakr, as it was due to him that Uthman had converted to Islam. When Abu Bakr was selected as the caliph, Uthman was the first person after <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> to offer his allegiance. During the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a> (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained in Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman, saying that his successor was to be Umar.<sup id="cite_ref-Donner_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_Uthman">Election of Uthman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Election of Uthman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Uthman" title="Special:EditPage/Uthman">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Uthman" title="Election of Uthman">Election of Uthman</a></div> <p>Umar, on his deathbed formed a committee of six people, all from the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (early <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Meccan</a> converts), to choose the next caliph from amongst themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This committee was: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>Uthman ibn Affan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha ibn Ubayd Allah</a></li></ul> <p>According to Yaqoubi history, Umar appointed Abu Talha Ansari to this task and said: If four people gave an opinion and two disagreed, behead those two, and if three agreed and three disagreed, the three people whom Abd al-Rahman is not among them, behead them, and if three days passed and they didn't reach an agreement on anyone, behead them all".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yaqoubi further adds that many negotiations took place in these three days and the result was hesitant between Ali and Uthman. Abd al-Rahman asked Ali: If we pledge allegiance to you, would you be willing to follow the Book of God (Quran) and the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah and behave in the manner of the two previous caliphs (Umar and Abu Bakr)? Ali's answer to Abd al-Rahman was: I will only follow the Book of God and the Sunnah of the Messenger of God. Abd al-Rahman asked the same question to Uthman and Uthman answered positively and accepted all the conditions and therefore he became the caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In about AD 650, Uthman began noticing slight differences in recitations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> as Islam expanded beyond the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> into <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a> to use caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>'s copy and prepare a standardised version of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-tabatabai5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabatabai5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sbukhari1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbukhari1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, with the other versions ordered to been burnt by Uthman.<sup id="cite_ref-tabatabai5_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabatabai5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rippin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rippin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Shī‘ah use the same <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> as Sunni Muslims, they do not believe however that it was first compiled by Uthman.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirazi04_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirazi04-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shī‘ah believe that the Qur'an was gathered and compiled by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirazi01_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirazi01-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shirazi02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirazi02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shirazi03_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirazi03-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_social_administration">Economic and social administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic and social administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg/200px-First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg/300px-First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg/400px-First_Islamic_coins_by_caliph_Uthman-mohammad_adil_rais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arab-Sasanian_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Sasanian coinage">Arab-Sasanian coinage</a> during Uthman used <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid</a> symbols (<a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">star and crescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>, the picture of the last emperor <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a>) by adding <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Bismillah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> on margin, instead of designing a new one.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Uthman was a shrewd businessman and a successful trader from his youth, which contributed greatly to the Rashidun Caliphate. Umar had established a public <a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)" title="Allowance (money)">allowance</a> and, on assuming office, Uthman increased it by about 25%. Umar had placed a ban on the sale of lands and the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> lands in conquered territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Islam_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Islam-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman withdrew these restrictions, in view of the fact that the trade could not flourish. Uthman also permitted people to draw loans from the public treasury. Under Umar, it had been laid down as a policy that the lands in conquered territories were not to be distributed among the combatants, but were to remain the property of the previous owners. The <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a> felt dissatisfied at this decision, but Umar suppressed the opposition with a strong hand. Uthman followed the policy devised by Umar and there were more conquests, and the revenues from land increased considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-Donner_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umar had been very strict in the use of money from the public treasury—indeed, apart from the meagre allowance that had been sanctioned in his favour, Umar took no money from the treasury. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gifts from any quarter. During the time of Uthman, these restrictions were relaxed. Although Uthman still drew no personal allowance from the treasury, nor did he receive a <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>, as he was a wealthy man with sufficient resources of his own, but, unlike Umar, Uthman accepted gifts and allowed his family members to do likewise from certain quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-Nectar_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nectar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman honestly expressed that he had the right to utilize the public funds according to his best judgment, and no one criticized him for that. The economic reforms introduced by Uthman had far-reaching effects; Muslims, as well as non-Muslims of the Rashidun Empire, enjoyed an economically prosperous life during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_expansion">Military expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Early_Muslim_conquests" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Template:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Muslim_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests"><span class="wrap"> Early Muslim conquests</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim%E2%80%93Meccan_conflict" title="Early Muslim–Meccan conflict">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim%E2%80%93Quraysh_War" title="Muslim–Quraysh War">Quraysh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Arab_conquest_and_Arab-Byzantine_condominium" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636-637)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636-637)">Israel</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Sassanid Persia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Fars" title="Arab conquest of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Kerman" title="Muslim conquest of Kerman">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Northern_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Northern Persia">Northern Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sistan" title="Muslim conquest of Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khorasan" title="Muslim conquest of Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Caucasus</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania#Islamic_era" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Caucasian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Khazar Khaganate</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other regions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makuria#Early_period_(5th–8th_century)" title="Makuria">Makurian Nubia</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_battle_of_Dongola" title="First battle of Dongola">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Dongola" title="Second battle of Dongola">2nd</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Visigothic Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul"> Frankish Gaul</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars"><span class="wrap">Arab–Byzantine wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early conflicts</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Balqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dathin" title="Battle of Dathin">Dathin</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">The Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Sanita-al-Uqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Battle of Heliopolis">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Nikiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam#Campaign_in_Africa" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Darishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Mamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Sebastopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana" title="Siege of Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon" title="Battle of Akroinon">Akroinon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamacha" title="Siege of Kamacha">Kamacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Asia Minor (782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kopidnadon" title="Battle of Kopidnadon">Kopidnadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos" title="Battle of Krasos">Krasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Asia Minor (806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="Sack of Amorium">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Faruriyyah" title="Capture of Faruriyyah">Faruriyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Lalakaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Bathys Ryax</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">1st Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Messina_(842-843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Messina (842-843)">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butera" title="Battle of Butera">Butera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lentini" title="Siege of Lentini">Lentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enna" title="Siege of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(868)" title="Siege of Syracuse (868)">2nd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">1st Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">3rd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caltavuturo" title="Battle of Caltavuturo">Caltavuturo</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Apostyppes" title="Leo Apostyppes">Leo Apostyppes</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">1st Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(888)" title="Battle of Milazzo (888)">2nd Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">1st Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">2nd Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Straits of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">2nd Malta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keramaia" title="Battle of Keramaia">Keramaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete#Conquest_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">1st Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(828)" title="Cretan expedition (828)">2nd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos" title="Battle of Thasos">Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)" title="Sack of Damietta (853)">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(866%E2%80%93868)" title="Siege of Ragusa (866–868)">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia" title="Battle of Kardia">Kardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Battle of the Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos" title="Siege of Euripos">Euripos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(911%E2%80%93912)" title="Cretan expedition (911–912)">3rd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(949)" title="Cretan expedition (949)">4th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a></li></ul> <p><b>Byzantine reconquest</b> </p> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash_(953)" title="Battle of Marash (953)">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raban" title="Battle of Raban">Raban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andrassos" title="Battle of Andrassos">Andrassos</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">5th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">Antioch</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes" title="Battle of the Orontes">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">Azaz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Template:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Persia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Persia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Muslim conquest of Persia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest <br /> of Persia</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" title="Arab conquest of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chains" title="Battle of Chains">Chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_River" title="Battle of River">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Walaja" title="Battle of Walaja">Walaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ullais" title="Battle of Ullais">Ullais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hira" title="Battle of Hira">Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Anbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Anbar">Al-Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Battle of Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Husayd" title="Battle of Husayd">Husayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muzayyah" title="Battle of Muzayyah">Muzayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saniyy" title="Battle of Saniyy">Saniyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumail" title="Battle of Zumail">Zumail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babylon_(634)" title="Battle of Babylon (634)">1st Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Namaraq" title="Battle of Namaraq">Namaraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaskar" title="Battle of Kaskar">Kaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge" title="Battle of the Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buwaib" title="Battle of Buwaib">Buwaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Q%C4%81disiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qādisiyyah">al-Qādisiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burs" title="Battle of Burs">Burs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Babylon_(636)" title="Battle of Babylon (636)">2nd Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ctesiphon_(637)" title="Siege of Ctesiphon (637)">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalula" title="Battle of Jalula">Jalula</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khuzestan" title="Muslim conquest of Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shushtar" title="Siege of Shushtar">Shushtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gundishapur" title="Siege of Gundishapur">Gundishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayrudh" title="Battle of Bayrudh">Bayrudh</a></li></ul> <p><b>Central Persia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nah%C4%81vand" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nahāvand">Nahavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spahan" title="Battle of Spahan">Spahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waj_Rudh" title="Battle of Waj Rudh">Waj Rudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ray_(651)" title="Battle of Ray (651)">Ray</a></li></ul> <p><b>Caucasus</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Azerbaijan" title="Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania#Islamic_era" title="Caucasian Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia#First_conquests_and_installation_of_Arab_domination_(645–736)" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Rabiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Rabiah">Derbent</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Fars" title="Arab conquest of Fars">Pars</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bishapur_(643%E2%80%93644)" title="Battle of Bishapur (643–644)">Bishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Istakhr_(650%E2%80%93653)" title="Battle of Istakhr (650–653)">Estakhr</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khorasan" title="Muslim conquest of Khorasan">Khorasan</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oxus_River" title="Battle of Oxus River">Oxus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nishapur" title="Battle of Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(652)" title="Siege of Herat (652)">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badghis" title="Battle of Badghis">Badghis</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other geographies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Northern_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Northern Persia">Northern Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Kerman" title="Muslim conquest of Kerman">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sistan" title="Muslim conquest of Sistan">Sakastan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_under_Caliph_Uthman" title="Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman">Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman</a></div> <p>During his rule, Uthman's military-style was more autonomical in nature as he delegated much military authority to his trusted kinsmen—e.g., <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Amir" title="Abd Allah ibn Amir">Abd Allah ibn Amir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Sa%27d" title="Abd Allah ibn Sa'd">Abd Allah ibn Sa'd</a>—unlike <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>'s more centralized policy. Consequently, this more independent policy allowed more expansion until Sindh, in modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which had not been touched during the tenure of Umar.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabri_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabri-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> had begun by the 640s.<sup id="cite_ref-middle_east_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middle_east-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a> had been appointed the governor of Syria by <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> in 639 to stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the <a href="/wiki/Arab-Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Byzantine Wars">Arab-Byzantine Wars</a>. He succeeded his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_Abi_Sufyan" title="Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan">Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan</a>, who died in a plague, along with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_ibn_al-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah</a>, the governor before him, and 25,000 other people. Now under Uthman's rule in 649, Muawiyah was allowed to set up a navy, manned by <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitic Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian</a> sailors and Muslim troops, which defeated the Byzantine navy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a> in 655, opening up the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a> 15 (c. 647), Uthman sent <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Zubayr">Abdullah ibn Zubayr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saad">Abdullah ibn Saad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb#First_invasion" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">reconquer the Maghreb</a>, where he met the army of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Patrician" title="Gregory the Patrician">Gregory the Patrician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Africa">Exarch of Africa</a> and relative of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, which is recorded to have numbered between 120,000 and 200,000 soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-Google474iHr4bQJUC_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google474iHr4bQJUC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposing forces clashed at Sabuthilag (or <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a>), which became the name of this battle. Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. However, Abdullah ibn Zubayr spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'ad to lead a small detachment to intercept him. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army started crumbling and soon they were routed.<sup id="cite_ref-Google474iHr4bQJUC_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google474iHr4bQJUC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Muslim sources (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) claim that after the conquest of northern Africa was completed, Abdullah ibn Sa'd continued to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Other prominent Muslim <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have quoted the same narration. In the description of this campaign, two of Abdullah ibn Saad's generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were ordered to invade the coastal areas of Spain by <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, aided by a Berber force. They allegedly succeeded in conquering the coastal areas of Al-Andalus. It is not known where the Muslim force landed, what resistance they met, and what parts of Spain they actually conquered. However, it is clear that the Muslims did conquer some portion of Spain during the caliphate of Uthman, presumably establishing colonies on its coast. On this occasion, Uthman is reported to have addressed a letter to the invading force: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> will be conquered from the side of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. Thus, if you conquer it, you will have the honor of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next.</p></blockquote> <p>Although raids by Berbers and Muslims were conducted against the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain during the late 7th century, there is no evidence that Spain was invaded nor that parts of it were conquered or settled by Muslims prior to the 711 campaign by Tariq. </p><p>Abdullah ibn Saad also achieved success in the Caliphate's first decisive naval battle against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG/220px-Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG/330px-Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG/440px-Mohammad_adil_rais-rashidun_empire-at-its_peak.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Rashidun Caliphate at its peak under Uthman (654)</figcaption></figure> <p>To the east, <a href="/wiki/Ahnaf_ibn_Qais" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahnaf ibn Qais">Ahnaf ibn Qais</a>, chief of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a> and a veteran commander who conquered <a href="/wiki/Shustar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shustar">Shustar</a> earlier, launched a series of further military expansions by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oxus_River" title="Battle of Oxus River">further mauling Yazdegerd III</a> near <a href="/wiki/Oxus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus River">Oxus River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later crushing a military coalition of <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> loyalists and <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herat_(652)" title="Siege of Herat (652)">Siege of Herat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Aamir">Abdullah ibn Aamir</a> also led a number of successful campaigns, ranging from the suppression of revolts in Fars, Kerman, Sistan, and Khorasan, to the opening of new fronts for conquest in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next year, AD 652, Futh Al-Buldan of Baladhuri writes that <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> was re-conquered during the campaign against the revolt in Kermān, under the command of Majasha ibn Mas'ud. It was the first time that western Balochistan had come directly under the laws of the Caliphate and it paid an agricultural tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military campaigns under Uthman's rule were generally successful, except for a few in the kingdom of Nubia, on the lower Nile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opposition_to_Uthman's_policies"><span id="Public_opposition_to_Uthman.27s_policies"></span>Public opposition to Uthman's policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public opposition to Uthman's policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reasons_for_the_opposition">Reasons for the opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reasons for the opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noting an increase in anti-government tension around the Caliphate, Uthman's administration decided to determine its origins, extent, and aims. Some time around 654, Uthman called all twelve provincial governors to Medina to discuss the problem. During this Council of Governors, Uthman ordered that all resolutions of the council be adopted according to local circumstances. Later, in the Majlis al Shurah (council of ministers), it was suggested to Uthman that reliable agents be sent to various provinces to attempt to determine the source of the discontent. Uthman accordingly sent <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Maslamah" title="Muhammad ibn Maslamah">Muhammad ibn Maslamah</a> to Kufa, <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Zayd" title="Usama ibn Zayd">Usama ibn Zayd</a> to Basra, Ammar ibn Yasir to Egypt, and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abdullah ibn Umar</a> to Syria. The agents sent to Kufa, Basra and Syria reported that all was well—the people were generally satisfied with the administration, although some individuals had minor personal grievances. Ammar ibn Yasir, the emissary to Egypt, however, did not return to Medina. Rebels there had been issuing propaganda in favour of making Ali caliph. Ammar ibn Yasir, who had been affiliated with Ali, abandoned Uthman for the Egyptian opposition. Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, reported about the opposition's activities instead. He wanted to take action against Ali's foster son, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa, Uthman's adopted son, and Ammar ibn Yasir.<sup id="cite_ref-CHI_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHI-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uthman's_attempts_to_appease_the_dissidents"><span id="Uthman.27s_attempts_to_appease_the_dissidents"></span>Uthman's attempts to appease the dissidents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uthman's attempts to appease the dissidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 655, Uthman directed those with any grievance against the administration, as well as the governors and "Amils" throughout the caliphate, to assemble at Mecca for the Hajj, promising that all legitimate grievances would be redressed. Accordingly, large delegations from various cities came to present their grievances before the gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-Aadil_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aadil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebels realized that the people in Mecca supported Uthman and were not inclined to listen to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Basit_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represented a great psychological victory for Uthman. It is said, according to Sunni Muslim accounts, that before returning to Syria, the governor <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah</a>, Uthman's cousin, suggested that Uthman should come with him to Syria as the atmosphere there was peaceful. Uthman rejected his offer, saying that he did not want to leave the city of Muhammad (<i>viz.</i>, Medina). Muawiyah then suggested that he be allowed to send a strong force from Syria to Medina to guard Uthman against any possible attempt by rebels to harm him. Uthman rejected it too, saying that the Syrian forces in Medina would be an incitement to <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>, and he could not be party to such a move.<sup id="cite_ref-CHI_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHI-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolt_against_Uthman">Revolt against Uthman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Revolt against Uthman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The politics of Egypt played the major role in the propaganda war against the caliphate, so Uthman summoned Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, to Medina to consult with him as to the course of action that should be adopted. Abdullah ibn Saad came to Medina, leaving the affairs of Egypt to his deputy, and in his absence, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abi_Hudhaifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa">Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa</a> staged a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> and took power. On hearing of the revolt in Egypt, Abdullah hastened back, but Uthman was not in a position to offer him any military assistance, and so Abdullah was unable to suppress the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Sunni scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a>, Ali Ibn Burhanuddin al-Halabi, Ibne Abi-al-Hadeed and Ibne Manzur, reported that there were several leading <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahaba</a> among those who called upon Uthman to step down for reasons such as nepotism and profligacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebels_in_Medina">Rebels in Medina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rebels in Medina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Egypt, Kufa, and Basra, contingents of about 1,000 people apiece were sent to Medina, each with instructions to assassinate Uthman and overthrow the government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of the Egyptian contingent waited on Ali, and offered him the Caliphate, but he turned them down. Representatives of the contingent from Kufa waited on Al-Zubayr, and those from Basra waited on <a href="/wiki/Talhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Talhah">Talha</a>, each offering them their allegiance as the next Caliph, but both were similarly turned down. By proposing alternatives to Uthman as Caliph, the rebels swayed public opinion in Medina to the point where Uthman's faction could no longer offer a united front. Uthman had the active support of the Umayyads, and a few other people in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrieli_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrieli-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Uthman">Siege of Uthman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Siege of Uthman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early stage of the siege of Uthman's house was not severe, but, as the days passed, the rebels intensified the pressure against Uthman.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinds_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinds-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the departure of the pilgrims from Medina to Mecca, the rebel position was strengthened further, and as a consequence the crisis deepened. The rebels understood that, after the Hajj, the Muslims, gathered at Mecca from all parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, might march to Medina to relieve Uthman. They therefore decided to take action against Uthman before the pilgrimage was over. During the siege, Uthman was asked by his supporters, who outnumbered the rebels, to let them fight, but Uthman refused, in an effort to avoid bloodshed among Muslims. Unfortunately for Uthman, violence still occurred. The gates of the house of Uthman were shut and guarded by the renowned warrior Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr,<sup id="cite_ref-Hinds_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinds-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with Ali's sons, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_anti-Uthman_revolt">Causes of anti-Uthman revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Causes of anti-Uthman revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual reason for the anti-Uthman movement is disputed among the Shia and Sunni Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabrieli_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabrieli-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Uthman, the people became more prosperous and on the <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> plane they came to enjoy a larger degree of freedom. No institutions were devised to channel political activity, and, in their absence, the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> tribal jealousies and rivalries, which had been suppressed under earlier caliphs, erupted once again. The people took advantage of Uthman's leniency, which became a headache for the state, culminating in Uthman's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Aadil_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aadil-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a>, during Uthman's reign, "grievances against his arbitrary acts were substantial by standards of his time. Historical sources mention a lengthy account of the wrongdoings he was accused of... It was only his violent death that came to absolve him in Sunni ideology from any <i>ahdath</i> and make him a martyr and the third Rightly Guided Caliph."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Keaney Heather, Uthman, as a caliph, relied solely on his own volition in picking his cabinet, which led to decisions that bred resistance within the Muslim community. Indeed, his style of governance made Uthman one of the most controversial figures in Islamic history.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resistance against Uthman arose because he favoured family members when choosing governors, reasoning that, by doing this, he would be able to exact more influence on how the caliphate was run and consequently improve the feudal system he worked to establish. The contrary turned out to be true and his appointees had more control over how he conducted business than he had originally planned.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went so far as to impose authoritarianism over their provinces. Indeed, many anonymous letters were written to the leading companions of Muhammad, complaining about the alleged tyranny of Uthman's appointed governors. Moreover, letters were sent to the leaders of public opinion in different provinces concerning the reported mishandling of power by Uthman's family. This contributed to unrest in the empire and finally Uthman had to investigate the matter in an attempt to ascertain the authenticity of the rumours.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> discredits the alleged role of Abdullah ibn Saba in the rebellion against Uthman and observes that <i>few if any modern historians would accept Sayf's legend of Ibn Saba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27#Other_sources_on_Ibn_Saba" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba' § Other sources on Ibn Saba</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, a 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a>, says of Uthman: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Uthman</b>, like <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiya">Mu'awiya</a>, was a member of the leading <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Meccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">family of Ummaya</a> and was indeed the sole representative of the Meccan patricians among the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">early companions</a> of the Prophet with sufficient prestige to rank as a candidate. His election was at once their victory and their opportunity. That opportunity was not neglected. Uthman soon fell under the influence of the dominant Meccan families and one after another, the high posts of the Empire went to members of those families. <br /><br />The weakness and nepotism of Uthman brought to a head the resentment which had for some time been stirring obscurely among the Arab warriors. The Muslim tradition attribute the breakdown which occurred during his reign to the personal defects of Uthman. But, the causes lie far deeper and the guilt of Uthman lay in his failure to recognize, control or remedy them.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Uthman" title="Assassination of Uthman">Assassination of Uthman</a></div> <p>On 17 June 656, rebels found the gate of Uthman's house strongly guarded by his supporters. Some of the rebels, scaled the neighboring houses and jumped into Uthman's. Then one rebel approached Uthman, grabbed and shook his beard. Uthman prayed to God for protection from killing, the rebel stabbed him in the head, and the other rebels followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997139_n._73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997139_n.-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1990190-191_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1990190-191-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a narration regarded as likely to be a <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997139_n._73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997139_n.-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman's wives threw themselves on his body to shield him. <a href="/wiki/Na%27ila_bint_al-Furafisa" title="Na'ila bint al-Furafisa">Na’ila</a>, one of his wives, extended her hand to block a blade. Her fingers were severed, and she was shoved aside. The following strike killed Uthman. A few of Uthman's slaves retaliated, and one of them succeeded in killing one of the assassins before being murdered by the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1990216,_248_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys1990216,_248-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baqi_Othman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baqi_Othman.jpg/220px-Baqi_Othman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baqi_Othman.jpg/330px-Baqi_Othman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Baqi_Othman.jpg/440px-Baqi_Othman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Uthman's tomb after <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">demolition by Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the body of Uthman had been in the house for three days, Naila approached some of his supporters to assist in his burial, but only about a dozen people responded, including Marwan, <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Thabit" title="Zayd ibn Thabit">Zayd ibn Thabit</a>, 'Huwatib bin Alfarah, <a href="/wiki/Jubayr_ibn_Mut%27im" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubayr ibn Mut'im">Jubayr ibn Mut'im</a>, Abu Jahm bin Hudaifa, Hakim bin Hazam and Niyar bin Mukarram.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body was lifted at dusk, and because of the blockade, no coffin could be procured. The body was not washed. Thus, Uthman was carried to the graveyard in the clothes that he was wearing at the time of his assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naila followed the funeral with a lamp, but, in order to maintain secrecy, the lamp had to be extinguished. Naila was accompanied by some women, including Uthman's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabari15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabari15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247, 248">: 247, 248 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body was carried to <a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jannat al-Baqi">Jannat al-Baqi</a> for burial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Apparently, some people gathered there, and resisted Uthman's burial in the Muslim cemetery. Accordingly, Uthman's supporters later buried him in the Jewish graveyard behind Jannat al-Baqi. Some decades later, the Umayyad rulers demolished the wall separating the two cemeteries and merged the Jewish cemetery into the Muslim one to ensure that his tomb was now inside a Muslim cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Uthman's burial, Jannat al-Baqi nor any cemetery is mentioned in this ref (July 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The funeral prayers were led by <a href="/wiki/Jubayr_ibn_Mut%27im" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubayr ibn Mut'im">Jubayr ibn Mut'im</a>, and the dead body was lowered into the grave with little ceremony. After burial, Na'ila and A'isha wanted to speak, but were discouraged from doing so due to possible danger from the rioters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tabari15_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabari15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247">: 247 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance_and_character">Appearance and character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Appearance and character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Uthman" title="Special:EditPage/Uthman">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Uthman" title="Talk:Uthman">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Uthman" title="Special:EditPage/Uthman">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Uthman##" title="Talk:Uthman">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> notes that Uthman was of medium height, strong-boned and broad-shouldered, and walked in a bowlegged manner.<sup id="cite_ref-TabariHumphreysP252-53_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TabariHumphreysP252-53-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have had large limbs, with fleshy shins and long, hairy forearms.<sup id="cite_ref-JubouriP145_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JubouriP145-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though commonly described as having been very handsome with a fair complexion,<sup id="cite_ref-TabariHumphreysP252-53_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TabariHumphreysP252-53-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when viewed up close, light scars from a childhood bout of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> were said to have been evident on his face.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnabyP236-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a full reddish-brown beard to which he applied <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a><sup id="cite_ref-TabariHumphreysP252-53_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TabariHumphreysP252-53-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thick curly hair which grew past his ears, though receded at the front.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnabyP236-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His teeth were bound with gold wire,<sup id="cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnabyP236-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the front ones being noted as being particularly fine.<sup id="cite_ref-JubouriP145_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JubouriP145-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike his predecessor Umar, Uthman was not a skilled orator, having grown tongue-tied during his first address as caliph. He remained somewhat apart from the other close <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaba">Sahaba</a>, having been an elegant, educated and cultured merchant-prince standing out among his poorer compatriots. This was a trait which had been acknowledged by Muhammad. One story relates that Aisha, having noted that Muhammad reclined comfortably and spoke casually with Abu Bakr and Umar, asked him why when he addressed Uthman, he chose to gather his clothing neatly and assume a formal manner. Muhammad replied that "Uthman is modest and shy and if l had been informal with him, he would not have said what he had come here to say".<sup id="cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnabyP236-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uthman was a family man<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who led a simple life even after becoming the caliph, despite the fact that his flourishing family business had made him rich. Prior caliphs had been paid for their services from the bayt al-mal, the public treasury, but the independently wealthy Uthman never took a salary.<sup id="cite_ref-Basit_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman was also a humanitarian: he customarily freed slaves every Friday, looked after the <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>, and gave unlimited charity. His patience and endurance were among the characteristics that made him a successful leader.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a way of taking care of Muhammad's wives, he doubled their allowances. Uthman was not completely plain and simple, however: he built a palace for himself in Medina, known as Al-Zawar, with a notable feature being doors of precious wood. Although Uthman paid for the palace with his own money, Shia Muslims considered it his first step towards ruling like a king.<sup id="cite_ref-Nectar_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nectar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was asked of Uthman why he did not drink wine during the Age of Ignorance, when there was no objection to this practice (before the revelation of Islam). He replied: "I saw that it made the intellect flee in its entirety, and I've never known of something to do this and then return in its entirety."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Uthman is said to have been the first caliph to adopt the title <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khalifat Allah</i></span> ('deputy of God').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroneHinds19865–6_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroneHinds19865–6-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general opinion of the Sunni Muslim community and Sunni historians regarding Uthman's rule were positive, particularly regarding his leniency; in their view, the kinsmen he appointed, such as <a href="/wiki/Muawiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiya">Muawiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Aamir">Abdullah ibn Aamir</a>, proved to be effective in both military and political management. Historians, like Zaki Muhammad, accused Uthman of corruption, particularly in the case of <a href="/wiki/Waleed_ibn_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Waleed ibn Uqba">Waleed ibn Uqba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Perhaps the most significant act of Uthman was allowing Muawiya and Abdullah ibn Saad, governors respectively of Syria and Northern Africa, to form the first integrated Muslim navy in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, rivalling the maritime domination of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saad's conquest of the southeast coast of Spain, his stunning victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Battle of the Masts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, and expansion to other coasts of the Mediterranean Sea are generally overlooked. These achievements gave birth to the first Muslim standing navy, thus enabling the first Muslim maritime conquest of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WT_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WT-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This subsequently paved the way for the establishment of several Muslim states in the Mediterranean Sea during the later <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> eras,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a><sup id="cite_ref-stan_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its minor vassal the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari" title="Emirate of Bari">Emirate of Bari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kreutz1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kreutz1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a><sup id="cite_ref-Makrypoulias_2000,_pp._347–348_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makrypoulias_2000,_pp._347–348-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aglabid Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gold79_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold79-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of Uthman's naval development and its political legacy was agreed upon by Muhammad M.Ag, author of <i>Islamic Fiscal and Monetary Policy</i><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further strengthened by Hassan Khalileh referencing <i>Tarikh al Bahriyya wal Islamiyya fii Misr wal Sham</i> ("History of the Seas and Islam in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>") by Ahmad Abaddy and Esayyed Salem.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>From an expansionist perspective, Uthman is regarded as skilled in conflict management, as is evident from how he dealt with the heated and troubled early Muslim conquered territories, such as Kufa and Basra, by directing the hot-headed Arab settlers to new military campaigns and expansions.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This not only resulted in settling the internal conflicts in those settlements, but also further expanded Rashidun territory to as far west as southern Iberia<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as far east as Sindh, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Lasting Religious Impact</b> </p><p>Uthman is credited with bringing unity to the current version of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-tabatabai5_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabatabai5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Uthman's reign, the Qur’an did not formally exist as a fixed text, but was written in fragmentary form and as a spoken, recited work.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman observed this brought with it some challenges. For example, even men of the same tribe would at times disagree over how the Quran would be recited.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some of the companions of Mohammed had attempted to bring together collections of the Quran, it had not yet been standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anas bin Malik reported "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudhaifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hudhaifa (page does not exist)">Hudhaifa</a> was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to `Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book ... So `Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts of the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you." Hafsa sent it to `Uthman. `Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, `Abdullah bin AzZubair, Sa`id bin Al-As and `AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts..."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caliphate order made by Uthman gave the final form of the Quran we have today, and although a few small variants do exist in some areas, most of the variant readings and recitations have been lost or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Musannaf_Ibn_Abi_Shaybah" title="Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah">Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah</a></i> vol. 13, pg 388, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/waq110421/13_110433#page/n388/mode/2up">no. 38727</a>, status of naration: <i><a href="/wiki/Sahih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih">Sahih</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad2018" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad, Muhammad Hamid (7 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBaDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7+%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82+%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A&pg=PT144"><i>سيرة ومناقب عثمان بن عفان</i></a>. Dar al-Taqwa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789776603585" title="Special:BookSources/9789776603585"><bdi>9789776603585</bdi></a>. <q>استشهد في أوسط أيام التشريق (12 ذي الحجة) لصحة نقله عن أبي عثمان النهدي، المعاصر للحادثة. وما سواه من أقوال لم يصح إسناد شيء منها، وكل ما جاء به من أسانيد فهي ضعيفة، وبعض منها صدر ممن لم يعاصر الحادثة. [He was martyred in the middle of the days of Tashreeq, because it was reported by Abu Uthman Al-Nahdi, a contemporary of the incident. As for other sayings, none of them are authentic, and all the chain of narrators that scholars brought are <a href="/wiki/Da%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'if">weak</a>, and some of them were issued by those who did not contemporary with the incident.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8+%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86&rft.pub=Dar+al-Taqwa&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft.isbn=9789776603585&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xBaDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF%2B%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2B%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%2B%25D8%25A3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2582%2B%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A9%2B%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%2B%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586%2B%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%2B%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AB%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D9%2587%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%26pg%3DPT144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[R. Stephen Humphreys (transl.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TabariEnglish/Tabari_Volume_15#page/n273"><i>The History of al-Tabari: Volume XV. The Crisis of the Early Caliphate</i></a>, (New York: State University of New York Press, 1990), pp. 250–251.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilferd Madelung, <i>The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saad3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saad3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad ibn Saad. <i>Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3</i>. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). <i>The Companions of Badr</i>. London: TaHa Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nectar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nectar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nectar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nectar_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nectar_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Mubarakphuri1996" class="citation cs2">Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (1996), <i>Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum</i> [<i>The Sealed Nectar</i>], <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>: Dar-us-Salam Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ar-Raheeq+Al-Makhtum&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Al-Mubarakphuri&rft.aufirst=Safi-ur-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basit-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basit_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basit_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basit_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadBasit2000" class="citation cs2">Ahmad; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Basit_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Basit (author) (page does not exist)">Basit, Abdul</a> (2000), <i>Uthman bin Affan, the Third Caliph of Islam</i>, <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>: Dar-us-Salam Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uthman+bin+Affan%2C+the+Third+Caliph+of+Islam&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pub=Dar-us-Salam+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ahmad&rft.au=Basit%2C+Abdul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmed ibn Jabir al-Baladhuri. <i>Kitab Futuh al-Buldan</i>. Translated by Murgotten, F. C. (1924). <i>The Origins of the Islamic State Part 2</i>, p. 271. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., & London: P. S. King & Son, Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishaq-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ishaq_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ishaq_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad ibn Ishaq. <i>Sirat Rasul Allah</i>. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). <i>The Life of Muhammad</i>, pp. 146–148. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saad1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saad1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saad1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad ibn Saad. <i>Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir</i>. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). <i>Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume I Parts I & II</i>. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hazrat Usman</i> – by Rafi Ahmad Fidai, Publisher: Islamic Book Service Pages: 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060601032606/http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm">"Talhah bin 'Ubaydullah R"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam4theworld.com/Sahabah/talhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm">the original</a> on 1 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talhah+bin+%27Ubaydullah+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam4theworld.com%2FSahabah%2Ftalhah_bn_ubaydullah_R.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsma_Afsaruddin2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Asma Afsaruddin, Oliver (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919043355/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1089">"ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān"</a>. In John L. Esposito (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e1089">the original</a> on 19 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n+ibn+%CA%BFAff%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Asma+Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe1089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Uthman-ibn-Affan">"Uthman ibn Affan | Biography, Achievements, & Assassination"</a>. 13 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uthman+ibn+Affan+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Achievements%2C+%26+Assassination&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FUthman-ibn-Affan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Rogerson, Barnaby</a> (4 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExbdVf5fFmUC&pg=PT26"><i>The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And The Roots Of The Sunni–Shia Schism</i></a>. Little, Brown Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748124701" title="Special:BookSources/9780748124701"><bdi>9780748124701</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212902/https://books.google.com/books?id=ExbdVf5fFmUC&pg=PT26">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+Of+The+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+And+The+Roots+Of+The+Sunni%E2%80%93Shia+Schism&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.isbn=9780748124701&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExbdVf5fFmUC%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Chronology Of Islamic History 570–1000 CE</i>, by H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48 and Page 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nisa' Ahl al-Bayt by Ahmad Khaleel Jumu'ah, p. 491-504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Bukhari, no. 3698 at-Tirmidhi 3706</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Rawd al-Anf, 3/137; al-Tabaqit by Ibn Sa'd, 2/34, 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team">"A Shi'ite Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>Al-Islam.org</i>. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. 12 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=A+Shi%27ite+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fshiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Volume 4</i>. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musnad+Ahmad+Ibn+Hanbal%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Razi" class="citation book cs1">al-Razi, Fakhr. <i>Tafsir al-Kabir, Volume 12</i>. pp. 49–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+al-Kabir%2C+Volume+12&rft.pages=49-50&rft.aulast=al-Razi&rft.aufirst=Fakhr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Tabrizi" class="citation book cs1">al-Tabrizi, al-Khatib. <i>Mishkat al-Masabih</i>. p. 557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishkat+al-Masabih&rft.pages=557&rft.aulast=al-Tabrizi&rft.aufirst=al-Khatib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhand" class="citation book cs1">Khand, Mir. <i>Habib al-Siyar, Volume 1, Part 3</i>. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Habib+al-Siyar%2C+Volume+1%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=144&rft.aulast=Khand&rft.aufirst=Mir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donner-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Early Islamic Conquests</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Donner" title="Fred Donner">Fred Donner</a>, Princeton 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri1979" class="citation book cs1">Jafri, S.H.M (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up"><i>Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shia+Islam&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=S.H.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaqubi history: Vol. 2, p 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of Tarikh Yaqoubi, vol. 2, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">look at al-Tanbīh wa-al-ishrāf by al-Masudi page 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of Tarikh Yaqoubi, vol. 2, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tabatabai5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tabatabai5_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabatabai5_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabatabai5_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1987" class="citation book cs1">Tabatabai, Sayyid M. H. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quraninislamitsi0000taba"><i>The Qur'an in Islam : its impact and influence on the life of muslims</i></a></span>. Zahra Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710302663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710302663"><bdi>978-0710302663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+in+Islam+%3A+its+impact+and+influence+on+the+life+of+muslims&rft.pub=Zahra+Publ.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0710302663&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquraninislamitsi0000taba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbukhari1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sbukhari1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Bukhari810–870" class="citation web cs1">al-Bukhari, Muhammad (810–870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/Bukhari_6_61.php">"Sahih Bukhari, volume 6, book 61, narrations number 509 and 510"</a>. <i>sahih-bukhari.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sahih-bukhari.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+Bukhari%2C+volume+6%2C+book+61%2C+narrations+number+509+and+510&rft.date=810&rft.aulast=al-Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahih-bukhari.com%2FPages%2FBukhari_6_61.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rippin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rippin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippin,_Andrew2006" class="citation book cs1">Rippin, Andrew; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackwellcompani00ripp_0"><i>The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an</i></a> ([2a reimpr.] ed.). Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978140511752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978140511752-4"><bdi>978140511752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.edition=%5B2a+reimpr.%5D&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978140511752-4&rft.au=Rippin%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackwellcompani00ripp_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYusuff" class="citation web cs1">Yusuff, Mohamad K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_251_300/zayd_ibn_thabit_and_the_glorious.htm">"Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zayd+ibn+Thabit+and+the+Glorious+Qur%27an&rft.aulast=Yusuff&rft.aufirst=Mohamad+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irfi.org%2Farticles%2Farticles_251_300%2Fzayd_ibn_thabit_and_the_glorious.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook/page/117"><i>The Koran: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook/page/117">117–124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285344-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285344-9"><bdi>0-19-285344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=117-124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-285344-9&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook%2Fpage%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirazi04-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirazi04_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2004" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Muhammad (2004). <i>The Qur'an made simple</i>. Vol. 10. London, UK: Fountain Books. pp. xxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+made+simple&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=xxiv&rft.pub=Fountain+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirazi01-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirazi01_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2001" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Muhammad (2001). <i>The Qur'an – When was it compiled?</i>. London, UK: Fountain Books. pp. 5, 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+%E2%80%93+When+was+it+compiled%3F&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=5%2C+7&rft.pub=Fountain+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirazi02-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirazi02_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2004" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Muhammad (2004). <i>The Qur'an made simple</i>. Vol. 10. London, UK: Fountain Books. pp. xxi, xxiv, xxv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+made+simple&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=xxi%2C+xxiv%2C+xxv&rft.pub=Fountain+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirazi03-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirazi03_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirazi2008" class="citation book cs1">Shirazi, Muhammad (2008). <i>The Shi'a and their Beliefs</i>. London, UK: Fountain Books. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27a+and+their+Beliefs&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Fountain+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian-style, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Islam-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Islam_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims</i> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/restatement/57.htm">Al-Islam.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004125034/http://al-islam.org/restatement/57.htm">Archived</a> 4 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> referencing <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fitna_Al-Kubra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fitna Al-Kubra">Al-Fitna Al-Kubra</a></i> (<i>The Great Upheaval</i>), published by Dar-ul-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1959, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/coinsm1.htm">"The Gold Coins of Muslim Rulers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070722080357/http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/coinsm1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Coins+of+Muslim+Rulers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyberistan.org%2Fislamic%2Fcoinsm1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabri-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tabri_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of the Prophets and Kings</i> (<i>Tarikh al-Tabari</i>) Vol. 04 <i>The Ancient Kingdoms</i>: pg:183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-middle_east-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-middle_east_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchsenweldFisher2004" class="citation book cs1">Ochsenweld, William; <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Nettleton_Fisher" title="Sydney Nettleton Fisher">Fisher, Sydney Nettleton</a> (2004). <i>The Middle East: A History</i> (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-244233-5"><bdi>978-0-07-244233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-244233-5&rft.aulast=Ochsenweld&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Sydney+Nettleton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisRunyan1990" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Archibald Ross; Runyan, Timothy J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzIRDbARyWIC&q=Muawiyah%20set%20up%20navy&pg=PA24"><i>European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253205735" title="Special:BookSources/9780253205735"><bdi>9780253205735</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Naval+and+Maritime+History%2C+300%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780253205735&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Ross&rft.au=Runyan%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzIRDbARyWIC%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520set%2520up%2520navy%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll2005" class="citation book cs1">Kroll, Leonard Michael (16 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAPc3mYwZpIC&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA123"><i>History of the Jihad: Islam Versus Civilization</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463457303" title="Special:BookSources/9781463457303"><bdi>9781463457303</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jihad%3A+Islam+Versus+Civilization&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.isbn=9781463457303&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAPc3mYwZpIC%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2011" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIFJiOCSYc8C&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA183"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444359978" title="Special:BookSources/9781444359978"><bdi>9781444359978</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.isbn=9781444359978&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIFJiOCSYc8C%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston2008" class="citation book cs1">Weston, Mark (28 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA61"><i>Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470182574" title="Special:BookSources/9780470182574"><bdi>9780470182574</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+and+Princes%3A+Saudi+Arabia+from+Muhammad+to+the+Present&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft.isbn=9780470182574&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEEFsVYLko4C%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1992" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKFRvUiLEQYC&q=Muawiyah%20Battle%20of%20the%20Masts&pg=PA11"><i>The Medieval Siege</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851153575" title="Special:BookSources/9780851153575"><bdi>9780851153575</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Siege&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780851153575&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKFRvUiLEQYC%26q%3DMuawiyah%2520Battle%2520of%2520the%2520Masts%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google474iHr4bQJUC-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google474iHr4bQJUC_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google474iHr4bQJUC_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrad1990" class="citation book cs1">Murrad, Mustafa (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=474iHr4bQJUC&q=abdullah+ibn+aamir+khurasan&pg=PA64"><i>Kisah Hidup Utsman ibn Affan citing Tarikh at Thabari and al Bidayah wal Nihayah (71/158)</i></a>. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9790241374" title="Special:BookSources/978-9790241374"><bdi>978-9790241374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kisah+Hidup+Utsman+ibn+Affan+citing+Tarikh+at+Thabari+and+al+Bidayah+wal+Nihayah+%2871%2F158%29&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Serambi+Ilmu+Semesta&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9790241374&rft.aulast=Murrad&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D474iHr4bQJUC%26q%3Dabdullah%2Bibn%2Baamir%2Bkhurasan%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> (<i>Tarikh al-Tabari)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidayah_wa_al-Nihayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah">Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah</a></i> (<i>Tarikh ibn Kathir</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ridpath's Universal History</i>, Merrill & Baker, Vol. 12, New York, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Muslim Conquest of Persia</i> by A.I. Akram. Ch:17 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-597713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-597713-0">0-19-597713-0</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, By Kaveh Farrokh, Published by Osprey Publishing, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-108-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-108-7">1-84603-108-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorony2005" class="citation book cs1">Morony, Michael G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&q=abdullah%20ibn%20aamir%20persia%20conquest&pg=PA207"><i>Iraq After the Muslim Conquest</i></a>. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593333157" title="Special:BookSources/9781593333157"><bdi>9781593333157</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+After+the+Muslim+Conquest&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781593333157&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhjSiRAwGuEC%26q%3Dabdullah%2520ibn%2520aamir%2520persia%2520conquest%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1968" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, John Andrew (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&q=kirman+mas%27ud&pg=PA117"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i></a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521069366" title="Special:BookSources/9780521069366"><bdi>9780521069366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521069366&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26q%3Dkirman%2Bmas%2527ud%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee1977" class="citation book cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VINCAAAAYAAJ&q=Majasha+ibn+Masood"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History</i></a>. Bookland. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Iranian+History&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Bookland&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVINCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DMajasha%2Bibn%2BMasood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHI-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHI_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHI_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, Cambridge, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aadil-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aadil_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aadil_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sirat-i-Hazrat Usman-i-Ghani</i>, by Mohammad Alias Aadil. Publishers: Mushtaq Ahmed Lahore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu Nu`aym, Hilya al-Awliya' 1:92–100 #3; al-Dhahabi, Siyar A`lam al-Nubala' 1/2: 566–614 #4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/caliph3.htm">"Uthman ibn Affan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091309/http://sunnah.org/publication/khulafa_rashideen/caliph3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uthman+ibn+Affan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.org%2Fpublication%2Fkhulafa_rashideen%2Fcaliph3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabrieli-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabrieli_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabrieli_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam</i>, Francesco Gabrieli, London 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinds-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinds_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinds_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Murder of the Caliph Uthman," M. Hinds, in <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present</i>, pg 63, by Mark Weston</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al Nahaya, Volume 5 page 80; Qamus, page 500 "lughut Nathal" by Firozabadi; Lisan al Arab, Volume 11 Chapter "Lughuth Nathal" page 670; Sharh Nahjul Balagha Ibn al Hadeed Volume 2 page 122; Sheikh al-Mudhira, by Mahmoud Abu Raya, p170 (foot note); Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, Volume 1 page 52; Tarikh Mukhtasar al-Duwal, by Ibn Al-Ebrei, v1 p55; Al-Mahsol, by al-Razi, v4 p343; Ansab al-Ashraf, Volume 6 pages 192–193.Tarikh e Tibri by Tibri V8 P343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung" class="citation book cs1">Madelung, Wilfred. <a href="/wiki/The_Succession_to_Muhammad" title="The Succession to Muhammad"><i>The Succession to Muhammad</i></a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad&rft.pages=78&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeaney2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keaney, Heather (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19585705-12341251">"Confronting the Caliph: ʻUthmân b. ʻAffân in Three ʻAbbasid Chronicles"</a>. <i>Studia Islamica</i>. <b>106</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19585705-12341251">10.1163/19585705-12341251</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Confronting+the+Caliph%3A+%CA%BBUthm%C3%A2n+b.+%CA%BBAff%C3%A2n+in+Three+%CA%BBAbbasid+Chronicles&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19585705-12341251&rft.aulast=Keaney&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F19585705-12341251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Levi_Della_VidaR.G._Khoury2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">G. Levi Della Vida; R.G. Khoury (2012). "ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1315">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFUt%CC%B2h%CC%B2m%C4%81n+b.+%CA%BFAff%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1315&rft.au=G.+Levi+Della+Vida&rft.au=R.G.+Khoury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE</i> by Habibur U. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicgoodsdirect.co.uk/product_info.php/products_id/1427">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hazrat+Usman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicgoodsdirect.co.uk%2Fproduct_info.php%2Fproducts_id%2F1427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA2005" class="citation web cs1">A, Amatullah (29 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writerinislam.blogspot.com/2005/11/uthman-ibn-affan-man-with-two-lights.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Uthman ibn 'Affan : The Man With Two Lights (Part Two)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109144132/http://www.writerinislam.blogspot.com/2005/11/uthman-ibn-affan-man-with-two-lights.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Uthman+ibn+%27Affan+%3A+The+Man+With+Two+Lights+%28Part+Two%29&rft.date=2005-11-29&rft.aulast=A&rft.aufirst=Amatullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writerinislam.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F11%2Futhman-ibn-affan-man-with-two-lights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabari15-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabari15_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabari15_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. <i>Tarikh al-Rasul wa'l-Muluk</i>. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990). <i>Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Textual Sources for the Study of Islam</i> by Knappert, Jan, Andrew Rippin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopaedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</i> by Peter N. 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Stephen</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/LEKJHFNM/15%20The%20Reign%20Of%20Uthman%20Bin%20Affan%20A.H.%2024-35%20Vol.15#page/n275/mode/2up"><i>The History of al-Tabari, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate</i></a>. pp. 252–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari%2C+Volume+XV%3A+The+Crisis+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pages=252-53&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Al-Tabari&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+ibn+Jarir&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+R.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FLEKJHFNM%2F15%2520The%2520Reign%2520Of%2520Uthman%2520Bin%2520Affan%2520A.H.%252024-35%2520Vol.15%23page%2Fn275%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JubouriP145-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JubouriP145_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JubouriP145_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jubouri2004" class="citation book cs1">Al-Jubouri, I.M.N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xJjNG5CNdwC&pg=PA145"><i>History of Islamic Philosophy: With View of Greek Philosophy and Early History of Islam</i></a>. Authors On Line. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755210114" title="Special:BookSources/9780755210114"><bdi>9780755210114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy%3A+With+View+of+Greek+Philosophy+and+Early+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Authors+On+Line&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780755210114&rft.aulast=Al-Jubouri&rft.aufirst=I.M.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xJjNG5CNdwC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarnabyP236-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarnabyP236_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Rogerson, Barnaby</a> (2006). <i>The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism</i>. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+Of+The+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+And+the+Roots+of+the+Sunni-Shia+Schism&rft.pages=236&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuwayrī,_Aḥmad_ibn_ʻAbd_al-Wahhāb2016" class="citation book cs1">Nuwayrī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb (2016). 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Penguin Books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143107484" title="Special:BookSources/9780143107484"><bdi>9780143107484</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/995783596">995783596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ultimate+ambition+in+the+arts+of+erudition+%3A+a+compendium+of+knowledge+from+the+classical+Islamic+world&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F995783596&rft.isbn=9780143107484&rft.au=Nuwayr%C4%AB%2C+A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroneHinds19865–6-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroneHinds19865–6_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroneHinds1986">Crone & Hinds 1986</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YanAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234&dq=uthman+rule+expansion#q=uthman%20rule%20expansion"><i>History of Muslim Rule – The Prophet and The Early Rulers</i></a> by Dr. Muhammad Zaki. Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Chronology Of Islamic History 570–1000 CE</i>, by H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugh_Kennedy_page_326_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Great Arab Conquests By Hugh Kennedy</i>, page 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2630-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-2630-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2630-6&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WT-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WT_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren Treadgold, <i>A history of the Byzantine State and Society</i>, Stanford University Press 1997, 314. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2">0-8047-2630-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadra_JayyusiMarín1992" class="citation book cs1">Khadra Jayyusi, Salma; Marín, Manuela (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA639"><i>The Legacy of Muslim Spain</i></a>. BRILL. p. 649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004095991" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004095991"><bdi>978-9004095991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Muslim+Spain&rft.pages=649&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9004095991&rft.aulast=Khadra+Jayyusi&rft.aufirst=Salma&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADn%2C+Manuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbfORLWv1HkC%26pg%3DPA639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_al-ʿAbbās_Aḥmad_b._Muḥammad_Maqqarī1848" class="citation book cs1">Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Maqqarī (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJZTAAAAcAAJ&q=uthman+nafi+spain+abdullah+sa%27d&pg=PA383"><i>History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain Oriental translation Fund</i></a>. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mohammedan+Dynasties+in+Spain+Oriental+translation+Fund&rft.pages=383&rft.date=1848&rft.au=Ab%C5%AB+al-%CA%BFAbb%C4%81s+A%E1%B8%A5mad+b.+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Maqqar%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJZTAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Duthman%2Bnafi%2Bspain%2Babdullah%2Bsa%2527d%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stan-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stan_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/mountpolizzo/HandbookTOC.htm">"Brief history of Sicily"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 24 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508130031/http://www.stanford.edu/group/mountpolizzo/HandbookTOC.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brief+history+of+Sicily&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fmountpolizzo%2FHandbookTOC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreutz1991" class="citation book cs1">Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991). <i>Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1587-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1587-7"><bdi>0-8122-1587-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Normans%3A+Southern+Italy+in+the+Ninth+and+Tenth+Centuries&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8122-1587-7&rft.aulast=Kreutz&rft.aufirst=Barbara+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kreutz1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kreutz1_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kreutz citation of Baladhuri, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makrypoulias_2000,_pp._347–348-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makrypoulias_2000,_pp._347–348_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makrypoulias (2000), pp. 347–348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold79-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gold79_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldschmidt2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00gold/page/79"><i>A Concise History of the Middle East</i></a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00gold/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3885-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3885-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3885-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3885-9&rft.aulast=Goldschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00gold%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad2009" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad (2009) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyXYAAAAMAAJ&q=khalifah+usman+bizantium"><i>Kebijakan fiskal dan moneter dalam ekonomi Islami</i></a>. Salemba Empat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789796911189" title="Special:BookSources/9789796911189"><bdi>9789796911189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kebijakan+fiskal+dan+moneter+dalam+ekonomi+Islami&rft.pub=Salemba+Empat&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789796911189&rft.au=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyXYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhalifah%2Busman%2Bbizantium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalileh2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Khalileh, Hassan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=uthman+affan+navy&pg=PA558">"Navy"</a>. In Meri, Josef; Bacharach, Jere L. (eds.). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (Volume 2)</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96692-4"><bdi>978-0-415-96692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navy&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%28Volume+2%29&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96692-4&rft.aulast=Khalileh&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaV-IGZ8VKIC%26q%3Duthman%2Baffan%2Bnavy%26pg%3DPA558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaban, M. A. (1979). <i>The 'Abbāsid Revolution</i>. p. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Humphreys1990" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Humphreys, R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oALIyvjV0fEC&pg=PA22"><i>translation The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791401545" title="Special:BookSources/9780791401545"><bdi>9780791401545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=translation+The+History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+15&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780791401545&rft.aulast=Stephen+Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoALIyvjV0fEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabri vol: 4 page no: 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001165421/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-quran#:~:text=During%20the%20rule%20of%20one,centres%20of%20the%20Islamic%20Empire">"British Library"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-quran#:~:text=During%20the%20rule%20of%20one,centres%20of%20the%20Islamic%20Empire">the original</a> on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fsacred-texts%2Farticles%2Fthe-quran%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDuring%2520the%2520rule%2520of%2520one%2Ccentres%2520of%2520the%2520Islamic%2520Empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/search?q=palmed+stalks,+thin+white+stones+and+also+from+the+men+who+knew+it+by+heart">"Search Results - Search Results - palmed stalks, thin white stones and also from the men who knew it by heart (page 1) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Search+Results+-+Search+Results+-+palmed+stalks%2C+thin+white+stones+and+also+from+the+men+who+knew+it+by+heart+%28page+1%29+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dpalmed%2Bstalks%2C%2Bthin%2Bwhite%2Bstones%2Band%2Balso%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bmen%2Bwho%2Bknew%2Bit%2Bby%2Bheart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/search?q=jump+over+him+during+his+prayer,+but+I+controlled+my+temper">"Search Results - Search Results - jump over him during his prayer, but I controlled my temper (page 1) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Search+Results+-+Search+Results+-+jump+over+him+during+his+prayer%2C+but+I+controlled+my+temper+%28page+1%29+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Djump%2Bover%2Bhim%2Bduring%2Bhis%2Bprayer%2C%2Bbut%2BI%2Bcontrolled%2Bmy%2Btemper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/search?q=Therefore+I+(Umar)+suggest,+you+(Abu+Bakr)+order+that+the+Qur%27an+be+collected">"Search Results - Search Results - Therefore I (Umar) suggest, you (Abu Bakr) order that the Qur'an be collected (page 1) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Search+Results+-+Search+Results+-+Therefore+I+%28Umar%29+suggest%2C+you+%28Abu+Bakr%29+order+that+the+Qur%27an+be+collected+%28page+1%29+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DTherefore%2BI%2B%28Umar%29%2Bsuggest%2C%2Byou%2B%28Abu%2BBakr%29%2Border%2Bthat%2Bthe%2BQur%2527an%2Bbe%2Bcollected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4987">"Sahih al-Bukhari 4987 - Virtues of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Sahih+al-Bukhari+4987+-+Virtues+of+the+Qur%27an+-+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%3A4987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topicsfromquran.com/2021/03/01/the-preservation-of-al-quran-hafs-vs-warsh-other-recitations/#:~:text=They%20have%20minor%20differences%20with%20each%20other">"The Preservation of Al-Quran (Hafs vs Warsh/Other recitations)"</a>. March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Preservation+of+Al-Quran+%28Hafs+vs+Warsh%2FOther+recitations%29&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopicsfromquran.com%2F2021%2F03%2F01%2Fthe-preservation-of-al-quran-hafs-vs-warsh-other-recitations%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThey%2520have%2520minor%2520differences%2520with%2520each%2520other&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby_Rogerson2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Barnaby Rogerson</a> (4 November 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ExbdVf5fFmUC"><i>The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism</i></a>, Little, Brown Book Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7481-2470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7481-2470-1"><bdi>978-0-7481-2470-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+Of+The+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+And+the+Roots+of+the+Sunni-Shia+Schism&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7481-2470-1&rft.au=Barnaby+Rogerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DExbdVf5fFmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaby_Rogerson2008" class="citation cs2">Barnaby Rogerson (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzyBPwAACAAJ"><i>The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split</i></a>, Overlook, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-022-3"><bdi>978-1-59020-022-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heirs+of+Muhammad%3A+Islam%27s+First+Century+and+the+Origins+of+the+Sunni-Shia+Split&rft.pub=Overlook&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-022-3&rft.au=Barnaby+Rogerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzyBPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._Stephen_Humphreys" title="R. Stephen Humphreys">Humphreys, R. Stephen</a>, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oALIyvjV0fEC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0154-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-0154-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+XV%3A+The+Crisis+of+the+Early+Caliphate%3A+The+Reign+of+%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n%2C+A.D.+644%E2%80%93656%2FA.H.+24%E2%80%9335&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0154-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoALIyvjV0fEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC"><i>The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0"><bdi>0-521-64696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-64696-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QKBUwBUWWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroneHinds1986" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia; Hinds, Martin (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow-mV50c2TUC&pg=PA7"><i>God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32185-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32185-9"><bdi>0-521-32185-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Caliph%3A+Religious+Authority+in+the+First+Centuries+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-32185-9&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Hinds%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOw-mV50c2TUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUthman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Uthman-ibn-Affan">'Uthmān ibn 'Affān Muslim caliph</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, by Asma Afsaruddin, Gita Liesangthem, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch and The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uthman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Uthman">Uthman</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uthman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Uthman">Uthman</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/60_uthman_bin_ghani.htm">Uthman in History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quilliampress.com/the-khilafa-of-uthman/">Quilliam Press: Uthman ibn Affan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025115604/http://quilliampress.com/the-khilafa-of-uthman/">Archived</a> 25 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p>Views of the Arab Media on Uthman: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP70404">Ever Since the Murder of Uthman</a></li></ul> <p>Shia view of Uthman: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/restatement/58.htm">Uthman's election</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050411185921/http://www.holynajaf.net/eng/html/nahjulbalaga/030.htm">The assassination of `Uthman Ibn `Affan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basma.us/site/true_islam/quran/article.quran.graces_of_waki'aah.php">Uthman and Abdullah bin Massood</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Uthman </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Banu Umayya</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> c. 579</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 20 June 656</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar ibn al-Khattab">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph of Islam</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Caliph">Rashidun Caliph</a></small> </b><br />11 November 644 – 20 June 656 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi-Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi-Talib">Ali ibn Abi-Talib</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yazdgerd_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazdgerd III">Yazdgerd III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Ruler of Persia</a> </b><br />651–656 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged into<br /><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rashidun_Caliphs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rashidun_Caliphs" title="Template:Rashidun Caliphs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rashidun_Caliphs" title="Template talk:Rashidun Caliphs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rashidun_Caliphs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rashidun Caliphs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rashidun_Caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised_–_al-ʿashara_al-mubashshara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised_–_al-ʿashara_al-mubashshara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised" title="The ten to whom Paradise was promised">The ten to whom Paradise was promised – <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ʿashara al-mubashshara</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha ibn Ubayd Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Zayd" title="Sa'id ibn Zayd">Sa'id ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37731#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37731#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37731#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117579950">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35779764">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1855282/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXPCPQtWWwPFBHfdwcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119073765">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81094980">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15061698j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15061698j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269445405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119073765">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/078147875">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uthman&oldid=1259092720">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uthman&oldid=1259092720</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uthman" title="Category:Uthman">Uthman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:579_births" title="Category:579 births">579 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:656_deaths" title="Category:656 deaths">656 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_murdered_monarchs" title="Category:7th-century murdered monarchs">7th-century murdered monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_caliphs" title="Category:7th-century caliphs">7th-century caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_caliphs" title="Category:Assassinated caliphs">Assassinated caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banu_Umayya" title="Category:Banu Umayya">Banu Umayya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_beating" title="Category:Deaths by beating">Deaths by beating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rashidun_caliphs" title="Category:Rashidun caliphs">Rashidun caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahabah_martyrs" title="Category:Sahabah martyrs">Sahabah martyrs</a></li><li><a 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