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<li id="toc-A_creation_that_proved_to_be_a_winning_bet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_creation_that_proved_to_be_a_winning_bet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>A creation that proved to be a winning bet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_creation_that_proved_to_be_a_winning_bet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconciliation_with_Pacific_Mail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation_with_Pacific_Mail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reconciliation with Pacific Mail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation_with_Pacific_Mail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg/220px-House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg/330px-House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg/440px-House_flag_of_the_Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/House_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="House flag">House flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">Transportation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1874</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">George Bradbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1908</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mail_Steamship_Company" title="Pacific Mail Steamship Company">Pacific Mail Steamship Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category">Cargo and passenger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific Railroad</a> & <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company</b> (sometimes abbreviated to O&O) was an American shipping company founded in 1874 by US railroads wishing to provide competition to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mail_Steamship_Company" title="Pacific Mail Steamship Company">Pacific Mail Steamship Company</a> which had not complied with its obligations to them. Chartering vessels from different companies, the most important being the British <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a>, the company quickly became financially successful, against the expectations of its founders. </p><p>Having succeeded in its primary objective, the O&O proved a serious competitor to the Pacific Mail, to the point that in 1900, the vice president of the latter became its president. In the following years, Pacific Mail having commissioned more powerful ships, the O&O gradually ended its chartering contracts. On October 30, 1906, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Coptic" title="SS Coptic">SS <i>Coptic</i></a> made the company's last crossing, which nevertheless continued to advertise sailings until July 1908. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_creation_that_proved_to_be_a_winning_bet">A creation that proved to be a winning bet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A creation that proved to be a winning bet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oceanic_1871.jpg/220px-Oceanic_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oceanic_1871.jpg/330px-Oceanic_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Oceanic_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Oceanic</i>, of the White Star Line, was the flagship of the O&O for over twenty years.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company (O&O) was founded in late 1874, at the initiative of George Bradbury, former president of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. This company had signed agreements with several US railroads, ensuring that its passengers from Asia would use the transcontinental railway lines to travel from the West Coast to the East Coast once landed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. The agreement, set up at the completion of the railway line in 1869, had proved effective until 1873, when Pacific Mail, after commissioning new vessels, decided that their passengers could travel more profitably by the isthmus of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> rather than take the transcontinental train. In order to threaten the place of the Pacific Mail on the route from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> to San Francisco, and thus force it to respect its agreements, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a> united to form the O&O with an equity capital of ten million dollars shared between them. Bradbury becoming the president of the new company.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradbury immediately travelled to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in search of charter contracts. He had a meeting in October 1874 with the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/White_Star_Line" title="White Star Line">White Star Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Ismay" title="Thomas Henry Ismay">Thomas Henry Ismay</a>, which lead to a two-year charter agreement for three vessels: two cargo-liners, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Gaelic_(1872)" title="SS Gaelic (1872)">SS <i>Gaelic</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/SS_Belgic_(1873)" title="SS Belgic (1873)">SS <i>Belgic</i></a>; also the <a href="/wiki/SS_Oceanic_(1870)" title="SS Oceanic (1870)">RMS <i>Oceanic</i></a>, the first luxury liner of the company, which had become redundant on the North Atlantic route. This last ship providing the O&O with a prestige vessel for its service.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With great pomp, the <i>Oceanic</i> left <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> for Hong Kong, to commence operations on its new route with a stop in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> en route to San Francisco. It set a Pacific crossing record of 16 days and 10 hours, 8 days less than the ships of the Pacific Mail. In 1876 it reduced that to 14 days and 15 hours. This success laid the foundations of a long collaboration between the two companies, White Star supplying British officers while O&O provided the Chinese crews.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the first voyage of the <i>Oceanic</i> was enough to allow the company to achieve its goal even before the ship had docked in San Francisco, Pacific Mail recognized defeat and sign a contract with the O&O to operate a joint service on the route. In the following years, however, the managers of Pacific Mail expressed discontent with the contract and threatened to break it so O&O remained active as a precaution.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement with White Star continued and four more ships were chartered: the <a href="/wiki/SS_Arabic_(1881)" title="SS Arabic (1881)">SS <i>Arabic</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_Coptic" title="SS Coptic">SS <i>Coptic</i></a> in 1881<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the new <a href="/wiki/SS_Belgic_(1885)" title="SS Belgic (1885)">SS <i>Belgic</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/RMS_Gaelic_(1885)" title="RMS Gaelic (1885)">RMS <i>Gaelic</i></a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-RK39_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK39-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contracts were also placed with other British and US companies, but White Star was still predominant and <i>Oceanic</i> remained the most prestigious ship of the company until her retirement in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconciliation_with_Pacific_Mail">Reconciliation with Pacific Mail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconciliation with Pacific Mail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_(ship).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_%28ship%29.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_%28ship%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_%28ship%29.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_%28ship%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_%28ship%29.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_126227_Coptic_%28ship%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>SS <i>Coptic</i> operated the last service for the company.</figcaption></figure> <p>Transporting passengers and goods, the O&O proved to be profitable. Its founders had expected a loss of around $100,000 per year, accepting it as the price to pay to compete with the Pacific Mail, but the company exceeded their expectations and finally proved beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-RA69_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA69-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1890s, Pacific Mail, despite their joint service, protested that the O&O carried three times more passengers and cargo than itself. Pacific Mail, for their part, diversified by adding a stop in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, then others in <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. It also made agreements with the Japanese company Toyo Kisen Kaisha.<sup id="cite_ref-RA69_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA69-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, the links between O&O and its rival became closer as the general manager and vice president of Pacific Mail, Schwerin, was appointed president of the O&O. At the same time, it was faced with competition from the ever-larger ships of Pacific Mail and began to divest itself of its charter contracts, curtailing that of <i>Gaelic</i> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-RA69_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA69-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service of O&O was then operated by the <a href="/wiki/SS_Doric_(1883)" title="SS Doric (1883)"><i>Doric</i></a> and <i>Coptic</i>. It was the latter that undertook, on 30 October 1906, the last voyage for the company.<sup id="cite_ref-RA70_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA70-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both remaining ships were sold to Pacific Mail which renamed them <i>Asia</i> and <i>Persia</i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-RK39_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RK39-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, advertisements for the O&O continued to be published in San Francisco until 1908. Two days before the publication of the last advert, on 23 July 1908, the last formal board meeting of the company was held.<sup id="cite_ref-RA70_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA70-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/64px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mail_Steamship_Company" title="Pacific Mail Steamship Company">Pacific Mail Steamship Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1964">Anderson 1964</a>, p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1964">Anderson 1964</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Kerbrech2009">de Kerbrech 2009</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1964">Anderson 1964</a>, pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Kerbrech2009">de Kerbrech 2009</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RK39-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RK39_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RK39_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Kerbrech2009">de Kerbrech 2009</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1964">Anderson 1964</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RA69-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RA69_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RA69_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RA69_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1964">Anderson 1964</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RA70-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RA70_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RA70_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson1964">Anderson 1964</a>, p. 70</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1964" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Roy (1964). <i>White Star</i>. T Stephenson & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Star&rft.pub=T+Stephenson+%26+Sons&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+and+Oriental+Steamship+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Kerbrech2009" class="citation book cs1">de Kerbrech, Richard (2009). <i>Ships of the White Star Line</i>. Shepperton: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3366-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3366-5"><bdi>978-0-7110-3366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+of+the+White+Star+Line&rft.place=Shepperton&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5&rft.aulast=de+Kerbrech&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccidental+and+Oriental+Steamship+Company" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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