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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Grekisk_hellenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grekisk_hellenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Grekisk hellenism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grekisk_hellenism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Grekisk hellenism</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grekisk_hellenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenistiska_konsten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistiska_konsten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hellenistiska konsten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistiska_konsten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenister_i_äldre_betydelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenister_i_äldre_betydelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hellenister i äldre betydelse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hellenister_i_äldre_betydelse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Hellenister i äldre betydelse</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hellenister_i_äldre_betydelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_hellenistiska_rikena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_hellenistiska_rikena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>De hellenistiska rikena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_hellenistiska_rikena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allmänna_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allmänna_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Allmänna källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allmänna_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hellenism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 86 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistiese_tydperk" title="Hellenistiese tydperk – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hellenistiese tydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="عصر هلنستي – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر هلنستي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հելլենականութեան Դարաշրջան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հելլենականութեան Դարաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodu_helen%C3%ADsticu" title="Periodu helenísticu – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodu helenísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellinizm" title="Ellinizm – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ellinizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="হেলেনীয় যুগ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেলেনীয় যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-lia%CC%8Dp-h%C3%B2a_s%C3%AE-k%C3%AE" title="Hi-lia̍p-hòa sî-kî – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hi-lia̍p-hòa sî-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Элінізм – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Элінізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Елинистическа епоха – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елинистическа епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizam" title="Helenizam – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Helenizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marevezh_hellenadek" title="Marevezh hellenadek – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marevezh hellenadek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_hel%C2%B7len%C3%ADstic" title="Període hel·lenístic – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Període hel·lenístic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel%C3%A9nismus" title="Helénismus – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Helénismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_Helenistaidd" title="Oes Helenistaidd – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes Helenistaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismen" title="Hellenismen – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hellenismen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenism" title="Hellenism – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hellenism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ελληνιστική περίοδος – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνιστική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hellenistic period" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Período helenístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenisma_Epoko" title="Helenisma Epoko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Helenisma Epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garai_helenistikoa" title="Garai helenistikoa – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garai helenistikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="عصر هلنیستی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر هلنیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poque_hell%C3%A9nistique" title="Époque hellénistique – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Époque hellénistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A9_Heill%C3%A9ana%C3%ADoch" title="An Ré Heilléanaíoch – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ré Heilléanaíoch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Período helenístico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="헬레니즘 문명 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헬레니즘 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հելլենիզմ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հելլենիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizam" title="Helenizam – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Helenizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenismo" title="Helenismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Helenismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_Helenistik" title="Periode Helenistik – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode Helenistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismo" title="Hellenismo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hellenismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen%C3%ADski_t%C3%ADminn" title="Helleníski tíminn – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helleníski tíminn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenismo" title="Ellenismo – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ellenismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התקופה ההלניסטית – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה ההלניסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელინიზმი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_helen%C3%AEst%C3%AE" title="Serdema helenîstî – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema helenîstî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%C4%93nisms" title="Hellēnisms – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hellēnisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizmas" title="Helenizmas – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Helenizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenizmus" title="Hellenizmus – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hellenizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Хеленистички период – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хеленистички период" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanim-potoana_helenistika" title="Vanim-potoana helenistika – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanim-potoana helenistika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ഹെല്ലനിസ്റ്റിക് യുഗം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെല്ലനിസ്റ്റിക് യുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="हेलेनिस्टिक कालखंड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेलेनिस्टिक कालखंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ელინიზმი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="هيلينستيه – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيلينستيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Helenistik" title="Zaman Helenistik – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Helenistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဟဲလင်နစ်စတစ်ခေတ် – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟဲလင်နစ်စတစ်ခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヘレニズム – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘレニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenisme" title="Hellenisme – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hellenisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellinizm" title="Ellinizm – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ellinizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ہیلینستی ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیلینستی ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="هېلنیسټي دوره – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېلنیسټي دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elenism" title="Elenism – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Elenism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismus" title="Hellenismus – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hellenismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_hellenistyczna" title="Epoka hellenistyczna – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka hellenistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%ADodo_helen%C3%ADstico" title="Período helenístico – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Período helenístico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_elenistic%C4%83" title="Grecia elenistică – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grecia elenistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Эллинизм – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эллинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenismu" title="Ellenismu – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ellenismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hellenistic period" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizmus" title="Helenizmus – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Helenizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenisti%C4%8Dno_obdobje" title="Helenistično obdobje – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Helenistično obdobje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ماوەی ھێلینیستی – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماوەی ھێلینیستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хеленистичка ера – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хеленистичка ера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizam" title="Helenizam – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Helenizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenismi" title="Hellenismi – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hellenismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எலனியக் காலம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலனியக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="สมัยเฮลเลนิสต์ – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยเฮลเลนิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenistik_D%C3%B6nem" title="Helenistik Dönem – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Helenistik Dönem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Елліністичний період – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Елліністичний період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="عصر ہیلینستی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عصر ہیلینستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_h%C3%B3a" title="Thời kỳ Hy Lạp hóa – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ Hy Lạp hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="希腊化时代 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希腊化时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希臘化時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenizm" title="Helenizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Helenizm" 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title="Hellenismen">Hellenismen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r51224235">.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border-collapse:collapse;background:#fbfbfb;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox th.ambox-text,.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-text{padding:.25em .5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-image{padding:2px 0 2px .5em;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox td.ambox-imageright{padding:2px 4px 2px 0;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #608ec2}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete,.mw-parser-output table.ambox-serious{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-merge{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox{border-top-width:0}.mw-parser-output .messagebox{border:1px solid #aaaaaa;background-color:#f8f9fa;width:80%;margin:0 auto 1em auto;padding:.2em}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.merge{border:1px solid #c0b8cc;background-color:#f0e5ff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.cleanup{border:1px solid #9f9fff;background-color:#efefff;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.standard-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba}.mw-parser-output .messagebox.nested-talk{border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:#f8eaba;width:100%;margin:2px 4px}</style><table class="metadata ambox ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/40px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/60px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/80px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text">Den här artikeln <b>behöver fler eller bättre <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar">källhänvisningar</a> för att kunna <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet" title="Wikipedia:Verifierbarhet">verifieras</a>.</b> <br />Motivering: <i>Huvudkällan är mer än hundra år gammal och artikeln bör kollas mot nyare forskning</i> <small>(2016-10)</small> <br /><small>Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">gärna som fotnoter</a>). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan <a href="/wiki/Mall:K%C3%A4lla_beh%C3%B6vs" title="Mall:Källa behövs">ifrågasättas</a> och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på <a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Hellenism" title="Diskussion:Hellenism">diskussionssidan</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Hellenismen</b> är den tidsepok i antikens historia som börjar med <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den stores</a> död 323 f.Kr. och slutar cirka 30 f.Kr. Under denna period kom sociala och kulturella mönster som utvecklats ur <a href="/wiki/Antikens_Grekland" title="Antikens Grekland">grekiska</a> traditioner att dominera stora delar av Medelhavsområdet och nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> och <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Religionen och kulturen präglades av en syntes av grekiskt och orientaliskt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter Alexanders död delades hans rike i flera, som ibland kallas de hellenistiska rikena. Kulturellt hade hellenismen stor betydelse även i det <a href="/wiki/Romerska_riket" title="Romerska riket">romerska riket</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grekisk_hellenism">Grekisk hellenism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Grekisk hellenism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Grekisk hellenism"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map-alexander-empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map-alexander-empire.png/250px-Map-alexander-empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map-alexander-empire.png/375px-Map-alexander-empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Map-alexander-empire.png/500px-Map-alexander-empire.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistiska civilisationen vid Alexander den stores död.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den hellenistiska perioden i <a href="/wiki/Greklands_historia" title="Greklands historia">Greklands historia</a> var mellan <a href="/wiki/323_f.Kr." title="323 f.Kr.">323 f.Kr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den stores</a> död, och <a href="/wiki/Rom" title="Rom">Roms</a> erövring av Grekland <a href="/wiki/146_f.Kr." title="146 f.Kr.">146 f.Kr.</a> Alexanders erövringar spred det grekiska kulturella inflytandet över stora delar av <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A4mre_Orienten" title="Främre Orienten">Främre Orienten</a> och utgjorde grunden för hellenismen. Den hellenistiska perioden innebar också en övergång från en tid ledd av stadsstater till en dominerad av <a href="/wiki/Monarki" title="Monarki">monarkier</a>. </p><p>Hellenismen föregicks av den klassiska perioden i Grekland <a href="/wiki/776_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="776 f.Kr.">776 f.Kr.</a> - <a href="/wiki/323_f.Kr." title="323 f.Kr.">323 f.Kr.</a> och följdes av perioden Grekland under Rom <a href="/wiki/146_f.Kr." title="146 f.Kr.">146 f.Kr.</a> till år <a href="/wiki/330" title="330">330</a>. Hellenismen är en blandning av grekisk och orientalisk (främst persisk) kultur. Den <a href="/wiki/Finl%C3%A4ndsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Finländsk">finländske</a> <a href="/wiki/Konsthistoriker" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsthistoriker">konsthistorikern</a> <a href="/wiki/Lars-Ivar_Ringbom" title="Lars-Ivar Ringbom">Lars-Ivar Ringbom</a> anser därför att hellenismen mer korrekt bör kallas "greko-iransk".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistiska_konsten">Hellenistiska konsten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hellenistiska konsten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hellenistiska konsten"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistisk_konst" title="Hellenistisk konst">Hellenistisk konst</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Med <a href="/wiki/Hellenistisk_konst" title="Hellenistisk konst">hellenistisk konst</a> avses den grekiska konst som producerades omkring 300–30 f.Kr. Bl.a. blir skulpturkonsten mer realistisk i jämförelse med den klassiska perioden som var mer idealiserad. Under den hellenistiska perioden ändrade den grekiska kulturen karaktär och upptog starka influenser österifrån, särskilt från <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persien</a>. Greker bosätter sig i de erövrade områdena och städer som <a href="/wiki/Antiochia_vid_Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochia vid Orontes">Antiokia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> och <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> blir nya centra för grekisk kultur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenister_i_äldre_betydelse"><span id="Hellenister_i_.C3.A4ldre_betydelse"></span>Hellenister i äldre betydelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hellenister i äldre betydelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hellenister i äldre betydelse"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hellenister</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a> <i>hellenistai</i>, jämför <a href="/wiki/Hellener" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellener">hellener</a> som betydde/er greker) kallades av forntidens greker de <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A4mling" title="Främling">främlingar</a>, som tillägnat sig grekiskt språk och grekisk <a href="/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur">kultur</a>, särskilt grekisktalande <a href="/wiki/Judar" title="Judar">judar</a>. Redan efter <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalems</a> första förstöring genom <a href="/wiki/Nebukadnessar_II" title="Nebukadnessar II">Nebukadnessar II</a> (<a href="/wiki/586_f.Kr." class="mw-redirect" title="586 f.Kr.">586 f.Kr.</a>) utvandrade ett stort antal judar till <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a>. Den judiska <a href="/wiki/Koloni" title="Koloni">kolonin</a> där förstärktes av en ny <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">utvandring</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_den_store" title="Alexander den store">Alexander den stores</a> tid. Det av honom grundlagda <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrias</a> befolkning utgjordes från början till en ej obetydlig del av judar. Dessa antog snart grekiskt språk och rönte stort inflytande i den grekiska bildningen, ty greker hade redan under den sista egyptiska dynastin (från mitten av <a href="/wiki/600-talet_f.Kr." title="600-talet f.Kr.">600-talet f.Kr.</a>) i betydligt antal börjat bosätta sig i denna del av Egypten. Under de första <a href="/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A9er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptoleméer">ptoleméerna</a> (tiden efter <a href="/wiki/323_f.Kr." title="323 f.Kr.">323 f.Kr.</a>) hade judarna i Egypten redan hunnit glömma så mycket <a href="/wiki/Hebreiska" title="Hebreiska">hebreiskan</a>, att de behövde en grekisk bibelöversättning, den s.k. <a href="/wiki/Septuaginta" title="Septuaginta">Septuaginta</a>. Påverkade av grekisk bildning och <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a>, höll hellenisterna ej så strängt som judarna i <a href="/wiki/Palestina_(region)" title="Palestina (region)">Palestina</a> på sin religions yttre former och <a href="/wiki/Ceremoni" title="Ceremoni">ceremonier</a>, utan tolkade dess läror på ett friare och mera <a href="/wiki/Andlig" class="mw-redirect" title="Andlig">andligt</a> sätt. </p><p>Genom hellenisterna förmedlades spridandet av <a href="/wiki/Monoteism" title="Monoteism">monoteistiska</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religionsåsikter</a> inom <a href="/wiki/Hedendomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedendomen">hednavärlden</a> likasom även upptagandet av dess bildningselement bland de <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristna</a>. Med tiden kom ordet hellenist att användas i betydelsen "<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4rdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lärdom">lärd</a> kännare av det forngrekiska <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk">språket</a> och <a href="/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur">litteraturen</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_hellenistiska_rikena">De hellenistiska rikena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: De hellenistiska rikena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: De hellenistiska rikena"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleukider" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleukider">Seleukiderna</a> i <a href="/wiki/Syrien" title="Syrien">Syrien</a> med huvudstad i <a href="/wiki/Antiochia_vid_Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochia vid Orontes">Antiokia</a> och <a href="/wiki/Seleukia" title="Seleukia">Seleukia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolem%C3%A9er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptoleméer">Ptoleméerna</a> i <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a> med <a href="/wiki/Huvudstad" title="Huvudstad">huvudstad</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makedonien_(historiskt_omr%C3%A5de)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makedonien (historiskt område)">Makedonien</a> med huvudstaden <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a> och det egentliga Grekland (<a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonien" title="Jonien">Jonien</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorien [inte skriven än]">Dorien</a> m.m.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenism" title="Panhellenism">Panhellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellener" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellener">Hellener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikens_litteratur" title="Antikens litteratur">Antikens litteratur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/hellenismen">”hellenismen - Uppslagsverk - NE”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/hellenismen">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/hellenismen</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 9 oktober 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=hellenismen+-+Uppslagsverk+-+NE&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fhellenismen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Hellenism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lars-Ivar_Ringbom" title="Lars-Ivar Ringbom">Lars-Ivar Ringbom</a>, Paradisus Terrestris. Myt, bild och verklighet, Helsingfors, 1958, s. 174–175.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allmänna_källor"><span id="Allm.C3.A4nna_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Allmänna källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Allmänna källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Allmänna källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/nfbk/0184.html">Hellenister</a> i <i><a href="/wiki/Nordisk_familjebok" title="Nordisk familjebok">Nordisk familjebok</a></i> (andra upplagan, 1909)</li></ul> <ul><li>Anthony Kaldellis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=iWs0Lh57NvwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9780521876889" title="Special:Bokkällor/9780521876889">ISBN 9780521876889</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenism&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hellenistic age">Hellenism</a>.<div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hellenistic_age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hellenistic age">Bilder & media</a></div></li> <li>Tel Dor Excavation Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dor.huji.ac.il/HL_east.html">The Hellenization of the East</a>, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 10 juli 2007</li> <li>Berkeley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905001457/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/5479">How Great Was Alexander? New Research Challenges His Cultural Impact</a>, University of California, 13 mars 2003</li> <li>Lee, Dye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=97611">Study Suggests Alexander Not So Great, del 1 av 4</a>, ABC News 19 juni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/NoHellenization.pdf">Ethnicity and Cultural Policy at Alexander’s Court (pp.149-58)</a>, Makedonika 1995</li> <li>Martin, Dale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ecpn3bkVvv0">3. The Greco-Roman World</a>, Yale Universety courses från Youtube</li> <li>Artikel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623125211/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hellenism">Hellenism</a> av <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> upplaga 11 från 1911, genom The 1911 Classic Encyclopedia</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85060062">sh85060062</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4024313-8">4024313-8</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12651246m">cb12651246m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12651246m">(data)</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Nationella_parlamentsbiblioteket" title="Nationella parlamentsbiblioteket">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563124">00563124</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Tjeckiska_nationalbiblioteket" title="Tjeckiska nationalbiblioteket">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120665&CON_LNG=ENG">ph120665</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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