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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Massachusetts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antinomian_Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antinomian_Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antinomian Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antinomian_Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Monstrous_birth"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Monstrous_birth""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>"Monstrous birth"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Monstrous_birth"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhode_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhode_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rhode Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhode_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quaker_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quaker_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quaker conversion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quaker_conversion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quaker conversion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quaker_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quakers_in_Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quakers_in_Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Quakers in Massachusetts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quakers_in_Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyer's_return_to_New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyer's_return_to_New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dyer's return to New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyer's_return_to_New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Quaker_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Quaker_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First Quaker executions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Quaker_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyer's_martyrdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyer's_martyrdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dyer's martyrdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dyer's_martyrdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dyer's martyrdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dyer's_martyrdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_and_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_and_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Children and descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_and_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.3</span> <span>Online sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Dyer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ماري داير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري داير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyerov%C3%A1" title="Mary Dyerová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mary Dyerová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מארי דייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארי דייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мери Дајер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мери Дајер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مارى وداير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى وداير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC" title="メアリ・ダイアー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリ・ダイアー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дайер, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дайер, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyerov%C3%A1" title="Mary Dyerová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mary Dyerová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мери Дајер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мери Дајер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mary Dyer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மேரி டயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேரி டயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Quaker martyr (c. 1611 – 1660)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the voice for Anti-Shakerism, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Marshall_Dyer" title="Mary Marshall Dyer">Mary Marshall Dyer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mary Dyer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg/220px-MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg/330px-MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg/440px-MaryDyerByHowardPyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="855" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 1905 portrait of Dyer being led to the gallows in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in 1660, painted by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mary Dyer</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1611</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1660<span style="display:none">(1660-06-01)</span> (aged 48–49)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Dyer_(settler)" title="William Dyer (settler)">William Dyer</a> (Dier, Dyre)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Dyer</b> (born <b>Marie Barrett</b>; c. 1611 – 1 June 1660) was an English and colonial American <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a>-turned-<a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony. She is one of the four executed Quakers known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_martyrs" title="Boston martyrs">Boston martyrs</a>. </p><p>Dyer's birthplace has not been established, but it is known that she was married in London in 1633 to <a href="/wiki/William_Dyer_(settler)" title="William Dyer (settler)">William Dyer</a>, a member of the Fishmongers' Company but a <a href="/wiki/Milliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliner">milliner</a> by profession. Mary and William were Puritans who were interested in reforming the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> Church from within, without separating from it. As the King of England, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> increased pressure on the Puritans; they left England by the thousands to go to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in the early 1630s. Mary and William arrived in Boston by 1635, joining the Boston Church in December of that year. </p><p>Like most members of Boston's church, they soon became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomian Controversy">Antinomian Controversy</a>, a theological crisis lasting from 1636 to 1638. Mary and William were strong advocates of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wheelwright" title="John Wheelwright">John Wheelwright</a> in the controversy, and as a result, Mary's husband was disenfranchised and disarmed for supporting these "heretics" and also for harboring his own heretical views. Subsequently, they left Massachusetts with many others to establish a new colony on <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Aquidneck Island</a> (later Rhode Island) in <a href="/wiki/Narraganset_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Narraganset Bay">Narraganset Bay</a>. </p><p>Before leaving Boston, Mary had given birth to a severely deformed infant that was stillborn. Because of the religious superstitions of the time regarding such a birth, the baby was buried secretly. When the Massachusetts authorities learned of this birth, the ordeal became public, and in the minds of the colony's ministers and magistrates, the <a href="/wiki/Monstrous_birth" title="Monstrous birth">monstrous birth</a> was clearly a result of Mary's "monstrous" religious opinions. More than a decade later, in late 1651, Mary Dyer boarded a ship for England, and stayed there for over five years, during which time she converted to Quakerism. Because Quakers were considered among the most dangerous of heretics by the Puritans, Massachusetts enacted several laws against them. When Dyer returned to Boston from England, she was immediately imprisoned and then banished. Defying her order of banishment, she was again banished, this time upon pain of death. Deciding that she would die as a martyr if the anti-Quaker laws were not repealed, Dyer once again returned to Boston and was sent to the gallows in 1659, having the rope around her neck when a <a href="/wiki/Pardon#Related_concepts" title="Pardon">reprieve</a> was announced. She returned once more to Boston the following year and was then hanged—the third of four Quaker martyrs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Details of the life of Mary Dyer in England are scarce; only her marriage record and a short probate record for her brother have been found. In both of these English records, her name is given as Marie Barret. A belief that Dyer was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Arbella_Stuart" title="Lady Arbella Stuart">Lady Arbella Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Sir William Seymour</a> was debunked by genealogist <a href="/wiki/George_Andrews_Moriarty,_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="George Andrews Moriarty, Jr">G. Andrews Moriarty</a> in 1950. However, Moriarty correctly predicted that despite his work the legend would persist, and in 1994 the tradition was included as being plausible in a published biography of Dyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton199412–13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton199412–13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the parents of Mary Dyer have not been identified, Johan Winsser made a significant discovery concerning a brother of Dyer, which he published in 2004. On 18 January 1634 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1633],<sup id="cite_ref-OS/NS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS/NS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a probate administration was recorded in the Prerogative Court of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> for a William Barret. The instrument granted administration of Barret's estate "jointly to William Dyer of <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a>, fishmonger, and his wife Marie Dyer, otherwise Barret."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the estate of a brother of Mary Dyer would be left in the hands of Mary and her husband strongly suggests that William (and therefore Mary) had no living parents and no living brothers at the time, and also suggests that Mary was either William Barrett's only living sister, or his oldest living sister. The other facts that could be drawn from the instrument are that William Barrett was unmarried and that he died somewhere "beyond the seas" from England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stmartins_1562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stmartins_1562.jpg/220px-Stmartins_1562.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Stmartins_1562.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Map showing <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a>, circa 1562, where Mary and <a href="/wiki/William_Dyer_(settler)" title="William Dyer (settler)">William Dyer</a> were married in 1633</figcaption></figure> <p>That Mary was well educated is apparent from the two surviving letters that she wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189631_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189631-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaker chronicler George Bishop described her as a "Comely Grave Woman, and of a goodly Personage ... and one of a good Report, having a husband of an Estate, fearing the Lord, and a Mother of Children."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop1661119_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop1661119-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch writer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Croese" title="Gerard Croese">Gerard Croese</a> wrote that she was reputed to be a "person of no mean extract and parentage, of an estate pretty plentiful, of a comely stature and countenance, of a piercing knowledge in many things, of a wonderful sweet and pleasant discourse, so fit for great affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189631_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189631-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a> described her as being "a very proper and fair woman ... of a very proud spirit, and much addicted to revelations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189630_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189630-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary was married to <a href="/wiki/William_Dyer_(settler)" title="William Dyer (settler)">William Dyer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">fishmonger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milliner" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliner">milliner</a>, on 27 October 1633 at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church" title="Church of England parish church">parish church</a> of St Martin-in-the-Fields, in Westminster, Middlesex, now a part of Central London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary's husband was baptized in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlers from Lincolnshire contributed a disproportionately large percentage of members of the Boston Church in New England, and a disproportionately large part of the leadership during the founding of Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary and William Dyer were <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, as evidenced by their acceptance into the membership of the Boston church in New England. The Puritans wanted to purify the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from what they considered to be vestiges of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> that were retained after the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. The conformists in England accepted the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> <a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a> and English monarch as the titular <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor of the Church of England">supreme governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a>. The Puritans, as <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">non-conformists</a>, wanted to observe a much simpler form of worship. Some of the non-conformists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">Pilgrims</a>, wanted to separate completely from the Church of England. Most Puritans wished to reform the church from within. As exploration of the North American continent was then leading to settlement, many Puritans opted to avoid state sanctions by emigrating to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> to practice their form of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer199529–32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer199529–32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1635, Mary and William Dyer sailed from England to New England. Mary was likely pregnant or gave birth during the voyage because on 20 December 1635 their son Samuel was baptized at the Boston church, exactly one week after the Dyers joined the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Dyer became a <a href="/wiki/Freeman_(Colonial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeman (Colonial)">freeman</a> of Boston on 3 March the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001379_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001379-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinomian_Controversy">Antinomian Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antinomian Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomian Controversy">Antinomian Controversy</a></div> <p>During the earliest days of the Boston Church, before the arrival of Mary and William Dyer, there was a single minister, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilson (minister)">John Wilson</a>. In 1633, one of England's most noted Puritan clergymen, <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(Puritan)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cotton (Puritan)">John Cotton</a>, arrived in Boston and quickly became the second minister (called "teacher") in Boston's church. In time, the Boston parishioners could sense a theological difference between Wilson and Cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>, a theologically astute <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a> who had the ear of many of the colony's women, became outspoken in support of Cotton, and condemned the theology of Wilson and most of the other ministers in the colony during gatherings, or <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">conventicles</a>, held at her house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19905_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19905-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer19814_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer19814-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg/220px-Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Anne_Hutchinson_on_Trial.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>, who was tried for slandering the ministers, was a friend and mentor of the much younger Mary Dyer. (Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey" title="Edwin Austin Abbey">Edwin Austin Abbey</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Differing religious opinions within the colony eventually became public debates and erupted into what has traditionally been called the <a href="/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomian Controversy">Antinomian Controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members of Boston's church found Wilson's emphasis on morality, and his doctrine of "evidencing justification by sanctification" (a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology#Covenant_of_works" title="Covenant theology">covenant of works</a>) to be disagreeable. Hutchinson told her followers that Wilson lacked "the seal of the Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962105_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962105-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson's theological views conformed with those of all of the other ministers in the colony except for Cotton, who instead stressed "the inevitability of God's will" (a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology#Covenant_of_grace" title="Covenant theology">covenant of grace</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer199566_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer199566-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boston parishioners had become accustomed to Cotton's doctrines, and some of them began disrupting Wilson's sermons, even finding excuses to leave when Wilson got up to preach or pray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer19815_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer19815-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both William and Mary Dyer sided strongly with Hutchinson and the free-grace advocates, and it is highly likely that Mary attended the periodic theological gatherings at the Hutchinson's home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1636, the Bostonians received a new ally when the Reverend John Wheelwright arrived from England, and immediately aligned himself with Cotton, Hutchinson and the other free-grace supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship200283–89_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship200283–89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another boost for those advocating the free-grace theology came during the same month, when the young aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane</a> was elected as the governor of the colony. Vane was a strong supporter of Hutchinson, but also had his own unorthodox ideas about theology that were considered radical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late 1636, the theological schism had become great enough that the General Court called for a day of fasting to help ease the colony's difficulties. The appointed fasting day, in January, included church services, and Cotton preached during the morning, but with Wilson away in England, John Wheelwright was invited to preach during the afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19907_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19907-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though his sermon may have seemed benign to the average listener in the congregation, most of the colony's ministers found Wheelwright's words to be objectionable. Instead of bringing peace, the sermon fanned the flames of controversy, and in Winthrop's words, Wheelwright "inveighed against all that walked in a covenant of works, ... and called them antichrists, and stirred up the people against them with much bitterness and vehemency."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19907_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19907-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the followers of Hutchinson were encouraged by the sermon, and intensified their crusade against the "legalists" among the clergy. During church services and lectures, they publicly questioned the ministers about their doctrines which disagreed with their own beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19907_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19907-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelwright.John.AmAntiquarianSoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wheelwright.John.AmAntiquarianSoc.jpg/220px-Wheelwright.John.AmAntiquarianSoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wheelwright.John.AmAntiquarianSoc.jpg/330px-Wheelwright.John.AmAntiquarianSoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Wheelwright.John.AmAntiquarianSoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>By signing the petition in support of the Reverend John Wheelwright (shown here), William Dyer was disarmed.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the General Court next met on 9 March, Wheelwright was called upon to answer for his sermon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19908_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19908-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was judged guilty of "contempt & sedition" for having "purposely set himself to kindle and increase" bitterness within the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19908_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19908-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote did not pass without a fight, however, and Wheelwright's friends protested formally. Most members of the Boston church, favoring Wheelwright in the conflict, drafted a petition justifying Wheelwright's sermon, and 60 people signed this remonstrance protesting the conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1990153_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1990153-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Dyer was among those who signed the petition which accused the General Court of condemning the truth of Christ. Dyer's signature in support of Wheelwright soon proved to be fateful to the Dyer family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189632_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anne Hutchinson faced trial in early November 1637 for "traducing" (slandering) the ministers, and was sentenced to banishment on her second day in court. Within a week of her sentencing, many supporters of hers, including William Dyer, were called into court and were disenfranchised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189632_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing an armed insurrection, the constables were then sent from door to door throughout the colony's towns to disarm those who signed the Wheelwright petition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within ten days these individuals were ordered to deliver "all such guns, pistols, swords, powder, shot, & match as they shall be owners of, or have in their custody, upon paine of ten pound[s] for every default".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great number of those who signed the petition, faced with losing their protection and in some cases livelihood, recanted under the pressure, and "acknowledged their error" in signing the petition. Those who refused to recant suffered hardships and many decided to leave the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962212_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962212-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being both disenfranchised and disarmed, William Dyer was among those who could no longer justify remaining in Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189633_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189633-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Monstrous_birth""><span id=".22Monstrous_birth.22"></span>"Monstrous birth"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Monstrous birth""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While William Dyer appeared in the Boston records on several occasions, Mary Dyer had not caught the attention of the Massachusetts authorities until March 1638 as the Antinomian controversy came to an end. Following Hutchinson's civil trial, she was kept as a prisoner in the home of a brother of one of the colony's ministers. Though she had been banished from the colony, this did not mean she was removed as a member of the Boston church. In March 1638 she was forced to face a church trial to get at the root of her heresies, and determine if her relationship with the Puritan church would continue. While William Dyer was likely with other men finding a new home away from Massachusetts, Mary Dyer was still in Boston and in attendance at this church trial. At the conclusion of the trial, Hutchinson was excommunicated, and as she was leaving the Boston Church, Mary stood and walked hand in hand with her out of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004207_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004207-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the two women were leaving the church, a member of the congregation asked another person about the identity of the woman leaving the church with Hutchinson. A reply was made that it was the woman who had had the "monstrous birth". Governor Winthrop soon became aware of this verbal exchange and began conducting an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189632_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189632-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer had given birth five months earlier, on 11 October 1637, to a <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a> baby with dysmorphic features. Winthrop wrote that while many women had gathered for the occasion, that "none were left at the time of the birth but the midwife and two others, whereof one fell asleep".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actually, two women present were midwives—Anne Hutchinson and Jane Hawkins, but the third woman was never identified. Hutchinson fully understood the serious theological implications of such a birth, and immediately sought the counsel of the Reverend John Cotton. Thinking about how he would react if this were his child, Cotton instructed Hutchinson to conceal the circumstances of the birth. The infant was then buried secretly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199023_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199023-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Winthrop had learned of the so-called "monstrous birth", he confronted Jane Hawkins, and armed with new information then confronted Cotton. As the news spread among the colony's leaders, it was determined that the infant would be exhumed and examined. According to Winthrop, a group of "above a hundred persons" including Winthrop, Cotton, Wilson, and the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weld_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Weld (minister)">Thomas Weld</a> "went to the place of buryall & commanded to digg it up to [behold] it, & they sawe it, a most hideous creature, a woman, a fish, a bird, & a beast all woven together".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199024_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his journal, Winthrop provided a more complete description as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it was of ordinary bigness; it had a face, but no head, and the ears stood upon the shoulders and were like an ape's; it had no forehead, but over the eyes four horns, hard and sharp; two of them were above one inch long, the other two shorter; the eyes standing out, and the mouth also; the nose hooked upward; all over the breast and back full of sharp pricks and scales, like a thornback [i.e., a skate or ray], the navel and all the belly, with the distinction of the sex, were where the back should be, and the back and hips before, where the belly should have been; behind, between the shoulders, it had two mouths, and in each of them a piece of red flesh sticking out; it had arms and legs as other children; but, instead of toes, it had on each foot three claws, like a young fowl, with sharp talons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinthrop1996254_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinthrop1996254-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a man with a stern expression on his face, wearing very dark clothing so that his pale hands show boldly. His hands are placed in front of him, separately, one above the other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/220px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/330px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/440px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>When Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a> learned of Dyer's "monstrous birth", he had the infant exhumed and examined, then wrote a detailed report of the child's corpse.</figcaption></figure> <p>While some of the descriptions may have been accurate, many puritanical embellishments were added to better fit the moral story being portrayed by the authorities. The modern medical condition that best fits the description of the infant is <a href="/wiki/Anencephaly" title="Anencephaly">anencephaly</a>, meaning partial or complete absence of a brain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This episode was just the beginning of the attention emanating from Dyer's personal tragedy. The religion of the Puritans demanded a close look at all aspects of one's life for signs of God's approval or disapproval. Even becoming a member of the Puritan church in New England required a public confession of faith, and any behavior that was viewed by the clergy as being unorthodox required a theological examination by the church, followed by a public confession and repentance by the offender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199020–21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199020–21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such microscopic inspection caused even private matters to become looked at publicly for the purpose of instruction, and Dyer's tragedy was widely examined for signs of God's judgment. This led to a highly subjective form of justice, an example of which was the 1656 hanging of <a href="/wiki/Ann_Hibbins" title="Ann Hibbins">Ann Hibbins</a> whose offense was simply being resented by her neighbor. In Winthrop's eyes, Dyer's case was unequivocal, and he was convinced that her "monstrous birth" was a clear signal of God's displeasure with the antinomian heretics. Winthrop felt that it was quite providential that the discovery of the "monstrous birth" occurred exactly when Anne Hutchinson was excommunicated from the local body of believers, and exactly one week before Dyer's husband was questioned in the Boston church for his heretic opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199022–25_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199022–25-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To further fuel Winthrop's beliefs, Anne Hutchinson suffered from a miscarriage later in the same year when she aborted a strange mass of tissue that appeared like a handful of transparent grapes (a rare condition, mostly in woman over 45, called a <a href="/wiki/Hydatidiform_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydatidiform mole">hydatidiform mole</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004217_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004217-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winthrop was convinced of divine influence in these events, and made sure that every leader in New England received his own account of the "monster" birth, and he even sent a deposition to England. Soon, the story took on a life of its own, and in 1642 it was printed in London under the title <i>Newes from New-England of a Most Strange and Prodigious Birth, brought to Boston in New-England</i>. Though the author of this work was not named, it may have been the New England minister Thomas Weld who was in England at the time to support New England's ecclesiastical independence. In 1644 Weld, who was still in England, took Winthrop's account of the Antinomian Controversy, and published it under one title, and then added a preface of his own and republished it under the title <i>A Short story of the Rise, reign and ruine of the Antinomians, Familists & Libertines</i>, usually just called <i>Short Story</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199025–27_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199025–27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1648 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a>, a Scottish Presbyterian, included Winthrop's account of the monster in his anti-sectarian treatise <i>A Survey of the Spirituall Antichrist, Opening the Secrets of Familisme and Antinomianisme</i>. Even the English writer, Samuel Danforth, included the birth in his 1648 <i>Almanack</i> as a "memorable occurrence" from 1637. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199027–28_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199027–28-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only minister who wrote without <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a> about Dyer's deformed infant was the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Wheelwright" title="John Wheelwright">John Wheelwright</a>, Anne Hutchinson's ally during the Antinomian Controversy. In his 1645 response to Winthrop's <i>Short Story</i>, entitled <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mercurius Americanus</i></span>, he wrote that Dyer's and Hutchinson's monsters described by Winthrop were nothing but "a monstrous conception of his [Winthrop's] brain, a spurious issue of his intellect".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty years after the tragic birth, when Mary Dyer returned to the public spotlight for her Quaker evangelism, she continued to be remembered for the birth of her dysmorphic child, this time in the diary of John Hull. Also, in 1660, an exchange of letters took place between England and New England when the two eminent English clergymen, Richard Baxter and Thomas Brooks, sought information about the "monstrous birth" from 1637. A New Englander, whose identity was not included, sent back information about the event to the English divines. The New Englander, who used Winthrop's original description of the "monster" almost verbatim, has subsequently been identified as yet another well-known clergyman, <a href="/wiki/John_Eliot_(missionary)" title="John Eliot (missionary)">John Eliot</a> who preached at the church in Roxbury, not far from Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199029_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199029-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most outrageous accounting of Dyer's infant occurred in 1667 when a memorandum of the Englishman Sir Joseph Williamson quoted a Major Scott about the event. Scott was a country lawyer with a notorious reputation, and his detractors included the famous diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's outlandish assertion was that the young Massachusetts governor, Henry Vane, fathered the "monstrous births" of both Mary Dyer and Anne Hutchinson; that he "debauched both, and both were delivered of monsters".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the accounts became less frequent, and the last historical account of Dyer's "monstrous birth" was in 1702 when the New England minister <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> mentioned it in passing in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magnalia Christi Americana</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhode_Island">Rhode Island</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rhode Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several of those affected by the events of the Antinomian controversy went north with John Wheelwright in November 1637 to found the town of <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter</a> in what would become New Hampshire. A larger group, uncertain where to go, contacted <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a>, who suggested they purchase land from the natives along the <a href="/wiki/Narraganset_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Narraganset Bay">Narraganset Bay</a>, near his settlement in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>. On 7 March 1638,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="O.S. 1637 or N.S. 1639? (September 2023)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> just as Anne Hutchinson's church trial was getting underway, a group of men gathered at the home of <a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">William Coddington</a> and drafted a <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Compact" title="Portsmouth Compact">compact</a> for a new government. This group included several of the strongest supporters of Hutchinson who had either been disenfranchised, disarmed, excommunicated, or banished, including William Dyer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962231_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962231-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island#Founders_of_Portsmouth" title="List of early settlers of Rhode Island">23 individuals</a> signed the instrument which was intended to form a "Bodie Politick" based on Christian principles, and Coddington was chosen as the leader of the group. Following through with Roger Williams' proposed land purchase, these exiles established their colony on <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Aquidneck Island</a> (later named Rhode Island), naming the settlement Pocasset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920975_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920975-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg/220px-Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg/330px-Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Portsmouth_Compact_document.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Portsmouth Compact; William Dyer's name is 11th on the list</figcaption></figure> <p>William and Mary Dyer joined <a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(Rhode_Island_judge)" title="William Hutchinson (Rhode Island judge)">William</a> and Anne Hutchinson and many others in building the new settlement on Aquidneck Island. Within a year of the founding of this settlement, however, there was dissension among the leaders, and the Dyers joined Coddington, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island#Founders_of_Newport" title="List of early settlers of Rhode Island">several other inhabitants</a>, in moving to the south end of the island, establishing the town of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a>. The Hutchinsons remained in Pocasset, whose inhabitants renamed the town <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a>, and William Hutchinson became its chief magistrate. William Dyer immediately became the recording secretary of Newport,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he and three others were tasked in June 1639 to proportion the new lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1640 the two towns of Portsmouth and Newport united, and Coddington was elected governor, while Dyer was chosen as Secretary, and held this position from 1640 to 1647.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger Williams, who envisioned a union of all four settlements on the Narragansett Bay (Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth, and Newport), wanted royal recognition of these settlements for their protection, and went to England where he obtained a patent bringing the four towns under one government. Coddington was opposed to the Williams patent and managed to resist union with Providence and Warwick until 1647 when representatives of the four towns ultimately met and united under the patent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920980_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920980-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With all four of the Narragansett settlements now under one government, William Dyer was elected the General Recorder for the entire colony in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coddington continued to be unhappy with the consolidated government, and wanted colonial independence for the two island towns. He sailed to England to present his case, and in April 1651, the Council of State of England gave him the commission he sought, making him governor-for-life of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920983_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920983-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism of Coddington arose as soon as he returned with his commission. Three men were then directed to go to England to get Coddington's commission revoked: Roger Williams, representing the mainland towns, and <a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Clarke (Baptist minister)">John Clarke</a> and William Dyer representing the two island towns. In November 1651 the three men left for England, where Dyer would meet his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Dyer had sailed to England before the three men departed, as Coddington wrote in a letter to Winthrop that Mr. Dyer "sent his wife over in the first ship with Mr. Travice, and is now gone himself for England".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains a mystery as to why Mary Dyer would leave six children behind, one an infant, to travel abroad. Biographer Ruth Plimpton hinted that Mary had some royal connection, and suggested that the news of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a> compelled her to go. However, no record has been found to satisfactorily explain this mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994110_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994110-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of recent hostilities between the English and the Dutch, the three men, once in England, did not meet with the Council of State on New England until April 1652. After the men explained their case, Coddington's commission for the island government was revoked in October 1652.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Dyer was the messenger who returned to Rhode Island the following February, bringing the news of the return of the colony to the Williams Patent of 1643. Mary, however, would remain in England for the next four years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quaker_conversion">Quaker conversion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quaker conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/220px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/330px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/440px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, founder of Quakerism</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary Dyer's time in England lasted for over five years, and during her stay she had become deeply interested in <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a>. Formally known as the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Friends">Society of Friends</a>, the Quakers do not practise water baptism or the Lord's Supper, nor do they believe in an ordained ministry. Both women and men can preach and exercise spiritual authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189622_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189622-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to denouncing the clergy, and refusing to support the established church by paying tithes, Quakers emphasize liberty of conscience and demand the separation of church and state. Their worship is based in silence, with spontaneous Spirit-inspired preaching or prayer by any participant. They reject various customs that emphasised class distinctions (such as men bowing or doffing their hats to social superiors); they do not take oaths, and they do not fight in wars. The Puritans in Massachusetts viewed Quakers as being among the most reprehensible of heretics, and they enacted several laws against them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189624–26_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189624–26-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2024)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is commonly asserted that while in England, Dyer became a Quaker and received a gift in the ministry. Details are provided by Plimpton, but these are fabrications completely without documentation. Altogether, no contemporary record has been found that addresses Dyer's time in England. Moreover, when Dyer and Anne Burden arrived in Barbados on their return to New England, the Quaker Missionary Henry Fell described Dyer to Margaret Fell, while not doing the same for Burden, whose Quaker ministry in England is documented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser2017129_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser2017129-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret Fell was the administrative heart of early Quakerism, raising funds for missionary efforts and receiving and forwarding voluminous correspondence. That Fell had to describe Dyer to the woman who knew the most about Quaker missions and ministry suggests that Dyer was not well known among Quakers prior to leaving England. It is likely that Dyer came to her Quaker beliefs only late in her stay in England and that she did not exercise her ministry until her return to New England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quakers_in_Massachusetts">Quakers in Massachusetts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quakers in Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all the New England colonies, Massachusetts was the most active in persecuting the Quakers, but the Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven colonies also shared in their persecution. When the first Quakers arrived in Boston in 1656 there were no laws yet enacted against them, but this quickly changed, and punishments were meted out with or without the law. It was primarily the ministers and the magistrates who opposed the Quakers and their evangelistic efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189626–27_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189626–27-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particularly vehement persecutor, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(divine)" title="John Norton (divine)">John Norton</a> of the Boston church, clamored for the law of banishment upon pain of death. He is the one who later wrote the vindication to England, justifying the execution of the first two Quakers in 1659.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers18962–3_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers18962–3-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The punishments doled out to the Quakers intensified as their perceived threat to the Puritan religious order increased. Dyer's Newport neighbor, <a href="/wiki/Herodias_Gardiner" title="Herodias Gardiner">Herodias Gardiner</a> who had made a perilous journey through a 60-mile wilderness to get to <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a> in the Massachusetts colony was punished by being whipped ten times. She had made the arduous trek with another woman and with her "Babe sucking at her Breast" to give her Quaker testimony to friends in Weymouth. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Marbury_Scott" title="Katherine Marbury Scott">Katherine Marbury Scott</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Scott_(settler)" title="Richard Scott (settler)">Richard Scott</a>, and a younger sister of Anne Hutchinson, had received ten lashes for petitioning for the release of future son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Holder" title="Christopher Holder">Christopher Holder</a>, who was imprisoned. This was the setting into which Mary Dyer stepped, upon her return from England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers18964–11_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers18964–11-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyer's_return_to_New_England"><span id="Dyer.27s_return_to_New_England"></span>Dyer's return to New England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dyer's return to New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1657 Dyer returned to New England with the widow Ann Burden, who came to Boston to settle the estate of her late husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189635_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189635-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer was immediately recognized as a Quaker and imprisoned. Dyer's husband had to come to Boston to get her out of jail, and he was bound and sworn not to allow her to lodge in any Massachusetts town, or to speak to any person while traversing the colony to return home. Dyer nevertheless continued to travel in New England to preach her Quaker message, and in early 1658 was arrested in the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a>, and then expelled for preaching her "inner light" belief, and the notion that women and men stood on equal ground in church worship and organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189636_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189636-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to sharing her Quaker message, she had come to New Haven with two others to visit Humphrey Norton who had been imprisoned for three weeks. Anti-Quaker laws had been enacted there, and after Dyer was arrested, she was "set on a horse", and forced to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994143–144_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994143–144-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1658 two Quaker activists, Christopher Holder and John Copeland came to Boston. They had already been evicted from other parts of the colony, and were exasperating the magistrates. Being joined by John Rous from Barbadoes, the three men were sentenced to having their right ears cut off, and the sentence was carried out in July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994147–148_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994147–148-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As biographer Plimpton wrote, the men "were so stalwart while their ears were removed" that additional punishments in the form of whippings were carried out for the next nine weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word of this cruelty reached Dyer while she was visiting Richard and Katherine Scott in Providence. Richard and Katherine Scott were considered to be the first Quakers in Providence. The Scotts had two daughters, Mary, the older, who was engaged to Christopher Holder, and Patience, the younger, aged 11. Mrs. Scott and her two daughters, along with Mary Dyer and her friend Hope Clifton, were all compelled to go to Boston to visit with Holder and the other men in jail. The four women and child were all imprisoned. Three other people who had also come to visit Holder and were then imprisoned were Nicholas Davis from Plymouth, the London merchant <a href="/wiki/William_Robinson_(martyr)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Robinson (martyr)">William Robinson</a> and a Yorkshire farmer named <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Stephenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmaduke Stephenson">Marmaduke Stephenson</a>, the latter two on a Quaker mission from England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189637_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189637-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg/220px-JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">John Endecott</a> sent the Quaker martyrs to the gallows.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Quaker situation was becoming highly problematical for the magistrates. Their response to the increasing presence of these people was to enact tougher laws, and on 19 October 1658, a new law was passed in the Massachusetts colony that introduced capital punishment. Quakers would be banished from the colony upon pain of death, meaning they would be hanged if they defied the law. Dyer, Davis, Robinson, and Stephenson were then brought to court, and then sentenced to "banishment upon pain of death" under the new law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994151_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994151-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis returned to Plymouth, Dyer went home to Newport, but Robinson and Stephenson remained in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, spending time in Salem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994152_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994152-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1659 Robinson and Stephenson were once again apprehended and brought back to the Boston jail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189637_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189637-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Dyer heard of these arrests, she once again left her home in Newport, and returned to Boston to support her Quaker brethren, ignoring her order of banishment, and once again being incarcerated. Her husband had already come to Boston two years earlier to retrieve her from the authorities, signing an oath that she would not return. He would not come back to Boston again, but on 30 August 1659 he wrote a long and impassioned letter to the magistrates, questioning the legality of the actions taken by the Massachusetts authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994155–159_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994155–159-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 October Dyer, Robinson and Stephenson were brought before Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Endicott" class="mw-redirect" title="John Endicott">Endicott</a>, where they explained their mission for the Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189640_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189640-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, the same group was brought before the governor, who directed the prison keeper to remove the men's hats. He then addressed the group, "We have made many laws and endeavored in several ways to keep you from among us, but neither whipping nor imprisonment, nor cutting off ears, nor banishment upon pain of death will keep you from among us. We desire not your death." Having met his obligation to present the position of the colony's authorities, he then pronounced, "Hearken now to your sentence of death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189641_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189641-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Robinson then wanted to read a prepared statement about being called by the Lord to Boston, but the governor would not allow it to be read, and Robinson was sent back to prison. Marmaduke Stephenson, being less vociferous than Robinson, was allowed to speak, and though initially declining, he ultimately spoke his mind, and then was also sent back to jail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189641–43_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189641–43-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Dyer was brought forth, the governor pronounced her sentence, "Mary Dyer, you shall go from hence to the place from whence you came, and from thence to the place of execution, and there be hanged till you be dead." She replied, "The will of the Lord be done." When Endicott directed the marshall to take her away, she said, "Yea, and joyfully I go."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189644_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189644-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Quaker_executions">First Quaker executions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First Quaker executions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The date set for the executions of the three Quaker evangelists, William Robinson, Marmaduke Stephenson and Mary Dyer, was 27 October 1659. Captain James Oliver of the Boston military company was directed to provide a force of armed soldiers to escort the prisoners to the place of execution. Dyer walked hand-in-hand with the two men, and between them. When she was publicly asked about this inappropriate closeness, she responded instead to her sense of the event: "It is an hour of the greatest joy I can enjoy in this world. No eye can see, no ear can hear, no tongue can speak, no heart can understand the sweet incomes and refreshings of the spirit of the Lord which now I enjoy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189646–48_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189646–48-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners attempted to speak to the gathered crowd as they proceeded to the gallows, but their voices were drowned out by constant drum beats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189648_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189648-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The place of execution was not the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a>, as expressed by many writers over the years, but instead about a mile south of there on <a href="/wiki/Boston_Neck" title="Boston Neck">Boston Neck</a>, near the current intersection of West Dedham Street and Washington Street. Boston Neck was at one time a narrow spit of land providing the only land access to the Shawmut Peninsula where Boston is located. Over time, the water on both sides of the isthmus was filled in, so that the narrow neck no longer exists. A possible reason for the confusion may be because the land immediately south of Boston Neck was not privately owned and considered "common lands", leading some writers to misinterpret this as being the Boston Common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanavan191137–49_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanavan191137–49-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Robinson was the first of the three to mount the gallows ladder, and from there made a statement to the crowd, then died when the ladder was removed. Marmaduke Stephenson was the next to hang, and then it was Dyer's turn after she witnessed the execution of her two friends. Dyer's arms and legs were bound and her face was covered with a handkerchief provided by Reverend John Wilson who had been one of her pastors in the Boston church many years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189650_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189650-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stood calmly on the ladder, prepared for her death, but as she waited, an order of a reprieve was announced. A petition from her son, William, had given the authorities an excuse to avoid her execution. It had been a pre-arranged scheme, in an attempt to unnerve and dissuade Dyer from her mission. This was made clear from the wording of the reprieve, though Dyer's only expectation was to die as a martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189650–52_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189650–52-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day after Dyer was pulled from the gallows she wrote a letter to the General Court, refusing to accept the provision of the reprieve. In this letter she wrote, "My life is not accepted, neither availeth me, in comparison with the lives and liberty of the Truth and Servants of the living God for which in the Bowels of Love and Meekness I sought you; yet nevertheless with wicked Hands have you put two of them to Death, which makes me to feel that the Mercies of the Wicked is cruelty; I rather chuse to Dye than to live, as from you, as Guilty of their Innocent Blood."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189654_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189654-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The courage of the martyrs led to a popular sentiment against the authorities who now felt it necessary to draft a vindication of their actions. The wording of this petition suggested that the reprieve of Mary Dyer should soften the reality of the martyrdom of the two men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189655–56_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189655–56-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Massachusetts General Court sent this document to the newly restored <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">king</a> in England, and in answer to it, the Quaker historian, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burrough" title="Edward Burrough">Edward Burrough</a> wrote a short book in 1661. In this book, Burrough refuted the claims of Massachusetts, point by point, provided a list of the atrocities committed against Quakers, and also provided a narrative of the three Quaker executions that had transpired prior to the book's publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrough1661i_(abstract)_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrough1661i_(abstract)-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After going home to Rhode Island, Dyer spent most of the following winter on <a href="/wiki/Shelter_Island,_New_York" title="Shelter Island, New York">Shelter Island</a>, sitting between the north and south forks of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. Though sheltered from storms, the island's owner, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Sylvester" title="Nathaniel Sylvester">Nathaniel Sylvester</a>, used it as a refuge for Quakers seeking shelter from the Puritans, thus providing its name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994175_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994175-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here Dyer was able to commune with her fellow Quakers, including her Newport neighbors, William Coddington and his wife Anne Brinley, who had recently converted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994176_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994176-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer used her time here to mull over the vindication prepared by the Puritan authorities to send to England, concerning their actions against the Quakers. This document was an affront to Dyer, and she viewed it as merely a means to soften public outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189656–57_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189656–57-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was determined to return to Boston to force the authorities to either change their laws or to hang a woman, and she left Shelter Island in April 1660 focused on this mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994182_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994182-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dyer's_martyrdom"><span id="Dyer.27s_martyrdom"></span>Dyer's martyrdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dyer's martyrdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg/300px-Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg/450px-Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg/600px-Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Mary Dyer being led to her execution on 1 June 1660, by an unknown 19th-century artist</figcaption></figure> <p>Dyer returned to Boston on 21 May 1660 and ten days later she was once again brought before the governor. The exchange of words between Dyer and Governor Endicott was recorded as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Endicott: Are you the same Mary Dyer that was here before? </p><p>Dyer: I am the same Mary Dyer that was here the last General Court. </p><p>Endicott: You will own yourself a Quaker, will you not? </p><p>Dyer: I own myself to be reproachfully so called. </p><p>Endicott: Sentence was passed upon you the last General Court; and now likewise—You must return to the prison, and there remain till to-morrow at nine o'clock; then thence you must go to the gallows and there be hanged till you are dead. </p><p>Dyer: This is no more than what thou saidst before. </p><p>Endicott: But now it is to be executed. Therefore prepare yourself to-morrow at nine o'clock. </p><p> Dyer: I came in obedience to the will of God the last General Court, desiring you to repeal your unrighteous laws of banishment on pain of death; and that same is my work now, and earnest request, although I told you that if you refused to repeal them, the Lord would send others of his servants to witness against them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following this exchange, the governor asked if she was a prophetess, and she answered that she spoke the words that the Lord spoke to her. When she began to speak again, the governor called, "Away with her! Away with her!" She was returned to jail. Though her husband had written a letter to Endicott requesting his wife's freedom, another reprieve was not granted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Execution">Execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnWilson_1stChurch_Boston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/JohnWilson_1stChurch_Boston.png/220px-JohnWilson_1stChurch_Boston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/JohnWilson_1stChurch_Boston.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilson (minister)">John Wilson</a> implored Dyer to repent, but she said, "Nay, man, I am not now to repent."</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 June 1660, at 9 A.M., Dyer once again departed the jail and was escorted to the gallows. Once she was on the ladder, under the elm tree, she was given the opportunity to save her life. Her response was, "Nay, I cannot; for in obedience to the will of the Lord God I came, and in his will I abide faithful to the death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189660_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189660-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military commander, <a href="/wiki/Captain_John_Evered" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain John Evered">Captain John Webb</a>, recited the charges against her and said she "was guilty of her own blood".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189660_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189660-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyer's response was: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nay, I came to keep bloodguiltiness from you, desiring you to repeal the unrighteous and unjust law of banishment upon pain of death, made against the innocent servants of the Lord, therefore my blood will be required at your hands who willfully do it; but for those that do it in the simplicity of their hearts, I do desire the Lord to forgive them. I came to do the will of my Father, and in obedience to his will I stand even to the death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189660–61_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189660–61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESewel1844291_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESewel1844291-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Her former pastor, John Wilson, urged her to repent and to not be "so deluded and carried away by the deceit of the devil".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189661_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189661-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this she answered, "Nay, man, I am not now to repent." Asked if she would have the elders pray for her, she replied, "I know never an Elder here." Another short exchange followed, and then, in the words of her biographer, <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Rogers_Jr." title="Horatio Rogers Jr.">Horatio Rogers</a>, "she was swung off, and the crown of martyrdom descended upon her head".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189661–62_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189661–62-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Friends' records of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, contain the following entry: "Mary Dyer the wife of William Dyer of Newport in Rhode Island: she was put to death at the Town of Boston with ye like cruil hand as the martyrs were in <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>'s time, and there buried upon ye 31 day of ye 3d mo. 1660." In the calendar used at the time, May was the third month of the year, but the date in the record is incorrect by a day, as the actual date of death was 1 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189663_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189663-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, this entry states that Mary was buried there in Boston where she was hanged, and biographer Rogers echoed this, but this is not likely. Johan Winsser presents evidence that Mary was buried on the Dyer family farm, located north of Newport where the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Newport" title="Naval Station Newport">Navy base</a> is now situated in the current town of Middletown. The strongest evidence found is the 1839 journal entry given by Daniel Wheeler, who wrote, "Before reaching Providence [coming from Newport], the site of the dwelling, and burying place of Mary Dyer was shown me."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winsser provides other items of evidence lending credence to this notion; it is unlikely that Dyer's remains would have been left in Boston since she had a husband, many children, and friends living in Newport, Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>History of Boston</i>, Caleb Snow wrote that one of the officers attending the hanging, Edward Wanton, was so overcome by the execution that he became a Quaker convert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189662_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189662-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wantons later became one of the leading Quaker families in Rhode Island, and two of Wanton's sons, <a href="/wiki/William_Wanton" title="William Wanton">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wanton" title="John Wanton">John</a>, and two of his grandsons, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Wanton" title="Gideon Wanton">Gideon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wanton" title="Joseph Wanton">Joseph Wanton</a>, became governors of the Rhode Island Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887215_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887215-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Atherton" title="Humphrey Atherton">Humphrey Atherton</a>, a prominent Massachusetts official and one of Dyer's persecutors, wrote, "Mary Dyer did hang as a flag for others to take example by."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189667_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189667-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atherton died on 16 September 1661 following a fall from a horse, and many Quakers viewed this as God's wrath sent upon him for his harshness towards their sect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward18696_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward18696-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A strong reaction from a contemporary woman and friend of Mary Dyer came from Anne Brinley Coddington, with whom Dyer spent her final winter on Shelter Island. Anne Coddington sent a scathing letter to the Massachusetts magistrates, singling out Governor Endicott's role in the execution. In addition, her husband, William Coddington sent several letters to the Connecticut governor, <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Winthrop, Jr.">John Winthrop, Jr.</a>, condemning the execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994191–194_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994191–194-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While news of Dyer's hanging was quick to spread through the American colonies and England, there was no immediate response from London because of the political turbulence, resulting in the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">king</a> to power in 1660. One more Quaker was martyred at the hands of the Puritans, William Leddra of the Barbadoes, who was hanged in March 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189667_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189667-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months later, however, the English Quaker activist Edward Burrough was able to get an appointment with the king. In a document dated 9 September 1661 and addressed to Endicott and all other governors in New England, the king directed that executions and imprisonments of Quakers cease, and that any offending Quaker be sent to England for trial under the existing English law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994196–197_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994196–197-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the royal response put an end to executions, the Puritans continued to find ways to abuse the Quakers who came to Massachusetts. In 1661 they passed the "Cart and Tail Law", having Quakers tied to carts, stripped to the waist, and dragged through various towns behind the cart, being whipped en route, until they were taken out of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994204_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994204-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the time that Endicott died in 1665, a royal commission directed that all legal actions taken against Quakers would cease. Nevertheless, whippings and imprisonments continued into the 1670s, after which popular sentiment, coupled with the royal directives, finally put an end to the Quaker persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189667_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189667-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994205_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994205-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_view">Modern view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to literary scholar Anne Myles, the life of Mary Dyer "functions as a powerful, almost allegorical example of a woman returning, over and over, to the same power-infused site of legal and discursive control". The only first-hand evidence available as to the thoughts and motives of Dyer lie in the letters that she wrote. But Myles sees her behavior as "a richly legible text of female agency, affiliation, and dissent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20018_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20018-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking at Burrough's account of the conversation between Dyer and Governor Endicott, Myles views the two most important dimensions as being agency and affiliation. The first is that Dyer's actions "can be read as staging a public drama of agency", a means for women, including female prophets, to act under the power and will of God. While Quaker women were allowed to preach, they were not being assertive when doing so because they were actually "preaching against their own wills and minds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20018_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20018-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer possessed a "vigorous intentionality" in engaging with the magistrates and ministers, both in her speech and in her behavior. Even though those who chronicled her actions and life, such as Burrough and Rogers, looked at her as being submissive to the will of God, she was nevertheless the active participant in her fate, voluntarily choosing to become a martyr. She took full responsibility for her actions, while imploring the Puritan authorities to assume their moral responsibility for her death. This provides a distinguishing feature between Dyer and Anne Hutchinson, the latter of whom may not have fully comprehended the consequences of her behavior. While Dyer's husband and those unsympathetic to her labelled her as having a "madness", it is clear from her letters and her spoken words that her purpose and intentions were displayed with the utmost clarity of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20018–9_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20018–9-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During her dialogues, while walking to the gallows, or standing on the ladder under the hanging tree, Dyer exchanged a series of "yeas" and "nays" with her detractors. With these affirmations and negations, she was refusing to allow others to construct her meaning. She refuted the image of her as a sinner in need of repentance, and contested the authority of the elders of the church. Just like Hutchinson's befuddling of her accusers during her civil trial, Dyer did not allow her interrogators to feel assured in how they framed her meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200110_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200110-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While agency is the first of two dimensions of Dyer's story, the second is allegiance. Dyer became known in the public eye on the day when Anne Hutchinson was excommunicated, and Dyer took her hand while they walked out of the meeting house together. Dyer had a strong affiliation and allegiance to this older woman who shared the secret of her unfortunate birth. Likewise, two decades later she framed her acts as a means to stand by her friends and share in their fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200110_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200110-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first of two letters of Dyer's that have been preserved, she wrote to the General Court, "if my Life were freely granted by you, it would not avail me, nor could I expect it of you, so long as I should daily hear or see the Sufferings of these People, my dear Brethren and Seed, with whom my Life is bound up, as I have done these two years".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189635_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189635-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional bonds for females were to spouses and children, yet in the Quaker community there were strong spiritual bonds that transcended gender boundaries. Thus the Puritan public found it very unusual that Dyer walked to the gallows hand-in-hand between two male friends, and she was asked if she was not ashamed of doing so. This spiritual closeness of the Quakers was very threatening to the Puritan mindset where allegiance was controlled by the male church members. The Quakers allowed their personal bonds to transgress not only gender lines but also the boundaries of age and class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200110–11_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200110–11-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her first letter to the General Court, Dyer used the themes of agency and allegiance in creating an analogy between her witnessing in Massachusetts with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>. Esther, a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a>, was called upon to save her people after the evil <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> urged the king to enact a law to have all Jews put to death. It was Esther's intercession with the king that saved her people, and the parallels are that Dyer is the beautiful Esther, with wicked Haman representing the Massachusetts authorities, and the Jews of the Bible being the Quakers of Dyer's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, Dyer's martyrdom did have the desired effect. Unlike the story of Anne Hutchinson, that was narrated for more than a century by only her enemies, the orthodox Puritans, Dyer's story became the story of the Quakers, and it was quickly shared in England, and eventually made its way before King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. The king ordered an end to the capital punishments, though the severe treatment continued for several more years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Myles, Dyer's life journey during her time in New England transformed her from "a silenced object to a speaking subject; from an Antinomian monster to a Quaker martyr".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20012-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence from a personal standpoint and from the standpoint of all Quakers, suggests that Dyer's ending was as much a spiritual triumph as it was a tragic injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200115–17_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200115–17-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials_and_honors">Memorials and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Memorials and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A statue was dedicated to Mary Dyer in June 1959 and is located outside the Massachusetts State House. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston,_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG/220px-Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG/330px-Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG/440px-Mary_Dyer_by_Sylvia_Shaw_Judson_-_Boston%2C_MA_-_DSC05489.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="4185" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Dyer at Massachusetts State House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnneHutchinsonMaryDyerMemorialHerbGarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/AnneHutchinsonMaryDyerMemorialHerbGarden.jpg/220px-AnneHutchinsonMaryDyerMemorialHerbGarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/AnneHutchinsonMaryDyerMemorialHerbGarden.jpg/330px-AnneHutchinsonMaryDyerMemorialHerbGarden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/AnneHutchinsonMaryDyerMemorialHerbGarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Anne Hutchinson/Mary Dyer Memorial Herb Garden at Founders' Brook Park, Portsmouth, Rhode Island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG/220px-Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG/330px-Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG/440px-Dyer.Mary.Inscription_beneath_statue_at_Massachusetts_State_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3155" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption>Inscription under <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mary_Dyer" title="Statue of Mary Dyer">statue of Mary Dyer</a> at Massachusetts Statehouse, Boston, Massachusetts. Note that the place given of her hanging is erroneous: it was Boston Neck Gallows.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mary_Dyer" title="Statue of Mary Dyer">bronze statue</a> of Dyer by Quaker sculptor <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Shaw_Judson" title="Sylvia Shaw Judson">Sylvia Shaw Judson</a> stands in front of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House" title="Massachusetts State House">Massachusetts State House</a> in Boston, and is featured on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail" title="Boston Women's Heritage Trail">Boston Women's Heritage Trail</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a copy stands in front of the Friends Center in central <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and another in front of Stout Meetinghouse at <a href="/wiki/Earlham_College" title="Earlham College">Earlham College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriends_Center_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriends_Center-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuakers_in_the_World_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuakers_in_the_World-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Portsmouth, Rhode Island, Mary Dyer and her friend Anne Hutchinson have been remembered at Founders Brook Park with the Anne Hutchinson/Mary Dyer Memorial Herb Garden, a medicinal botanical garden, set by a scenic waterfall with a historical marker for the early settlement of Portsmouth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Passage_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Passage-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garden was created by artist and herbalist Michael Steven Ford, who is a descendant of both women. The memorial was a grass roots effort by a local Newport organization, the Anne Hutchinson Memorial Committee headed by Newport artist, Valerie Debrule. The organization, called Friends of Anne Hutchinson, meets annually at the memorial in Portsmouth, on the Sunday nearest to 20 July, the date of Anne's baptism, to celebrate her life and the local colonial history of the women of Aquidneck Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerald_News2011_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerald_News2011-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyer was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Heritage_Hall_of_Fame_Women_Inductees" title="Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame Women Inductees">Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame</a> in 1997<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="supposedly a web source with access date but no URL (September 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three adult biographies of Mary Dyer have been published, the first being <i>Mary Dyer of Rhode Island, the Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston Common, June 1, 1660</i> by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Rogers_Jr." title="Horatio Rogers Jr.">Horatio Rogers</a> (1896); the second being <i>Mary Dyer: Biography of a Rebel Quaker</i> by Ruth Plimpton (1994); and the third, <i>Mary and William Dyer: Quaker Light and Puritan Ambition in Early New England</i> by Johan Winsser (2017). A biography for middle-school students, <i>Mary Dyer, Friend of Freedom</i> by John Briggs, was published in 2014. While Dyer published no works herself, she did write two letters which have been preserved, both of them focal to her martyrdom, and both of them published in her biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994i_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994i-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1896i_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1896i-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs2014i_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2014i-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A play titled <i>Heretic,</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeanmarie_Simpson" title="Jeanmarie Simpson">Jeanmarie Simpson</a>, about the life of Mary Dyer, was first published in 2016 under the title <i>The Joy</i>, by the Fellowship of Quakers in the Arts.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also featured in <i><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dyer" title="Rachel Dyer">Rachel Dyer</a></i>, an 1828 novel by <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a> that connects her martyrdom with the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a>. The title character is Dyer's fictional granddaughter, who is the last victim of the hysteria in 1692.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children_and_descendants">Children and descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Children and descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg/150px-RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg/225px-RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg/300px-RI_Governor_Elisha_Dyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption>Rhode Island Governor <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Dyer" title="Elisha Dyer">Elisha Dyer</a> descends from Mary Dyer</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary Dyer had eight known children, six of whom grew to adulthood. Following her martyrdom, her husband remarried and had one more known child, and possibly others. Her oldest child, William, was baptized at <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a>, London, on 24 October 1634 and was buried there three days later. After sailing to New England, her second child, Samuel, was baptized at the Boston church on 20 December 1635 and married by 1663 to Anne Hutchinson, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hutchinson_(captain)" title="Edward Hutchinson (captain)">Edward Hutchinson</a> and the granddaughter of William and Anne Hutchinson. Her third child was the premature stillborn female, born 17 October 1637, discussed earlier. Henry, born roughly 1640, was the fourth child, and he married Elizabeth Sanford, the daughter of John Sanford, Jr., and the granddaughter of Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Sanford_(governor)" title="John Sanford (governor)">John Sanford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth child was a second William, born about 1642, who married Mary, possibly a daughter of Richard Walker of Lynn, Massachusetts, but no evidence supports this. Child number six was a male and given the Biblical name <a href="/wiki/Maher-shalal-hash-baz" title="Maher-shalal-hash-baz">Mahershallalhashbaz</a>. He was married to Martha Pearce, the daughter of Richard Pearce. Mary was the seventh child, born roughly 1647, and married by about 1675 Henry Ward; they were living in Cecil County, Maryland, in January 1679. Mary Dyer's youngest child was Charles, born roughly 1650, whose first wife was named Mary; there are unsupported claims that she was a daughter of John Lippett. Charles married second after 1690 Martha (Brownell) Wait, who survived him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence that Mary's husband, William Dyer, ever became a Quaker. There was a lot of litigation concerning the estate of William Dyer, Sr; his widow, Katherine, took both the widow of his son Samuel and later his son Charles to court over the estate, likely feeling that more of his estate belonged to his children with her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384–385_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384–385-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable descendants of Mary Dyer include Rhode Island Governors <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Dyer" title="Elisha Dyer">Elisha Dyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Dyer,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Elisha Dyer, Jr.">Elisha Dyer, Jr.</a>, and U.S. Senator from Rhode Island, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chace" title="Jonathan Chace">Jonathan Chace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189634_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189634-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_about_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views about women">Christian views about women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of early settlers of Rhode Island">List of early settlers of Rhode Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser200427–28_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser2004">Winsser 2004</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton199412–13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton199412–13_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OS/NS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OS/NS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">England, and Great Britain from 1708, used the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> until 1752. The new year in that calendar fell on <a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a>, 25 March, so dates between 1 January and 25 March are written with both years to avoid confusion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189631-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189631_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189631_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop1661119-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop1661119_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishop1661">Bishop 1661</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189630-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189630_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001381_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonSanbornSanborn2001">Anderson, Sanborn & Sanborn 2001</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962300–307_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattis1962">Battis 1962</a>, pp. 300–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer199529–32-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer199529–32_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer1995">Bremer 1995</a>, pp. 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887290_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustin1887">Austin 1887</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001379-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001379_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonSanbornSanborn2001">Anderson, Sanborn & Sanborn 2001</a>, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship20026–7_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinship2002">Winship 2002</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19905-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19905_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1990">Hall 1990</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer19814-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer19814_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer1981">Bremer 1981</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962105-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962105_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattis1962">Battis 1962</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer199566-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer199566_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer1995">Bremer 1995</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer19815-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer19815_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBremer1981">Bremer 1981</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinship200283–89-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinship200283–89_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinship2002">Winship 2002</a>, pp. 83–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19907-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19907_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19907_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19907_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1990">Hall 1990</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall19908-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19908_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall19908_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1990">Hall 1990</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1990153-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1990153_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1990">Hall 1990</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189632-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189632_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189632_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189632_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962211_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattis1962">Battis 1962</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962212-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962212_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattis1962">Battis 1962</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189633-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189633_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004207-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004207_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaPlante2004">LaPlante 2004</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004206_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaPlante2004">LaPlante 2004</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199023-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199023_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199024-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199024_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinthrop1996254-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinthrop1996254_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinthrop1996">Winthrop 1996</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199020–21-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199020–21_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199022–25-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199022–25_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004217-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004217_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaPlante2004">LaPlante 2004</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199025–27-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199025–27_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199027–28-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199027–28_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaPlante2004219_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaPlante2004">LaPlante 2004</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199029-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199029_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser199032–33_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser1990">Winsser 1990</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattis1962231-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattis1962231_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattis1962">Battis 1962</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920975-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920975_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920976_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920980-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920980_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920983-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920983_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell1920987_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonSanbornSanborn2001">Anderson, Sanborn & Sanborn 2001</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994110-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994110_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994137_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189622-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189622_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189624–26-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189624–26_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinsser2017129-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinsser2017129_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinsser2017">Winsser 2017</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189626–27-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189626–27_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers18962–3-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers18962–3_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers18964–11-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers18964–11_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 4–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189635-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189635_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189635_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189636-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189636_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994143–144-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994143–144_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994147–148-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994147–148_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994149_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189637-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189637_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189637_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994151-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994151_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994152-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994152_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994155–159-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994155–159_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, pp. 155–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189640-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189640_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189641-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189641_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189641–43-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189641–43_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189644-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189644_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189646–48-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189646–48_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189648-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189648_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanavan191137–49-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanavan191137–49_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanavan1911">Canavan 1911</a>, pp. 37–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189650-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189650_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189650–52-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189650–52_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189654-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189654_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189655–56-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189655–56_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrough1661i_(abstract)-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrough1661i_(abstract)_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurrough1661">Burrough 1661</a>, p. i (abstract).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994175-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994175_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994176-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994176_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189656–57-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189656–57_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994182-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994182_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189658–59_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189660-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189660_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189660_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189660–61-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189660–61_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESewel1844291-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESewel1844291_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSewel1844">Sewel 1844</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189661-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189661_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189661–62-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189661–62_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189663-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189663_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyer's_Grave2014_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyer's_Grave2014">Dyer's Grave 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189662-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189662_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887215-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887215_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustin1887">Austin 1887</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189667-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189667_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189667_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189667_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward18696-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward18696_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1869">Woodward 1869</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994191–194-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994191–194_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, pp. 191–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994196–197-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994196–197_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994204-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994204_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994205-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994205_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20018-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20018_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20018_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20018–9-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20018–9_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200110-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200110_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200110_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200110–11-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200110–11_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200112–14_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles20012-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles20012_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyles200115–17-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyles200115–17_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMyles2001">Myles 2001</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celebrateboston.com/ghost/boston-neck-executions.htm">"Boston Neck Gallows, Colonial Execution Place for Quakers"</a>. <i>Celebrate Boston</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Celebrate+Boston&rft.atitle=Boston+Neck+Gallows%2C+Colonial+Execution+Place+for+Quakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celebrateboston.com%2Fghost%2Fboston-neck-executions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bwht.org/beacon-hill/">"Beacon Hill"</a>. <i>Boston Women's Heritage Trail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Women%27s+Heritage+Trail&rft.atitle=Beacon+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbwht.org%2Fbeacon-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriends_Center-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriends_Center_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriends_Center">Friends Center</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuakers_in_the_World-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuakers_in_the_World_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuakers_in_the_World">Quakers in the World</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Passage-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeritage_Passage_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeritage_Passage">Heritage Passage</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerald_News2011-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerald_News2011_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerald_News2011">Herald News 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inductee Details, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=367">"Mary Dyer"</a>, <i>Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame</i>, 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary Barret Dyer", <i>National Women's Hall of Fame</i>, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994i-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimpton1994i_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimpton1994">Plimpton 1994</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1896i-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1896i_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs2014i-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs2014i_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriggs2014">Briggs 2014</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2019" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Jeanmarie (Simpson) (24 February 2019). <i>Heretic: The Mary Dyer Story</i>. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1797886107" title="Special:BookSources/978-1797886107"><bdi>978-1797886107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heretic%3A+The+Mary+Dyer+Story&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+KDP+Print+US&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1797886107&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Jeanmarie+%28Simpson%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, David J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25057515">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Another Declaration of Independence': John Neal's 'Rachel Dyer' and the Assault on Precedent"</a>. <i>Early American Literature</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 408–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feal.2007.0031">10.1353/eal.2007.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057515">25057515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159478165">159478165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Literature&rft.atitle=%27Another+Declaration+of+Independence%27%3A+John+Neal%27s+%27Rachel+Dyer%27+and+the+Assault+on+Precedent&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=408-409&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159478165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25057515%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feal.2007.0031&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25057515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLease1972" class="citation book cs1">Lease, Benjamin (1972). <i>That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46969-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Wild+Fellow+John+Neal+and+the+American+Literary+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46969-0&rft.aulast=Lease&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001382–383_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonSanbornSanborn2001">Anderson, Sanborn & Sanborn 2001</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384–385-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersonSanbornSanborn2001384–385_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersonSanbornSanborn2001">Anderson, Sanborn & Sanborn 2001</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers189634-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers189634_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers1896">Rogers 1896</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonSanbornSanborn2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anderson, Robert C.; Sanborn, George F. Jr.; Sanborn, Melinde L. (2001). <i>The Great Migration, Immigrants to New England 1634–1635</i>. Vol. II C-F. Boston: <a href="/wiki/New_England_Historic_Genealogical_Society" title="New England Historic Genealogical Society">New England Historic Genealogical Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88082-120-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88082-120-5"><bdi>0-88082-120-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Migration%2C+Immigrants+to+New+England+1634%E2%80%931635&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=New+England+Historic+Genealogical+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88082-120-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+George+F.+Jr.&rft.au=Sanborn%2C+Melinde+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._Arnold" title="Samuel G. Arnold">Arnold, Samuel Greene</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUJg2uqb7LgC&q=History+of+Rhode+Island+Arnold"><i>History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: D. Appleton & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712634101">712634101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+State+of+Rhode+Island+and+Providence+Plantations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1859&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712634101&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUJg2uqb7LgC%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2BRhode%2BIsland%2BArnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne_Austin" title="John Osborne Austin">Austin, John Osborne</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235"><i>Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island</i></a>. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1"><bdi>978-0-8063-0006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+Dictionary+of+Rhode+Island&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=J.+Munsell%27s+Sons&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-0-8063-0006-1&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=John+Osborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLA7ntaS11ocC%26q%3Dabbott%252C%2Bdaniel%2B235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattis1962" class="citation book cs1">Battis, Emery (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssectariesa0000batt"><i>Saints and Sectaries: Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-0863-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-0863-4"><bdi>978-0-8078-0863-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sectaries%3A+Anne+Hutchinson+and+the+Antinomian+Controversy+in+the+Massachusetts+Bay+Colony&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-0863-4&rft.aulast=Battis&rft.aufirst=Emery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssectariesa0000batt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicknell1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Bicknell" title="Thomas W. Bicknell">Bicknell, Thomas Williams</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TF0EAAAAYAAJ&q=Greene"><i>The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York: The American Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1953313">1953313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+State+of+Rhode+Island+and+Providence+Plantations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+American+Historical+Society&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1953313&rft.aulast=Bicknell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTF0EAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DGreene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1661" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Bishop_(Quaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Bishop (Quaker) (page does not exist)">Bishop, George</a> (1661). <i>New England Judged</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+England+Judged&rft.place=London.&rft.date=1661&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremer1981" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J. (1981). <i>Anne Hutchinson: Troubler of the Puritan Zion</i>. Huntington, New York: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. pp. 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Hutchinson%3A+Troubler+of+the+Puritan+Zion&rft.place=Huntington%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Robert+E.+Krieger+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremer1995" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zm0fkTXsvg8C&pg=PA66"><i>The Puritan Experiment, New England Society from Bradford to Edwards</i></a>. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-728-6"><bdi>978-0-87451-728-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puritan+Experiment%2C+New+England+Society+from+Bradford+to+Edwards&rft.place=Lebanon%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-728-6&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzm0fkTXsvg8C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2014" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, John (2014). <i>Mary Dyer, Friend of Freedom</i>. Atombank Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9905160-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9905160-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9905160-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer%2C+Friend+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Atombank+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9905160-0-2&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrough1661" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burrough" title="Edward Burrough">Burrough, Edward</a> (1661). Paul Royster (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=etas"><i>A Declaration of the Sad and Great Persecution and Martyrdom of the People of God, called Quakers, in New-England, for the Worshipping of God</i></a>. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Declaration+of+the+Sad+and+Great+Persecution+and+Martyrdom+of+the+People+of+God%2C+called+Quakers%2C+in+New-England%2C+for+the+Worshipping+of+God&rft.place=University+of+Nebraska-Lincoln&rft.date=1661&rft.aulast=Burrough&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1023%26context%3Detas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_D._Hall" title="David D. Hall">Hall, David D.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of2S0mD5P5cC&q=david+d+hall"><i>The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638, A Documentary History</i></a>. Durham [NC] and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822310910" title="Special:BookSources/0822310910"><bdi>0822310910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antinomian+Controversy%2C+1636%E2%80%931638%2C+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=Durham+%5BNC%5D+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0822310910&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof2S0mD5P5cC%26q%3Ddavid%2Bd%2Bhall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPlante2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eve_LaPlante" title="Eve LaPlante">LaPlante, Eve</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TTj1N-egHsMC&q=portsmouth+rhode+hutchinson&pg=PA209"><i>American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans</i></a>. San Francisco: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-056233-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-056233-1"><bdi>0-06-056233-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jezebel%2C+the+Uncommon+Life+of+Anne+Hutchinson%2C+the+Woman+who+Defied+the+Puritans&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-056233-1&rft.aulast=LaPlante&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTTj1N-egHsMC%26q%3Dportsmouth%2Brhode%2Bhutchinson%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlimpton1994" class="citation book cs1">Plimpton, Ruth Talbot (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marydyerbiograph00plim"><i>Mary Dyer: Biography of a Rebel Quaker</i></a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Brandon Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8283-1964-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8283-1964-2"><bdi>0-8283-1964-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer%3A+Biography+of+a+Rebel+Quaker&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Brandon+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8283-1964-2&rft.aulast=Plimpton&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarydyerbiograph00plim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1896" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Horatio (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArMDAAAAYAAJ&q=mary+dyer"><i>Mary Dyer of Rhode Island, the Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston Common, June 1, 1660</i></a>. Providence, RI: Preston and Rounds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780795014628" title="Special:BookSources/9780795014628"><bdi>9780795014628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer+of+Rhode+Island%2C+the+Quaker+Martyr+That+Was+Hanged+on+Boston+Common%2C+June+1%2C+1660&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=Preston+and+Rounds&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=9780795014628&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Horatio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArMDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmary%2Bdyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewel1844" class="citation book cs1">Sewel, William (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8MSzXHhCKMC&q=.+%22...in+obedience+to+the+will+of+the+Lord+I+came%2C+and+in+His+will+I+abide+faithful+to+the+death.%22&pg=PA291"><i>The History of the Rise, Increase, and Progress of the Christian People Called Quakers</i></a>. New York: Baker and Crane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Rise%2C+Increase%2C+and+Progress+of+the+Christian+People+Called+Quakers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Baker+and+Crane&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Sewel&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8MSzXHhCKMC%26q%3D.%2B%2522...in%2Bobedience%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bwill%2Bof%2Bthe%2BLord%2BI%2Bcame%252C%2Band%2Bin%2BHis%2Bwill%2BI%2Babide%2Bfaithful%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bdeath.%2522%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1884" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Maria (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDJZboZ3RioC&q=Mary+dyer"><i>The Fells of Swarthmoor Hall and their Friends</i></a>. Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fells+of+Swarthmoor+Hall+and+their+Friends&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Henry+Longstreth&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDJZboZ3RioC%26q%3DMary%2Bdyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinship2002" class="citation book cs1">Winship, Michael Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makinghereticsmi00wins"><i>Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08943-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08943-4"><bdi>0-691-08943-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Heretics%3A+Militant+Protestantism+and+Free+Grace+in+Massachusetts%2C+1636%E2%80%931641&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-691-08943-4&rft.aulast=Winship&rft.aufirst=Michael+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakinghereticsmi00wins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinthrop1996" class="citation book cs1">Winthrop, John (1996). James Savage; Richard S. Dunn; Laetitia Yaendle (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalofjohnwin0000wint"><i>The Journal of John Winthrop 1630–1649</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Belknap Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+John+Winthrop+1630%E2%80%931649&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Winthrop&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalofjohnwin0000wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinsser2017" class="citation book cs1">Winsser, Johan (2017). <i>Mary and William Dyer: Quaker light and Puritan ambition in early New England</i>. North Charleston, South Carolina: <a href="/wiki/CreateSpace_Independent_Publishing_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform">CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5393-5194-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5393-5194-8"><bdi>978-1-5393-5194-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014342641">1014342641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+and+William+Dyer%3A+Quaker+light+and+Puritan+ambition+in+early+New+England&rft.place=North+Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1014342641&rft.isbn=978-1-5393-5194-8&rft.aulast=Winsser&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2024)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1869" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Harlow Elliot (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epitaphsfromoldb00wood_0"><i>Epitaphs from the Old Burying Ground in Dorchester</i></a>. Boston Highlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epitaphs+from+the+Old+Burying+Ground+in+Dorchester&rft.place=Boston+Highlands&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Harlow+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepitaphsfromoldb00wood_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanavan1911" class="citation journal cs1">Canavan, Michael J. (1911). "Where Were the Quakers Hanged?". <i>Proceedings of the Bostonian Society</i>: 37–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Bostonian+Society&rft.atitle=Where+Were+the+Quakers+Hanged%3F&rft.pages=37-49&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Canavan&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyles2001" class="citation journal cs1">Myles, Anne G. (2001). "From Monster to Martyr: Re-Presenting Mary Dyer". <i>Early American Literature</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feal.2001.0006">10.1353/eal.2001.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057215">25057215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162333178">162333178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Literature&rft.atitle=From+Monster+to+Martyr%3A+Re-Presenting+Mary+Dyer&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162333178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25057215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feal.2001.0006&rft.aulast=Myles&rft.aufirst=Anne+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinsser2004" class="citation journal cs1">Winsser, Johan (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dyerfarm.com/ancestry/a-brother-found/">"A Brother Found: A Clue to the Ancestry of Mary [Barrett] Dyer, the Quaker Martyr"</a>. <i>New England Historical and Genealogical Register</i>. <b>158</b>: 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7884-0293-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7884-0293-5"><bdi>0-7884-0293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Historical+and+Genealogical+Register&rft.atitle=A+Brother+Found%3A+A+Clue+to+the+Ancestry+of+Mary+%5BBarrett%5D+Dyer%2C+the+Quaker+Martyr&rft.volume=158&rft.pages=27-28&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=0-7884-0293-5&rft.aulast=Winsser&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdyerfarm.com%2Fancestry%2Fa-brother-found%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinsser1990" class="citation journal cs1">Winsser, Johan (Spring 1990). "Mary Dyer and the "Monster" Story". <i>Quaker History</i>. <b>79</b> (1): 20–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fqkh.1990.0001">10.1353/qkh.1990.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41947156">41947156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617992">11617992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33156789">33156789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaker+History&rft.atitle=Mary+Dyer+and+the+%22Monster%22+Story&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-34&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33156789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41947156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fqkh.1990.0001&rft.aulast=Winsser&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_sources">Online sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Online sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerald_News2011" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldnews.com/entertainment/x121488643/Anne-Hutchinson-Day-to-be-celebrated-July-24">"Anne Hutchinson Day"</a>. The Herald News. 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anne+Hutchinson+Day&rft.pub=The+Herald+News&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Fx121488643%2FAnne-Hutchinson-Day-to-be-celebrated-July-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoston_Neck_Gallows2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celebrateboston.com/ghost/boston-neck-executions.htm">"Boston Neck Gallows Quaker Hanging Place"</a>. Celebrate Boston. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boston+Neck+Gallows+Quaker+Hanging+Place&rft.pub=Celebrate+Boston&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celebrateboston.com%2Fghost%2Fboston-neck-executions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeritage_Passage" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729090900/http://www.newportbristol.com/colony/FoundersBrook.html">"Founders Brook Park"</a>. Newport Bristol Heritage Passage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newportbristol.com/colony/FoundersBrook.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Founders+Brook+Park&rft.pub=Newport+Bristol+Heritage+Passage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newportbristol.com%2Fcolony%2FFoundersBrook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuakers_in_the_World" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/15">"Mary Dyer"</a>. Quakers in the World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer&rft.pub=Quakers+in+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakersintheworld.org%2Fquakers-in-action%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriends_Center" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendscentercorp.org/?page_id=117">"Mary Dyer Statue"</a>. Friends Center Philadelphia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer+Statue&rft.pub=Friends+Center+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendscentercorp.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer's_Grave2014" class="citation web cs1">Winsser, Johan (27 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dyerfarm.com/mary-dyers-grave/">"Mary Dyer's Grave"</a>. Johan Winsser<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer%27s+Grave&rft.pub=Johan+Winsser&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Winsser&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdyerfarm.com%2Fmary-dyers-grave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSharplessGummere1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Jones, Rufus M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Sharpless" title="Isaac Sharpless">Sharpless, Isaac</a>; Gummere, Amelia M. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032753919"><i>The Quakers in the American Colonies</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906055354">906055354</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quakers+in+the+American+Colonies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906055354&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Rufus+M.&rft.au=Sharpless%2C+Isaac&rft.au=Gummere%2C+Amelia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924032753919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Dyer" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted (2004): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-1255-9">978-1-4102-1255-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Dyer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727151131/http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/1371/context/archive">WomensNews Biography of Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/mary-dyer/">National Women's History Museum Biography of Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/175035/Mary-Barrett-Dyer">Encyclopædia Britannica Biography of Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeanmariesimpson.wordpress.com/marys-joy"><i>The Joy</i>, a play about Mary Dyer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jeanmarie_Simpson" title="Jeanmarie Simpson">Jeanmarie Simpson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenna_Collett-Vare" title="Glenna Collett-Vare">Glenna Collett Vare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Farrell" title="Eileen Farrell">Eileen Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Hussey" title="Ruth Hussey">Ruth Hussey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doris_Brennan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doris Brennan (page does not exist)">E. Doris Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Deubel" title="Paula Deubel">Paula Deubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Garnett-Wheeler" title="Carole Garnett-Wheeler">Carole Garnett-Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_LaMore" title="Clara LaMore">Clara LaMore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Moreau" title="Janet Moreau">Janet Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albina_Osipowich" title="Albina Osipowich">Albina Osipowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Testa" title="Lois Testa">Lois Ann Testa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JoAnne_Carner" title="JoAnne Carner">JoAnne Carner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Rockwell_Levy" title="June Rockwell Levy">June Rockwell Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tucker_Thorp" title="Mary Tucker Thorp">Mary Tucker Thorp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madeira" title="Jean Madeira">Jean Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1971</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Buzzi" title="Ruth Buzzi">Ruth Buzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Silverman" title="Ida Silverman">Ida Silverman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1972</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_F._Ackroyd" title="Margaret F. Ackroyd">Margaret F. Ackroyd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_S._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine S. Robinson (page does not exist)">Catherine S. Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Meth_Hochberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrude Meth Hochberg (page does not exist)">Gertrude Meth Hochberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Sissieretta_Joyner_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones">Matilda Sissieretta Joyner Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Downing" title="Antoinette Downing">Antoinette Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_G._Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances G. Knight (page does not exist)">Frances G. Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Red_Wing" title="Princess Red Wing">Princess Red Wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diane_L._Coutu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diane L. Coutu (page does not exist)">Diane L. Coutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_K._Murray" title="Florence K. Murray">Florence K. Murray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Tucker" title="Anna Tucker">Anna Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Urquhart_Warren" title="Katherine Urquhart Warren">Katherine Urquhart Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Slater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor Slater (page does not exist)">Eleanor Slater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Gibbs" title="Katharine Gibbs">Katharine Gibbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_F._Wiley" title="Olive F. Wiley">Olive F. Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_M._McMahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleanor M. McMahon (page does not exist)">Eleanor M. McMahon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_Mary_Bernard_(Catholic_nun)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sister Mary Bernard (Catholic nun) (page does not exist)">Sister Mary Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_Eileen_Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sister Eileen Murphy (page does not exist)">Sister Eileen Murphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_F._Avarista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion F. Avarista (page does not exist)">Marion F. Avarista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Bethune" title="Ade Bethune">Ade Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gladys_Williams_Brayton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gladys Williams Brayton (page does not exist)">Gladys Williams Brayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_P._Brennan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary P. Brennan (page does not exist)">Mary P. Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_A._J._Potter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy A. J. Potter (page does not exist)">Nancy A. J. Potter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Crowley_Mulvey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Crowley Mulvey (page does not exist)">Mary Crowley Mulvey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Murphy" title="Lizzie Murphy">Lizzie Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara-Jeanne_Seabury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara-Jeanne Seabury (page does not exist)">Barbara-Jeanne Seabury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_A._Bert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen A. Bert (page does not exist)">Helen A. Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Tilley_Hammett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Tilley Hammett (page does not exist)">Catherine Tilley Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adelia_Rowe_Metcalf" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Adelia Rowe Metcalf">Helen Adelia Rowe Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlene_Violet" title="Arlene Violet">Arlene Violet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Hassenfeld" title="Sylvia Hassenfeld">Sylvia Hassenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Langdon-Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret Langdon-Kelly (page does not exist)">Margaret Langdon-Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spacagna" title="Maria Spacagna">Maria Spacagna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Metcalf_Danforth" title="Helen Metcalf Danforth">Helen Metcalf Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Updike_Goddard" title="Sarah Updike Goddard">Sarah Updike Goddard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Oenslager_Chace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beatrice Oenslager Chace (page does not exist)">Beatrice Oenslager Chace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doris_Holloway_Abels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doris Holloway Abels (page does not exist)">Doris Holloway Abels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Crandall" title="Prudence Crandall">Prudence Crandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Duke" title="Doris Duke">Doris Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Sharpe" title="Mary Elizabeth Sharpe">Mary Elizabeth Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Ware" title="Harriet Ware">Harriet Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Buffum_Chace" title="Elizabeth Buffum Chace">Elizabeth Buffum Chace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leona_McElroy_Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leona McElroy Kelly (page does not exist)">Leona McElroy Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Francis_Xavier_Warde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Francis Xavier Warde">Mary Francis Xavier Warde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_R._Williams" title="Catharine R. Williams">Catharine R. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Carteaux_Bannister" title="Christiana Carteaux Bannister">Christiana Carteaux Bannister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Lederberg" title="Victoria Lederberg">Victoria Lederberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_DeCosta-Hayes" title="Sara DeCosta-Hayes">Sara DeCosta-Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jewell" title="Lynne Jewell">Lynne Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Johns_(swimmer)" title="Helen Johns (swimmer)">Helen Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_King-Crowley" title="Katie King-Crowley">Katie King-Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harriet_Whipple_Green_McDougall" title="Frances Harriet Whipple Green McDougall">Frances Harriet Whipple Green McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Metcalf" title="Harriet Metcalf">Harriet Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aileen_Riggin" title="Aileen Riggin">Aileen Riggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Sapinsley" title="Lila Sapinsley">Lila Sapinsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Helen_Whitman" title="Sarah Helen Whitman">Sarah Helen Whitman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Elizabeth_Doyle" title="Sarah Elizabeth Doyle">Sarah Elizabeth Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Ann_Garnett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Ann Garnett (page does not exist)">Norma Ann Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lewis" title="Ida Lewis">Ida Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alice_A._Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alice A. Sullivan (page does not exist)">Alice A. Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Therese_Antone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Therese Antone (page does not exist)">Therese Antone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Gewirtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nancy Gewirtz (page does not exist)">Nancy Gewirtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_H._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara H. Roberts">Barbara H. Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Garlin_Spencer" title="Anna Garlin Spencer">Anna Garlin Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Emma_Woolley" title="Mary Emma Woolley">Mary Emma Woolley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Howe_Elliott" title="Maud Howe Elliott">Maud Howe Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_Joy_Vogel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marjorie Joy Vogel (page does not exist)">Marjorie Joy Vogel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Smith_Peck" title="Annie Smith Peck">Annie Smith Peck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_S._Connell" title="Kathleen S. Connell">Kathleen S. Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Farmer" title="Susan Farmer">Susan Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Hazard" title="Caroline Hazard">Caroline Hazard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stuart" title="Jane Stuart">Jane Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Adams" title="Karen Adams">Karen Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eileen_Slocum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eileen Slocum (page does not exist)">Eileen Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Wheeler" title="Mary C. Wheeler">Mary C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Briggs" title="Wilma Briggs">Wilma Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Ann_Burrill" title="Billie Ann Burrill">Billie Ann Burrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_McSally" title="Martha McSally">Martha McSally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Rawlings_Tootell" title="Lucy Rawlings Tootell">Lucy Rawlings Tootell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_O%27Reilly_Collette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine O'Reilly Collette (page does not exist)">Catherine O'Reilly Collette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Ahearn_O%27Neill" title="Isabelle Ahearn O'Neill">Isabelle Ahearn O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Aldrich_Rockefeller" title="Abby Aldrich Rockefeller">Abby Aldrich Rockefeller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noreen_Stonor_Drexel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noreen Stonor Drexel (page does not exist)">Noreen Stonor Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_I._Johnson" title="Gertrude I. Johnson">Gertrude I. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McKenna_(academic)" title="Margaret McKenna (academic)">Margaret McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_T._Wales" title="Mary T. Wales">Mary T. Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Pauline Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_R._Recupero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia R. Recupero (page does not exist)">Patricia R. Recupero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betty_R._Vohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty R. Vohr (page does not exist)">Betty R. Vohr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_J._Eddy" title="Sarah J. Eddy">Sarah J. Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Rode_Ferron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Rode Ferron (page does not exist)">Marie Rode Ferron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Sharpe_Metcalf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louisa Sharpe Metcalf (page does not exist)">Louisa Sharpe Metcalf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holly_Patrice_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holly Patrice Wood (page does not exist)">Holly Patrice Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sister_Mary_Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sister Mary Reilly (page does not exist)">Sister Mary Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Weaver" title="Rose Weaver">Rose E. Weaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_MacCormack_Algeo" title="Sara MacCormack Algeo">Sara MacCormack Algeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Dunbar" title="Roberta Dunbar">Roberta Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_G._Higgins" title="Bertha G. Higgins">Bertha G. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Kindberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Kindberg (page does not exist)">Maria Kindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Kindstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingeborg Kindstedt (page does not exist)">Ingeborg Kindstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophia_R._Little&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophia R. Little (page does not exist)">Sophia R. Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Purdy_Palmer" title="Fanny Purdy Palmer">Fanny Purdy Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_W._Spenser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna W. Spenser (page does not exist)">Anna W. Spenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Buffum_Chace_Wyman" title="Lillie Buffum Chace Wyman">Lillie Buffum Chace Wyman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/21px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/32px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_England_pine_flag.svg/42px-New_England_pine_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_England" title="Portal:New England">New England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/21px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/32px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/42px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhode_Island" title="Portal:Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Mary Dyer</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mary_Dyer" class="extiw" title="c:Mary Dyer">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232899#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232899#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232899#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078593687">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/11222101">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1816810/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDdQ47dMxM77gF4qBMfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119212803">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83131667">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bc4hpd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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