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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deng Sui</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Emperatriz Deng Sui – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emperatriz Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%9D%AC%ED%99%A9%ED%9B%84" title="화희황후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화희황후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Sui" title="Deng Sui – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Sui" title="Deng Sui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E7%B6%8F" title="鄧綏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鄧綏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserinne_Deng_Sui" title="Keiserinne Deng Sui – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiserinne Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Sui" title="Deng Sui – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carica_Deng_Sui" title="Carica Deng Sui – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carica Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Sui" title="Deng Sui – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deng Sui" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2" title="เติ้ง ซุย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เติ้ง ซุย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_ho%C3%A0ng_h%E1%BA%ADu_(H%C3%A1n_H%C3%B2a_%C4%90%E1%BA%BF)" title="Đặng hoàng hậu (Hán Hòa Đế) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đặng hoàng hậu (Hán Hòa Đế)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E7%86%B9%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" title="漢和熹皇后 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢和熹皇后" data-language-autonym="文言" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Deng Sui</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E7%B6%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄧綏">鄧綏</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png/250px-%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png/330px-%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png/500px-%E7%84%A6%E7%A7%89%E8%B4%9E%E7%94%BB%E5%8E%86%E6%9C%9D%E8%B4%A4%E5%90%8E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%86%8C5.png 2x" data-file-width="4798" data-file-height="3986" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">A posthumous depiction of Deng Sui created by <a href="/wiki/Jiao_Bingzhen" title="Jiao Bingzhen">Jiao Bingzhen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">Empress dowager</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Empress <a href="/wiki/Yan_Ji" title="Yan Ji">Yan Ji</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data">106 - 121</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese empresses">Empress consort</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">21 November 102 – 13 February 106</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_(He)" title="Empress Yin (He)">Empress Yin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Imperial Consort</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">81<br /><a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang, Henan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 121 (Age 39-40)<br /><a href="/wiki/Luoyang,_Henan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luoyang, Henan">Luoyang, Henan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Eastern Han Emperor Mausoleum</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han" title="Emperor He of Han">Emperor He of Han</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Empress Hexi<br />(<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%86%B9%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:和熹皇后">和熹皇后</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Deng Xun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Yin</td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Deng_(Chinese_surname)" title="Deng (Chinese surname)">Deng</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Deng Sui</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鄧綏</span>; 81 – 17 April 121<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), formally <b>Empress Hexi</b> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">和熹皇后</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'moderate and pacifying empress'), was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese empresses">empress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> through her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han" title="Emperor He of Han">Emperor He of Han</a>, and later its <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruler. Acting as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> twice for <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han" title="Emperor Shang of Han">Emperor Shang</a>, and then for <a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">Emperor An</a>. Deng Sui was recognized as a merciful, intelligent leader who guided the dynasty well through a period of excessive natural disaster, disastrous famine, court intrigues, economic inflation and costly military conflicts, and she overcame all the problems and organized the government; as well as a staunch opponent of corruption and bribery, and an effective patron of education and the arts, which fostered growth and development in state. She is considered to be one of the Han dynasty's last effective rulers. </p><p>Beginning as an imperial consort to Emperor He, she managed to gain favor in the court through her humble and virtuous disposition, as well as her intelligence. She never wore lavish clothes, and refused any special privileges and gifts given to her. She gained the affections of He by expressing her concerns about him producing an heir, and suggesting other concubines that could possibly bear him one. Deng was also known for her beauty, which was recorded in many accounts and was undoubtedly the reason that He became enamored with her. Her influence in court caused He's wife, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_(He)" title="Empress Yin (He)">Empress Yin</a>, to grow jealous, despite Deng's generosity towards her. Deng tried to forge a good relationship with Yin through acts of courtesy and respect, but Yin's jealousy caused her to resent Deng. Her jealousy towards Deng continued to grow until Yin was deposed due to accusations of her committing witchcraft, possibly to curse Deng. The Yin clan was exiled, and Yin later died. The same year, Deng was made empress. </p><p>As empress, Deng continued to be a humble and virtuous person. She used her status as empress to promote education and became a patron of scholarship and the arts. She opened up opportunities for scholars to become involved in the aristocracy, and encouraged original thinking, giving way to philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>, one of China's first known female historians and philosophers, who served as Deng's primary educator and <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a>. As part of her humility, and possibly her education, Deng refused any tributes that would have normally been given to an empress, instead opting for paper and ink. She sponsored the usage of paper in the imperial palace, and as a result, she is considered to be responsible for the world's adoption of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Emperor He died, Deng, who had not birthed him any heirs, claimed two sons from He's harem, Liu Sheng and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han" title="Emperor Shang of Han">Liu Long</a>, both of whom were sickly. Ruling as <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a>, she deemed Liu Long to be the less sickly of the two and made him heir. She proceeded to serve as regent for Liu Long, and when he died, she had the cousin of Liu Sheng, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">Prince Sheng</a>, made heir, whom she served as regent for as well. </p><p>As regent, Deng had full control over the kingdom, and she demonstrated her intelligence through her decisions to cut taxes and reduce palace expenses, which provided great relief for the poor. She was known to be a fair leader who did not tolerate corruption, even within her own family. She was also known to be a very merciful ruler, issuing a general pardon to the family members and associates of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangde" title="Empress Zhangde">Empress Dou</a> (Emperor He's mother), who all had grown powerful during Emperor He's time before being toppled in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by He, and issuing law reforms that extended the time allowed for death penalty appeals. Through her rule, she successfully guided the dynasty through a period fraught with severe hailstorms, floods, and droughts through her organization of relief efforts. Additionally, she navigated military conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>, who were causing disturbances at the borders. Her administration is considered one of the last periods of stable and effective rule during the Eastern Han dynasty, with subsequent rulers drawn into power struggles that gradually destabilized the empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background_and_early_life">Family background and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deng Sui was born in 81 AD in <a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a>. Her father Deng Xun (鄧訓) was the sixth son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu</a>'s prime minister <a href="/wiki/Deng_Yu" title="Deng Yu">Deng Yu</a>. Her mother, Lady Yin, was a daughter of a cousin of Emperor Guangwu's wife Empress <a href="/wiki/Yin_Lihua" title="Yin Lihua">Yin Lihua</a>. She had a noted interest in studying, being able to read historical texts at age six and being able to recite the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a> when she was twelve.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was selected to be in the palace in 95. She became a consort to Emperor He in 96, when she was 15, and he was 17. </p><p>She may have been notable for her stature; at 166 centimeters she was two inches taller than the average man of the period. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_consort_and_empress">Imperial consort and empress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imperial consort and empress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png/220px-%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png/330px-%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png/440px-%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%9D.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han" title="Emperor He of Han">Emperor He of Han</a>, whom Deng would later marry. When Deng became his imperial consort, he was already married to <a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_(He)" title="Empress Yin (He)">Empress Yin</a>, but began to fall in love with her beauty and humble disposition.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Deng Sui became an imperial consort, Emperor He had already created <a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_(He)" title="Empress Yin (He)">Empress Yin</a> empress. Empress Yin was described as beautiful but short and clumsy, and she was also known for jealousy. Consort Deng tried to foster a proper relationship with her by being humble, and was described as constantly trying to cover Empress Yin's mistakes. This, however, only drew Empress Yin's jealousy, as Emperor He became impressed with her and considered her one of his favorites. Empress Yin was also not pleased that Consort Deng, concerned that Emperor He was constantly losing sons in childhood, often recommended other consorts for him to have sexual relations with. Once, when Emperor He was ill, Empress Yin made the remark that if she became empress dowager, the Dengs would be slaughtered. Upon hearing that remark, Consort Deng considered committing suicide, and one of her ladies-in-waiting saved her by falsely telling her that the emperor had recovered. However, the emperor did soon recover, so Consort Deng and her family escaped a terrible fate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Zhao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ban_Zhao.jpg/250px-Ban_Zhao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="546" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ban_Zhao.jpg/330px-Ban_Zhao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ban_Zhao.jpg/500px-Ban_Zhao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>, who educated and advised Deng Sui during her reign. She was the first female Chinese historian and philosopher, and she wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_for_Women" title="Lessons for Women">Lessons for Women</a></i>, a guide on <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">women's conduct and behavior during, before, and after marriage</a>. Deng would have most likely read <i>Lessons</i> during her lifetime.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 102, Empress Yin and her grandmother, Deng Zhu (鄧朱), were accused of using witchcraft to curse imperial consorts (probably including Consort Deng). She was deposed and died of sorrow, probably in 102 as well. Emperor He created Consort Deng empress on 21 November<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of that year to replace her. </p><p>As empress, Empress Deng was described as diligent and humble, and she resisted offers by Emperor He to promote her relatives. She was taught by <a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>, whom she made a <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-Waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady-in-Waiting">Lady-in-Waiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She also prohibited the commanderies and principalities from offering her tributes—which had been customary for empresses to receive. As Empress, she refused all tributes from abroad, insisting on receiving annual gifts of paper and ink instead.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regency">Regency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency_for_Emperor_Shang_of_Han">Regency for Emperor Shang of Han</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regency for Emperor Shang of Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 106, with China facing a financial crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor He died, creating a succession crisis. Empress Deng and all of the imperial consorts had been without sons for a long time. (Emperor He was described as having had a number of sons who died in young age; it is unclear whether Empresses Yin or Deng ever gave birth, but it appears that they did not.) Late in Emperor He's reign, he had two sons—whose mothers were not mentioned in history—Liu Sheng and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shang_of_Han" title="Emperor Shang of Han">Liu Long</a>. Under the superstition of the time, it was thought that they might survive better if they grew up outside the palace in light of their other brothers' early deaths, so both were given to <a href="/wiki/Foster_parent" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster parent">foster parents</a>. </p><p>At the time Emperor He died, Liu Sheng, the older son, was still young (but actual age is not recorded in history) and believed to be constantly ill. The younger, Liu Long, was only 100 days old. Both were welcomed back to the palace, and Empress Deng created Liu Long crown prince, believing that he would be healthier, and then that night he was proclaimed emperor, as Emperor Shang. Power was in Empress Dowager Deng's hands, as regent for the infant emperor, and her brother Deng Zhi (鄧騭) quickly became the most powerful official at court. She also sought the advice of Ban Zhao, until her death in 116. She issued a general pardon, which benefitted the people who had rights stripped from them for associating with the family of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangde" title="Empress Zhangde">Empress Dou</a>, whose family had been powerful during the early reign of Emperor He but had been toppled in a coup d'état. </p><p>Late in 106, the young emperor died, creating yet another succession crisis. By this time, the officials had realized that Prince Sheng (then Prince of Pingyuan) was not as ill as initially thought, and they generally wanted him to be emperor. However, Empress Dowager Deng, concerned that Prince Sheng would bear a grudge for not having been made emperor first, had other ideas. She insisted on making Emperor Shang's cousin Prince Hu, who was seen by some as the rightful heir, emperor instead. He took the throne as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">Emperor An</a>, at age 12. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency_for_Emperor_An_of_Han">Regency for Emperor An of Han</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regency for Emperor An of Han"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Emperor An ascended the throne, his father Liu Qing was still alive, as was his wife Consort Geng—who had remained in the capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> with him until his ascension. (Emperor An's mother Consort <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Xiao%27e" title="Zuo Xiao'e">Zuo Xiao'e</a> (左小娥), Liu Qing's concubine, had died sometime earlier.) However, Deng Sui was able to ensure exclusive control over the young emperor still, as empress dowager, by sending Consort Geng to join her husband Liu Qing in his <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qinghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qinghe">Principality of Qinghe</a>. </p><p>Deng Sui showed herself to be an able regent who did not tolerate corruption, even by her own family members. She also carried out criminal law reforms. For example, in 107, she issued an edict that extended the period for death penalty appeals. She cut the expenses of the royal court, like the making of expensive handicrafts such as <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> carvings and sent home palace attendants with superfluous functions. She also demanded less tribute from the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Empress, she twice opened the imperial granaries to feed the hungry; forced the reduction of income landlords received from the land they rented out; she repaired waterways and cut court rituals and banquets.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 107, however, there would be major problems on the borders. First, kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (or Xiyu, modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>), which had submitted to Han suzerainty during the times of the great general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>, had been resisting Ban's successors for some time due to their harsh regulations, and in 107, Empress Dowager Deng finally decreed that Xiyu be abandoned. That same year, <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a> tribes, who had been oppressed by Han officials for more than a decade and fearful that they would be ordered to quell Xiyu rebellions, rebelled themselves. This was a major rebellion, affecting a wide region over modern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, and Qiang forces even made incursions into modern <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and threatened the capital at one point. The situation became so severe that Deng Zhi considered abandoning Liang Province (涼州, roughly modern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>), a proposal that Empress Dowager Deng wisely rejected. The rebellion would not be put down until 118, by which point the western empire was in shambles. </p><p>Also, in 107 to 109, there were many natural disasters—floods, droughts, and hail, in different parts of the empire. Empress Dowager Deng was largely effective in organizing disaster relief efforts. </p><p>In 109, South <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, which had been a loyal vassal up to this point, rebelled as well, believing that Han had been so weakened by Qiang rebellions that it would be easy target. However, after Han made a strong show of force, South Xiongnu submitted again and would not become a trouble spot for the rest of Han dynasty. </p><p>On 22 November 110,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empress Dowager Deng's mother Lady Yin died. Her brothers resigned their posts to observe a period of mourning for three years, and after initially not approving the request, she eventually did, under female scholar <a href="/wiki/Ban_Zhao" title="Ban Zhao">Ban Zhao</a>'s suggestion. Even though they were without major government posts, however, they remained powerful advisors. As the years went by, Empress Dowager Deng's original humble nature appeared to entirely wear away as she hung onto power. When some of her relatives and close associates suggested that she transfer power to Emperor An, she became angry at them and would not do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 121, Empress Dowager Deng died and was buried with her husband Emperor He with full honors on 30 April.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor An finally took power at age 28. His <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> Wang Sheng (王聖) and trusted <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> Li Run (李閏) and Jiang Jing (江京), who had waited for years to have power, falsely accused Empress Dowager Deng of having considered deposing Emperor An and replacing him with his cousin, Liu Yi (劉翼) the <a href="/wiki/Hejian_Kingdom" title="Hejian Kingdom">Prince of Hejian</a>. In anger, Emperor An removed all of Empress Dowager Deng's relatives from government and forced many of them to commit suicide. Later that year, however, he partially reversed his orders, and some of Empress Dowager Deng's relatives were allowed to return, but the clan had been decimated by then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessment">Historical assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deng is considered to have ruled "with conspicuous competence."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was regarded as an able and diligent administrator, is considered responsible for the world's first official adoption of paper, and was a patron of the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her regency, she cut palace expenses, provided relief for the poor, was able to meet the challenge of natural disasters including crippling floods, droughts and hailstorms in several parts of the empire, as well as largely quelling wars with <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>. She was praised for her attention to criminal justice. Well educated, Empress Deng created new positions for scholars, encouraged original thinking, and was responsible for the standardization of the five classics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She called 70 members of the imperial families to study the classics and oversaw their examinations herself.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is seen as the last effective ruler of the Han Empire, as the later Emperors and Empress Dowagers were pulled into internal power struggles and corruption, leading to the fall of the Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinafetching.com/deng-sui">"Empress Deng Sui - A Beautiful Female Politician of the Han Dynasty | ChinaFetching"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Empress+Deng+Sui+-+A+Beautiful+Female+Politician+of+the+Han+Dynasty+%26%23124%3B+ChinaFetching&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinafetching.com%2Fdeng-sui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>guisi</i> day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of the <i>Jian'guang</i> era, per Emperor An's biography in <i>Book of the Later Han</i>. Volume 17 of <i>Annals of the Later Han</i> indicated that her death date was on the <i>xinsi</i> day of that month, which corresponds to 5 April in the Julian calendar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.girlmuseum.org/trailblazers-the-age-of-girls-deng-sui/">"Trailblazers — the Age of Girls: Deng Sui"</a>. 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trailblazers+%E2%80%94+the+Age+of+Girls%3A+Deng+Sui&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.girlmuseum.org%2Ftrailblazers-the-age-of-girls-deng-sui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Cresigny2017" class="citation book cs1">De Cresigny, Rafe (2017). <i>Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD</i>. Netherlands: Brill. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004324916" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004324916"><bdi>978-9004324916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Over+Luoyang%3A+A+History+of+the+Later+Han+Dynasty+23-220+AD&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9004324916&rft.aulast=De+Cresigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>xinmao</i> day of the 10th month</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennet Peterson. Barbara (2000). p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monro, Alexander, <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i> (Vintage Books, 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonro2017" class="citation book cs1">Monro, Alexander (2017). <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96230-0"><bdi>978-0-307-96230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paper+Trail%3A+An+Unexpected+History+of+a+Revolutionary+Invention&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-307-96230-0&rft.aulast=Monro&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monro, Alexander, <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i> (Vintage Books, 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>jiaxu</i> day of the 10th month of the 4th year of the <i>Yong'chu</i> era, per Emperor An's biography in <i>Book of the Later Han</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>bingwu</i> day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of the <i>Jian'guang</i> era, per Emperor An's biography in <i>Book of the Later Han</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonro2017" class="citation book cs1">Monro, Alexander (2017). <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i>. USA: Vintage Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96230-0"><bdi>978-0-307-96230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paper+Trail%3A+An+Unexpected+History+of+a+Revolutionary+Invention&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-307-96230-0&rft.aulast=Monro&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonro2017" class="citation book cs1">Monro, Alexander (2017). <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i>. Vintage Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-96230-0"><bdi>978-0-307-96230-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paper+Trail%3A+An+Unexpected+History+of+a+Revolutionary+Invention&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-307-96230-0&rft.aulast=Monro&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monro, Alexander, <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i> (Vintage Books, 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monro, Alexander, <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i> (Vintage Books, 2017)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>It is said that <i>Deng</i>, depending on dialect, can be spelled as <i>Tang, Teng, Thean, Thian, Thien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deng_(Chinese_surname)" title="Deng (Chinese surname)">Deng</a> is a Chinese surname, the surname of the late <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Sui&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Monro, Alexander (2017) <i>The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention</i> (Vintage Books)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B74" class="extiw" title="zh:s:後漢書/卷4">4</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B710%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:s:後漢書/卷10上">10, part 1</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7048" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷048">48</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7049" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷049">49</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7050" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷050">50</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennet_Peterson2000" class="citation book cs1">Bennet Peterson, Barbara (2000). <i>Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century</i>. M.E. Sharpe, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765605047" title="Special:BookSources/9780765605047"><bdi>9780765605047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Women+of+China%3A+Shang+Dynasty+to+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780765605047&rft.aulast=Bennet+Peterson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122101/http://www.yitseng.net/chinese%20dimensions/names/d.html">"Meaning of Chinese names"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yitseng.net/chinese%20dimensions/names/d.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meaning+of+Chinese+names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yitseng.net%2Fchinese%2520dimensions%2Fnames%2Fd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeng+Sui" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Chinese royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_(He)" title="Empress Yin (He)">Empress Yin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_the_Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of the Eastern Han dynasty">Empress of the Eastern Han dynasty</a> </b><br />102–106 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Empress <a href="/wiki/Yan_Ji" title="Yan Ji">Yan Ji</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empresses_of_the_Han_dynasty1088" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Han_empresses" title="Template:Han empresses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Han_empresses" title="Template talk:Han empresses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Han_empresses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Han empresses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empresses_of_the_Han_dynasty1088" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses_and_queens" title="List of Chinese empresses and queens">Empresses of the Han dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccccff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Empresses consort</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yan_(empress)" title="Zhang Yan (empress)">Zhang Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_(Houshao)" title="Empress Lü (Houshao)">Empress Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dou_(Wen)" title="Empress Dou (Wen)">Empress Dou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Bo" title="Empress Bo">Empress Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(empress)" title="Wang Zhi (empress)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiao" title="Chen Jiao">Chen Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zifu" title="Wei Zifu">Wei Zifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Empress_Dowager_Shangguan" title="Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan">Empress Shangguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Pingjun" title="Xu Pingjun">Xu Pingjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Chengjun" title="Huo Chengjun">Huo Chengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Xuan)" title="Empress Wang (Xuan)">Empress Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengjun" title="Wang Zhengjun">Wang Zhengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xu_(Cheng)" title="Empress Xu (Cheng)">Empress Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Feiyan" title="Zhao Feiyan">Zhao Feiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Fu_(Ai)" title="Empress Fu (Ai)">Empress Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Ping)" title="Empress Wang (Ping)">Empress Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(<a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Xin_dynasty)" title="Empress Wang (Xin dynasty)">Empress Wang</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Shi" title="Empress Shi">Empress Shi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengtong" title="Guo Shengtong">Guo Shengtong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Lihua" title="Yin Lihua">Yin Lihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Ma_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress Ma (Han dynasty)">Empress Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangde" title="Empress Zhangde">Empress Zhangde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Yin_(He)" title="Empress Yin (He)">Empress Yin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Ji" title="Yan Ji">Yan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Na" title="Liang Na">Liang Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_N%C3%BCying" title="Liang Nüying">Liang Nüying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Mengn%C3%BC" title="Deng Mengnü">Deng Mengnü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Miao" title="Dou Miao">Dou Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Song_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress Song (Han dynasty)">Empress Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_He_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress He (Han dynasty)">Empress He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Shou" title="Fu Shou">Fu Shou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Cao_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress Cao (Han dynasty)">Empress Cao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccccff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Empresses dowager</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Empress Dowager Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bo" title="Empress Dowager Bo">Empress Dowager Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dou_(Wen)" title="Empress Dou (Wen)">Empress Dowager Dou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(empress)" title="Wang Zhi (empress)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Empress_Dowager_Shangguan" title="Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan">Empress Dowager Shangguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Xuan)" title="Empress Wang (Xuan)">Empress Dowager Qiongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengjun" title="Wang Zhengjun">Wang Zhengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Fu_(Yuan)" title="Consort Fu (Yuan)">Empress Dowager Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Feiyan" title="Zhao Feiyan">Zhao Feiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Ping)" title="Empress Wang (Ping)">Empress Dowager Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Lihua" title="Yin Lihua">Yin Lihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Ma_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress Ma (Han dynasty)">Empress Dowager Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangde" title="Empress Zhangde">Empress Dowager Dou</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deng Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Ji" title="Yan Ji">Yan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Na" title="Liang Na">Liang Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dou_Miao" title="Dou Miao">Dou Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_He_(Han_dynasty)" title="Empress He (Han dynasty)">Empress Dowager He</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccccff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Grand empresses dowager</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC" title="Empress Lü">Grand Empress Dowager Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Bo" title="Empress Dowager Bo">Grand Empress Dowager Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dou_(Wen)" title="Empress Dou (Wen)">Grand Empress Dowager Dou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Empress_Dowager_Shangguan" title="Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan">Grand Empress Dowager Shangguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Wang_(Xuan)" title="Empress Wang (Xuan)">Grand Empress Dowager Qiongcheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhengjun" title="Wang Zhengjun">Wang Zhengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Fu_(Yuan)" title="Consort Fu (Yuan)">Grand Empress Dowager Fu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccccff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Posthumous empresses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Li" title="Lady Li">Lady Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gouyi" title="Lady Gouyi">Lady Gouyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_Liang" title="Consort Liang">Consort Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jingyin" title="Empress Jingyin">Consort Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>Xia → <a href="/wiki/Template:Queens_of_Shang" title="Template:Queens of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Queens_of_Zhou" title="Template:Queens of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_consorts_of_Qin" title="Template:Royal consorts of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_empresses" title="Template:Han empresses">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_empresses" title="Template:Three Kingdoms empresses">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_empresses_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin empresses (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_empresses_and_queens" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms empresses and queens">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_empresses" title="Template:Southern dynasties empresses">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_empresses" title="Template:Northern dynasties empresses">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_empresses" title="Template:Sui empresses">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_empresses" title="Template:Tang empresses">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_empresses_and_queens" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms empresses and queens">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_empresses" title="Template:Liao empresses">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_empresses" title="Template:Song empresses">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_empresses" title="Template:Western Xia empresses">W. 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