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Pamphilus of Caesarea - Wikipedia
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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بامفيلوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بامفيلوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0mfil_de_Beritos" title="Pàmfil de Beritos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pàmfil de Beritos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphilos_von_Caesarea" title="Pamphilos von Caesarea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pamphilos von Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%82" title="Πάμφιλος μάρτυς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάμφιλος μάρτυς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Cesarea" title="Pánfilo de Cesarea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pánfilo de Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphile_de_C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e" title="Pamphile de Césarée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pamphile de Césarée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamfilus_dari_Kaisarea" title="Pamfilus dari Kaisarea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pamfilus dari Kaisarea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panfilo_di_Cesarea" title="Panfilo di Cesarea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panfilo di Cesarea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פמפילוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פמפילוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panfilo_na_wenzake" title="Panfilo na wenzake – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Panfilo na wenzake" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بمفيلوس القيصرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بمفيلوس القيصرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphilus_van_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus van Caesarea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pamphilus van Caesarea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamfilos_av_C%C3%A6sarea" title="Pamfilos av Cæsarea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pamfilos av Cæsarea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamfil_z_Cezarei" title="Pamfil z Cezarei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pamfil z Cezarei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2nfilo_de_Cesareia" title="Pânfilo de Cesareia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pânfilo de Cesareia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamfil_din_Cezareea" title="Pamfil din Cezareea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pamfil din Cezareea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Памфил Кесарийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Памфил Кесарийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85_12_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свети Памфил и Порфирије и осталих 12 мученика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свети Памфил и Порфирије и осталих 12 мученика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamfilos_(martyr)" title="Pamfilos (martyr) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pamfilos (martyr)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Памфил Кесарійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Памфил Кесарійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1855156#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Saint Pamphilus of Caesarea. For Saint Pamphilus of Sulmona, see <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Sulmona" title="Pamphilus of Sulmona">Pamphilus of Sulmona</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Pamphilus of Caesarea</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg/220px-Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg/330px-Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg/440px-Pamphilus_of_Caesarea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">From the <a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Hieromartyr" title="Hieromartyr">Hieromartyr</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. latter half of the 3rd century<br /><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Syria Phoenice</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 16, 309<br /><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February 16; also (RC only) June 1</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saint Pamphilus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Πάμφιλος</span>; latter half of the 3rd century – February 16, 309 AD), was a <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima#Early_Christian_centre" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> and chief among the biblical scholars of his generation. He was the friend and teacher of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, who recorded details of his career in a three-book <i>Vita</i> that has been lost. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A native of Phoenicia,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius' <i>Martyrs of Palestine</i> attests that Pamphilus was of a rich and honorable family of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. This work also asserts that he gave all his property to the poor and attached himself to the "perfect men". <a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quotes Pamphilus's <i>Apology for Origen</i> to the effect that Pamphilus went to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, where his teacher was <a href="/wiki/Pierius" title="Pierius">Pierius</a>, the head of the famous <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical school">catechetical school</a> there, before settling in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, where he was ordained a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, Pamphilus became devoted to the works of <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a>. Photius says that Pamphilus was born at Berytus, and a scholar of Pierius, who collected sacred literature. According to Eusebius, he suffered martyrdom in the third year of the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocletianic persecution">Diocletianic persecution</a>, after spending two years in prison. While he was in prison, Pamphilus and Eusebius worked together on five books in defense of Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-Translated1955_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Translated1955-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Diocletianic persecution began in earnest in the year 303. In 306 a young man named <a href="/wiki/Aphian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphian">Apphianus</a>—a disciple of Pamphilus "while no one was aware; he even concealed it from us who were even in the same house"<sup id="cite_ref-Martyrs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martyrs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—interrupted the governor in the act of offering sacrifice, and paid for his boldness with <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>. His brother <a href="/wiki/Aedesius_of_Alexandria" title="Aedesius of Alexandria">Aedesius</a>, also a disciple of Pamphilus, suffered martyrdom about the same time at Alexandria under similar circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Martyrs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martyrs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Pamphilus's turn came in November, 307. He was brought before Urbanus, the governor of Palestine,<sup id="cite_ref-Saints_p._212_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saints_p._212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and upon refusing to offer sacrifice, was cruelly tortured, and then relegated to prison. In prison he continued copying and correcting manuscripts. He also composed, in collaboration with Eusebius, also imprisoned,<sup id="cite_ref-Saints_p._212_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saints_p._212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <i>Apology for Origen</i> in five books, which Eusebius edited and to which he added a sixth book. Saint Pamphilus and other members of his household, along with Valens, deacon of the Church of Jerusalem and Paul of Jamnia,<sup id="cite_ref-Saints_p._212_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saints_p._212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men "in the full vigour of mind and body", were without further torture sentenced to be beheaded in February, 309. While sentence was being given a youth named Porphyrius - "the slave of Pamphilus", "the beloved disciple of Pamphilus", who "had been instructed in literature and writing" – demanded the bodies of the confessors for burial. He was cruelly tortured and put to death, the news of his martyrdom being brought to Pamphilus before his own execution. Nearly at the same time another of his companions, Patriklos, suffered a martyr death in Caesarea and was later interred after the payment of a ransom to Diocletian in Cappadocia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St Pamphilus is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is celebrated on 16 February (the RC Church lists an additional commemoration on 1 June). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_influence">Works and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Of the <i>Apology for Origen</i> only the first book is extant, in a Latin version made by <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a>. It begins with describing the extravagant bitterness of the feeling against Origen. He was a man of deep humility, of great authority in the Church of his day, and honoured with the priesthood. He was above all things anxious to keep to the rule of faith that had come down from the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>. The soundness of his doctrine concerning the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> is then vindicated by copious extracts from his writings. Then nine charges against his teaching are confronted with passages from his works. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> stated in his <i>De Viris illustribus</i> that there were two apologies—one by Pamphilus and another by Eusebius. He discovered his mistake when Rufinus's translation appeared in the height of the controversy over Origen, and rushed to the conclusion that Eusebius was the sole author. He charged Rufinus, among other things, with palming off under the name of the martyr what was really the work of the heterodox Eusebius, and with suppressing unorthodox passages. As to the first accusation there is abundant evidence that the <i>Apology</i> was the joint work of Pamphilus and Eusebius. Against the second may be set the negative testimony of Photius who had read the original; "Photius, who was severe to excess towards the slightest semblance of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, remarked no such taint in the Apology of Origen which he had read in Greek."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canons</a> of the alleged Council of the Apostles at Antioch were ascribed by their compiler (late fourth century) to Pamphilus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ascription to Pamphilus, by <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_of_Massilia" title="Gennadius of Massilia">Gennadius</a>, of a treatise <i>Contra mathematicos</i> was a blunder due to a misunderstanding of Rufinus's preface to the "Apology".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summary_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Summary of the Acts of the Apostles (page does not exist)">Summary of the Acts of the Apostles</a></i> among the writings associated with <a href="/wiki/Euthalius" title="Euthalius">Euthalius</a> bears in its inscription the name of Pamphilus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>While defending Origen from accusations that he held and taught certain <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> doctrines, Pamphilus endorses <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a> as the orthodox understanding of <i><a href="/wiki/Apokatastasis" title="Apokatastasis">apokatastasis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late 19th-century universalist historians <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Ballou_II" title="Hosea Ballou II">Hosea Ballou II</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._W._Hanson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. W. Hanson">J. W. Hanson</a> have cited Pamphilius, among other Fathers of the Church, as an example of early <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a>, although the exact conception of <i>apokatastasis</i> in patristic writings generally, and Origenian thought in particular, is disputed among historical theologians.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> adopted the evocative pseudonym Pamphilus for his <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_the_Theologian" title="Pamphilus the Theologian">Pamphilus the Theologian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_Library_of_Caesarea_Maritima" title="Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima">Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_century_in_Lebanon" title="4th century in Lebanon">4th century in Lebanon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcClintockStrong1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McClintock_(theologian)" title="John McClintock (theologian)">McClintock, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)" title="James Strong (theologian)">Strong, James</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lItPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature</i></a>. Vol. 7. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 606. <q>He was a native of Phoenicia, was born probably at Berytus, and educated by Prierius</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=606&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Strong%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlItPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWacePiercy1911" class="citation cs1">Wace, Henry; Piercy, William Coleman (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pamphilus, presbyter of Caesarea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Pamphilus,_presbyter_of_Caesarea"><i>Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Pamphilus, presbyter of Caesarea</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. <q>Pamphilus was a native of Phoenicia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography+and+Literature+to+the+End+of+the+Sixth+Century%2FPamphilus%2C+presbyter+of+Caesarea&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wace&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Piercy%2C+William+Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamphilus1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Pamphilus, Eusebius</a> (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-o0katcldMQC"><i>Ecclesiastical History, Books 1–5 (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 19)</i></a>. Translated by Deferrari, Roy J. The Catholic University of America Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813211190" title="Special:BookSources/9780813211190"><bdi>9780813211190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History%2C+Books+1%E2%80%935+%28The+Fathers+of+the+Church%2C+Volume+19%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780813211190&rft.aulast=Pamphilus&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-o0katcldMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamphilus2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Pamphilus, Eusebius</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueuDVbvRNy4C"><i>The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine: From AD 306 to AD 337</i></a>. Evolution Pub. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758930" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758930"><bdi>9781889758930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Blessed+Emperor+Constantine%3A+From+AD+306+to+AD+337&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Evolution+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781889758930&rft.aulast=Pamphilus&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueuDVbvRNy4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett1992" class="citation book cs1">Jarrett, Paul Daniel (April 1992). <i>Eusebius of Caesarea and the text of the Gospels</i>. Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. p. 3. <q>Pamphilus, a native of Phoenicia who came to Caesarea sometime during the reign of Diocletian and was himself ordained there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eusebius+of+Caesarea+and+the+text+of+the+Gospels&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Southwestern+Baptist+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=1992-04&rft.aulast=Jarrett&rft.aufirst=Paul+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxe1978" class="citation book cs1">Foxe, John (1978). Forbush, William Byron (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFcelO7scMgC"><i>Fox's Book of Martyrs: A History of the Lives, Sufferings and Triumphant Deaths of the Early Christian and the Protestant Martyrs</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 31. <q>Pamphilus, a native of Phœnicia, of a considerable family, was a man of such extensive learning that he was called a second Origen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fox%27s+Book+of+Martyrs%3A+A+History+of+the+Lives%2C+Sufferings+and+Triumphant+Deaths+of+the+Early+Christian+and+the+Protestant+Martyrs&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Foxe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFcelO7scMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Codex" 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Translated1955-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Translated1955_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thriceholy.net/Static/history.html">"Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History, Appendix, An Historical View of the Council of Nice, Isaac Boyle, pp. 35-39"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eusebius%27+Ecclesiastical+History%2C+Appendix%2C+An+Historical+View+of+the+Council+of+Nice%2C+Isaac+Boyle%2C+pp.+35-39&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthriceholy.net%2FStatic%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martyrs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martyrs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martyrs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Martyrs of Palestine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saints_p._212-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saints_p._212_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saints_p._212_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saints_p._212_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lives of the Saints, for Every Day of the Year</i>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Christa Müller-Kessler, The Unknown Martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea in Christian Palestinian Aramaic from St Catherine's Monastery (Sinai, Arabic NF 66), <i><a href="/wiki/Analecta_Bollandiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Analecta Bollandiana">Analecta Bollandiana</a></i> 137, 2019, pp. 63-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ceillier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceillier">Ceillier</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>, <i>Spread of Christianity</i>, I, 86-101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11436b.htm">Bacchus, Francis Joseph. "St. Pamphilus of Cæsarea." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 Mar. 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i> LXXXIX, 619 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copticchurch.net/topics/patrology/schoolofalex2/chapter04.html">Origen and Origenism</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lives of the Saints, For Every Day of the Year</i>, edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S.O.Cist., Ph.D., New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1955, pp. 211–212.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prenicea.net/doc3/32601-en-01.pdf">Pamphilus, <i>Defence of Origen</i></a>: Introduction to Book 1, from Rufinus' Latin version (in English)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pamphilus (teacher)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pamphilus_(teacher)">"Pamphilus (teacher)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pamphilus+%28teacher%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Pamphilus of Cæsarea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Pamphilus_of_C%C3%A6sarea">"St. Pamphilus of Cæsarea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Pamphilus+of+C%C3%A6sarea&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APamphilus+of+Caesarea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphilus_of_Caesarea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Henry Wace, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Pamphilus,%20presbyter%20of%20Caesarea">"A Dictionary of Christian Biography": <i>Pamphilus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16451">Works by Pamphilus of Caesarea</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62160307486357742213">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/515159474218627662058">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37733924">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/466156858523549780006">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjF4WVpxqkymPgxHwtyq73">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtv3qc6KqDpvpM7V3YT3">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118873865">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2002032339">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121692655">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121692655">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pamphilus : Caesariensis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV052722">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35198807">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0026139&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p237774313">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6097795">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq47ddpb15td21g">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668375305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/2844">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007327077205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03667606?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/861485">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118873865.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118873865">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/060239921">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐6frg4 Cached time: 20241122215551 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.530 seconds Real time usage: 0.757 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1717/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39180/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2286/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 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