Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review | Journal of Optics and Photonics Research

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title> Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review | Journal of Optics and Photonics Research </title> <link rel="icon" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/13/favicon_en_US.png"> <meta name="generator" content="Open Journal Systems 3.4.0.7"> <meta name="gs_meta_revision" content="1.1"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Optics and Photonics Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="JOPR"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Siyu Chen"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yuehui Ma"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hang Su"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Xiaolong Fan"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yunqi Liu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/02/14"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="02"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.47852/bonviewJOPR42022414"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/2414"/> <meta name="citation_abstract" xml:lang="en" content="Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are efficient ways to achieve high-order core mode conversion and vortex mode conversion in few-mode fibers (FMFs), which have the benefits of flexible structure, high integration, low insertion loss, and strong wavelength selectivity. With the rapid development of mode division multiplexing (MDM) optical communications, the FMF-LPFGs could have promising applications in the field of MDM optical communications and optical sensors. In this paper, we briefly introduce the principle of optical coupling, theoretical analysis, fabrication techniques, and applications of the FMF-LPFGs in optical communications and optical sensors. The CO2-laser writing technique and arc discharge technique are widely used for the fabrication of FMF-LPFGs and FMF helical long-period gratings (HLPGs). The hydrogen-oxygen flame technique has the advantage on the fabrication of FMF-HLPGs. The mechanical micro-bending and acoustic induction techniques are flexible and effective methods in fundamental researches. The femtosecond laser technique has the advantages for the fabrication of parallel FMF-LPFGs and micro-structure FMF-LPFGs. The mode converters based on the FMF-LPFGs have been demonstrated using different inscription techniques. The FMF-LPFG converters have the advantages such as temperature insensitivity and wavelength tunability. The broadband converters have been demonstrated based on the phase-shift FMF-LPFG, cascaded FMF-LPFGs, and FMF-LPFG operating at dispersion turning point. The FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs are an excellent option to generate all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in different specialty FMFs, especially the FMF-HLPGs can excite different-order OAM modes directly. As the novel fiber component, the sensing application of FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs is also briefly introduced. 聽 Received: 2 January 2024 | Revised: 4 February 2024 | Accepted: 4 February 2024 聽 Conflicts of Interest Yunqi Liu is the editor-in-chief, and Siyu Chen is a peer review support specialist for Journal of Optics and Photonics Research and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 聽 Data Availability Statement Data is available on request from the authors."/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="few-mode fiber"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content=" long-period fiber grating"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="helical long-period grating"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content=" mode converter"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="mode division multiplexing"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="orbital angular momentum"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" xml:lang="en" content="optical fiber sensing"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/download/2414/831"/> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Siyu Chen"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Yuehui Ma"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Hang Su"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Xiaolong Fan"/> <meta name="DC.Creator.PersonalName" content="Yunqi Liu"/> <meta name="DC.Date.created" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-02-14"/> <meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-01-02"/> <meta name="DC.Date.issued" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-02-27"/> <meta name="DC.Date.modified" scheme="ISO8601" content="2024-05-24"/> <meta name="DC.Description" xml:lang="en" content="Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are efficient ways to achieve high-order core mode conversion and vortex mode conversion in few-mode fibers (FMFs), which have the benefits of flexible structure, high integration, low insertion loss, and strong wavelength selectivity. With the rapid development of mode division multiplexing (MDM) optical communications, the FMF-LPFGs could have promising applications in the field of MDM optical communications and optical sensors. In this paper, we briefly introduce the principle of optical coupling, theoretical analysis, fabrication techniques, and applications of the FMF-LPFGs in optical communications and optical sensors. The CO2-laser writing technique and arc discharge technique are widely used for the fabrication of FMF-LPFGs and FMF helical long-period gratings (HLPGs). The hydrogen-oxygen flame technique has the advantage on the fabrication of FMF-HLPGs. The mechanical micro-bending and acoustic induction techniques are flexible and effective methods in fundamental researches. The femtosecond laser technique has the advantages for the fabrication of parallel FMF-LPFGs and micro-structure FMF-LPFGs. The mode converters based on the FMF-LPFGs have been demonstrated using different inscription techniques. The FMF-LPFG converters have the advantages such as temperature insensitivity and wavelength tunability. The broadband converters have been demonstrated based on the phase-shift FMF-LPFG, cascaded FMF-LPFGs, and FMF-LPFG operating at dispersion turning point. The FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs are an excellent option to generate all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in different specialty FMFs, especially the FMF-HLPGs can excite different-order OAM modes directly. As the novel fiber component, the sensing application of FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs is also briefly introduced. 聽 Received: 2 January 2024 | Revised: 4 February 2024 | Accepted: 4 February 2024 聽 Conflicts of Interest Yunqi Liu is the editor-in-chief, and Siyu Chen is a peer review support specialist for Journal of Optics and Photonics Research and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 聽 Data Availability Statement Data is available on request from the authors."/> <meta name="DC.Format" scheme="IMT" content="application/pdf"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="2414"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.pageNumber" content="02-15"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.DOI" content="10.47852/bonviewJOPR42022414"/> <meta name="DC.Identifier.URI" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/2414"/> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="ISO639-1" content="en"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright (c) 2024 Authors"/> <meta name="DC.Rights" content="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"/> <meta name="DC.Source" content="Journal of Optics and Photonics Research"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Issue" content="1"/> <meta name="DC.Source.Volume" content="1"/> <meta name="DC.Source.URI" content="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="few-mode fiber"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content=" long-period fiber grating"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="helical long-period grating"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content=" mode converter"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="mode division multiplexing"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="orbital angular momentum"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" xml:lang="en" content="optical fiber sensing"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review"/> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text.Serial.Journal"/> <meta name="DC.Type.articleType" content="Review"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=stylesheet" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/$$$call$$$/page/page/css?name=font" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/lib/pkp/styles/fontawesome/fontawesome.css?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css">.pkp_structure_head { background: center / cover no-repeat url("https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/13/homepageImage_en_US.jpg");}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/generic/orcidProfile/css/orcidProfile.css?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/13/styleSheet.css?d=2024-11-07+09%3A11%3A15" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/generic/citationStyleLanguage/css/citationStyleLanguagePlugin.css?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/css" /> </head> <body class="pkp_page_article pkp_op_view" dir="ltr"> <div class="pkp_structure_page"> <header class="pkp_structure_head" id="headerNavigationContainer" role="banner"> <nav class="cmp_skip_to_content" aria-label="Jump to content links"> <a href="#pkp_content_main">Skip to main content</a> <a href="#siteNav">Skip to main navigation menu</a> <a href="#pkp_content_footer">Skip to site footer</a> </nav> <div class="pkp_head_wrapper"> <div class="pkp_site_name_wrapper"> <button class="pkp_site_nav_toggle"> <span>Open Menu</span> </button> <div class="pkp_site_name"> <a href=" https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/index " class="is_text">Journal of Optics and Photonics Research</a> </div> </div> <nav class="pkp_site_nav_menu" aria-label="Site Navigation"> <a id="siteNav"></a> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_row"> <div class="pkp_navigation_primary_wrapper"> <ul id="navigationPrimary" class="pkp_navigation_primary pkp_nav_list"> <li class=""> <a href="http://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/index"> HOME </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/about"> ABOUT </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/aims_and_scope"> Aims and Scope </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/JM"> Journal Metrics </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/indexing"> Indexing & Abstracting </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/about/privacy"> Privacy Statement </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/contact"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/browse"> BROWSE </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/view/onlinefirst"> Online First </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/current"> Current Issue </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/archive"> All Issues </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/contribute"> CONTRIBUTE </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/about/submissions"> Author Guidelines </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/oa"> Open Access </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/peer_review_process"> Peer Review Process </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/pe"> Publishing Ethics </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/for_reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/edb"> EDITORIAL BOARD </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/special_issues"> SPECIAL ISSUES </a> <ul> <li class=""> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/submittingproposal"> Submitting a Proposal </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="pkp_navigation_search_wrapper"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/index/search" class="pkp_search pkp_search_desktop"> <span class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></span> Search </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_navigation_user_wrapper" id="navigationUserWrapper"> <ul id="navigationUser" class="pkp_navigation_user pkp_nav_list"> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/user/register"> Register </a> </li> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/browse"> BROWSE </a> </li> <li class="profile"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/login"> Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="pkp_structure_content has_sidebar"> <div class="pkp_structure_main" role="main"> <a id="pkp_content_main"></a> <div class="page page_article"> <nav class="cmp_breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here:"> <ol> <li> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/index"> Home </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/archive"> Archives </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/view/73"> Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024) </a> <span class="separator">/</span> </li> <li class="current" aria-current="page"> <span aria-current="page"> Review </span> </li> </ol> </nav> <article class="obj_article_details"> <h1 class="page_title"> Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review </h1> <div class="row"> <div class="main_entry"> <section class="item authors"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader">Authors</h2> <ul class="authors"> <li> <span class="name"> Siyu Chen </span> <span class="affiliation"> Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9194-8154" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9194-8154 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Yuehui Ma </span> <span class="affiliation"> Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Hang Su </span> <span class="affiliation"> Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Xiaolong Fan </span> <span class="affiliation"> Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China </span> </li> <li> <span class="name"> Yunqi Liu </span> <span class="affiliation"> Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, China </span> <span class="orcid"> <svg class="orcid_icon" viewBox="0 0 256 256" aria-hidden="true"> <style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#A6CE39;} .st1{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style> <path class="st0" d="M256,128c0,70.7-57.3,128-128,128C57.3,256,0,198.7,0,128C0,57.3,57.3,0,128,0C198.7,0,256,57.3,256,128z"/> <g> <path class="st1" d="M86.3,186.2H70.9V79.1h15.4v48.4V186.2z"/> <path class="st1" d="M108.9,79.1h41.6c39.6,0,57,28.3,57,53.6c0,27.5-21.5,53.6-56.8,53.6h-41.8V79.1z M124.3,172.4h24.5 c34.9,0,42.9-26.5,42.9-39.7c0-21.5-13.7-39.7-43.7-39.7h-23.7V172.4z"/> <path class="st1" d="M88.7,56.8c0,5.5-4.5,10.1-10.1,10.1c-5.6,0-10.1-4.6-10.1-10.1c0-5.6,4.5-10.1,10.1-10.1 C84.2,46.7,88.7,51.3,88.7,56.8z"/> </g> </svg> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-1384" target="_blank"> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-1384 </a> </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="item doi"> <h2 class="label"> DOI: </h2> <span class="value"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJOPR42022414"> https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJOPR42022414 </a> </span> </section> <section class="item keywords"> <h2 class="label"> Keywords: </h2> <span class="value"> few-mode fiber, long-period fiber grating, helical long-period grating, mode converter, mode division multiplexing, orbital angular momentum, optical fiber sensing </span> </section> <section class="item abstract"> <h2 class="label">Abstract</h2> <p>Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are efficient ways to achieve high-order core mode conversion and vortex mode conversion in few-mode fibers (FMFs), which have the benefits of flexible structure, high integration, low insertion loss, and strong wavelength selectivity. With the rapid development of mode division multiplexing (MDM) optical communications, the FMF-LPFGs could have promising applications in the field of MDM optical communications and optical sensors. In this paper, we briefly introduce the principle of optical coupling, theoretical analysis, fabrication techniques, and applications of the FMF-LPFGs in optical communications and optical sensors. The CO2-laser writing technique and arc discharge technique are widely used for the fabrication of FMF-LPFGs and FMF helical long-period gratings (HLPGs). The hydrogen-oxygen flame technique has the advantage on the fabrication of FMF-HLPGs. The mechanical micro-bending and acoustic induction techniques are flexible and effective methods in fundamental researches. The femtosecond laser technique has the advantages for the fabrication of parallel FMF-LPFGs and micro-structure FMF-LPFGs. The mode converters based on the FMF-LPFGs have been demonstrated using different inscription techniques. The FMF-LPFG converters have the advantages such as temperature insensitivity and wavelength tunability. The broadband converters have been demonstrated based on the phase-shift FMF-LPFG, cascaded FMF-LPFGs, and FMF-LPFG operating at dispersion turning point. The FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs are an excellent option to generate all-fiber orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in different specialty FMFs, especially the FMF-HLPGs can excite different-order OAM modes directly. As the novel fiber component, the sensing application of FMF-LPFGs and FMF-HLPGs is also briefly introduced.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Received:</strong> 2 January 2024 <strong>| Revised:</strong> 4 February 2024 <strong>| Accepted:</strong> 4 February 2024</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Conflicts of Interest</strong></p> <p>Yunqi Liu is the editor-in-chief, and Siyu Chen is a peer review support specialist for <em>Journal of Optics and Photonics Research</em> and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.</p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Data Availability Statement</strong></p> <p>Data is available on request from the authors.</p> </section> <br /><div class="separator"></div><div class="item abstract" id="trendmd-suggestions"></div><script defer src='//js.trendmd.com/trendmd.min.js' data-trendmdconfig='{"website_id":"89272", "element":"#trendmd-suggestions"}'></script> </div> <div class="entry_details"> <div class="item cover_image"> <div class="sub_item"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/view/73"> <img src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/journals/13/cover_issue_73_en_US.png" alt=""> </a> </div> </div> <div class="item galleys"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Downloads </h2> <ul class="value galleys_links"> <li> <a class="obj_galley_link pdf" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/2414/831"> PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="item published"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Published </h2> <div class="value"> <span>2024-02-14</span> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item issue"> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Issue </h2> <div class="value"> <a class="title" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/issue/view/73"> Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024) </a> </div> </section> <section class="sub_item"> <h2 class="label"> Section </h2> <div class="value"> Review </div> </section> </div> <div class="item copyright"> <h2 class="label"> License </h2> <p>Copyright (c) 2024 Authors</p> <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" /></a><p>This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> </div> <div class="item citation"> <section class="sub_item citation_display"> <h2 class="label"> How to Cite </h2> <div class="value"> <div id="citationOutput" role="region" aria-live="polite"> <div class="csl-bib-body"> <div class="csl-entry">Chen, S., Ma, Y., Su, H., Fan, X., & Liu, Y. (2024). Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review. <i>Journal of Optics and Photonics Research</i>, <i>1</i>(1), 02-15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJOPR42022414">https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJOPR42022414</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="citation_formats"> <button class="citation_formats_button label" aria-controls="cslCitationFormats" aria-expanded="false" data-csl-dropdown="true"> More Citation Formats </button> <div id="cslCitationFormats" class="citation_formats_list" aria-hidden="true"> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/acm-sig-proceedings?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > ACM </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/acs-nano?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > ACS </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/apa?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > APA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/associacao-brasileira-de-normas-tecnicas?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > ABNT </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/chicago-author-date?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > Chicago </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/harvard-cite-them-right?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > Harvard </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/ieee?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > IEEE </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/modern-language-association?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > MLA </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/turabian-fullnote-bibliography?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > Turabian </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/vancouver?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > Vancouver </a> </li> <li> <a aria-controls="citationOutput" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/ama?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73" data-load-citation data-json-href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/get/ama?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73&return=json" > AMA </a> </li> </ul> <div class="label"> Download Citation </div> <ul class="citation_formats_styles"> <li> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/download/ris?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/citationstylelanguage/download/bibtex?submissionId=2414&publicationId=3589&issueId=73"> <span class="fa fa-download"></span> BibTeX </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="item addthis"> <div class="value">  <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style"> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_1"></a> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_2"></a> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_3"></a> <a class="addthis_button_preferred_4"></a> <a class="addthis_button_compact"></a> <a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js#pubid="></script>  </div> </div> <div class="item funders"> <h2 class="label">Funding data</h2> <div class="value"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://search.crossref.org/funding?q=501100001809">National Natural Science Foundation of China</a> <br /> Grant numbers 62075124 </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_structure_sidebar left" role="complementary"> <div class="pkp_block block_custom" id="customblock-journal-information"> <h2 class="title">Journal Information</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"><span class="sc-hwwEjo cdchLr"><strong>Editor-in-Chief:</strong> <span class=" jgG6ef">Yunqi Liu</span></span></div> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"><span class="sc-hwwEjo cdchLr">School of Communication and Information Engineering Shanghai University, China</span></div> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"><span class="sc-hwwEjo cdchLr"><strong>Frequency: </strong>Quarterly</span></div> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"><span class="sc-hwwEjo cdchLr"><strong>Submission to First Decision: </strong>43 days<br><strong>Submission to Acceptance:</strong> <span class="sc-kPVwWT hZDpyF">110 days</span><br><strong>Accept to Publish:</strong> 8<span class="sc-kPVwWT hZDpyF"> days</span></span></div> </div> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"><span class="sc-kPVwWT hZDpyF"><span class="sc-hwwEjo cdchLr"><strong>Acceptance Rate: </strong>26%</span></span></div> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"><span class="sc-kPVwWT hZDpyF"><span class="sc-hwwEjo cdchLr"><strong>eISSN:</strong> 3029-1348</span></span></div> </div> <div class="journalcard__metrics border"> <p class="journalcard__metrics border">漏 2024  Bon View Publishing Pte Ltd.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_make_submission"> <h2 class="pkp_screen_reader"> Make a Submission </h2> <div class="content"> <a class="block_make_submission_link" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/about/submissions"> Make a Submission </a> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> .block_announcements_article:not(:last-child) { padding-bottom: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid; } .block_announcements_article { text-align: left; } .block_announcements #show-all{ font-style: italic; } </style> <div class="pkp_block block_announcements"> <h2 class="title">Announcements</h2> <div class="content"> <article class="block_announcements_article"> <h3 class="block_announcements_article_headline"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/announcement/view/84"> JOPR Published Volume 1, Issue 3 on August 20, 2024 </a> </h3> <time class="block_announcements_article_date" datetime="2024-09-03"> <strong>September 3, 2024</strong> </time> <div class="block_announcements_article_content"> <p>We are excited to announce that聽<strong><em>Journal of Optics and Photonics Research (JOPR)</em></strong><em><strong>聽</strong></em>published Volume 1 Issue 3 on August 20, 2024!</p> </div> </article> <article class="block_announcements_article"> <h3 class="block_announcements_article_headline"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/announcement/view/80"> JOPR Published Volume 1, Issue 2 on May 22, 2024 </a> </h3> <time class="block_announcements_article_date" datetime="2024-05-24"> <strong>May 24, 2024</strong> </time> <div class="block_announcements_article_content"> <p>We are excited to announce that聽<strong><em>Journal of Optics and Photonics Research (JOPR)</em></strong><em><strong>聽</strong></em>published Volume 1 Issue 2 on May 22, 2024!</p> </div> </article> <article class="block_announcements_article"> <h3 class="block_announcements_article_headline"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/announcement/view/74"> STM Membership Announcement </a> </h3> <time class="block_announcements_article_date" datetime="2024-04-24"> <strong>April 24, 2024</strong> </time> <div class="block_announcements_article_content"> <p>Bon View Publishing Pte. Ltd. proudly announces its membership in the esteemed聽<a href="https://www.stm-assoc.org/"><u>International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers(STM)</u></a>, effective 2024. This collaboration marks a significant milestone in advancing global knowledge exchange and promoting cutting-edge research.</p> </div> </article> <a id="show-all" href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/announcement">Show all announcements ...</a> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_keyword_cloud"> <h2 class="title">Keywords</h2> <div class="content" id='wordcloud'></div> <script> function randomColor() { var cores = ['#1f77b4', '#ff7f0e', '#2ca02c', '#d62728', '#9467bd', '#8c564b', '#e377c2', '#7f7f7f', '#bcbd22', '#17becf']; return cores[Math.floor(Math.random()*cores.length)]; } document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() { var keywords = [{"text":"led","size":1},{"text":"net photosynthetic rate","size":1},{"text":"butter lettuce","size":1},{"text":"light quality","size":1},{"text":"relative chlorophyll content","size":1},{"text":"wave propagation","size":1},{"text":"helical and toroidal waveguides","size":1},{"text":"helix angle","size":1},{"text":"dielectric material","size":1},{"text":"rectangular waveguide","size":1},{"text":"fiber light-guide","size":1},{"text":"optical fiber","size":1},{"text":"single-mode regime","size":1},{"text":" the green's function","size":1},{"text":"refractive index","size":1},{"text":"polarization","size":1},{"text":"quantum well","size":1},{"text":"quantum wire","size":1},{"text":"superfluid helium","size":1},{"text":"surface electron","size":1},{"text":"quantum bit","size":1},{"text":"dielectric function","size":1},{"text":"lorentz oscillator model","size":1},{"text":"compound semiconductors","size":1},{"text":"reflectivity","size":1},{"text":"wemple didomenico model","size":1},{"text":"type-i fbg(fiber bragg grating)","size":1},{"text":"temperature sensitivity","size":1},{"text":"temporal response","size":1},{"text":"iron fillings","size":1},{"text":"wavelength drift","size":1},{"text":"neodymium","size":1},{"text":"borate","size":1},{"text":"judd-ofelt","size":1},{"text":"nir luminescence","size":1},{"text":"perovskites","size":1},{"text":"multiple quantum wells","size":1},{"text":"optoelectonics","size":1},{"text":"light-emitting diodes","size":1},{"text":"coherent emission","size":1},{"text":"sentinel-2","size":1},{"text":"electromagnetic spectrum","size":1},{"text":"geographic information systems (gis)","size":1},{"text":"minimum noise fraction (mnf)","size":1},{"text":"pixel purity index (ppi)","size":1},{"text":"sentinel hub","size":1},{"text":"optical interferometry","size":1},{"text":"optical rotation","size":1},{"text":"sugar","size":1},{"text":"optically active material","size":1}]; var totalWeight = 0; var blockWidth = 300; var blockHeight = 200; var transitionDuration = 200; var length_keywords = keywords.length; var layout = d3.layout.cloud(); layout.size([blockWidth, blockHeight]) .words(keywords) .fontSize(function(d) { return fontSize(+d.size); }) .on('end', draw); var svg = d3.select("#wordcloud").append("svg") .attr("viewBox", "0 0 " + blockWidth + " " + blockHeight) .attr("width", '100%'); function update() { var words = layout.words(); fontSize = d3.scaleLinear().range([16, 34]); if (words.length) { fontSize.domain([+words[words.length - 1].size || 1, +words[0].size]); } } keywords.forEach(function(item,index){totalWeight += item.size;}); update(); function draw(words, bounds) { var width = layout.size()[0], height = layout.size()[1]; scaling = bounds ? Math.min( width / Math.abs(bounds[1].x - width / 2), width / Math.abs(bounds[0].x - width / 2), height / Math.abs(bounds[1].y - height / 2), height / Math.abs(bounds[0].y - height / 2), ) / 2 : 1; svg .append("g") .attr( "transform", "translate(" + [width >> 1, height >> 1] + ")scale(" + scaling + ")", ) .selectAll("text") .data(words) .enter().append("text") .style("font-size", function(d) { return d.size + "px"; }) .style("font-family", 'serif') .style("fill", randomColor) .style('cursor', 'pointer') .style('opacity', 0.7) .attr('class', 'keyword') .attr("text-anchor", "middle") .attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + [d.x, d.y] + ")rotate(" + d.rotate + ")"; }) .text(function(d) { return d.text; }) .on("click", function(d, i){ window.location = "https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/index/search?query=QUERY_SLUG".replace(/QUERY_SLUG/, encodeURIComponent(''+d.text+'')); }) .on("mouseover", function(d, i) { d3.select(this).transition() .duration(transitionDuration) .style('font-size',function(d) { return (d.size + 3) + "px"; }) .style('opacity', 1); }) .on("mouseout", function(d, i) { d3.select(this).transition() .duration(transitionDuration) .style('font-size',function(d) { return d.size + "px"; }) .style('opacity', 0.7); }) .on('resize', function() { update() }); } layout.start(); }); </script> </div> <div class="pkp_block block_developed_by"> <div class="content"> <span class="title">Most Read</span> <ul class="most_read"> <li class="most_read_article"> <div class="most_read_article_title"><a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/2414">Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review</a></div> <div class="most_read_article_journal"><span class="fa fa-eye"></span> 577</div> </li> <li class="most_read_article"> <div class="most_read_article_title"><a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/1565">Dual-Frequency Lidar for Compressed Sensing 3D Imaging Based on All-Phase Fast Fourier Transform</a></div> <div class="most_read_article_journal"><span class="fa fa-eye"></span> 544</div> </li> <li class="most_read_article"> <div class="most_read_article_title"><a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/1585">Bright and Dark Soliton Pulse in Solid Core Photonic Crystal Fibers</a></div> <div class="most_read_article_journal"><span class="fa fa-eye"></span> 523</div> </li> <li class="most_read_article"> <div class="most_read_article_title"><a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/1730">Multimodal Multiphoton Tomography with a Compact Femtosecond Fiber Laser</a></div> <div class="most_read_article_journal"><span class="fa fa-eye"></span> 496</div> </li> <li class="most_read_article"> <div class="most_read_article_title"><a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/article/view/1587">Role of Micro-Architectures on Insects' Elytra Affects the Nanomechanical and Optical Properties: Inspired for Designing the Lightweight Materials</a></div> <div class="most_read_article_journal"><span class="fa fa-eye"></span> 443</div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pkp_structure_footer_wrapper" role="contentinfo"> <a id="pkp_content_footer"></a> <div class="pkp_structure_footer"> <div class="pkp_footer_content"> <p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img style="border-width: 0;" src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/public/site/images/admin/88x31.png" alt="鐭ヨ瘑鍏变韩璁稿彲" width="88" height="31" /></a> All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p>eISSN 3029-1348 | Published by <a href="http://www.bonviewpress.com/">Bon View Publishing Pte Ltd.</a></p> <p><strong>Member of</strong></p> <p><img style="width: 900px; height: 70px;" src="https://bonview.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/resource/ojs-logo-quanji.png" />聽</p> </div> <div class="pkp_brand_footer"> <a href="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JOPR/about/aboutThisPublishingSystem"> <img alt="More information about the publishing system, Platform and Workflow by OJS/PKP." src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/templates/images/ojs_brand.png"> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/components/jqueryui/jquery-ui.min.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/popper/popper.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/util.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/themes/default/js/lib/bootstrap/dropdown.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/themes/default/js/main.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/plugins/generic/citationStyleLanguage/js/articleCitation.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v4.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/holtzy/D3-graph-gallery@master/LIB/d3.layout.cloud.js?v=3.4.0.7" type="text/javascript"></script><script type="text/javascript"> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}; gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', i); }) (window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'UA-284252596-1'); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Few-Mode Fiber-Based Long-Period Fiber Gratings: A Review | Journal of Optics and Photonics Research