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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genetik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ester (folkslag)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 76 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlanders" title="Estlanders – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Estlanders" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إستونيون – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستونيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonios" title="Estonios – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estonios" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Эстониял – avariska" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Эстониял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonlar" title="Estonlar – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Estonlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="استون‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استون‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстондар – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эстондар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эстонцы – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстонцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эстонцы – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстонцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Естонци – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естонци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estonians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эстонсем – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эстонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniaid" title="Estoniaid – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estoniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estere" title="Estere – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Estere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esten" title="Esten – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Esten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestlased" title="Eestlased – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eestlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Εσθονοί – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσθονοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Estonians" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Эстэть – erjya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эстэть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erjya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_estonio" title="Pueblo estonio – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo estonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonoj" title="Estonoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniar" title="Estoniar – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estoniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مردم استونیایی – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم استونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniens" title="Estoniens – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estoniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%C3%B3naigh" title="Eastónaigh – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eastónaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_estoniano" title="Pobo estoniano – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo estoniano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="에스토니아인 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스토니아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էստոնացիներ – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էստոնացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Estonia" title="Suku Estonia – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Эстойнаг адæм – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эстойнаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אסטונים – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ესტონელები – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტონელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстондар – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эстондар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Эстъяс – kome" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эстъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="kome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Эстондор – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эстондор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Эстония" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igau%C5%86i" title="Igauņi – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Igauņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estai" title="Estai – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslenjers" title="Eslenjers – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Eslenjers" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sztek" title="Észtek – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észtek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Естонци – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естонци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Estonia" title="Orang Estonia – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Estonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Эстоничууд – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эстоничууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esten" title="Esten – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Esten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="エストニア人 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エストニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Эстонаш – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эстонаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estlendere" title="Estlendere – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estlendere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estarar" title="Estarar – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonlar" title="Estonlar – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Estonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esto%C5%84czycy" title="Estończycy – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estończycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonianos" title="Estonianos – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estonianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoni" title="Estoni – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estoni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Эстонцы – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эстонцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстоннар – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эстоннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonez%C3%ABt" title="Estonezët – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Estonezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Estonians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Естонци – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Естонци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonci" title="Estonci – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estonci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekommenderad artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virolaiset" title="Virolaiset – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Virolaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эстоннар – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эстоннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ – cherokesiska" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonlar" title="Estonlar – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estonlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Естонці – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естонці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilai%C5%BEed" title="Estilaižed – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Estilaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Estonia" title="Người Estonia – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Estonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eestl%C3%A4seq" title="Eestläseq – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Eestläseq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="爱沙尼亚人 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱沙尼亚人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="愛沙尼亞人 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛沙尼亞人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C4%81" title="Estā – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Estā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="愛沙尼亞人 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛沙尼亞人" 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1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: center; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption style="font-size: larger; font-weight: bold">Ester<br /><i>eestlased</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Estonian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #b0c4de">Antal sammanlagt </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cirka <b>1,1 miljoner</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #b0c4de">Regioner med betydande antal </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland"><img alt="Estland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> 909 552 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <table align="center" style="width: 100%; background: transparent; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">49 590–100 000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA"><img alt="USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">27 113 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige"><img alt="Sverige" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">Sverige</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">9 459<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–25 509 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada"><img alt="Kanada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">24 000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland"><img alt="Ryssland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ryssland" title="Ryssland">Ryssland</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">17 875 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #b0c4de">Språk </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Estniska" title="Estniska">Estniska</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #b0c4de">Besläktade folkgrupper </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersj%C3%B6finska_folkstammar" title="Östersjöfinska folkstammar">Östersjöfinska folkstammar</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided,_Lilienfeldt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided%2C_Lilienfeldt.jpg/250px-P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided%2C_Lilienfeldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided%2C_Lilienfeldt.jpg/375px-P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided%2C_Lilienfeldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided%2C_Lilienfeldt.jpg/500px-P%C3%B5ltsamaa_rahvariided%2C_Lilienfeldt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Ester i folkdräkt, 1777</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ester</b> (<a href="/wiki/Estniska" title="Estniska">estniska</a>: <span lang="et"><i>eestlased</i></span>), äldre namn <i>maarahvas</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> är ett <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersj%C3%B6finska_folkstammar" title="Östersjöfinska folkstammar">östersjöfinskt</a> folkslag som talar <a href="/wiki/Estniska" title="Estniska">estniska</a>, ett <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersj%C3%B6finska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Östersjöfinska språk">östersjöfinskt språk</a>, nära besläktat med <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">finska</a>. De flesta ester bor i <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estland fick en bofast befolkning för ungefär 10 000 år sedan. Trots att man inte kan veta vilket språk som talades i området vid denna tid finns det teorier som pekar mot att det för 5 000 år sedan invandrade folk som eventuellt talade ett tidigt finsk-ugriskt språk besläktat med modern estniska. Denna forskning bygger primärt på genetik, och inte språk.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lingvister har dock visat att <a href="/wiki/Finsk-ugriska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Finsk-ugriska språk">finsk-ugriska språk</a> dök upp långt senare runt <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersj%C3%B6n" title="Östersjön">Östersjön</a>, förmodligen under tidig <a href="/wiki/Brons%C3%A5ldern" title="Bronsåldern">bronsålder</a> (ca. 1 800 f.Kr.).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namnet "Eesti", eller Estland, antas komma från <a href="/wiki/Germaner" title="Germaner">germanskans</a> <i>Aestii</i> som de gav åt de <a href="/wiki/Balter" title="Balter">baltiska folk</a> som bodde norr om floden <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82a" title="Wisła">Wisła</a>. Den romerske historikern <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> omnämnde 98 e.Kr. <i>Aestii</i> som ett folk, och <a href="/wiki/Skandinaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandinaver">skandinaverna</a> kallade landet söder om <a href="/wiki/Finska_viken" title="Finska viken">Finska viken</a> "<i>Eistland</i>" vilket fortfarande är det <a href="/wiki/Isl%C3%A4ndska" title="Isländska">isländska</a> namnet på Estland. Protoestniska folk (liksom andra talare av <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersj%C3%B6finska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Östersjöfinska språk">östersjöfinska språk</a>) kallades också <i><a href="/wiki/Tjuder" title="Tjuder">chuder</a></i> i <a href="/wiki/Fornslaviska" class="mw-redirect" title="Fornslaviska">fornslaviska</a> krönikor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetik">Genetik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Genetik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Genetik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haplogrupp_N" title="Haplogrupp N">N1c</a> och R1a är de vanligaste <a href="/wiki/Haplogrupp" title="Haplogrupp">haplogrupperna</a> för ester med <a href="/wiki/Y-kromosom" title="Y-kromosom">Y-kromosom</a>; båda har en andel på mer än 30 %.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15 % har <a href="/wiki/Haplogrupp_I1_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogrupp I1 (Y-DNA)">I1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estlandssvenskar" title="Estlandssvenskar">Estlandssvenskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnar" title="Finnar">Finnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter" title="Letter">Letter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/">”Folkmängden efter födelseland, ålder och kön. År 2000 - 2021”</a>. <i><span>Statistikdatabasen</span></i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistiska_Centralbyr%C3%A5n" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistiska Centralbyrån">Statistiska Centralbyrån</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/">http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 20 oktober 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Folkm%C3%A4ngden+efter+f%C3%B6delseland%2C+%C3%A5lder+och+k%C3%B6n.+%C3%85r+2000+-+2021&rft.atitle=Statistikdatabasen&rft.pub=%5B%5BStatistiska+Centralbyr%C3%A5n%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikdatabasen.scb.se%2Fpxweb%2Fsv%2Fssd%2FSTART__BE__BE0101__BE0101E%2FFodelselandArK%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ester_(folkslag)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Beyer, Ist <i>maarahvas</i> (‚Landvolk‘), die alte Selbstbezeichnung der Esten, eine Lehnübersetzung? Eine Studie zur Begriffsgeschichte des Ostseeraums. <i>Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung</i> 56 (2007), s 566-593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Virpi Laitinen et al. (2002), <i>Y-Chromosomal Diversity Suggests that Baltic Males Share Common Finno-Ugric-Speaking Forefathers</i>, Human Heredity, pages 68-78, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=57985&Ausgabe=228324&ProduktNr=224250&filename=57985.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Petri Kallio 2006: Suomalais-ugrilaisen kantakielen absoluuttisesta kronologiasta. — <i>Virittäjä</i> 2006. (Med engelsk sammanfattning).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Häkkinen, Jaakko 2009: Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa. – <i>Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja</i> 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf">http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFTambetsYunusbayevHudjashovIlumäe2018-09-21">Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi (2018-09-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151024/">”Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations”</a>. <i>Genome Biology</i> 19: sid. 139. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13059-018-1522-1">10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1474-7596">1474-7596</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30241495?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:30241495">PMID 30241495</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151024">6151024</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151024/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151024/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genes+reveal+traces+of+common+recent+demographic+history+for+most+of+the+Uralic-speaking+populations&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.aulast=Tambets&rft.aufirst=Kristiina&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Yunusbayev%2C+Bayazit&rft.au=Hudjashov%2C+Georgi&rft.au=Ilum%C3%A4e%2C+Anne-Mai&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft.au=Honkola%2C+Terhi&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B139&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fs13059-018-1522-1&rft_id=info:pmid/30241495&rft.issn=1474-7596&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6151024%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ester_(folkslag)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Lang, Valter: <i>Homo Fennicus – Itämerensuomalaisten etnohistoria</i>, s. 94–95. SKS, 2020. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/9789518581300" title="Special:Bokkällor/9789518581300">ISBN 9789518581300</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFTambetsRootsiKivisildHelp2004-4">Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Kivisild, Toomas; Help, Hela; Serk, Piia; Loogväli, Eva-Liis (2004-4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181943/">”The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes”</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i> 74 (4): sid. 661–682. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15024688?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15024688">PMID 15024688</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181943">1181943</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181943/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181943/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 23 januari 2024</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Western+and+Eastern+Roots+of+the+Saami%E2%80%94the+Story+of+Genetic+%E2%80%9COutliers%E2%80%9D+Told+by+Mitochondrial+DNA+and+Y+Chromosomes&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.aulast=Tambets&rft.aufirst=Kristiina&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Help%2C+Hela&rft.au=Serk%2C+Piia&rft.au=Loogv%C3%A4li%2C+Eva-Liis&rft.date=2004-4&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B661%E2%80%93682&rft_id=info:pmid/15024688&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1181943%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ester_(folkslag)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&oldid=55463203">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ester_(folkslag)&oldid=55463203</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:%C3%96stersj%C3%B6finska_folk" title="Kategori:Östersjöfinska folk">Östersjöfinska folk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Finsk-ugriska_folk" title="Kategori:Finsk-ugriska folk">Finsk-ugriska folk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Estlands_samh%C3%A4lle" title="Kategori:Estlands samhälle">Estlands samhälle</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dold kategori: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_med_text_p%C3%A5_estniska" title="Kategori:Artiklar med text på estniska">Artiklar med text på estniska</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 29 juli 2024 kl. 00.39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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