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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Copula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Negation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Example phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature and film</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature and film subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jamaican Patois</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaikaanse_patois" title="Jamaikaanse patois – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jamaikaanse patois" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كريولية جامايكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريولية جامايكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جامائیکا پتوا دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جامائیکا پتوا دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoleg_Jamaika" title="Kreoleg Jamaika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kreoleg Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crioll_jamaic%C3%A0" title="Crioll jamaicà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crioll jamaicà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajsk%C3%BD_patois" title="Jamajský patois – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jamajský patois" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaiceg" title="Jamaiceg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jamaiceg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois" title="Patois – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patois" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaikanisch-kreolische_Sprache" title="Jamaikanisch-kreolische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jamaikanisch-kreolische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_kreoolkeel" title="Jamaica kreoolkeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jamaica kreoolkeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_patois_jamaiquino" title="Idioma patois jamaiquino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma patois jamaiquino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajka-kreola_lingvo" title="Jamajka-kreola lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jamajka-kreola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پتوای جامائیکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتوای جامائیکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Creole" title="Jamaican Creole – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jamaican Creole" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ole_jama%C3%AFcain" title="Créole jamaïcain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créole jamaïcain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois_xamaicano" title="Patois xamaicano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patois xamaicano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%B9%B4_%ED%8C%8C%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84" title="자메이카 파투아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자메이카 파투아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaj%C4%8Danski_kreolski_engleski" title="Jamajčanski kreolski engleski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jamajčanski kreolski engleski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois_Jamaika" title="Patois Jamaika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patois Jamaika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola_giamaicana" title="Lingua creola giamaicana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua creola giamaicana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamekien_Patwa" title="Jamekien Patwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jamekien Patwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola_Iamaicana" title="Lingua creola Iamaicana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua creola Iamaicana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creol_jamaican" title="Creol jamaican – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Creol jamaican" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicai_angol_nyelv" title="Jamaicai angol nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jamaicai angol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജമൈക്കൻ പടോയിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജമൈക്കൻ പടോയിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois_Jamaica" title="Patois Jamaica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patois Jamaica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicaans-Patois" title="Jamaicaans-Patois – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jamaicaans-Patois" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ジャマイカ・クレオール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャマイカ・クレオール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patois" title="Patois – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Patois" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patwa" title="Patwa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patwa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican" title="Jamaican – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jamaican" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumiekan_Kryuol" title="Jumiekan Kryuol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jumiekan Kryuol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Jamaican_creole_english" title="Lenga Jamaican creole english – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Jamaican creole english" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_jamajski" title="Język jamajski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język jamajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pato%C3%A1_jamaicano" title="Patoá jamaicano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patoá jamaicano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ямайский креольский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ямайский креольский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱳᱭᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱢᱟᱭᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱴᱳᱭᱤᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jamaican Patois" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamajsko_godka" title="Jamajsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jamajsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaikankreoli" title="Jamaikankreoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jamaikankreoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patwa" title="Patwa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patwa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ямайка Патуа теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ямайка Патуа теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Jamaican Patois</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><i>Patwa</i>, <i>Jamiekan / Jamiekan Kriyuol</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jumiekan / Jumiekan Kryuol / Jumieka Taak / Jumieka taak / Jumiekan languij</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.2 million (2000–2001)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based creole language">English creole</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Atlantic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Western<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Jamaican Patois</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cassidy/JLU_orthography" title="Cassidy/JLU orthography">Cassidy/JLU orthography</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">not regulated</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jam" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jam">jam</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jama1262">jama1262</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ABB-am">52-ABB-am</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="Jamaicanpatois-twosentences2010.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Jamaicanpatois-twosentences2010.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Jamaicanpatois-twosentences2010.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Jamaicanpatois-twosentences2010.ogg/Jamaicanpatois-twosentences2010.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJamaicanpatois-twosentences2010.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Female patois speaker saying two sentences</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="237" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=fy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fy" label="Frysk ‪(fy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Omar_Speaking_English_and_Jamaican_Patois.webm&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Jamaican Patois speaker discussing the usage of the language</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jamaican Patois</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; locally rendered <b>Patwah</b> and called <b>Jamaican Creole</b> by linguists) is an <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based creole language">English-based creole language</a> with influences from West African and other languages, spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_diaspora" title="Jamaican diaspora">Jamaican diaspora</a>. Words or slang from Jamaican Patois can be heard in other Caribbean countries, the United Kingdom, New York City and Miami in the United States, and Toronto, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of non-English words in Patois derive from the West African <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by the majority of Jamaicans as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a>. </p><p>Patois developed in the 17th century when enslaved people from West and Central Africa were exposed to, learned, and nativized the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> language spoken by the slaveholders and overseers: <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>. Jamaican Creole exists in gradations between more conservative <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> forms that are not significantly mutually intelligible with English,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake200832_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake200832-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forms virtually identical to <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jamaicans refer to their language as <i><a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">Patois</a></i>, a term also used as a lower-case noun as a catch-all description of <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a>, creoles, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> worldwide. Creoles, including Jamaican Patois, are often stigmatized as low-<a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a> languages even when spoken as the mother tongue by the majority of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015481_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015481-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jamaican pronunciation and vocabulary are significantly different from English despite heavy use of English words or derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake2008?_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake2008?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant Jamaican Patois-speaking communities exist among Jamaican expatriates and non Jamaican<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>. The Cayman Islands in particular have a very large Jamaican Patois-speaking community, with 16.4% of the population conversing in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> variety is found in <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés y Providencia</a> Islands, Colombia, brought to the island by descendants of <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a> (escaped slaves) in the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_continuum#Stratification" title="Post-creole continuum">Mesolectal forms</a> are similar to very basilectal <a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belizean Kriol</a>. </p><p>Jamaican Patois exists mainly as a <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> and is also heavily used for musical purposes, especially in <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> as well as other genres. Although standard British English is used for most writing in Jamaica, Jamaican Patois has gained ground as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> for almost a hundred years. <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a> published his book of Jamaican poems <i>Songs of Jamaica</i> in 1912. Patois and English are frequently used for stylistic contrast (<a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">codeswitching</a>) in new forms of Internet writing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accounts of <a href="/wiki/Basilectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilectal">basilectal</a> Jamaican Patois (that is, its most divergent rural varieties) suggest around 21 <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a><sup id="cite_ref-Devonish_2004_456_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devonish_2004_456-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an additional phoneme (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>) in the Western dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are between nine and sixteen <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vowels are capable of nasalization and others can be lengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 90%;"> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">2</a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></small> </th> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></small> </th> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>)<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">1</a></sup></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a><br />/<a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> The status of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> as a phoneme is dialectal: in western varieties, it is a full phoneme and there are minimal pairs (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hiit/</span> 'hit' and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iit/</span> 'eat'); in central and eastern varieties, vowel-initial words take an initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> after vowel-final words, preventing the two vowels from falling together, so that the words for 'hand' and 'and' (both underlyingly <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span>) may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[han]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[an]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> The palatal stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɟ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> are considered phonemic by some accounts<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> by others.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the latter interpretation, their appearance is included in the larger phenomenon of phonetic <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Examples of palatalization include:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kiuu/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ciuː]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cuː]</span> ('a quarter quart (of rum)')</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡiaad/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟiaːd]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟaːd]</span> ('guard')</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/piaa<span class="wrap"> </span>+<span class="wrap"> </span>piaa/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʲiãːpʲiãː]</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʲãːpʲãː]</span> ('weak')</li></ul> <p>Voiced stops are <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a> whenever in the onset of prominent syllables (especially word-initially) so that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/biit/</span> ('beat') is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɓiːt]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡuud/</span> ('good') as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɠuːd]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devonish_2004_456_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devonish_2004_456-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before a syllabic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, the contrast between <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velar" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar">velar</a> consonants has been historically neutralized with alveolar consonants becoming velar so that the word for 'bottle' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bakl̩/</span> and the word for 'idle' is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aiɡl̩/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Jamaican_Creole_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> of Jamaican Patois. from <a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006</a>:128)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jamaican Patois exhibits two types of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>; peripheral vowel harmony, wherein only sequences of peripheral vowels (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>) can occur within a syllable; and back harmony, wherein <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> cannot occur within a syllable together (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uu/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ii/</span> are allowed but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*<span class="wrap"> </span>/ui/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*<span class="wrap"> </span>/iu/</span> are not).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two phenomena account for three long vowels and four <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ii/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/biini/</span></td> <td>'tiny' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aa/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baaba/</span></td> <td>'barber' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uu/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/buut/</span></td> <td>'booth' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/biak/</span></td> <td>'bake' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baik/</span></td> <td>'bike' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ua/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/buat/</span></td> <td>'boat' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taun/</span></td> <td>'town' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistic_variation">Sociolinguistic variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistic variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaican Patois features a <a href="/wiki/Post-creole_speech_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-creole speech continuum">creole continuum</a> (or a <i>linguistic continuum</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the variety of the language closest to the <a href="/wiki/Lexifier" title="Lexifier">lexifier</a> language (the <a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">acrolect</a>) cannot be distinguished systematically from intermediate varieties (collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mesolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolect">mesolect</a>) or even from the most divergent rural varieties (collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-irvinesobers_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irvinesobers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation came about with contact between speakers of a number of <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a> and various dialects of English, the latter of which were all perceived as prestigious and whose use carried socio-economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The span of a speaker's command of the continuum generally corresponds to social context.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tense/aspect system of Jamaican Patois is fundamentally unlike that of English. There are no <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a> marked past <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>; instead, two different participle words exist: <i>en</i> and <i>a</i>. These are not <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, but rather invariant <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> that cannot stand alone (like the English <i>to be</i>). Their function also differs from those of English. </p><p>According to Bailey (1966), the progressive category is marked by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a~da~de/</span>. Alleyne (1980) claims that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a~da/</span> marks the progressive and that the habitual aspect is unmarked but by its accompaniment with words such as "always", "usually", etc. (i.e. is absent as a grammatical category). Mufwene (1984) and Gibson and Levy (1984) propose a past-only habitual category marked by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juusta/</span> as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/weɹ<span class="wrap"> </span>wi<span class="wrap"> </span>juusta<span class="wrap"> </span>liv<span class="wrap"> </span>iz<span class="wrap"> </span>not<span class="wrap"> </span>az<span class="wrap"> </span>kual<span class="wrap"> </span>az<span class="wrap"> </span>iiɹ/</span> ('where we used to live is not as cold as here').<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the present tense, an uninflected verb combining with an iterative adverb marks habitual meaning as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tam<span class="wrap"> </span>aawez<span class="wrap"> </span>nua<span class="wrap"> </span>wen<span class="wrap"> </span>kieti<span class="wrap"> </span>tel<span class="wrap"> </span>pan<span class="wrap"> </span>im/</span> ('Tom always knows when Katy tells/has told about him').<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>en</i> is a tense indicator</li> <li><i>a</i> is an aspect marker</li> <li><i>(a) go</i> is used to indicate the future</li> <li><b>Mi run</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span>) <ul><li>I run (habitually); I ran</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mi a run</b> or <b>Mi de run</b>, (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span> <i>or</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span>) <ul><li>I am running</li></ul></li> <li><b>A run mi did a run</b>, (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon<span class="wrap"> </span>mi<span class="wrap"> </span>dida<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span> <i>or</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon<span class="wrap"> </span>mi<span class="wrap"> </span>ben(w)en<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span>) <ul><li>I was running</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mi did run</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>did<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span> <i>or</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>ben(w)en<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span>) <ul><li>I have run; I had run</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mi a go run</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡo<span class="wrap"> </span>ɹon/</span>) <ul><li>I am going to run; I will go on a run</li></ul></li></ul> <p>As in other Caribbean Creoles (that is, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Creole" title="Guyanese Creole">Guyanese Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s-Providencia_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés-Providencia Creole">San Andrés-Providencia Creole</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a> is excluded) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fi/</span> has a number of functions, including:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Directional, dative, or benefactive preposition <ul><li><b><span title="Jamaican Patois-language text"><i lang="jam">Dem a fight fi wi</i></span></b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dem<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>fait<span class="wrap"> </span>fi<span class="wrap"> </span>wi/</span>) ('They are fighting for us')<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> preposition (that is, marker of possession) <ul><li><b><span title="Jamaican Patois-language text"><i lang="jam">Dat a fi mi book</i></span></b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dat<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>fi<span class="wrap"> </span>mi<span class="wrap"> </span>buk/</span>) ('that's my book')</li></ul></li> <li>Modal auxiliary expressing obligation or futurity <ul><li><b><span title="Jamaican Patois-language text"><i lang="jam">Him fi kom up ya</i></span></b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im<span class="wrap"> </span>fi<span class="wrap"> </span>kom<span class="wrap"> </span>op<span class="wrap"> </span>ja/</span>) ('he ought to come up here')</li></ul></li> <li>Pre-infinitive complementizer <ul><li><b><span title="Jamaican Patois-language text"><i lang="jam">Unu haffi kiip sumting far di guinea people-dem fi biit dem muzik</i></span></b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/unu<span class="wrap"> </span>hafi<span class="wrap"> </span>kiip<span class="wrap"> </span>samtiŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>faɹ<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡini<span class="wrap"> </span>piipl-dem<span class="wrap"> </span>fi<span class="wrap"> </span>biit<span class="wrap"> </span>dem<span class="wrap"> </span>miuzik/</span>) ('you have to contribute something to the <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinean</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guinea" title="Demographics of Guinea">People</a> for playing their music')<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronominal_system">Pronominal system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronominal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pronominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronominal">pronominal</a> system of Standard English has a four-way distinction of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Some varieties of Jamaican Patois do not have the gender or case distinction, but all varieties distinguish between the second person singular and plural (you).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>I, me = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi/</span></li> <li>you, you (singular) = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></li> <li>he, him = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im/</span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ĩ]</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a> varieties)</li> <li>she, her = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃi/</span> <i>or</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im/</span> (no gender distinction in basilect varieties)</li> <li>we, us, our = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wi/</span></li> <li>you (plural) = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/unu/</span></li> <li>they, them, their = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dem/</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copula">Copula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>the Jamaican Patois <a href="/wiki/Equative" title="Equative">equative</a> verb is also <i>a</i> <ul><li>e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>tiitʃa/</span> ('I am the teacher')</li></ul></li> <li>Jamaican Patois has a separate locative verb <i>deh</i> <ul><li>e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wi<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>london/</span> <i>or</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wi<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>inna<span class="wrap"> </span>london/</span> ('we are in London')</li></ul></li> <li>with true adjectives in Jamaican Patois, no copula is needed <ul><li>e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>haadbak<span class="wrap"> </span>nau/</span> ('I am old now')</li></ul></li></ul> <p>This is akin to Spanish in that both have two distinct forms of the verb "to be" – <i>ser</i> and <i>estar</i> – in which <i>ser</i> is equative and <i>estar</i> is locative. Other languages, such as Portuguese and Italian, make a similar distinction <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also: <a href="/wiki/Romance_copula" title="Romance copula">Romance Copula</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Negation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/no/</span> is used as a present tense negator: <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/if<span class="wrap"> </span>kau<span class="wrap"> </span>no<span class="wrap"> </span>did<span class="wrap"> </span>nua<span class="wrap"> </span>au<span class="wrap"> </span>im<span class="wrap"> </span>tɹuatual<span class="wrap"> </span>tan<span class="wrap"> </span>im<span class="wrap"> </span>udn<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃaans<span class="wrap"> </span>pieɹsiid/</span> ('If the cow knew that his throat wasn't capable of swallowing a pear seed, he wouldn't have swallowed it')<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kiaan/</span> is used in the same way as English <i>can't</i> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/it<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>puaɹ<span class="wrap"> </span>tiŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>dat<span class="wrap"> </span>kiaan<span class="wrap"> </span>maʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ant/</span> ('It is a poor thing that can't mash an ant')<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/neva/</span> is a negative past participle.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒan<span class="wrap"> </span>neva<span class="wrap"> </span>tiif<span class="wrap"> </span>di<span class="wrap"> </span>moni/</span> ('John did not steal the money')</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassidy/JLU_orthography" title="Cassidy/JLU orthography">Cassidy/JLU orthography</a></div> <p>Patois has long been written with various respellings compared to English so that, for example, the word "there" might be written <span class="nowrap">⟨de⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨deh⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨dere⟩</span>, and the word "three" as <span class="nowrap">⟨tree⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨tri⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨trii⟩</span>. Standard English spelling is often used and a nonstandard spelling sometimes becomes widespread even though it is neither phonetic nor standard (e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨pickney⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pikni/</span>, 'child'). </p><p>In 2002, the Jamaican Language Unit was set up at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> at Mona to begin standardizing the language, with the aim of supporting non-English-speaking Jamaicans according to their constitutional guarantees of equal rights, as services of the state are normally provided in English, which a significant portion of the population cannot speak fluently. The vast majority of such persons are speakers of Jamaican Patois. It was argued that failure to provide services of the state in a language in such general use or discriminatory treatment by officers of the state based on the inability of a citizen to use English violates the rights of citizens. The proposal was made that freedom from discrimination on the ground of language be inserted into the Charter of Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They standardized the Jamaican alphabet as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Short vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Patois</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td>sik</td> <td>sick </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>bel</td> <td>bell </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>ban</td> <td>band </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>kot</td> <td>cut </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>kuk</td> <td>cook </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Long vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Patois</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ii</td> <td>tii</td> <td>tea </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa</td> <td>baal</td> <td>ball </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu</td> <td>shuut</td> <td>shoot </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Patois</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ie</td> <td>kiek</td> <td>cake </td></tr> <tr> <td>uo</td> <td>gruo</td> <td>grow </td></tr> <tr> <td>ai</td> <td>bait</td> <td>bite </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou</td> <td>kou</td> <td>cow </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nasal vowels are written with <i>-hn</i>, as in <i>kyaahn</i> (can't) and <i>iihn</i> (isn't it?) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Patois</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>biek</td> <td>bake </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td>daag</td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td>choch</td> <td>church </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td>fuud</td> <td>food </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td>guot</td> <td>goat </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>hen</td> <td>hen </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td>joj</td> <td>judge </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>kait</td> <td>kite </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td>liin</td> <td>lean </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td>man</td> <td>man </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>nais</td> <td>nice </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng</td> <td>sing</td> <td>sing </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>piil</td> <td>peel </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>ron</td> <td>run </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>sik</td> <td>sick </td></tr> <tr> <td>sh</td> <td>shout</td> <td>shout </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>tuu</td> <td>two </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td>vuot</td> <td>vote </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td>wail</td> <td>wild </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td>yong</td> <td>young </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>zuu</td> <td>zoo </td></tr> <tr> <td>zh</td> <td>vorzhan</td> <td>version </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>h</i> is written according to local pronunciation, so that <i>hen</i> (hen) and <i>en</i> (end) are distinguished in writing for speakers of western Jamaican, but not for those of central Jamaican. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_words_in_Jamaican_Patois" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African words in Jamaican Patois">List of African words in Jamaican Patois</a></div> <p>Jamaican Patois contains many <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>, most of which are African in origin, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a> (a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Alexandria_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Alexandria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many loanwords come from English, but some are also borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>, as well as Scottish and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> dialects. </p><p>Examples from African languages include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/se/</span> meaning <i>that</i> (in the sense of "he told me that..." = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im<span class="wrap"> </span>tel<span class="wrap"> </span>mi<span class="wrap"> </span>se/</span>), taken from <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti language">Ashanti</a> <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duppy" title="Duppy">duppy</a> meaning <i>ghost</i>, taken from the Twi word <i>dupon</i> ('cotton tree root'), because of the African belief of malicious spirits originating in the roots of trees (in Jamaica and Ghana, particularly the cotton tree known in both places as "Odom").<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pronoun <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/unu/</span>, used for the plural form of <i>you</i>, is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo language</a>. <i>Red eboe</i> describes a fair-skinned black person because of the reported account of fair skin among the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> in the mid-1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>De</i> meaning <i>to be</i> (at a location) comes from <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Ashanti-Akan, comes the term <i>Obeah</i> which means witchcraft, from the Ashanti Twi word <i>Ɔbayi</i> which also means "witchcraft".<sup id="cite_ref-Library_of_Alexandria_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Alexandria-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words from Hindi include <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">ganja</a></i> (marijuana).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pickney</i> or <i>pickiney</i> meaning child, taken from an earlier form (<i><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">piccaninny</a></i>) was ultimately borrowed from the Portuguese <i>pequenino</i> (the diminutive of <i>pequeno</i>, small) or Spanish <i>pequeño</i> ('small').<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many words referring to popular produce, food items, and <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican cuisine</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Ackee" title="Ackee">ackee</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Callaloo" title="Callaloo">callaloo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Melicoccus_bijugatus" title="Melicoccus bijugatus">guinep</a></i>, <i>bammy</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a></i>, <i>kamranga</i>. </p><p>Jamaican Patois has its own rich variety of <a href="/wiki/Swearwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Swearwords">swearwords</a>. One of the strongest is <i>bloodclaat</i> (along with related forms <i>raasclaat</i>, <i>bomboclaat</i>, <i>pussyclaat</i> and others)—compare with <i><a href="/wiki/Bloody" title="Bloody">bloody</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, which is also considered a profanity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_phrases">Example phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Example phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mi almos lik 'im (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mi<span class="wrap"> </span>aalmuos<span class="wrap"> </span>lik<span class="wrap"> </span>im/</span>) – I almost hit him<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'im kyaant biit mi, 'im jus lucky dat 'im won (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/im<span class="wrap"> </span>caan<span class="wrap"> </span>biit<span class="wrap"> </span>mi,<span class="wrap"> </span>im<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒos<span class="wrap"> </span>loki<span class="wrap"> </span>dat<span class="wrap"> </span>im<span class="wrap"> </span>won/</span>) – He can't beat me, he just got lucky that he won.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Seen <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/siin/</span> – Affirmative particle<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/papiˈʃuo/</span> – Foolish exhibition, a person who makes a foolish exhibition of him or herself, or an exclamation of surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uman/</span> – Woman<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bwoi/</span> – Boy<sup id="cite_ref-Devonish_2004_467_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devonish_2004_467-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rich body of literature has developed in Jamaican Patois. Notable among early authors and works are <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDermot" title="Thomas MacDermot">Thomas MacDermot</a>'s <i>All Jamaica Library</i> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Jamaica" title="Songs of Jamaica">Songs of Jamaica</a></i> (1909), and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Dub_poetry" title="Dub poetry">dub poets</a> <a href="/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson" title="Linton Kwesi Johnson">Linton Kwesi Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikey_Smith" title="Mikey Smith">Mikey Smith</a>. Subsequently, the life-work of <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Bennett">Louise Bennett</a> or Miss Lou (1919–2006) is particularly notable for her use of the rich colorful patois, despite being shunned by traditional literary groups. "The Jamaican Poetry League excluded her from its meetings, and editors failed to include her in anthologies."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, she argued forcefully for the recognition of Jamaican as a full language, with the same pedigree as the dialect from which <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> had sprung: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dah language weh yuh proud a, </p><p>Weh yuh honour an respec – </p><p>Po Mas Charlie, yuh no know se </p><p> Dat it spring from dialec!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Bans a Killin</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>After the 1960s, the status of Jamaican Patois rose as a number of respected linguistic studies were published, by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_G._Cassidy" title="Frederic G. Cassidy">Frederic Cassidy</a> (1961, 1967), Bailey (1966) and others.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, it has gradually become mainstream to codemix or write complete pieces in Jamaican Patois; proponents include <a href="/wiki/Kamau_Brathwaite" title="Kamau Brathwaite">Kamau Brathwaite</a>, who also analyses the position of Creole poetry in his <i>History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry</i> (1984). However, Standard English remains the more prestigious literary medium in <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaican literature</a>. Canadian-Caribbean science-fiction novelist <a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a> often writes in Trinidadian and sometimes Jamaican Patois. <a href="/wiki/Jean_D%27Costa" title="Jean D'Costa">Jean D'Costa</a> penned a series of popular children's novels, including <i><a href="/wiki/Sprat_Morrison" title="Sprat Morrison">Sprat Morrison</a></i> (1972; 1990), <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Last_Man_Peak" title="Escape to Last Man Peak">Escape to Last Man Peak</a></i> (1976), and <i>Voice in the Wind</i> (1978), which draw liberally from Jamaican Patois for dialogue, while presenting narrative prose in Standard English.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marlon_James_(novelist)" title="Marlon James (novelist)">Marlon James</a> employs Patois in his novels including <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Seven_Killings" title="A Brief History of Seven Killings">A Brief History of Seven Killings</a></i> (2014). In his science fiction novel <i>Kaya Abaniah and the Father of the Forest</i> (2015), British-Trinidadian author Wayne Gerard Trotman presents dialogue in <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Trinidadian Creole</a>, Jamaican Patois, and French while employing Standard English for narrative prose. </p><p>Jamaican Patois is also presented in some films and other media, such as for example the character <a href="/wiki/Tia_Dalma" title="Tia Dalma">Tia Dalma</a>'s speech from <i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest">Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest</a></i>, and a few scenes in <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Joe_Black" title="Meet Joe Black">Meet Joe Black</a></i> in which <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a>'s character converses with a Jamaican woman (<a href="/wiki/Lois_Kelly_Miller" title="Lois Kelly Miller">Lois Kelly Miller</a>). In addition, early Jamaican films like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harder_They_Come" title="The Harder They Come">The Harder They Come</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Rockers_(1978_film)" title="Rockers (1978 film)">Rockers</a></i> (1978), and many of the films produced by <a href="/wiki/Palm_Pictures" title="Palm Pictures">Palm Pictures</a> in the mid-1990s (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Dancehall_Queen" title="Dancehall Queen">Dancehall Queen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Cop" title="Third World Cop">Third World Cop</a></i>) have most of their dialogue in Jamaican Patois; some of these films have even been subtitled in English. It was also used in the second season of <i><a href="/wiki/Luke_Cage_(TV_series)" title="Luke Cage (TV series)">Marvel's Luke Cage</a></i> but the accents were described as "awful" by Jamaican Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2011, it was reported that the Bible was being translated into Jamaican Patois. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> has already appeared as <i><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></i>. While the Rev. Courtney Stewart, managing the translation as General Secretary of the West Indies Bible Society, believes this will help elevate the status of Jamaican Patois, others think that such a move would undermine efforts at promoting the use of English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Patois New Testament was launched in Britain (where the Jamaican diaspora is significant) in October 2012 as "<a href="/wiki/Di_Jamiekan_Nyuu_Testiment" title="Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment">Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment</a>", and with print and audio versions in Jamaica in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> A comparison of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a><table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd>...as it occurs in <i>Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Wi Faada we iina evn,</dd> <dd>mek piipl av nof rispek fi yu an yu niem.</dd> <dd>Mek di taim kom wen yu ruul iina evri wie.</dd> <dd>Mek we yu waahn apm pan ort apm,</dd> <dd>jos laik ou a wa yu waahn fi apm iina evn apm</dd> <dd>Tide gi wi di fuud we wi niid.</dd> <dd>Paadn wi fi aal a di rang we wi du,</dd> <dd>siem laik ou wi paadn dem we du wi rang.</dd> <dd>An no mek wi fies notn we wi kaaz wi fi sin,</dd> <dd>bot protek wi fram di wikid wan.</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd>...as it occurs in <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a>:</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Our Father in heaven,</dd> <dd>hallowed be Your name.</dd> <dd>Your kingdom come,</dd> <dd>Your will be done,</dd> <dd>on earth, as it is in heaven.</dd> <dd>Give us this day our daily bread,</dd> <dd>and forgive us our debts,</dd> <dd>as we also have forgiven our debtors.</dd> <dd>And lead us not into temptation,</dd> <dd>but deliver us from evil.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The system of spelling used in <i>Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment</i> is the phonetic Cassidy Writing system adopted by the Jamaica Language Unit of the University of the West Indies, and while most Jamaicans use the informal "Miss Lou" writing system, the Cassidy Writing system is an effort at standardizing Patois in its written form.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/32px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/48px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/64px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jamaica" title="Portal:Jamaica">Jamaica portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" 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languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_language" title="Nation language">Nation language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also transcribed as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʲ]</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment – The Jamaican New Testament</i>, published by: The Bible Society of the West Indies, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChang" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jumieka.com/aatagrafi.html">"Jumieka Languij: Aatagrafi / Jamaican Language: Orthography"</a>. LanguiJumieka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumieka+Languij%3A+Aatagrafi+%2F+Jamaican+Language%3A+Orthography&rft.pub=LanguiJumieka&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jumieka.com%2Faatagrafi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jumieka.com/bout.html">"Jumieka Languij: Bout / Jamaican Language: About"</a>. LanguiJumieka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumieka+Languij%3A+Bout+%2F+Jamaican+Language%3A+About&rft.pub=LanguiJumieka&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jumieka.com%2Fbout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Chang: <i>Biesik Jumiekan. Introduction to Jamaican Language</i>, published by: Gnosophia Publishers, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/jam/">Jamaican Patois</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassidy, F. G. "Multiple etymologies in Jamaican Creole". <i>Am Speech</i>, 1966, 41:211–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake200832-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake200832_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown-Blake2008">Brown-Blake 2008</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeCamp1961">DeCamp (1961</a>:82)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015481-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015481_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVelupillai2015">Velupillai 2015</a>, pp. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake2008?-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown-Blake2008?_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown-Blake2008">Brown-Blake 2008</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica.loopnews.com/content/what-does-it-mean-be-jamaican-cayman-0">"What does it mean to be Jamaican in Cayman? | Loop Jamaica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+it+mean+to+be+Jamaican+in+Cayman%3F+%26%23124%3B+Loop+Jamaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica.loopnews.com%2Fcontent%2Fwhat-does-it-mean-be-jamaican-cayman-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebba, Mark (1993), <i>London Jamaican</i>, London: Longman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/right_page_docums/files/uploads/chapter_10_-_labour_force_and_employment.xlsx">Labor force and employment</a> eso.ky</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinrichs, Lars (2006), <i>Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Creole in E-Mail Communication</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devonish_2004_456-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devonish_2004_456_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devonish_2004_456_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:456)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelupillai2015483_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVelupillai2015">Velupillai 2015</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006</a>:127)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006</a>:126–127)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006</a>:126)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">such as <a href="#CITEREFCassidyLe_Page1980">Cassidy & Le Page (1980</a>:xxxix)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">such as <a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:458)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassidy1971">Cassidy (1971</a>:40)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006</a>:128–129)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarry2006">Harry (2006</a>:128)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRickford1987">Rickford (1987</a>:?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeade2001">Meade (2001</a>:19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1999">Patrick (1999</a>:6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irvinesobers-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irvinesobers_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine-Sobers2018" class="citation book cs1">Irvine-Sobers GA (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/203"><i>The acrolect in Jamaica: The architecture of phonological variation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Studies in Caribbean Languages. Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1306618">10.5281/zenodo.1306618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-114-6"><bdi>978-3-96110-114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acrolect+in+Jamaica%3A+The+architecture+of+phonological+variation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Studies+in+Caribbean+Languages&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1306618&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-114-6&rft.aulast=Irvine-Sobers&rft.aufirst=GA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrvine2004">Irvine (2004</a>:42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeCamp1977">DeCamp (1977</a>:29)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1988">Gibson (1988</a>:199)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMufwene1983">Mufwene (1983</a>:218) cited in <a href="#CITEREFGibson1988">Gibson (1988</a>:200)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinford1985">Winford (1985</a>:589)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1966">Bailey (1966</a>:32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1995">Patrick (1995</a>:244)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick2007">Patrick (2007</a>:?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawton1984">Lawton (1984</a>:126) translates this as "If the cow didn't know that his throat was capable of swallowing a pear seed, he wouldn't have swallowed it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawton1984">Lawton (1984</a>:125)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrvine2004">Irvine (2004</a>:43–44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106034816/https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/about/index.htm">"The Jamaican Language Unit, The University of West Indies at Mona"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/about/index.htm">the original</a> on 2020-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jamaican+Language+Unit%2C+The+University+of+West+Indies+at+Mona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mona.uwi.edu%2Fdllp%2Fjlu%2Fabout%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090037/https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/documents/spelling-jamaican-the-jamaican-way-Handout.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Handout: Spelling Jamaican the Jamaican way"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/documents/spelling-jamaican-the-jamaican-way-Handout.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Handout%3A+Spelling+Jamaican+the+Jamaican+way%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mona.uwi.edu%2Fdllp%2Fjlu%2Fdocuments%2Fspelling-jamaican-the-jamaican-way-Handout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Library_of_Alexandria-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Alexandria_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Library_of_Alexandria_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1932" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joseph J. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eHGXa2YSOrEC"><i>Voodoos and Obeahs:Phrases of West Indian Witchcraft</i></a>. Library of Alexandria. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4655-1695-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4655-1695-6"><bdi>1-4655-1695-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voodoos+and+Obeahs%3APhrases+of+West+Indian+Witchcraft&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=1-4655-1695-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeHGXa2YSOrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1934" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Joseph J. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzzXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Psychic Phenomena of Jamaica</i></a>. The Dial Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4655-1450-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4655-1450-3"><bdi>1-4655-1450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychic+Phenomena+of+Jamaica&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=The+Dial+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=1-4655-1450-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzzXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidyRobert_Brock_Le_Page2002" class="citation book cs1">Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Robert Brock Le Page (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lmFzFgsTZYC&pg=PA168"><i>A Dictionary of Jamaican English</i></a> (2nd ed.). University of the West Indies Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-640-127-6" title="Special:BookSources/976-640-127-6"><bdi>976-640-127-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Jamaican+English&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=976-640-127-6&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Gomes&rft.au=Robert+Brock+Le+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lmFzFgsTZYC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2000" class="citation book cs1">McWhorter, John H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czFufZI4Zx4C&pg=PA77"><i>The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21999-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21999-6"><bdi>0-520-21999-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Spanish+Creoles%3A+Recovering+the+Birth+of+Plantation+Contact+Languages&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-520-21999-6&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczFufZI4Zx4C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ganja planta". <i>Jamaican Patwah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ganja+planta&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Patwah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514224917/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pickney">"pickney"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. May 14, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pickney">the original</a> on May 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=pickney&rft.date=2022-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fpickney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Definitions of "Bloodclaat" (Vulgar)". <i>Jamaican Patwah</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+%22Bloodclaat%22+%28Vulgar%29&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Patwah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1995">Patrick (1995</a>:248)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock1985">Hancock (1985</a>:237)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrick1995">Patrick (1995</a>:253)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHancock1985">Hancock (1985</a>:190)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassidyLe_Page1980">Cassidy & Le Page (1980</a>:lxii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devonish_2004_467-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Devonish_2004_467_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevonishHarry2004">Devonish & Harry (2004</a>:467)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRamazaniEllmannO'Clair2003">Ramazani, Ellmann & O'Clair (2003</a>:15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Donnell" title="Alison Donnell">Alison Donnell</a>, Sarah Lawson Welsh (eds), <i>The Routledge Reader in Caribbean Literature</i>, Routledge, 2003, Introduction, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridget_Jones1994" class="citation book cs1">Bridget Jones (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpXMsxzSZK0C&pg=PA23">"Duppies and other Revenants: with particular reference to the use of the supernatural in Jean D'Costa's work"</a>. In Vera Mihailovich-Dickman (ed.). <i>"Return" in Post-colonial Writing: A Cultural Labyrinth</i>. Rodopi. pp. 23–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9051836481" title="Special:BookSources/9051836481"><bdi>9051836481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Duppies+and+other+Revenants%3A+with+particular+reference+to+the+use+of+the+supernatural+in+Jean+D%27Costa%27s+work&rft.btitle=%22Return%22+in+Post-colonial+Writing%3A+A+Cultural+Labyrinth&rft.pages=23-32&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9051836481&rft.au=Bridget+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpXMsxzSZK0C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomise2018" class="citation web cs1">Domise, Andray (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/8xep35/to-the-producers-of-marvels-luke-cage-enough-with-the-jafaikans">"Luke Cage's Portrayal of Jamaicans was Atrocious"</a>. <i>Vice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Luke+Cage%27s+Portrayal+of+Jamaicans+was+Atrocious&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft.aulast=Domise&rft.aufirst=Andray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_ca%2Farticle%2F8xep35%2Fto-the-producers-of-marvels-luke-cage-enough-with-the-jafaikans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott2011" class="citation news cs1">Pigott, Robert (25 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16285462">"Jamaica's patois Bible: The word of God in creole"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jamaica%27s+patois+Bible%3A+The+word+of+God+in+creole&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft.aulast=Pigott&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16285462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211015936/https://gazette.com/articles/jamaica-148274-testiment-jamaican.html">"Jamaican patois Bible released "Nyuu Testiment"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Colorado Springs Gazette</i>. The Associated Press. 8 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazette.com/articles/jamaica-148274-testiment-jamaican.html">the original</a> on December 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>For patois expert Hubert Devonish, a linguist who is coordinator of the Jamaican Language Unit at the University of the West Indies, the Bible translation is a big step toward getting the state to eventually embrace the creole language created by slaves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=Jamaican+patois+Bible+released+%22Nyuu+Testiment%22&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazette.com%2Farticles%2Fjamaica-148274-testiment-jamaican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblesociety.org.uk/products/9780564020645/">Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment (Jamaican Diglot New Testament with KJV)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211135708/https://www.biblesociety.org.uk/products/9780564020645/">Archived</a> 2020-12-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>British & Foreign Bible Society</i>. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.com/bible/476/mat.6.jnt"><i>Matyu 6 Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment</i></a>. Bible Society of the West Indies. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matyu+6+Di+Jamiekan+Nyuu+Testiment&rft.pub=Bible+Society+of+the+West+Indies&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.com%2Fbible%2F476%2Fmat.6.jnt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+6:9">Matthew 6:9–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester2020" class="citation web cs1">Forrester, Clive (Mar 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliveforrester.com/post/writing-ms-lou-right-language-identity-and-the-official-jamaican-orthography">"Writing Ms. Lou Right: Language, Identity, and the Official Jamaican Orthography"</a>. <i>www.cliveforrester.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cliveforrester.com&rft.atitle=Writing+Ms.+Lou+Right%3A+Language%2C+Identity%2C+and+the+Official+Jamaican+Orthography&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft.aulast=Forrester&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliveforrester.com%2Fpost%2Fwriting-ms-lou-right-language-identity-and-the-official-jamaican-orthography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne1980" class="citation book cs1">Alleyne, Mervyn C. (1980). <i>Comparative Afro-American: An Historical Comparative Study of English-based Afro-American Dialects of the New World</i>. Koroma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Afro-American%3A+An+Historical+Comparative+Study+of+English-based+Afro-American+Dialects+of+the+New+World.&rft.pub=Koroma&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Mervyn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1966" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Beryl L (1966). <i>Jamaican Creole Syntax</i>. 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"The right to linguistic non-discrimination and Creole language situations". <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>. <b>23</b>: 32–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.23.1.03bro">10.1075/jpcl.23.1.03bro</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=The+right+to+linguistic+non-discrimination+and+Creole+language+situations&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=32-74&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.23.1.03bro&rft.aulast=Brown-Blake&rft.aufirst=Celia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy1971" class="citation book cs1">Cassidy, Frederic (1971). <i>Jamaica Talk: Three Hundred Years of English Language in Jamaica</i>. 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(2007), "Jamaican Patwa (English Creole)", <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>, <b>24</b> (1), Battlebridge Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=Jamaican+Patwa+%28English+Creole%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickford1987" class="citation book cs1">Rickford, John R. (1987). <i>Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts, Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dimensions+of+a+Creole+Continuum%3A+History%2C+Texts%2C+Linguistic+Analysis+of+Guyanese&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Rickford&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2015" class="citation cs2">Velupillai, Viveka (2015), <i>Pidgins, Creoles & Mixed Languages</i>, John Benjamins Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027252715" title="Special:BookSources/9789027252715"><bdi>9789027252715</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins%2C+Creoles+%26+Mixed+Languages&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027252715&rft.aulast=Velupillai&rft.aufirst=Viveka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinford1985" class="citation cs2">Winford, Donald (1985), "The Syntax of Fi Complements in Caribbean English Creole", <i>Language</i>, <b>61</b> (3): 588–624, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414387">10.2307/414387</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414387">414387</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Syntax+of+Fi+Complements+in+Caribbean+English+Creole&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=588-624&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Winford&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1991" class="citation book cs1">Adams, L. Emilie (1991). <i>Understanding Jamaican Patois</i>. Kingston: LMH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-610-155-8" title="Special:BookSources/976-610-155-8"><bdi>976-610-155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jamaican+Patois&rft.place=Kingston&rft.pub=LMH&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=976-610-155-8&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=L.+Emilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2014" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Larry (2014). <i>Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language</i>. Washington, DC: Chuu Wod. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9773391-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9773391-8-1"><bdi>978-0-9773391-8-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biesik+Jumiekan%3A+Introduction+to+Jamaican+Language&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Chuu+Wod&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9773391-8-1&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJamaican+Patois" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="jam:"> Jamaican Creole English edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jamaican_patois_phrasebook#Q35939" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Jamaican patois phrasebook">Jamaican patois</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/index.htm">The Jamaican Language Unit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227011938/http://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/index.htm">Archived</a> 2020-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaicanpatwah.com/">Jamaican Patois Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130535.pdf">Jamaican Creole Language Course for Peace Corps Volunteers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niceup.com/patois.html">Jammin Reggae Archives Patois Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://growingupjamaican.com/jamaican-patois-mini-dictionary/">Sample Jamaican Patois Translations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jumieka.com">Jumieka Langwij</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Caribbean" title="Commonwealth Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Creole" title="Bahamian Creole">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_Creole" title="Bajan Creole">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole" title="Belizean Creole">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_Toro_Creole" title="Bocas del Toro Creole">Bocas del Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_English" title="Grenadian Creole English">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Creole" title="Guyanese Creole">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonese_Creole" title="Limonese Creole">Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Coast_Creole" title="Miskito Coast Creole">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Creole" title="Montserrat Creole">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Cay_Creole" title="Rama Cay Creole">Rama Cay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Roatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_Creole" title="Saint Kitts Creole">Saint Kitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Creole" title="Vincentian Creole">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobagonian_Creole" title="Tobagonian Creole">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Creole" title="Trinidadian Creole">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Creole" title="Turks and Caicos Creole">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Creole" title="Virgin Islands Creole">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35939#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4261727-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&oldid=1259844782">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamaican_Patois&oldid=1259844782</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jamaican_Patois" title="Category:Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Culture of Jamaica">Culture of Jamaica</a></li><li><a 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