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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" 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mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分类</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分类-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分类子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-以生物种类分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以生物种类分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>以生物种类分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以生物种类分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以寄生环境分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以寄生环境分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>以寄生环境分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以寄生环境分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以寄生方式分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以寄生方式分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>以寄生方式分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以寄生方式分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以生活习性分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以生活习性分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>以生活习性分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以生活习性分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以寄主分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以寄主分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>以寄主分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以寄主分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以时间长短分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以时间长短分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>以时间长短分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以时间长短分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">寄生</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。92种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84" title="تطفل – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B7" title="تبرزيط – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تبرزيط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismu" title="Parasitismu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parasitismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizm" title="Parazitizm – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parazitizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="انگل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انگل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Паразітызм – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паразітызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Паразытызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паразытызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Паразитизъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паразитизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="পরজীবিতা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরজীবিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizam" title="Parazitizam – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parazitizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مشەخۆری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مشەخۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitismus" title="Parazitismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parazitismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfilyn" title="Arfilyn – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arfilyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismus" title="Parasitismus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parasitismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παρασιτισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρασιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parasitism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitismo" title="Parazitismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parazitismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo" title="Parasitismo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parasitismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parasitism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo" title="Parasitismo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parasitismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="انگل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loisinta" title="Loisinta – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Loisinta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiit" title="Parasiit – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Parasiit" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faoighiche" title="Faoighiche – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Faoighiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo" title="Parasitismo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parasitismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="טפילות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טפילות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="परजीविता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परजीविता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizam" title="Parazitizam – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parazitizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitis" title="Parazitis – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Parazitis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C5%91sk%C3%B6d%C5%91" title="Élősködő – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élősködő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մակաբուծություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մակաբուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo" title="Parasitismo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Parasitismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraziteso" title="Paraziteso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paraziteso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%ADkjul%C3%ADf" title="Sníkjulíf – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sníkjulíf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parassitismo" title="Parassitismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parassitismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="寄生" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პარაზიტიზმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარაზიტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijjen%E1%B9%ADedt" title="Tijjenṭedt – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tijjenṭedt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Паразитизм – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паразитизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಪರಜೀವಿಕೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಜೀವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%83%9D_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="기생 (생물학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기생 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvil" title="Arvil – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arvil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мителер – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мителер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismus" title="Parasitismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parasitismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizmas" title="Parazitizmas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parazitizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraz%C4%ABtisms" title="Parazītisms – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parazītisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsentsitra" title="Katsentsitra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Katsentsitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паразитизам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паразитизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="പരാദം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Шимэгчлэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шимэгчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="परजीवीपणा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="परजीवीपणा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasittisme" title="Parasittisme – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parasittisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasittisme" title="Parasittisme – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parasittisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Parasitisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxxantuu" title="Maxxantuu – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maxxantuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80" title="ପରଜୀବୀ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରଜୀବୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਰਜੀਵੀਪੁਣਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਜੀਵੀਪੁਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso%C5%BCytnictwo" title="Pasożytnictwo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasożytnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پرازيتيزم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرازيتيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo" title="Parasitismo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parasitismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atam" title="Atam – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Atam" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitism" title="Parazitism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parazitism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Паразитизм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паразитизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Паразиттар – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Паразиттар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مفت خور – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مفت خور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parasitism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizmus" title="Parazitizmus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parazitizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajedavstvo" title="Zajedavstvo – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zajedavstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisvetasimba" title="Chisvetasimba – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisvetasimba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizmi" title="Parazitizmi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parazitizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паразитизам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паразитизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parasitism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimelea" title="Kimelea – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kimelea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஒட்டுண்ணி வாழ்வு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டுண்ணி வாழ்வு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="పరాన్నజీవనం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరాన్నజీవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%84%D1%82%D1%85%D3%AF%D1%80" title="Муфтхӯр – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муфтхӯр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ปรสิต – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรสิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismo" title="Parasitismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parasitismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitlik" title="Parazitlik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parazitlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Паразитизм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паразитизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="طفیلیت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طفیلیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazitizm" title="Parazitizm – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parazitizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BD_sinh" title="Ký sinh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ký sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="寄生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პარაზიტი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პარაზიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寄生" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于吳克羣的專輯，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F_(%E5%B0%88%E8%BC%AF)" title="寄生 (專輯)">寄生 (專輯)</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimex_lectularius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimex_lectularius.jpg/220px-Cimex_lectularius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimex_lectularius.jpg/330px-Cimex_lectularius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cimex_lectularius.jpg/440px-Cimex_lectularius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8A%E8%9F%B2" title="床蟲">床虫</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人類</a>身上的吸血蟲</figcaption></figure> <p><b>寄生</b>（英語：<span lang="en">parasitism</span>）是指一种生物生于另一种生物的体内或体表，并从后者摄取养分以维持生活的现象。前者称<b>寄生物</b>（英語：<span lang="en">parasite</span>），后者称<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a>（英語：<span lang="en">Host</span>）。若一個寄生物的宿主同樣是寄生其他生物的寄生物，此種關係則特稱為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超寄生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hyperparasite"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超寄生（页面不存在）">超寄生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparasite" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperparasite"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hyperparasite</span></a></span>）</span></span>。寄生物會在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="寄主">寄主</a>体内或附著於體表以获取维持其生存、发育或者繁殖所需的营养或者庇护。除此之外，还有一种叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="拟寄生物">拟寄生物</a>（Parasitoidism）的种间关系，多见于昆虫，寄生物的母体利用寄主体内作为卵孵化的场所，吸取寄主营养。这种寄生方式会导致寄主死亡，其关系类似于捕食关系。以<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E9%97%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="种间关系">种间关系</a>来看，寄生是发生关系的双方中弱小的一方得益，占優勢的一方受损的关系。寄生物所包括的生物种类繁多，一般都為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="无脊椎动物">无脊椎动物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>，植物中也具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="寄生植物">寄生植物</a>。 </p><p>寄生行為與<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="片利共生">片利共生</a>（英語：Commensalism）不同，在定義上必須特別注意「獲利」和「被害」的關係。<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="片利共生">片利共生</a>為單方面的獲利，但宿主本身不得利益也不受害，例如；<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%A3%E9%AD%9A" title="鮣魚">鮣魚</a>游泳能力不好，因此頭部演化出類似吸盤的構造方便附著在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%8A%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鯊魚">鯊魚</a>等身上行動，對被附著的動物卻完全無害。在寄生的關係是種族性的、血統性的，並非個體性的，因此如果一個生物體由於被感染，造成身體變得較為強壯的狀況，卻失去<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖">生殖</a>能力（例如被<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E8%9F%B2%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="扁蟲動物">扁蟲</a>寄生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇">蛇</a>類）在演化的觀點上這種生物體是被傷害的，也因此稱做被<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="寄主">寄主</a>或寄生物。 </p><p>許多內寄生物尋找宿主是透過被動的方式達成，例如人類<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小腸">小腸</a>內一種叫作<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%94%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="蛔蟲">蛔蟲</a>（<i><a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a></i>）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB" title="寄生虫">寄生虫</a>，牠從宿主的消化道排出到外在環境，必須仰賴其他人，因為衛生不良而不慎攝入。另一方面，外寄生物在這方面大多有更好的方式找尋宿主上身，例如一些水生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="蛭">蛭</a>，在附著上宿主之前會先感應移動狀況，並且透過散發的體溫和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>訊息來確認目標物。 </p><p>寄生物的宿主通常也演化出良好的防禦機制：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>會製造毒素來殘害寄生<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>，當然對草食性動物也有害；<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫</a>系統可以透過體液對多數的寄生物攻擊。許多寄生物，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>，為此更演化出可以適應特定宿主物種的能力，在這樣特定的互動中，這兩種生物會共同演化出相對穩定的關係，這種狀況下，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a>就不會太快或是根本不會被殺死，因為在演化上宿主的對抗也會對寄生物造成威脅，但是別忘了有一種寄生物是會殺死宿主的，那就是先前提到過的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="拟寄生物">擬寄生物</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%9C%82%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="寄生蜂下目">寄生蜂</a>）。 </p><p>有時候寄生物的研究可以幫忙解決<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a>上的問題，例如過去<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="生物学家">生物學家</a>對於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E9%B9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="红鹤">紅鶴</a>究竟和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="鴨">鴨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="雁">雁</a>類還是跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9B%E9%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="鸛鳥">鸛鳥</a>類血緣關係較為親近，在過去一直有很多的爭議，但是由於發現紅鶴和鴨、雁類有共同的寄生物，目前一般傾向認為這兩者的血緣關係比鸛鳥類更親近。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以生物种类分类"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E7.A7.8D.E7.B1.BB.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>以生物种类分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：以生物种类分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>：因为<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>生存和结构的特殊性，基本上所有<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>都应属于营<b>寄生</b>生活，常见的比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%98%A4%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="人类乳头瘤病毒">人类乳头瘤病毒</a>（HPV）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89%E8%8A%B1%E5%8F%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="烟草花叶病毒">烟草花叶病毒</a>等等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>：营<b>寄生</b>生活的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>也很普遍，比如营内寄生（endoparasitic）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>（<i>E. coli</i>）和营外寄生的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表皮葡萄球菌（页面不存在）">表皮葡萄球菌</a>（<i>Staphylococcus epidermis</i>）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>：营<b>寄生</b>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>不算少数，比如专门吸取<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="寄主">寄主</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>水分、自我<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%B2%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="槲寄生">槲寄生</a>（Mistletoe）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%9F%E4%B8%9D%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="菟丝子">菟丝子</a>（<i>Cuscuta sp.</i>）等植物沒有葉綠體，透過直接寄生其他植物取得養分。有些植物以寄生<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>的方式取得養分，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F" title="菌異營">菌異營</a>植物。</li> <li>动物： <ul><li>原生生物：此类寄生生物也很广泛，比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E5%8E%9F%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="疟原虫">疟原虫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E6%B0%8F%E8%B4%BE%E7%AC%AC%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%99%AB" title="兰氏贾第鞭毛虫">贾干弟鞭毛虫</a>（<i>Giardia lamblia</i> ）。</li> <li>无脊椎动物：此类寄生虫从数量和种类上都是最多的，甚至许多门的无脊椎动物是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%80%A7%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="專性寄生物">专性营寄生的</a>。常见的如营内寄生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="扁形动物">扁形动物</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E8%82%89%E7%BB%A6%E8%99%AB" title="猪肉绦虫">猪肉绦虫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E8%82%9D%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="中华肝吸虫">中华肝吸虫</a>，和营外寄生<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E8%82%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="节肢动物">节肢动物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E8%99%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阴虱">阴虱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E8%99%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="头虱">头虱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E8%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="库蚊">库蚊</a>（Culex）。</li> <li>脊椎动物：此类寄生生物很罕见。寄生於海參的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="隱魚">隱魚</a>(Pearlfish)是<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎动物</a>中已知的内寄生动物。<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/fish/pearlfish-sea-cucumber">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230629080456/https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/fish/pearlfish-sea-cucumber">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> 寄生虫（病）学所说的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB" title="寄生虫">寄生虫</a>，是不包括病毒、细菌、真菌，仅包括属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="动物界">动物界</a>包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="原生动物">原生动物</a>的各种营寄生的无脊椎物种，共包括7个<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">门</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以寄生环境分类"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E5.AF.84.E7.94.9F.E7.8E.AF.E5.A2.83.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>以寄生环境分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：以寄生环境分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>体内寄生生物（endoparasite），一切寄生在寄主体内的寄生生物。例如寄生在人类消化道、肺、肝、血液管道，甚至是在脑组织、骨、淋巴、眼球。<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鉤蟲">鉤蟲</a>寄生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E9%81%93" title="消化道">消化道</a>，属于内寄生。</li> <li>体外寄生生物（ectoparasite），一切寄生在寄主体外的寄生生物，例如在人类纺织物和皮肤之间寄生，人的皮肤底下、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="鼻孔">鼻孔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E8%8C%8E" title="阴茎">阴茎</a>等腔道；在禽类、畜类体表被毛下也可以寄生。<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%8A%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蚊子">蚊子</a>和造成<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%99%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="足癬">足癬</a>（俗稱：香港腳）的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%B4%E8%8F%8C" title="黴菌">黴菌</a>、吸取其他植物養分的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%9F%E7%B5%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="菟絲子">菟絲子</a>，都属于外寄生。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以寄生方式分类"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E5.AF.84.E7.94.9F.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>以寄生方式分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：以寄生方式分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="拟寄生物">擬寄生物</a>，寄生物會殺死宿主。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8A%E5%8F%96%E6%80%A7%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="竊取性寄生（页面不存在）">竊取性寄生</a>，寄生物偷取宿主所捕捉的或是準備好的食物。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以生活习性分类"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E4.B9.A0.E6.80.A7.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>以生活习性分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：以生活习性分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>兼性寄生（facultative parasite），可以自由生活，但如有机会侵入宿主体内也可以寄生生活。本质上这些是自由生活的动物，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="阿米巴">阿米巴</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%AA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9C%86%E7%BA%BF%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粪类圆线虫（页面不存在）">粪类圆线虫</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%80%A7%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="專性寄生物">专性寄生</a>（obligatory parasite），生活史中有一个阶段或整个生活史期过寄生生活的。人体常见寄生物基本属于此类，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%94%E8%99%AB" title="蛔虫">蛔虫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鉤蟲">钩虫</a>等。</li> <li>机会致病寄生物（opportunistic parasite），在宿主免疫功能正常时在宿主体内处于隐形感染状态；当宿主免疫功能受累时，出现异常繁殖、致病能力增强的寄生物。如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%BC%93%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刚地弓形虫（页面不存在）">刚地弓形虫</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%B0%8F%E8%82%BA%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡氏肺孢子虫（页面不存在）">卡氏肺孢子虫</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E5%B0%8F%E9%9A%90%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微小隐孢子虫（页面不存在）">微小隐孢子虫</a>。常见于<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病">艾滋病</a>病患的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%A7%E5%8F%91%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="继发感染（页面不存在）">继发感染</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以寄主分类"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E5.AF.84.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>以寄主分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：以寄主分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>植物（Phytoparasitism）</li> <li>动物（Zooparasitism）</li> <li>微生物（Microbivoire）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%88%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="终宿主（页面不存在）">终宿主</a>（definitive host），成虫或有性生殖阶段所寄生的宿主。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="中間宿主">中间宿主</a>（intermediate host），幼虫或无性生殖阶段所寄生的宿主。如需两个以上中间宿主，则依顺序称第一、第二中间宿主等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%93%84%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="储蓄宿主">储蓄宿主</a>（存储宿主、保虫宿主；reservoir host），既可以寄生于人也可以寄生于脊椎动物，寄生于脊椎动物的在一定条件下可传给人的寄生物。</li> <li>转续宿主（paratenic host、transport host），有些寄生物幼虫侵入非适宜宿主，不能继续发育，但可长期处于幼虫状态，在有机会进入适宜宿主体内，便可发育为成虫。这类非适宜宿主成为转续宿主。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以时间长短分类"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E6.97.B6.E9.97.B4.E9.95.BF.E7.9F.AD.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>以时间长短分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：以时间长短分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>长期寄生物（permanent parasite），成虫必须过寄生生活者，如蛔虫。</li> <li>偶然寄生物（accidental parasite），因偶然机会侵入非正常宿主体内寄生的寄生物。如人体外伤后未得到及时救治，伤者又不能自理，伤口中有蝇蛆寄生。</li> <li>暂时性寄生物（temporary parasite），只在取食时侵袭宿主，取食后即离去。如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%8A%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蚊子">蚊子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E8%9A%A4" title="跳蚤">跳蚤</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="寄生植物">寄生植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="协同进化">协同进化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="社會寄生">社會寄生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A2%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="巢寄生">巢寄生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="共生">共生</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="互利共生">互利共生</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="清除共生">清除共生</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">National museum of natural history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/fish/pearlfish-sea-cucumber">Pearlfish from a Sea Cucumber</a>. Smithsonian. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-06-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629080456/https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/fish/pearlfish-sea-cucumber">存档</a>于2023-06-29） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&rft.au=National+museum+of+natural+history&rft.btitle=Pearlfish+from+a+Sea+Cucumber&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focean.si.edu%2Focean-life%2Ffish%2Fpearlfish-sea-cucumber&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="Template:生物相互作用"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:生物相互作用（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物相互作用"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生态系统生物间相互作用" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>生物间相互作用</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="竞争 (生物学)">竞争</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81" title="動物交流">動物交流</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="群体感应">群体感应</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物的欺骗手法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deception in animals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%AC%BA%E9%AA%97%E6%89%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物的欺骗手法（页面不存在）">动物的欺骗手法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception_in_animals" class="extiw" title="en:Deception in animals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deception in animals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="寄居动物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inquiline"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E5%B1%85%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寄居动物（页面不存在）">寄居动物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiline" class="extiw" title="en:Inquiline"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inquiline</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%80%81" title="拟态">拟态</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="neutralism" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Neutralisme (écologie)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutralism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutralism（页面不存在）">neutralism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralisme_(%C3%A9cologie)" class="extiw" title="fr:Neutralisme (écologie)"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Neutralisme (écologie)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E9%97%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="种间关系">种间关系</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈">食物鏈</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宿主-病原體界面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Host–pathogen interaction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB-%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E9%AB%94%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宿主-病原體界面（页面不存在）">宿主-病原體界面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%E2%80%93pathogen_interaction" class="extiw" title="en:Host–pathogen interaction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Host–pathogen interaction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动植物间相互作用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plant–animal interaction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E9%97%B4%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动植物间相互作用（页面不存在）">动植物间相互作用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%E2%80%93animal_interaction" class="extiw" title="en:Plant–animal interaction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plant–animal interaction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">寄生</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E5%8F%98%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB" title="改变行为的寄生虫">改变行为的寄生虫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A2%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="巢寄生">巢寄生</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宿主-寄生虫共进化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Host–parasite coevolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB-%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%85%B1%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宿主-寄生虫共进化（页面不存在）">宿主-寄生虫共进化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%E2%80%93parasite_coevolution" class="extiw" title="en:Host–parasite coevolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Host–parasite coevolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超寄生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hyperparasite"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超寄生（页面不存在）">超寄生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparasite" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperparasite"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hyperparasite</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%9C%E9%A3%9F%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="盜食寄生">盜食寄生</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="寄生去勢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parasitic castration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E5%8E%BB%E5%8B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寄生去勢（页面不存在）">寄生去勢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_castration" class="extiw" title="en:Parasitic castration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parasitic castration</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="拟寄生物">拟寄生物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内部捕食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intraguild predation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内部捕食（页面不存在）">内部捕食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraguild_predation" class="extiw" title="en:Intraguild predation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intraguild predation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="共生">共生</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%AE%B3%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="片害共生">片害共生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="偏利共生">偏利共生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="互利共生">互利共生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%99%A4%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="清除共生">清除共生</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食">捕食</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%89%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="食肉动物">食肉动物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:生态系统;zh-tw:生態系;zh-hk:生態系統&#125;-模型" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Template:模型化生态系统"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Template talk:模型化生态系统"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:模型化生态系统"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:生态系统;zh-tw:生態系;zh-hk:生態系統&#125;-模型" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>模型</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="营养組成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%9A" title="營養級">营养</a>組成</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">总论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="非生物因子">非生物因子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非生物压力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abiotic stress"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非生物压力（页面不存在）">非生物压力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_stress" class="extiw" title="en:Abiotic stress"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abiotic stress</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="行为生态学">行为生态学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="生物地球化学循环">生物地球化学循环</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%87%8F" title="生物量">生物量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="生物因子">生物因子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物压力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biotic stress"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物压力（页面不存在）">生物压力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_stress" class="extiw" title="en:Biotic stress"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biotic stress</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%89%BF%E8%BD%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="环境承载力">环境承载力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="竞争 (生物学)">竞争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态系统生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态系统生态学（页面不存在）">生态系统生态学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態系統模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態系統模型（页面不存在）">生態系統模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E7%A7%8D" title="关键种">关键物种</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="摄食行为列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of feeding behaviours"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E9%A3%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摄食行为列表（页面不存在）">摄食行为列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" class="extiw" title="en:List of feeding behaviours"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of feeding behaviours</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学代谢学说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metabolic theory of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学代谢学说（页面不存在）">生态学代谢学说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Metabolic theory of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metabolic theory of ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B" title="生态生产力">生态生产力</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodWeb_zh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/FoodWeb_zh.jpg/140px-FoodWeb_zh.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/FoodWeb_zh.jpg/210px-FoodWeb_zh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/FoodWeb_zh.jpg/280px-FoodWeb_zh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">生产者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">自养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化能合成">化能合成</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="化能生物">化能生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基础物种" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foundation species"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基础物种（页面不存在）">基础物种</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_species" class="extiw" title="en:Foundation species"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foundation species</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="混合营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mixotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="混合營養生物">混合营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Mixotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mixotroph</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F" title="菌異營">菌異營</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菌根营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mycotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%8C%E6%A0%B9%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菌根营养生物（页面不存在）">菌根营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Mycotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mycotroph</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有机营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Organotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机营养生物（页面不存在）">有机营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Organotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Organotroph</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光能异养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Photoheterotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E8%83%BD%E5%BC%82%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光能异养生物（页面不存在）">光能异养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoheterotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Photoheterotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Photoheterotroph</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光合效率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Photosynthetic efficiency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光合效率（页面不存在）">光合效率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency" class="extiw" title="en:Photosynthetic efficiency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Photosynthetic efficiency</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="光养生物">光养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">基本營養類型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="初级生产">初级生产</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%85_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="消费者 (生物)">消费者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%8E%A0%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" title="顶级掠食者">顶级掠食者</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食细菌生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bacterivore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食细菌生物（页面不存在）">食细菌生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterivore" class="extiw" title="en:Bacterivore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bacterivore</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="肉食性動物">食肉动物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">化能有机营养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%85%E9%A3%9F" title="觅食">觅食</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%8D%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%8D" title="泛化种与特化种">泛化种与特化种</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="集团内捕食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intraguild predation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%85%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集团内捕食（页面不存在）">集团内捕食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraguild_predation" class="extiw" title="en:Intraguild predation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intraguild predation</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="植食性动物">食草动物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="異營生物">異營生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="异养营养" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heterotrophic nutrition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E5%85%BB%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异养营养（页面不存在）">异养营养</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrophic_nutrition" class="extiw" title="en:Heterotrophic nutrition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heterotrophic nutrition</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="食虫动物">食蟲動物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中间捕食者释放假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mesopredator release hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中间捕食者释放假说（页面不存在）">中间捕食者释放假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopredator_release_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Mesopredator release hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mesopredator release hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="雜食性動物">雜食動物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最优觅食理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Optimal foraging theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E8%A7%85%E9%A3%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最优觅食理论（页面不存在）">最优觅食理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_foraging_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Optimal foraging theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Optimal foraging theory</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食">捕食</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="猎物转换" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prey switching"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="猎物转换（页面不存在）">猎物转换</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey_switching" class="extiw" title="en:Prey switching"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prey switching</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E8%80%85" title="分解者">分解者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">化能有机营养生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="分解作用">分解作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E7%94%9F%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="腐生营养">腐生营养</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有機碎屑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Detritus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有機碎屑（页面不存在）">有機碎屑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus" class="extiw" title="en:Detritus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Detritus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9#生境与生态学" title="微生物">微生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93" title="噬菌体">噬菌体</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物生態學">微生物生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="岩石自养生物">岩石自养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无机营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lithotrophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无机营养生物（页面不存在）">无机营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotrophy" class="extiw" title="en:Lithotrophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lithotrophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物合作" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial cooperation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物合作（页面不存在）">微生物合作</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial cooperation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial cooperation</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微食物网" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial food web"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微食物网（页面不存在）">微食物网</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_food_web" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial food web"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial food web</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物智能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial intelligence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物智能（页面不存在）">微生物智能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial intelligence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial intelligence</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微食物环" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial loop"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%8E%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微食物环（页面不存在）">微食物环</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_loop" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial loop"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial loop</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B8%AD" title="微生物席">微生物席</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物代谢（页面不存在）">微生物代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="噬菌体生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phage ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噬菌体生态学（页面不存在）">噬菌体生态学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Phage ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phage ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="食物網">食物網</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="生物放大作用">生物放大作用</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="生態效率">生態效率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%A1%94" title="生態塔">生態塔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態能量流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy flow (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態能量流（页面不存在）">能量流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Energy flow (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy flow (ecology)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈">食物鏈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%9A" title="營養級">營養級</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">食物網例子</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B3%89" title="冷泉">冷泉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%89#生物" title="海底熱泉">海底熱泉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潮間帶生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intertidal ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%AE%E9%96%93%E5%B8%B6%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潮間帶生態學（页面不存在）">潮間帶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Intertidal ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intertidal ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%97%BB%E6%9E%97#生態" title="海藻林">海藻林</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湖泊生態系統（页面不存在）">湖泊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北太平洋副熱帶環流（页面不存在）">北太平洋副熱帶環流</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流生態系統（页面不存在）">河流</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舊金山河口生態系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舊金山河口生態系統（页面不存在）">舊金山河口生態系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" class="extiw" title="en:Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土壤食物網" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil food web"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤食物網（页面不存在）">土壤食物網</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_food_web" class="extiw" title="en:Soil food web"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil food web</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%BD%AE%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="海潮水坑">海潮水坑</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">過程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascendency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascendency（页面不存在）">Ascendency</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D" title="生物累積">生物累積</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E6%9E%81%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="顶极群落">顶极群落</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E6%8E%92%E9%99%A4%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="竞争排除原则">竞争排除原则</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer-resource_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumer-resource systems（页面不存在）">Consumer-resource systems</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copiotroph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copiotroph（页面不存在）">Copiotroph</a>s<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態網絡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態網絡（页面不存在）">生態網絡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_network" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological network</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF" title="演替">演替</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="能質">能質</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能量系統語言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy Systems Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能量系統語言（页面不存在）">能量系統語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Systems_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Energy Systems Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy Systems Language</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=F-ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-ratio（页面不存在）">f-ratio</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="飼料轉化率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feed conversion ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%BC%E6%96%99%E8%BD%89%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飼料轉化率（页面不存在）">飼料轉化率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Feed conversion ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feed conversion ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疯狂捕食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feeding frenzy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AF%E7%8B%82%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疯狂捕食（页面不存在）">疯狂捕食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" class="extiw" title="en:Feeding frenzy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feeding frenzy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesotrophic_soil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesotrophic soil（页面不存在）">Mesotrophic soil</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="養分循環" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nutrient cycle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A4%8A%E5%88%86%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="養分循環（页面不存在）">養分循環</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" class="extiw" title="en:Nutrient cycle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nutrient cycle</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligotroph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligotroph（页面不存在）">Oligotroph</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E6%B8%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="浮游生物悖論">浮游生物悖論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="营养级联" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trophic cascade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%BA%A7%E8%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="营养级联（页面不存在）">营养级联</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_cascade" class="extiw" title="en:Trophic cascade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trophic cascade</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="营养互利共生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trophic mutualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="营养互利共生（页面不存在）">营养互利共生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_mutualism" class="extiw" title="en:Trophic mutualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trophic mutualism</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="营养状态指数" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trophic state index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="营养状态指数（页面不存在）">营养状态指数</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index" class="extiw" title="en:Trophic state index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trophic state index</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">防衞/對抗</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="動物色彩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Animal coloration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動物色彩（页面不存在）">動物色彩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration" class="extiw" title="en:Animal coloration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Animal coloration</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" title="反捕食者适应">反捕食者適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E8%A3%9D" class="mw-disambig" title="偽裝">偽裝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物对食草动物的防御" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plant defense against herbivory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AF%B9%E9%A3%9F%E8%8D%89%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物对食草动物的防御（页面不存在）">植物对食草动物的防御</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" class="extiw" title="en:Plant defense against herbivory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plant defense against herbivory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%80%81" title="拟态">拟态</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoaling_and_schooling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoaling and schooling（页面不存在）">Predator avoidance in schooling fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="其他組成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">其他組成</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="种群生态学">种群生態學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%A6" title="多度">多度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="阿利效应">阿利效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="逆補償作用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Depensation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%86%E8%A3%9C%E5%84%9F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逆補償作用（页面不存在）">逆補償作用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depensation" class="extiw" title="en:Depensation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Depensation</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態收益" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological yield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%94%B6%E7%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態收益（页面不存在）">生態收益</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_yield" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological yield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological yield</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F" title="有效種群大小">有效種群大小</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%85%A7%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD" title="種內競爭">種內競爭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9B%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="逻辑斯谛函数">逻辑斯谛函数</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="馬爾薩斯模型">馬爾薩斯模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最大持續產量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximum sustainable yield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E7%94%A2%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大持續產量（页面不存在）">最大持續產量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" class="extiw" title="en:Maximum sustainable yield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximum sustainable yield</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="野生動物個體數過剩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Overpopulation in wild animals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%95%B8%E9%81%8E%E5%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野生動物個體數過剩（页面不存在）">野生動物個體數過剩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation_in_wild_animals" class="extiw" title="en:Overpopulation in wild animals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Overpopulation in wild animals</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="過度開發">過度開發</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群週期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population cycle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群週期（页面不存在）">種群週期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_cycle" class="extiw" title="en:Population cycle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population cycle</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群動態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population dynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群動態（页面不存在）">種群動態</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Population dynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population dynamics</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群模型（页面不存在）">種群模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_model" class="extiw" title="en:Population model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population model</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群大小" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population size"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群大小（页面不存在）">種群大小</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_size" class="extiw" title="en:Population size"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population size</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="生態穩定性">生態穩定性</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A2%E5%BE%A9%E5%8A%9B%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="恢復力穩定性">恢復力穩定性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E5%8A%9B%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="抵抗力穩定性">抵抗力穩定性</a>）</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg/140px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg/210px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg/280px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">物種</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%B6%E7%BA%A6" title="密度制约">密度制約</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種多樣性的生態學影響" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological effects of biodiversity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種多樣性的生態學影響（页面不存在）">物種多樣性的生態學影響</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological effects of biodiversity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological effects of biodiversity</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態滅絕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological extinction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態滅絕（页面不存在）">生態滅絕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_extinction" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological extinction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological extinction</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%A8%AE" title="特有種">特有種</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E8%88%B0%E7%A7%8D" title="旗舰种">旗艦種</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梯度分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gradient analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梯度分析（页面不存在）">梯度分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Gradient analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gradient analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="生物指標">生物指標</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="外來種">外來種</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="入侵物种">入侵物种</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種多樣性與緯度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種多樣性與緯度（页面不存在）">物種多樣性與緯度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" class="extiw" title="en:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latitudinal gradients in species diversity</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%AF%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="最小可存活种群">最小可存活种群</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中性理論">中性理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群生存力分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population viability analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群生存力分析（页面不存在）">種群生存力分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_viability_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Population viability analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population viability analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="优先效应">優先效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉波波特法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rapoport's rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉波波特法則（页面不存在）">拉波波特法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapoport%27s_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Rapoport's rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rapoport's rule</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="物种多样性">物种多样性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种同质性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Species homogeneity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种同质性（页面不存在）">物种同质性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_homogeneity" class="extiw" title="en:Species homogeneity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Species homogeneity</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="物种多样性">物種豐富度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="物种分布">物种分布</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="物種面積曲線">物種面積曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9E%E6%8A%A4%E7%A7%8D" title="伞护种">傘護種</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">種間關係</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抗生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antibiosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗生（页面不存在）">抗生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiosis" class="extiw" title="en:Antibiosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antibiosis</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E9%96%93%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="種間關係">種間關係</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="偏利共生">偏利共生</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="群落">群落</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89" title="种间竞争">种间竞争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="互利共生">互利共生</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="存儲效應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Storage effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%84%B2%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="存儲效應（页面不存在）">存儲效應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Storage effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Storage effect</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%AE%B3%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="片害共生">偏害共生</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空間生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spatial ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空間生態學（页面不存在）">空間生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Spatial ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spatial ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-boundary_subsidy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-boundary subsidy（页面不存在）">Cross-boundary subsidy</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态梯度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cline (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态梯度（页面不存在）">生态梯度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cline (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cline (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E5%B8%A6" title="生态过渡带">生态过渡带</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%9E%8B" title="生态型">生态型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0_(%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6)" title="干扰 (生态学)">干扰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="边缘效应">邊緣效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" title="福斯特法则">福斯特法則</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%B4%E7%A2%8E%E5%8C%96" title="生境破碎化">生境破碎化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理想自由分佈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ideal free distribution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理想自由分佈（页面不存在）">理想自由分佈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_free_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Ideal free distribution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ideal free distribution</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="中度干扰假说">中度干扰假说</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="岛屿生物地理学">岛屿生物地理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%99%AF%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="地景流行病學">景观流行病學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地景湖沼學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Landscape limnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%99%AF%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地景湖沼學（页面不存在）">景观湖沼學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_limnology" class="extiw" title="en:Landscape limnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Landscape limnology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="集合种群">集合种群</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斑块动态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patch dynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%91%E5%9D%97%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斑块动态（页面不存在）">斑块动态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Patch dynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patch dynamics</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/R/K%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="R/K选择理论">r/K選擇理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90-%E6%B1%87%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81" title="源-汇动态">源-汇动态</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D" title="生态位">生态位</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D" title="生态位">生态位</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1" title="生态陷阱">生态陷阱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態系統工程師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem engineer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態系統工程師（页面不存在）">生態系統工程師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem engineer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem engineer</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种分布建模" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental niche modelling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种分布建模（页面不存在）">物种分布建模</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_niche_modelling" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental niche modelling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental niche modelling</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共位群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guild (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E4%BD%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共位群（页面不存在）">共位群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Guild (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guild (ecology)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="棲息地">動物棲地</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋動物棲地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine habitats"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%A3%B2%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋動物棲地（页面不存在）">海洋動物棲地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="extiw" title="en:Marine habitats"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine habitats</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="極限相似性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Limiting similarity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="極限相似性（页面不存在）">極限相似性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_similarity" class="extiw" title="en:Limiting similarity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Limiting similarity</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态位分配模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche apportionment models"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态位分配模型（页面不存在）">生态位分配模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_apportionment_models" class="extiw" title="en:Niche apportionment models"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche apportionment models</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態棲位構建" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche construction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A3%B2%E4%BD%8D%E6%A7%8B%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態棲位構建（页面不存在）">生態棲位構建</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_construction" class="extiw" title="en:Niche construction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche construction</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態棲位分化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche differentiation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A3%B2%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態棲位分化（页面不存在）">生態棲位分化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="extiw" title="en:Niche differentiation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche differentiation</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非攝食網路" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-trophic networks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%9D%E9%A3%9F%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非攝食網路（页面不存在）">非攝食網絡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-trophic_networks" class="extiw" title="en:Non-trophic networks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-trophic networks</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="组配规则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Assembly rules"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%84%E9%85%8D%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="组配规则（页面不存在）">组配规则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_rules" class="extiw" title="en:Assembly rules"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Assembly rules</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="贝特曼原理">貝特曼原理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89" title="生物发光">生物發光</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態崩潰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological collapse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B4%A9%E6%BD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態崩潰（页面不存在）">生態崩潰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological collapse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological collapse</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態負債" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological debt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B2%A0%E5%82%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態負債（页面不存在）">生態負債</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_debt" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological debt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological debt</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B5%A4%E5%AD%97" title="生態赤字">生態赤字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態能量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological energetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態能量學（页面不存在）">生態能量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_energetics" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological energetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological energetics</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態指示生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological indicator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態指示生物（页面不存在）">生態指示生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_indicator" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological indicator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological indicator</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%98%88%E5%80%BC" title="生态阈值">生态阈值</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="生态多样性">生態系統多樣性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0" title="涌现">涌现</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E5%82%B5%E5%8B%99" title="滅絕債務">滅絕債務</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="克莱伯定律">克萊伯定律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%94%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="李比希最低量定律">李比希最低量定律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨界值法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marginal value theorem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E5%80%BC%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨界值法則（页面不存在）">臨界值法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem" class="extiw" title="en:Marginal value theorem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marginal value theorem</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托森法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thorson's rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E6%A3%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托森法則（页面不存在）">托森法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Thorson's rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thorson's rule</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旱生演替系列" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xerosere"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旱生演替系列（页面不存在）">旱生演替系列</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerosere" class="extiw" title="en:Xerosere"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xerosere</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E9%80%9F%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF" title="异速生长">异速生长</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多稳态 (生态学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alternative stable state"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81_(%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多稳态 (生态学)（页面不存在）">多稳态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_stable_state" class="extiw" title="en:Alternative stable state"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alternative stable state</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="生态平衡">生態平衡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物資訊視覺化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biological data visualization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物資訊視覺化（页面不存在）">生物信息可视化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" class="extiw" title="en:Biological data visualization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biological data visualization</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="構造理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructal law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="構造理論（页面不存在）">構造理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructal_law" class="extiw" title="en:Constructal law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructal law</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漸變群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cline (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%B8%E8%AE%8A%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漸變群（页面不存在）">漸變群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cline (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cline (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="生態經濟學">生態經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="生態足跡">生態足跡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態預測" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological forecasting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%A0%90%E6%B8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態預測（页面不存在）">生態預測</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_forecasting" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological forecasting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological forecasting</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態人文學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological humanities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態人文學（页面不存在）">生態人文學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_humanities" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological humanities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological humanities</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态化学计量学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological stoichiometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态化学计量学（页面不存在）">生态化学计量学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_stoichiometry" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological stoichiometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological stoichiometry</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态通道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecopath"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态通道（页面不存在）">生态通道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopath" class="extiw" title="en:Ecopath"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecopath</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem_based_fisheries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecosystem based fisheries（页面不存在）">Ecosystem based fisheries</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="髓石" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endolith"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%93%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="髓石（页面不存在）">髓石</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolith" class="extiw" title="en:Endolith"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endolith</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="演化生態學">演化生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="功能生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functional ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能生態學（页面不存在）">功能生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Functional ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functional ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工業生態學">工業生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宏觀生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Macroecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%80%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宏觀生態學（页面不存在）">宏生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroecology" class="extiw" title="en:Macroecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Macroecology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生態系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microecosystem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生態系統（页面不存在）">微生態系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microecosystem" class="extiw" title="en:Microecosystem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microecosystem</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="自然環境">自然環境</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系統生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系統生態學（页面不存在）">系統生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論生態學">理論生態學</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="傳染病与微生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="Template:传染病"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="Template talk:传染病"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:传染病"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="傳染病与微生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">傳染病</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术领域<br />(<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93" title="病原体">病原体</a>)<br />主要传染疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="病原细菌">病原细菌</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82" title="霍亂">霍亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%96%89" title="白喉">白喉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%A3%8E%E7%97%85" title="麻风病">麻风病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" title="鼠疫">鼠疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%AF%92" title="梅毒">梅毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E4%BC%A4%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="破伤风">破伤风</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85" title="结核病">结核病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92" title="伤寒">伤寒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E9%AB%94" title="朊毒體">朊毒體</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85" title="2019冠状病毒病">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="乙型肝炎">乙型肝炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒">流行性感冒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9" title="麻疹">麻疹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E" title="脊髓灰質炎">脊髓灰質炎</a>（小儿麻痺）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1" title="天花">天花</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E6%80%A7%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E7%8B%80%E8%85%A6%E7%97%85" title="傳染性海綿狀腦病">傳染性海綿狀腦病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85" title="真菌病">真菌病</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%97%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="致病真菌">致病真菌</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B4%E9%BB%B4%E5%B1%AC#麴黴症" title="麴黴屬">麴菌症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%87" title="念珠菌症">念珠菌症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85" title="皮癬菌病">皮癬菌病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%B0%B7%E7%83%AD" title="山谷热">山谷热</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%99%AB%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93" title="原虫传染">原生動物</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%95%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="蠕虫病">寄生蠕虫</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B7%B4%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿米巴症">阿米巴症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%87" title="鉤蟲症">鉤蟲症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE" title="疟疾">疟疾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="血吸虫病">血吸虫病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%A8%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="医用昆虫学">医用昆虫学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="外寄生物感染">外寄生物</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蝨子">蝨子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%99%E8%9A%8C%E5%B1%AC" title="糙蚌屬">糙蚌屬</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%9E%97" title="埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林">贝林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="保罗·埃尔利希">埃尔利希</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明">弗莱明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E7%B4%8D" title="愛德華·詹納">詹納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫">科赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·李斯特，第一代李斯特男爵">李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE" title="弗羅倫斯·南丁格爾">南丁格尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德">巴斯德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="乔纳斯·索尔克">索尔克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">斯诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D%E8%8C%B2%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E9%BA%A5%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF" title="伊格納茲·塞麥爾維斯">塞麦尔维斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%B4%E4%B8%89%E9%83%8E" title="北里柴三郎">北里柴三郎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关议题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>医疗措施</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%8D%AF" title="抗细菌药">抗细菌药</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="抗病毒药物">抗病毒药物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E6%8A%97%E7%82%8E%E8%8D%AF" title="非甾体抗炎药">非甾体抗炎药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5%E6%80%A7" title="抗生素抗藥性">抗生素抗藥性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a></b>与<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="传播途径">传播途径</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染源" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="感染源"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染源（页面不存在）">感染源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90" class="extiw" title="ja:感染源"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">感染源</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B" title="指示病例">指示病例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="醫療照顧相關感染">醫療照顧相關感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="自然宿主">自然宿主</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食血昆虫传染" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Трансмиссивные болезни"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E8%A1%80%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食血昆虫传染（页面不存在）">食血昆虫传染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Трансмиссивные болезни"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Трансмиссивные болезни</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="传播模式" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Infektionsweg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="传播模式（页面不存在）">传播模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infektionsweg" class="extiw" title="de:Infektionsweg"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Infektionsweg</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水平感染" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Horizontal transmission"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水平感染（页面不存在）">水平感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_transmission" class="extiw" title="en:Horizontal transmission"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Horizontal transmission</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="垂直感染" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vertically transmitted infection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="垂直感染（页面不存在）">垂直感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" class="extiw" title="en:Vertically transmitted infection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vertically transmitted infection</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%95%B0" title="基本传染数">基本传染数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E8%80%85" title="超級傳播者">超級傳播者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E4%BC%8F%E6%9C%9F" title="潜伏期">潜伏期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%BD%9C%E4%BC%8F%E6%9C%9F" title="病毒潜伏期">病毒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="亞臨床感染">亞臨床感染</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%97%87%E7%8A%B6" title="无症状">无症状</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="机会性感染">机会性感染</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E6%84%9F%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="易感个体">易感个体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="突破性感染">突破性感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8D%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="二重感染">二重感染</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二次感染" data-lang-code="pl" data-lang-name="波兰语" data-foreign-title="Infekcja wtórna"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二次感染（页面不存在）">二次感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infekcja_wt%C3%B3rna" class="extiw" title="pl:Infekcja wtórna"><span lang="pl" dir="auto">Infekcja wtórna</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infection control"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染控制（页面不存在）">感染控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection control"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infection control</span></a></span>）</span></span>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="非藥物干預">非藥物干預</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="檢疫">檢疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2_(%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82)" title="隔離 (醫療)">隔離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8%E8%80%85%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="接觸者追蹤">接觸者追蹤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%AF%A9%E6%AA%A2" title="疾病篩檢">筛查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90" title="控制传染源">控制传染源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="群体免疫">群体免疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定傳染病">法定傳染病</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="新興傳染病">新興傳染病</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%95%9C%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="人畜共通傳染病">人畜共通傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%A2%E5%87%BA" title="病原溢出">病原溢出</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="跨物種感染">跨物種感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="新兴病毒">新兴病毒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F%E8%BD%89%E8%AE%8A" title="抗原轉變">抗原轉變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="抗原漂變">抗原漂變</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="X疾病">X疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82%E6%A0%AA" title="变异株">变异株</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新兴传染病研究与发现的历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Discovery of disease-causing pathogens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新兴传染病研究与发现的历史（页面不存在）">新兴传染病研究与发现的历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens" class="extiw" title="en:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Discovery of disease-causing pathogens</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="消灭传染病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eradication of infectious diseases"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%BB%85%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="消滅傳染病">消灭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" class="extiw" title="en:Eradication of infectious diseases"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eradication of infectious diseases</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="傳染病學">傳染病學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="傳染病歷史">傳染病歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="氣候變化與傳染病">氣候變化與傳染病</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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