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<li id="toc-Mixed_intercropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_intercropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mixed intercropping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_intercropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Row_crops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Row_crops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Row crops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Row_crops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Temporal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Relay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Potential benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Potential_benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Potential benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Potential_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resource_partitioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_partitioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Resource partitioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_partitioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mutualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intercropping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زراعة بينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة بينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associaci%C3%B3_de_conreus" title="Associació de conreus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Associació de conreus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischkultur" title="Mischkultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mischkultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segaviljelus" title="Segaviljelus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Segaviljelus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85" title="کشت درهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشت درهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_associ%C3%A9e" title="Culture associée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture associée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%93%EA%B8%B0" title="사이짓기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이짓기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ենթացանքային մշակաբույսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթացանքային մշակաբույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="अंतरासस्यन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरासस्यन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%8D_ihe_%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%A5" title="Ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpang_sari" title="Tumpang sari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumpang sari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociazione" title="Consociazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consociazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇടവിളക്കൃഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇടവിളക്കൃഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman_selingan" title="Tanaman selingan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanaman selingan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Interplantação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interplantação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Уплотнённые посевы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уплотнённые посевы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Intercropping" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4liviljely" title="Väliviljely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väliviljely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="ஊடுபயிர் முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊடுபயிர் முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamincyi" title="Yamincyi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yamincyi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Суміщення культур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суміщення культур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q853859#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/375px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, 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title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">On land</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrivoltaic">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)"><i>Colonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Steam sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> 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</span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Intercropping</b> is a multiple cropping practice that involves the cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously on the same field, a form of <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polyculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common goal of intercropping is to produce a greater yield on a given piece of land by making use of resources or ecological processes that would otherwise not be utilized by a single crop. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree of spatial and temporal overlap in the two crops can vary somewhat, but both requirements must be met for a cropping system to be an intercrop. Numerous types of intercropping, all of which vary the temporal and spatial mixture to some degree, have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Annual_intercrops_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_intercrops-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_intercropping">Mixed intercropping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mixed intercropping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mixed intercropping consists of multiple crops freely mixed in the available space. In the 21st century, it remains a common practice in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and a few other places. Freely mixed intercropping has been practiced for thousands of years. In medieval England, farmers mixed oat and barley, which they called dredge, or dredge corn, to make livestock feed. French peasants similarly ground wheat and rye together to make <i>pain de méteil</i>, or bread of mixed grains. Ease of harvesting and buyer preferences led later farmers to plant single-species fields instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarlach_2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarlach_2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Row_crops">Row crops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Row crops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></div> <p>A row crop is a crop that can be planted in rows wide enough to allow it to be tilled or otherwise cultivated by agricultural machinery, machinery tailored for the seasonal activities of row crops. Such crops are sown by drilling or transplanting rather than broadcasting. They are often grown in market gardening (truck farming) contexts or in kitchen gardens. Growing row crops first started in Ancient China in the 6th century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporal">Temporal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Temporal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Temporal intercropping uses the practice of sowing a fast-growing crop with a slow-growing crop, so that the fast-growing crop is harvested before the slow-growing crop starts to mature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relay">Relay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further temporal separation is found in relay cropping, where the second crop is sown during the growth, often near the onset of reproductive development or <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruiting</a>, of the first crop, so that the first crop is harvested to make room for the full development of the second. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a> is a related practice but is not a form of intercropping, as the different crops are grown in separate growing seasons rather than in a single season. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_benefits">Potential benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Potential benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_partitioning">Resource partitioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resource partitioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Resource_partitioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource partitioning">Resource partitioning</a></div> <p>Careful planning is required, taking into account the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, crops, and <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>. It is particularly important not to have crops competing with each other for physical space, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. Examples of intercropping strategies are planting a deep-<a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">rooted</a> crop with a shallow-rooted crop, or planting a tall crop with a shorter crop that requires partial shade. <a href="/wiki/Inga_alley_cropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Inga alley cropping">Inga alley cropping</a> has been proposed as an alternative to the ecological destruction of <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn farming">slash-and-burn farming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elkan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When crops are carefully selected, other agronomic benefits are also achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutualism">Mutualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planting two crops in close proximity can especially be beneficial when the two plants interact in a way that increases one or both of the plant's <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> (and therefore yield). For example, plants that are prone to tip over in wind or heavy rain (lodging-prone plants), may be given structural support by their companion crop.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parthenocissus" title="Parthenocissus">Climbing plants</a> such as black pepper can also benefit from structural support. Some plants are used to suppress weeds or provide nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Pleasant_2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Pleasant_2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delicate or light-sensitive plants may be given shade or protection, or otherwise wasted space can be utilized. An example is the tropical multi-tier system where <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> occupies the upper tier, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> the middle tier, and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, or leguminous <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">medicinal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic plants">aromatic plants</a> occupy the lowest tier. </p><p>Intercropping of compatible plants can also encourage <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, McDaniel et al. 2014 and Lori et al. 2017 finding a legume intercrop to increase <a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">soil diversity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Saleem-et-al-2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saleem-et-al-2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by providing a habitat for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">soil organisms</a> that would not be present in a single-crop environment. These organisms may provide crops valuable nutrients, such as through <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-postgate_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postgate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_management">Pest management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pest management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></div> <p>There are several ways in which increasing crop diversity may help improve pest management. For example, such practices may limit outbreaks of crop <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> by increasing predator biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-AltieriNicholls2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AltieriNicholls2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, reducing the homogeneity of the crop can potentially increase the barriers against <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">biological dispersal</a> of pest organisms through the crop. </p><p>There are several ways pests, typically herbivorous insects, can be controlled through intercropping: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trap_crop" title="Trap crop">Trap cropping</a>,</b> this involves planting a crop nearby that is more attractive for pests compared to the production crop, the pests will target this crop and not the production crop.</li> <li><b>Repellant intercrops,</b> an intercrop that has a repellent effect to certain pests can be used. This system involved the repellant crop masking the smell of the production crop in order to keep pests away from it.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_agricultural_pest_management" title="Push–pull agricultural pest management">Push-pull cropping</a></b>, this is a mixture of trap cropping and repellant intercropping. An attractant crop attracts the pest and a repellant crop is also used to repel the pest away.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitations">Limitations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intercropping to reduce pest damage in agriculture, has been deployed with varying success. For example, while many trap crops have successfully diverted pests off of focal crops in small-scale greenhouse, garden and field experiments,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only a small portion of these plants have been shown to reduce pest damage at larger commercial scales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, increasing crop diversity through intercropping does not necessarily increase the presence of the predators of crop pests. In a systematic review of the literature, in 2008, in the studies examined, predators of pests tended to increase under crop diversification strategies in only 53 percent of studies, and crop diversification only led to increased yield in only 32% of the studies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common explanation for reported trap cropping failures, is that attractive trap plants only protect nearby plants if the insects do not move back into the main crop. In a review of 100 trap cropping examples in 2006, only 10 trap crops were classified as successful at a commercial scale,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in all successful cases, trap cropping was supplemented with management practices that specifically limited insect dispersal from the trap crop back into the main crop.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee,_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department"><img alt="Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee%2C_Colombia.jpg/271px-Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee%2C_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee%2C_Colombia.jpg/407px-Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee%2C_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee%2C_Colombia.jpg/542px-Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee%2C_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili pepper</a> intercropped with <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>'s southwestern <a href="/wiki/Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping[22] in India"><img alt="Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping[22] in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/271px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/406px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg/541px-Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagetes_erecta" title="Tagetes erecta">Mexican marigold</a>, a multilayer cropping<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden"><img alt="Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg/270px-Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg/405px-Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg/540px-Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4934" data-file-height="3290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mixed intercropping of <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brastad" title="Brastad">Brastad</a>, Sweden</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food-feed_system" title="Food-feed system">Food-feed system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters (agriculture)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHatcherMelander2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hatcher, P E; Melander, B (19 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00352.x">"Combining physical, cultural and biological methods: prospects for integrated non-chemical weed management strategies"</a>. <i>Weed Research</i>. <b>43</b> (5): 303–322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003WeedR..43..303H">2003WeedR..43..303H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3180.2003.00352.x">10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00352.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1737">0043-1737</a>.</cite><span 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781560229230" title="Special:BookSources/9781560229230"><bdi>9781560229230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Pest+Management+in+Agroecosystems%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781560229230&rft.au=Miguel+Angel+Altieri&rft.au=Clara+Ines+Nicholls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQI0PCnnbI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercropping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.uvm.edu/foodsystemsblog/2014/01/09/controlling-pests-with-plants-the-power-of-intercropping/">"Controlling Pests with Plants: The power of intercropping"</a>. <i>UVM Food Feed</i>. 9 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UVM+Food+Feed&rft.atitle=Controlling+Pests+with+Plants%3A+The+power+of+intercropping&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.uvm.edu%2Ffoodsystemsblog%2F2014%2F01%2F09%2Fcontrolling-pests-with-plants-the-power-of-intercropping%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercropping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheltonBadenes-Perez2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shelton, A.M.; Badenes-Perez, F.R. (6 December 2005). "Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 285–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.51.110104.150959">10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170">0066-4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16332213">16332213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Concepts+and+applications+of+trap+cropping+in+pest+management&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=285-308&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft.issn=0066-4170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16332213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.51.110104.150959&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft.au=Badenes-Perez%2C+F.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercropping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldenEllnerLeeNyrop2012" class="citation journal cs1">Holden, Matthew H.; Ellner, Stephen P.; Lee, Doo-Hyung; Nyrop, Jan P.; Sanderson, John P. (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2012.02137.x">"Designing an effective trap cropping strategy: the effects of attraction, retention and plant spatial distribution"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Ecology</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 715–722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JApEc..49..715H">2012JApEc..49..715H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2012.02137.x">10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02137.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2664">1365-2664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Ecology&rft.atitle=Designing+an+effective+trap+cropping+strategy%3A+the+effects+of+attraction%2C+retention+and+plant+spatial+distribution&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=715-722&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.issn=1365-2664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2012.02137.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JApEc..49..715H&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Matthew+H.&rft.au=Ellner%2C+Stephen+P.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Doo-Hyung&rft.au=Nyrop%2C+Jan+P.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2664.2012.02137.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercropping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovedaGómezMartínez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Poveda, Katja; Gómez, María Isabel; Martínez, Eliana (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25100%2Fsocolen.v34i2.9269">"Diversification practices: their effect on pest regulation and production"</a>. <i>Revista Colombiana de Entomología</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 131–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25100%2Fsocolen.v34i2.9269">10.25100/socolen.v34i2.9269</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55888993">55888993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Colombiana+de+Entomolog%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Diversification+practices%3A+their+effect+on+pest+regulation+and+production&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-144&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25100%2Fsocolen.v34i2.9269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55888993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Poveda&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Isabel&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Eliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.25100%252Fsocolen.v34i2.9269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntercropping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X3996E/x3996e37.htm#P1_33"><i>Improving nutrition through home gardening</i></a>, Home Garden Technology Leaflet 13: Multilayer cropping, <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>, 2001</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intercropping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607193058/http://king.wsu.edu/foodandfarms/documents/Intercropping.pdf">Intercropping</a> at Washington State University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Permaculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Permaculture" title="Template:Permaculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Permaculture" title="Template talk:Permaculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Permaculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Permaculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Permaculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosynthesis" title="Ecosynthesis">Ecosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistic_gardening" title="Synergistic gardening">Synergistic gardening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassed_waterway" title="Grassed waterway">Grassed waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzer_Permaculture" title="Holzer Permaculture">Holzer Permaculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised-bed gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_mulching" title="Sheet mulching">Sheet mulching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_Waru" title="Waru Waru">Waru Waru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkewall" title="Folkewall">Folkewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_mold" title="Leaf mold">Leaf mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_mushroom_compost" title="Spent mushroom compost">Spent mushroom compost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters (agriculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree bog">Tree bog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculture_organizations" title="Category:Permaculture organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Food_Forest" title="Beacon Food Forest">Beacon Food Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture_Association" title="Permaculture Association">Permaculture Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture_Action_Network" title="Permaculture Action Network">Permaculture Action Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture_College_Australia" title="Permaculture College Australia">Permaculture College Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">Plants for a Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College_Organic_Farm" title="Pomona College Organic Farm">Pomona College Organic Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculturalists" title="Category:Permaculturalists">Permaculturalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_in_permaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="People in permaculture">People in permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Bill Mollison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Lancaster" title="Brad Lancaster">Brad Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blume" title="David Blume">David Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmgren" title="David Holmgren">David Holmgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lawton" title="Geoff Lawton">Geoff Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ianto_Evans" title="Ianto Evans">Ianto Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Whitefield" title="Patrick Whitefield">Patrick Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stamets" title="Paul Stamets">Paul Stamets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheaton" title="Paul Wheaton">Paul Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Francis" title="Robyn Francis">Robyn Francis</a></li> <li><a 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