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<li id="toc-Traditional_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Traditional methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Industrial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Well-known_shoemakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Well-known_shoemakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Well-known shoemakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Well-known_shoemakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoe_store" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoe_store"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shoe store</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoe_store-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shoemaking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صناعة الأحذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صناعة الأحذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Обущарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обущарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuvnictv%C3%AD" title="Obuvnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obuvnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crydd" title="Crydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_del_calzado" title="Industria del calzado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria del calzado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کفاشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کفاشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%99%94" title="제화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A5_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կաշվե կոշիկի արդյունաբերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաշվե կոշիկի արդյունաբերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="जूता निर्माण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जूता निर्माण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obu%C4%87arstvo" title="Obućarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obućarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_calzaturiera" title="Industria calzaturiera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Industria calzaturiera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಾದರಕ್ಷೆ ತಯಾರಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾದರಕ್ಷೆ ತಯಾರಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%96" title="Етікші – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Етікші" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uundaji_wa_viatu" title="Uundaji wa viatu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uundaji wa viatu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsiuvyst%C4%97" title="Batsiuvystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Batsiuvystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="बूट निर्मिती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बूट निर्मिती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E9%9D%B4" title="製靴 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="製靴" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szewstwo" title="Szewstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szewstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Обувная промышленность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обувная промышленность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papu%C3%A7xhi" title="Papuçxhi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Papuçxhi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shoemaking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuvn%C3%ADctvo" title="Obuvníctvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obuvníctvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Обућарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обућарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obu%C4%87arstvo" title="Obućarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obućarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayakkab%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Ayakkabıcılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayakkabıcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Чоботарство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чоботарство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="جوتا سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوتا سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B3ng_gi%E1%BA%A7y" title="Đóng giầy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đóng giầy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E9%9E%8B" title="補鞋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="補鞋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Process of making footwear</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shoemaker" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shoemaker (disambiguation)">Shoemaker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cobbling" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tinkering" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinkering">tinkering</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schuhmacher-1568.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schuhmacher-1568.png/220px-Schuhmacher-1568.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schuhmacher-1568.png/330px-Schuhmacher-1568.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schuhmacher-1568.png/440px-Schuhmacher-1568.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcut</a> of shoemakers from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, 1568.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_(%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_%28%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22%29.jpg/220px-10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_%28%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_%28%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22%29.jpg/330px-10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_%28%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_%28%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22%29.jpg/440px-10_peintures_annamites_repr%C3%A9sentant_les_m%C3%A9tiers_au_Tonkin_%28%22La_cordonni%C3%A8re%22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Two shoemakers in Vietnam in 1923.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shoemaking</b> is the process of making <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>. </p><p>Originally, <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a> were made one at a time by hand, often by groups of shoemakers, or <i><a href="/wiki/Cordwainer" title="Cordwainer">cordwainers</a></i> (sometimes misidentified as cobblers, who repair shoes rather than make them<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). In the 18th century, dozens or even hundreds<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of masters, journeymen, and apprentices (both men and women) would work together in a shop, dividing the work into individual tasks. A customer could come into a shop, be individually measured, and return to pick up their new shoes in as little as a day.<sup id="cite_ref-Grubbs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grubbs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everyone needed shoes, and the median price for a pair was about one day’s wages for an average journeyman.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shoemaking trade flourished in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries but began to be affected by industrialization in the later nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Grubbs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grubbs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> shoemaking has now been largely superseded in <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">volume</a> of shoes produced by industrial <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of footwear, but not necessarily in <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a>, attention to detail, or <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmanship</a>. Today, most shoes are made on a volume basis, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pair of <a href="/wiki/Bespoke_shoes" title="Bespoke shoes">bespoke shoes</a>, made in 2020 according to traditional practices, can be sold for thousands of US dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shoemakers may produce a range of footwear items, including <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandal_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandal (footwear)">sandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Clogs">clogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moccasin_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moccasin (footwear)">moccasins</a>. Such items are generally made of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> or other plant material, and often consist of multiple parts for better durability of the <a href="/wiki/Sole_(shoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sole (shoe)">sole</a>, stitched to a leather upper part. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Trades</a> that engage in shoemaking have included the cordwainer's and cobbler's trades. The term <i>cobbler</i> was originally used pejoratively to indicate that someone did not know their craft; in the 18th century, it became a term for those who repaired shoes but did not know enough to make them.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathew_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_methods">Traditional methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capri_-_7224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Capri_-_7224.jpg/300px-Capri_-_7224.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Capri_-_7224.jpg/450px-Capri_-_7224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Capri_-_7224.jpg/600px-Capri_-_7224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cordwainer" title="Cordwainer">cordwainer</a> making shoes, in <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg/220px-Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg/330px-Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg/440px-Roadside_cobblers._Rekong_Peo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Roadside cobblers, <a href="/wiki/Rekong_Peo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rekong Peo">Rekong Peo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Cobbler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lady_Cobbler.jpg/220px-Lady_Cobbler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lady_Cobbler.jpg/330px-Lady_Cobbler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lady_Cobbler.jpg/440px-Lady_Cobbler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Roadside Lady Cobbler, in front of Kalighat Metro station gate, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>For most of history, shoemaking has been a handicraft, limited to time-consuming manufacturing by hand. Traditional shoemakers used more than 15 different techniques for making shoes, including pegged construction, English <a href="/wiki/Welt_(shoe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welt (shoe)">welted</a> (machine-made versions are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Goodyear_welt" title="Goodyear welt">Goodyear welted</a>" after the inventor of the technique), goyser welted, Norwegian, stitch down, turnout, German sewn, moccasin, bolognese stitched, and blake-stitched. </p><p>The most basic foot protection, used since ancient times in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean area</a>, was the sandal, which consisted of a protective sole, held to the foot with leather thongs or cords of various materials. Similar footwear worn in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> was made from plaited grass or <a href="/wiki/Palm_frond" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm frond">palm fronds</a>. In climates that required a full foot covering, a single piece of untanned hide was laced with a thong, providing full protection for the foot and so made a complete covering.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia1902-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of <a href="/wiki/Clog" title="Clog">clogs</a> (wooden shoes) was widespread in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>. They were made from a single piece of wood roughly cut into shoe form. A variant of this form was a wooden sole to which a leather upper was attached. The sole and heel were made from one piece of <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sorbus" title="Sorbus">ash</a> two-inches thick, and a little longer and broader than the desired size of shoe. The outer side of the sole and heel was fashioned with a long <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisel</a>-edged implement, called the clogger's knife or stock; while a second implement, called the groover, made a groove around the side of the sole. With the use of a 'hollower', the inner sole's contours were adapted to the shape of the foot. The leather uppers were then fitted closely to the groove around the sole. Clogs were of great advantage to workers in muddy and damp conditions, keeping the feet dry and comfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia1902-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_shoemaking_shop,_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Early_shoemaking_shop%2C_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG/260px-Early_shoemaking_shop%2C_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Early_shoemaking_shop%2C_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG/390px-Early_shoemaking_shop%2C_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Early_shoemaking_shop%2C_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG/520px-Early_shoemaking_shop%2C_Maine_State_Museum_IMG_2020.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Early shoemaking shop on exhibit at <a href="/wiki/Maine_State_Museum" title="Maine State Museum">Maine State Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1600s, leather shoes came in two main types. 'Turn shoes' consisted of one thin flexible sole, which was sewed to the upper while outside in and turned over when completed. This type was used for making <a href="/wiki/Slippers" class="mw-redirect" title="Slippers">slippers</a> and similar shoes. The second type united the upper with an insole, which was subsequently attached to an out-sole with a raised heel. This was the main variety, and was used for most footwear, including standard shoes and <a href="/wiki/Riding_boot" title="Riding boot">riding boots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia1902-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm/220px--Making_moccasins.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="176" data-durationhint="94" data-mwtitle="Making_moccasins.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Making_moccasins.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm/Making_moccasins.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="600" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm/Making_moccasins.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="180" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm/Making_moccasins.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="300" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm/Making_moccasins.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Making_moccasins.webm/Making_moccasins.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="450" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Romanian traditional shoemaking of opanak shoes, a type of moccasins</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional shoemaker would measure the feet and cut out upper leathers according to the required size. These parts were fitted and stitched together. The sole was next assembled, consisting of a pair of inner soles of soft leather, a pair of outer soles of firmer texture, a pair of welts or bands about one inch broad, of flexible leather, and lifts and top-pieces for the heels. The insole was then attached to a <a href="/wiki/Last" title="Last">last</a> made of wood, which was used to form the shoe. Some lasts were straight, while curved lasts came in pairs: one for left shoes, the other for right shoes. The 'lasting' procedure then secured the leather upper to the sole with <a href="/wiki/Nail_(fastener)" title="Nail (fastener)">tacks</a>. The soles were then hammered into shape; the heel lifts were then attached with wooden pegs and the worn out-sole was nailed down to the lifts. The finishing operation included paring, rasping, scraping, smoothing, blacking, and burnishing the edges of soles and heels, scraping, sand-papering, and burnishing the soles, withdrawing the lasts, and cleaning out any pegs which may have pierced through the inner sole.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia1902-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other types of ancient and traditionally made shoes included furs wrapped around feet, and sandals wrapped over them (used by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> fighting in northern Europe), and <a href="/wiki/Moccasin_(footwear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moccasin (footwear)">moccasins</a>—simple shoes without the durability of joined shoes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of shoemakers is <a href="/wiki/Crispin_and_Crispinian" title="Crispin and Crispinian">Saint Crispin</a>. </p><p>The most common materials used to make shoes are leather, textiles (cotton, polyester, wool, and nylon), synthetics, rubber, and foam (open and closed cell foam). Leather is flexible and elastic but very sturdy and strong which makes it the top choice for shoe making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_era">Industrial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoemaker_1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Shoemaker_1821.jpg/169px-Shoemaker_1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Shoemaker_1821.jpg/253px-Shoemaker_1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Shoemaker_1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A shoemaker in the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>, from <i>The Book of English Trades</i>, 1821.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shoemaking became more commercialized in the mid-18th century, as it expanded as a <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">cottage industry</a>, typically organized around a central manufactory and subcontracted laborers organized into a <a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">putting-out system</a>. Large warehouses began to stock footwear in <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a>, made by many small manufacturers from the area. </p><p>Until the 19th century, shoemaking was a traditional handicraft, but by the century's end, the process had been almost completely mechanized, with production occurring in large factories. Despite the obvious economic gains of <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>, the factory system produced shoes without the individual differentiation that the traditional shoemaker was able to provide. </p><p>The first steps towards mechanisation were taken during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> by the engineer, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Brunel" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Brunel">Marc Brunel</a>. He developed machinery for the mass-production of boots for the soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. In 1812 he devised a scheme for making nailed-boot-making machinery that automatically fastened soles to uppers by means of metallic pins or nails.<sup id="cite_ref-Napol_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York</a>, the shoes were manufactured, and, due to their strength, cheapness, and durability, were introduced for the use of the army. In the same year, the use of screws and staples was patented by Richard Woodman. Brunel's system was described by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Phillips">Sir Richard Phillips</a> as a visitor to his factory in <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a> as follows: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottoming_room.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bottoming_room.jpeg/250px-Bottoming_room.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bottoming_room.jpeg/375px-Bottoming_room.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bottoming_room.jpeg/500px-Bottoming_room.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>By the late 19th century, the shoemaking industry had migrated to the factory and was increasingly mechanized. Pictured, the bottoming room of the B. F. Spinney & Co. factory in <a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn, Massachusetts</a>, 1872.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>"In another building I was shown his manufactory of shoes, which, like the other, is full of ingenuity, and, in regard to subdivision of labour, brings this fabric on a level with the oft-admired manufactory of pins. Every step in it is effected by the most elegant and precise machinery; while, as each operation is performed by one hand, so each shoe passes through twenty-five hands, who complete from the hide, as supplied by the currier, a hundred pairs of strong and well-finished shoes per day. All the details are performed by the ingenious application of the mechanic powers; and all the parts are characterised by precision, uniformity, and accuracy. As each man performs but one step in the process, which implies no knowledge of what is done by those who go before or follow him, so the persons employed are not shoemakers, but wounded soldiers, who are able to learn their respective duties in a few hours. The contract at which these shoes are delivered to Government is 6s. 6d. per pair, being at least 2s. less than what was paid previously for an unequal and cobbled article."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>However, when the war ended in 1815, <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">manual labour</a> became much cheaper, and the demand for military equipment subsided. As a consequence, Brunel's system was no longer profitable and it soon ceased business.<sup id="cite_ref-Napol_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg/220px-Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg/330px-Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg/440px-Karachi_-_Pakistan_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Traditional shoemakers still exist today, shoemaker in Karachi</figcaption></figure> <p>Similar exigencies at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> stimulated a renewed interest in methods of mechanization and mass-production, which proved longer-lasting.<sup id="cite_ref-Napol_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Napol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shoemaker in <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, Tomas Crick, patented the design for a riveting machine in 1853. His machine used an iron plate to push iron rivets into the sole. The process greatly increased the speed and efficiency of production. He also introduced the use of <a href="/wiki/Steam-power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-power">steam-powered</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolling-machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolling-machine (page does not exist)">rolling-machines</a> for hardening leather and cutting-machines, in the mid-1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sewing machine was introduced in 1846, and provided an alternative method for the mechanization of shoemaking. By the late 1850s, the industry was beginning to shift towards the modern factory, mainly in the US and areas of England. A shoe stitching machine was invented by the American Lyman Blake in 1856 and perfected by 1864. Entering into partnership with McKay, his device became known as the McKay stitching machine and was quickly adopted by manufacturers throughout <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As bottlenecks opened up in the production line due to these innovations, more and more of the manufacturing stages, such as pegging and finishing, became automated. By the 1890s, the process of mechanisation was largely complete. </p><p> A process for manufacturing stitchless, that is, glued, shoes—<a href="/wiki/AGO_system" title="AGO system">AGO</a>—was developed in 1910.</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj,_H.P.,_India._2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj%2C_H.P.%2C_India._2010.jpg/250px-Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj%2C_H.P.%2C_India._2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj%2C_H.P.%2C_India._2010.jpg/375px-Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj%2C_H.P.%2C_India._2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj%2C_H.P.%2C_India._2010.jpg/500px-Shoe_Doctor._McLeod_Ganj%2C_H.P.%2C_India._2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Shoemaker and repairer in <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure><p>Traditional shoemakers still exist today, especially in poorer parts of the world, and create custom shoes. Current crafters, in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing regions</a> or supply constrained areas may use <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">surplus</a> car or truck <a href="/wiki/Tire_tread" title="Tire tread">tire tread</a> sections as an inexpensive and plentiful material <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> with which to make strong soles for shoes or sandals. Generally, the modern machinery used includes die cutting tools to cut the shapes and grommet machines to punch holes for lacing. </p><p>Early 21st century has seen a resurgence in the shoemaking profession, particularly in the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom. This has been driven in large part by broader societal preferences in favour of leather restoration rather than replacement and extends to not only shoes but also handbags and other leather fashion accessories. Meanwhile, organizations within the industry have begun leveraging e-commerce and modern logistical networks to offer consumers greater convenience through the offering of services by mail.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Well-known_shoemakers">Well-known shoemakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Well-known shoemakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berluti" title="Berluti">Berluti</a>, French leather handmade shoe company founded by Alessandro Berluti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoni" title="Bontoni">Bontoni</a>, Italian shoe brand founded by Franco Gazzani and Lewis Cutillo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Franz_Bally" title="Carl Franz Bally">Carl Franz Bally</a>, Swiss shoe manufacturing company founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Louboutin" title="Christian Louboutin">Christian Louboutin</a>, French shoe designer, his stiletto footwear incorporates shiny, red-lacquered soles that have become his signature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Meier" title="Ed Meier">Ed Meier</a>, German shoemaking company, founded by Hans Mayr in 1596, it is the oldest existing shoemaking company in the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Green_Shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Green Shoes">Edward Green</a>, English shoemaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanotti" title="Giuseppe Zanotti">Giuseppe Zanotti</a>, Italian footwear designer known for his sculptural, jeweled heels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Choo" title="Jimmy Choo">Jimmy Choo</a>, Malaysian Chinese shoe designer based in London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lobb" title="John Lobb">John Lobb</a>, English shoemaker and the founder of the company John Lobb Bootmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik" title="Manolo Blahnik">Manolo Blahnik</a>, Spanish shoe designer, founder of the eponymous high-end shoe brand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Caovilla" title="Rene Caovilla">Rene Caovilla</a>, Italian shoe designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Vivier" title="Roger Vivier">Roger Vivier</a>, French shoe designer, his best-known creation was the stiletto heel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Sanderson" title="Rupert Sanderson">Rupert Sanderson</a>, British shoe designer who was born in Penang, Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Capezio" title="Salvatore Capezio">Salvatore Capezio</a>, founder of the manufacturer of dance shoes Capezio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo" title="Salvatore Ferragamo">Salvatore Ferragamo</a>, Italian shoe designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoni_(brand)" title="Santoni (brand)">Santoni</a>, Italian shoe and leather brand founded by Andrea Santoni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Rossi_(shoe_designer)" title="Sergio Rossi (shoe designer)">Sergio Rossi</a>, Italian shoe designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Bemer" title="Stefano Bemer">Stefano Bemer</a>, Italian shoemaker, based in Florence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildsmith_Shoes" title="Wildsmith Shoes">Wildsmith</a>, English footwear manufacturer founded by Matthew Wildsmith and Rebecca Wildsmith, their grandson Raymond Lewis Wildsmith invented the loafer design<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shoe_store">Shoe store</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shoe store"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A shoe store or shoe shop is a type of <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">retailer</a> that specializes in selling <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoes</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">slippers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athletic_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletic shoe">athletic shoes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boots</a>, the store could also sell shoe accessories, including <a href="/wiki/Insoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoles">insoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoelaces" title="Shoelaces">shoelaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoe_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoe horn">shoe horns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoe_polish" title="Shoe polish">shoe polish</a>, etc. In addition, shoe stores may provide <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">fashion accessories</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">handbags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">sunglasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backpack" title="Backpack">backpacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">socks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">hosiery</a>. </p><p>A shoe repair shop is a type of business establishment that fixes and remodels shoes and boots. Besides a shoe repair shop, a shoe repairer could work in department stores or shoe stores. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoeshopping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shoeshopping.jpg/290px-Shoeshopping.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shoeshopping.jpg/435px-Shoeshopping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shoeshopping.jpg/580px-Shoeshopping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Men's shoes on display in a shopping outlet.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg/220px-Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg/330px-Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg/440px-Sewing_machine_for_shoes_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sewing machine for shoemaking, shoe repair, and bag and heavy fabric repair work. This machine is manually operated with a hand crank. The foot can be turned in any direction which changes the direction of the material feed.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordwainer" title="Cordwainer">Cordwainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_St._Crispin" title="Daughters of St. Crispin">Daughters of St. Crispin</a>, an American labour union of female shoemakers, and the first national women's labour union in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles" title="List of shoe styles">List of shoe styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_of_old_cobblers" class="mw-redirect" title="Load of old cobblers">Load of old cobblers</a>, slang term</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Knights_of_St._Crispin" title="Order of the Knights of St. Crispin">Order of the Knights of St. Crispin</a>, an American labor union of 50,000 shoemakers <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Commons, John R. (1909). "American Shoemakers, 1648-1895: A Sketch of Industrial Evolution". <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 39–84.</li> <li>Hoover, E. M. (1933). "The Location of the Shoe Industry in the United States". <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 254–276.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoemaking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mathew-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathew_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMathew" class="citation web cs1">Mathew, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history1700s.com/index.php/articles/14-guest-authors/2233-7-common-misconceptions-about-18th-century-shoemaking.html">"7 Common Misconceptions About 18th Century Shoemaking"</a>. <i>18th Century History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=18th+Century+History&rft.atitle=7+Common+Misconceptions+About+18th+Century+Shoemaking&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history1700s.com%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2F14-guest-authors%2F2233-7-common-misconceptions-about-18th-century-shoemaking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grubbs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grubbs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grubbs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrubbs" class="citation web cs1">Grubbs, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/shoemakers-and-shoemaking/">"Shoemakers and Shoemaking"</a>. <i>The encyclopedia of greater Philadelphia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+encyclopedia+of+greater+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Shoemakers+and+Shoemaking&rft.aulast=Grubbs&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphiaencyclopedia.org%2Farchive%2Fshoemakers-and-shoemaking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stern_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1939" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Boris (1939). "Labor Productivity in the Boot and Shoe Industry". <i>Monthly Labor Review</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 271–292. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41815683">41815683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Labor+Review&rft.atitle=Labor+Productivity+in+the+Boot+and+Shoe+Industry&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271-292&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41815683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howtospendit.ft.com/mens-style/95173-made-to-measure-shoes">"Made-to-measure shoes"</a>. <i>How to spend it</i>. 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+to+spend+it&rft.atitle=Made-to-measure+shoes&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhowtospendit.ft.com%2Fmens-style%2F95173-made-to-measure-shoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia1902-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia1902_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Paton1902" class="citation web cs1">James Paton (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SHO/shoemaking.html">"Shoemaking"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152601/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/S/SHO/shoemaking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shoemaking&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1902&rft.au=James+Paton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1902encyclopedia.com%2FS%2FSHO%2Fshoemaking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Napol-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Napol_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napol_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Napol_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staffscc.net/shoes1/?p=126">"History of Shoemaking in Britain – Napoleonic Wars and the Industrial Revolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202130102/http://staffscc.net/shoes1/?p=126">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Shoemaking+in+Britain+%E2%80%93+Napoleonic+Wars+and+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaffscc.net%2Fshoes1%2F%3Fp%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Phillips, <i>Morning's Walk from London to Kew</i>, 1817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._A._McKinley1958" class="citation web cs1">R. A. McKinley (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66568">"FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE"</a>. British History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203092232/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=66568">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FOOTWEAR+MANUFACTURE&rft.pub=British+History+Online&rft.date=1958&rft.au=R.+A.+McKinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D66568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._Carey2009" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Carey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKiGgl36bkgC"><i>American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816068838" title="Special:BookSources/9780816068838"><bdi>9780816068838</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320111559/https://books.google.com/books?id=XKiGgl36bkgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Inventors%2C+Entrepreneurs%2C+and+Business+Visionaries&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780816068838&rft.au=Charles+W.+Carey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKiGgl36bkgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soleheeled.com.au/">"Quality Shoe & Handbag Repairs"</a>. <i>SoleHeeled</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094602/https://soleheeled.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SoleHeeled&rft.atitle=Quality+Shoe+%26+Handbag+Repairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoleheeled.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cobblerconcierge.com/">"Luxury Online Shoe & Handbag Repair"</a>. <i>Cobbler Concierge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127095422/https://www.cobblerconcierge.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cobbler+Concierge&rft.atitle=Luxury+Online+Shoe+%26+Handbag+Repair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobblerconcierge.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShoemaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildsmith.com/the-wildsmith-loafer">"The Wildsmith Loafer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130820021025/http://www.wildsmith.com/the-wildsmith-loafer">Archived</a> 2013-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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