CINXE.COM

Help with Ordering | The National Academies Press

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache"/> <title>Help with Ordering | The National Academies Press</title> <meta name="description" content="Need help with ordering? Learn more about payment options, ordering in person, ordering online, phone, mail, fax, or purchase order. "> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/content//help-with-ordering"> <script> // if (document.location.hostname.search(/nap\.edu$/) < 0) { // url = "http://www.na" + "p.edu" + document.location.pathname + document.location.search // document.location.replace(url); // } </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="/includes/js/svg4everybody.ie8.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <meta name="alexaVerifyID" content="02J2SepmgvpkhVXcfeE98cX3HKs" /> <link href="//nap.nationalacademies.org/stylesheets/nasem-nap.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="//nap.nationalacademies.org/stylesheets/topnav-lite-min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//nap.nationalacademies.org/stylesheets/component.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if gte IE 5]> <style type="text/css"> #blanket {filter:alpha(opacity=65);}</style><![endif]--> <script src="/includes/js/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/includes/js/jquery.dotdotdot.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--<script src="https://www.nationalacademies.org//_cache_4662/_themesdelivery/nasuwTheme/assets/vendor.js"></script>--> <!-- <script src="/includes/js/jquery.min-3.1.0.js"></script> --> <!-- MC Goal Tracking --> <script type="text/javascript"> var $mcGoal = {'settings':{'uuid':'eaea39b6442dc4e0d08e6aa4a','dc':'us4'}}; (function() { var sp = document.createElement('script'); sp.type = 'text/javascript'; sp.async = true; sp.defer = true; sp.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://s3.amazonaws.com/downloads.mailchimp.com' : 'http://downloads.mailchimp.com') + '/js/goal.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sp, s); })(); </script> <!-- Data Layer --> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];dataLayer.push({ 'pageTitle' : "Help with Ordering", 'loginStatus' : "guest", 'form' : "subscribe" }); </script> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-N9MJ23');</script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google AdWords: 1071160892 --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-1071160892"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-1071160892'); gtag('config', 'AW-1071160892'); </script> <script id="mcjs">!function(c,h,i,m,p){m=c.createElement(h),p=c.getElementsByTagName(h)[0],m.async=1,m.src=i,p.parentNode.insertBefore(m,p)}(document,"script","https://chimpstatic.com/mcjs-connected/js/users/eaea39b6442dc4e0d08e6aa4a/208cb1a4b431cae38b54bdb6f.js");</script> <!--Optimize with GTM and GA includes page--> <style>.async-hide { opacity: 0 !important} </style> <script> (function(a,s,y,n,c,h,i,d,e){s.className+=' '+y;h.start=1*new Date; h.end=i=function(){s.className=s.className.replace(RegExp(' ?'+y),'')}; (a[n]=a[n]||[]).hide=h;setTimeout(function(){i();h.end=null},c);h.timeout=c; })(window,document.documentElement,'async-hide','dataLayer',4000, {'GTM-PXVRTFR':true}); </script> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-2382644-4', 'auto'); // Update tracker settings ga('require', 'GTM-PXVRTFR'); // Add this line </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/vendor/bootstrap-3.0.3/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/stylesheets/naphome.css"> <style> #content, #content p, #content a { line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } #content b, #content strong { font-weight: 900; } #content { margin-bottom: 30px; } #content h1, #content h2, #content h3 { margin: 50px 0px 30px 0px; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.5em; color: #666; } .links-panel { border: none; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; } .links-panel .panel-heading { padding: 6px 10px; font-size: 16px; color: white; background-color: #333; -webkit-border-radius: 0; -moz-border-radius: 0; border-radius: 0; border-radius: 5px; } .links-panel .panel-heading .icon { font-family: 'icomoon'; speak: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; line-height: 1; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; margin-top: 2px; } .links-panel .panel-heading .icon:before { content: attr(data-icon); } .links-panel .list-group { margin-top: 2px; border: 1px solid #efefef; background: #f3f1ea; border-radius: 5px; } .links-panel .list-group-item { border: none; padding: 3px 10px; background: none; } .links-panel .list-group-item:first-child { margin-top: 7px; } .links-panel .list-group-item:last-child { margin-bottom: 7px; } .links-panel a.list-group-item { color: #4148C2; } .links-panel a.list-group-item.active, .links-panel a.list-group-item.active:hover { border-top: 1px solid #666; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; color: #4148C2; } .links-panel .subsection-heading { font-weight: 600; padding-top: 15px; } .links-panel .subsection-link { padding-left: 10px; } table { border: 1px solid #ccc; } a.list-group-item:hover, a.list-group-item:focus { text-decoration: underline; background-color: transparent; } #sg_FormFor1087917 * { font-size: 16px; } #content ul{ list-style: circle; } #content ol { list-style: ; } /* Style the buttons that are used to open and close the accordion panel */ .faqaccordion { background-color: transparent; color: #4148C2; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px; width: 100%; text-align: left; border: 1px solid #fff; outline: none; transition: 0.4s; font-weight: 700 !important; } .faqaccordion:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } .faqaccordion.active:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } /* Add a background color to the button if it is clicked on (add the .active class with JS), and when you move the mouse over it (hover) */ .faqaccordion.active, .faqaccordion:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #333; } /* Style the accordion panel. Note: hidden by default */ .faq.panel { padding: 0 18px; background-color: white; max-height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.2s ease-out; } </style> <style>pre { background-color: transparent !important; }</style> </head> <body> <!-- Google Tag Manager (nos cript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N9MJ23" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a href="#content" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <style> body { overflow-x: hidden; } #lowerMenu { background: #fff } .global-nav--local .mega-menu { display: block; -webkit-transform: translateY(0em); transform: translateY(0em); } .global-nav--local.search-is-hidden .mega-menu { display: none; -webkit-transform: translateY(0em); transform: translateY(0em); } .global-nav .container:not(.mega-menu__header) { padding: 0rem; padding-top: 0rem; padding-right: 0rem; padding-top: 0.5rem; padding-right: 1rem; } .global-nav__controls { top: .3rem; padding-right: 20px; } .global-nav--local .global-nav__links { -webkit-transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(0); max-width: 75%; float: right; background: #fff; } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: .5rem; } .global-nav--local.menu-is-hidden .global-nav__links { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(0.5em); transform: translateY(0.5em); visibility: hidden; } #header-large { max-width: 1180px; margin: 0; padding: 0 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; flex-wrap: nowrap; position: absolute; top: 113px; text-align: right; width: 100%; right: 0; } #header-large .user-links { white-space: nowrap; display: inline-flex; margin: 0; padding: 0; background: #fff; z-index: 0; list-style: none; min-width:500px; } .user-links li { margin-right: 7%; } .user-links li a { font-size: 10px; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase; color: #000; } #header-large a.site-links { margin-right: 15px; color: #000; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; } .site-links:hover { text-decoration: underline; } nav#sitelinks-wide { position: absolute; top: 16px; } #sitelinks-wide ul { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #sitelinks-wide ul li { #sitelinks-mobile { display: none; } white-space: nowrap; } #sitelinks-mobile { display: none; } .user-links li a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .dropdown-menu { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 10px; z-index: 9999999; display: none; float: left; min-width: 160px; padding: 5px 0; margin: 2px 0 0; list-style: none; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175); box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175); background-clip: padding-box; } #dropdownMenuButton { border: 1px solid #ccc; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; } .dropdown #dropdownMenuButton:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } .dropdown.open #dropdownMenuButton:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } li.naphelp { display: block;} @media (max-width: 930px) { #header-large { right: 80px; } #header-large .user-links { min-width:100px; } nav#sitelinks-wide { display: none; } #sitelinks-mobile { display: block; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: 107px; } #sitelinks-wide ul { display: block; } #sitelinks-wide ul li { margin-right: 0%; white-space: nowrap; } .dropdown-item { display: block; width: 100%; padding: .25rem 1.5rem; clear: both; font-weight: 400; color: #212529; text-align: inherit; white-space: nowrap; background-color: transparent; border: 0; text-align: left; } .dropdown.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { display: none;} li.naphelp { display: none;} } .global-nav__links { display: none; opacity: 1; transition: opacity .15s, -webkit-transform .15s; transition: opacity .15s, transform .15s; transition: opacity .15s, transform .15s, -webkit-transform .15s; } .global-nav--local .global-nav__links { -webkit-transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(0); } .global-nav--local.menu-is-hidden .global-nav__links { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(0.5em); transform: translateY(0.5em); } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: 1rem; } .global-nav__links li:hover .global-nav__link>span::before, .global-nav__links li:focus-within .global-nav__link>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link.is-active>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:hover>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:focus>span::before { background-color: #1C143D; ; } .global-nav__links li:hover .global-nav__link>span::before::after, .global-nav__links li:focus-within .global-nav__link>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link.is-active>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:hover>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:focus>span::before::after { opacity: 1; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { .global-nav__links { display: block; } .global-nav__links>ul>li:last-of-type .global-nav__link { margin-right: -1.25em; } } .global-nav__link { position: relative; display: block; padding: .75em 1.5em .5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); border-bottom: 5px solid transparent; /*font-size: .885rem;*/ font-weight: 700; font-weight: var(--lato--bold); text-decoration: none; transition: color .15s; } .global-nav__link>span { position: relative; } .global-nav__link>span::before { content: ""; position: absolute; bottom: -.5em; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 5px; background-color: transparent; transition: background-color .15s; } .global-nav__dropdown { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 1em); left: 50%; display: none; width: 600px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: var(--color-neutral--white); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(34, 34, 34, .25); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 20; } .global-nav__dropdown::before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: -1em; left: 0; display: block; width: 100%; height: 1em; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left { position: relative; min-height: 260px; width: 40%; padding: 1.5rem; background: rgb(255,255,255); background: -moz-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#ffffff",endColorstr="#c3e4e4",GradientType=1); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a { display: block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: var(--color-neutral--white); font-weight: 400; font-weight: var(--lato--regular); transition: color .15s; font-size: 16px; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:hover, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:focus, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:active { color: rgb(246,210,0); color: var(--color-yellow--pure); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left ul { -webkit-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left li a { padding: .5em 0; line-height: 1.4; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: rgb(243, 241, 235); background-color: var(--color-brown--bone); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default img { width: 100%; height: auto; /* stylelint-disable max-nesting-depth */ /* stylelint-enable max-nesting-depth */ } @supports (object-fit: cover) { .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default img { height: 100%; object-fit: cover; } } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right { width: 60%; padding: 1.5rem; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right .button { margin-top: 2em; text-shadow: none; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a { color: rgb(0, 89, 145); color: var(--color-blue--bahama); text-decoration: none; transition: color .15s; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a:hover, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a:focus { color: rgb(33,23,71); color: var(--color-blue--imperial); text-decoration: underline; } .rm-dropdown:hover::after, .rm-dropdown:focus::after { visibility: hidden; } .has-dropdown { position: relative; } .has-dropdown::after { content: ""; position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 3px); left: 50%; width: 26px; height: 15px; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,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); background-repeat: no-repeat; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateX(-50%); visibility: hidden; } .has-dropdown:hover::after, .has-dropdown:focus::after { visibility: visible; } .has-dropdown:hover .global-nav__dropdown { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } .has-dropdown:focus-within .global-nav__dropdown { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(-n+3) .global-nav__dropdown { left: auto; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(3) .global-nav__dropdown { right: -200%; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(2) .global-nav__dropdown { right: -90%; } .has-dropdown:last-of-type .global-nav__dropdown { right: 5%; } .global-nav__links { z-index: 5; } header.global-nav { height: 150px; } .button.button--secondary.button--outline.button--icon { font-size: 12px; padding-right: 40px; } .button.button--icon svg { height: 2.5em; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 60%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 24px; } .controls__search, .controls__menu, .controls__nav { font-size: 12px; } .global-nav__menus--upper { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .global-nav__link { font-size: 16px; } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: 5px; list-style: none; } .invert { background: #000; color: #fff; } .controls__nav .menu-off { display: inline; } .controls__nav .menu-on { display: none; } .controls__nav.invert .menu-off { display: none } .controls__nav.invert .menu-on { display: inline; } .mega-menu { background-color: rgb(243, 241, 235); background-color: var(--color-brown--bone); position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; overflow: scroll; z-index: 9999999; } .mega-menu .mega-menu__header { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; justify-content: space-between; -webkit-align-items: center; align-items: center; padding-top: 1rem; } .mega-menu__content .search-form__container { position: relative; max-width: 70em; margin: 0 auto; } #search .global-nav__logo { position: absolute; top: 1em; } .sf-top { margin-top: 50px; } #searchFormNAP { display: block; height: 100px; } a:hover, a:focus { color: #1C143D; text-decoration: underline; } #fixedfooter a:hover, #fixedfooter a:focus { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; } .btn-blueflat.btn-searchhome.hide-xs { display: none; } .mega-menu__content { margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 7px; } .accordion__title.faq__accordion__title .flex.justify-between { display: inherit; } .global-nav__logo { margin: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 25px; height: 55px; } .global-nav__link:hover { text-decoration: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { .mega-menu__content .search-form { padding: 1em 0px 3em 0em; } } @media (min-width: 45rem) { .global-nav__logo {} } @media (max-width: 480px) { .global-nav__logo { margin: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 12px; } } /* Style the buttons that are used to open and close the accordion panel */ #mobile-menu button.accordion, #mobile-menu button.no-accordion { letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: left; color: #4148C2; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700 !important; font-family: 'lato', helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px; border-top: none !important; border-bottom: .5px solid rgb(221, 213, 199) !important; cursor: pointer; width: 100%; } .mega-menu__content .accordion { border: 0; font-weight: 700; } #mobile-menu .accordion:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } #mobile-menu button.active:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } /* Add a background color to the button if it is clicked on (add the .active class with JS), and when you move the mouse over it (hover) */ #mobile-menu button.active, #mobile-menu button.accordion:hover { background-color: transparent; } /* Style the accordion panel. Note: hidden by default */ #mobile-menu .panel { padding: 0 0; background-color: transparent; max-height: 0; box-shadow: 0 !important; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.2s ease-out; margin: 0px !important; border: 0 !important; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { margin: 0px 0px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul { margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { line-height: 2; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li a { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; } .controls__menu-mobile { text-transform: uppercase; } .controls__menu-mobile svg { fill: #222; fill: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); width: 1.75rem; height: 1.75rem; } .cart-badge { display: inline-block; text-align: center; line-height: 1; background: #7899F2; color: white; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 20px; padding: 3px 6px; margin-left: 3px; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu { display: inline; } } @media screen and (max-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu svg { display: inline; } } /*NAP mega menu dropdown*/ li.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { position: static !important; width:100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu { padding: 20px 0px; box-shadow: none; -webkit-box-shadow: none; margin-top: 10px !important; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); transform: none !important; top: 100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul.browse-col { padding: 0; margin: 0; width: 100%; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li { list-style: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li > a { display: block; padding: 3px 20px; clear: both; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.428571429; color: #4148C2; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px; text-transform: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:hover, .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:focus { text-decoration: none; color: #444; background-color: #f5f5f5; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu .dropdown-header a { color: #4148C2; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 900 !important; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase !important; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 7px; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu form { margin:3px 20px; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu .form-group { margin-bottom: 3px; } .nap-mega-menu .vertical-divider { border-left: 1px solid #ccc; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li.d-flex { display: inline-flex !important; margin-right: 0 !important; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: nowrap !important; flex-direction: row !important; } #nap-mega-menu-inner { justify-content: space-between; align-content:start; } #nap-mega-menu-inner li.browse-col { width: 22%; } </style> <header class="global-nav global-nav--local menu-is-hidden search-is-hidden" id="lowerMenu"> <div class="container flex justify-between"> <!--Mega menu start --> <div aria-hidden="true" class="mega-menu" id="search"> <div data-lock=""> <div class="container mega-menu__header"> <div class="global-nav__logo"> <a class="navbar-brand js-scroll-trigger" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="nasemLogo" data-name="nasemLogo" viewBox="0 0 360 66.64"> <defs/> <path d="m4.26 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L.8.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM32.55 27.48h3.83l8.15-19.2 7.93 18.99.09.21h3.82L44.62 0 32.55 27.48zM175.05 27.48h3.83l8.16-19.2 7.93 18.99.08.21h3.83L187.12 0l-12.07 27.48zM68.23 27.48h3.47V5.03h7.72V1.72H60.51v3.31h7.72v22.45zM90.08 1.72h3.46v25.76h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M157.14 38.67A13.39 13.39 0 1 0 143.75 52a13.21 13.21 0 0 0 13.39-13.33Zm-3.54 0a9.85 9.85 0 1 1-9.85-10 9.93 9.93 0 0 1 9.85 10Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="m146.56 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L143.1.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM210.95 1.72h-3.46v25.76h13.8v-3.31h-10.34V1.72z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M67.41 63A13.13 13.13 0 0 0 54 76.37a13 13 0 0 0 13.26 13.24A13.48 13.48 0 0 0 75 87.1l.14-.1v-4.46l-.58.58a10.91 10.91 0 0 1-2.81 2 10 10 0 0 1-4.51 1.13c-6.74 0-9.77-5.78-9.77-9.89a9.82 9.82 0 0 1 9.74-10.11 10.44 10.44 0 0 1 4.18.94 12 12 0 0 1 3.17 2.27l.58.58v-4.41l-.13-.1a12.1 12.1 0 0 0-7.6-2.53ZM130 66.4a14 14 0 0 0-9.47-3h-5.45v25.75h5.42c4.25 0 6.88-.83 9.39-3a12.32 12.32 0 0 0 4.52-9.89A12.54 12.54 0 0 0 130 66.4Zm-2.39 17.26a10.37 10.37 0 0 1-7 2.18h-2.11V66.7h2.11c6.21 0 10.22 3.77 10.22 9.59a9.23 9.23 0 0 1-3.25 7.37Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M119.94 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.38v-3.31h-10.38v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM201.26 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.37v-3.31h-10.37v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM158.66 58.65l-9.79-21.53-4.42 27.99h3.56l2.36-16.59 8.25 18.12 8.35-18.12 2.25 16.59h3.56l-4.14-28.03-9.98 21.57zM184.29 39.34h3.46V65.1h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M263.7 76.76a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-4-2.44l-2.42-1a8 8 0 0 1-2.53-1.51 2.32 2.32 0 0 1-.83-1.94c0-2.11 1.56-3.53 3.87-3.53a4.18 4.18 0 0 1 2.61.79 5.51 5.51 0 0 1 1.37 1.77l.17.34 2.8-1.85-.14-.27a7.79 7.79 0 0 0-2.56-2.91 7.16 7.16 0 0 0-4.18-1.21c-4.34 0-7.37 2.8-7.37 6.8a5.53 5.53 0 0 0 1.83 4.35 10.74 10.74 0 0 0 3.24 2l2.44 1.17a10.81 10.81 0 0 1 2.94 1.68 3.39 3.39 0 0 1 1.13 2.68A4.8 4.8 0 0 1 254 85a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-1.42-3l-.05-.39-3.4.94.07.32a9.51 9.51 0 0 0 2.43 4.61 7.73 7.73 0 0 0 5.69 2.13 7.9 7.9 0 0 0 8.28-8 6.38 6.38 0 0 0-1.9-4.85Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M0 65.11h3.83l8.16-19.21 7.92 19 .09.21h3.83L12.07 37.63 0 65.11zM57.37 65.11h3.83l8.15-19.21 7.93 19 .08.21h3.83L69.44 37.63 57.37 65.11z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M292 26.45a3.91 3.91 0 0 0-1.07-.14 2.94 2.94 0 0 0-1.74.52 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-.72 1.47 2.36 2.36 0 0 0 .63 1.7 9.45 9.45 0 0 0 1.9 1.38 15.52 15.52 0 0 1 1.45 1 4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .94 1.12 2.87 2.87 0 0 1 .38 1.51 3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.57 2 3.79 3.79 0 0 1-1.6 1.34 5.79 5.79 0 0 1-2.39.47 9.63 9.63 0 0 1-2.22-.25 4.15 4.15 0 0 1-1.41-.52l.39-2.49H287l.11 1.84a2.93 2.93 0 0 0 .92.39 5 5 0 0 0 1.16.14 3.39 3.39 0 0 0 2-.6 1.94 1.94 0 0 0 .83-1.68 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-.56-1.54 7.66 7.66 0 0 0-1.7-1.32c-.6-.39-1.1-.75-1.51-1.07a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1-1.2 2.94 2.94 0 0 1-.43-1.59 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .57-1.85 3.58 3.58 0 0 1 1.55-1.23 5.17 5.17 0 0 1 2.13-.43 7.84 7.84 0 0 1 2 .21 4 4 0 0 1 1.25.51l-.4 2.31h-.95l-.14-1.68a2.39 2.39 0 0 0-.83-.32ZM300.27 29.79a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .5 2.24 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.25-.27 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.64a4.42 4.42 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.78 3.78 0 0 1-2 .5 2.76 2.76 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.51 4.51 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6 6 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.27 4.27 0 0 1 2.77-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.48 1.7-.29-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.6-.93ZM306.13 37.31a.54.54 0 0 0 .08.33.22.22 0 0 0 .2.11.74.74 0 0 0 .39-.12 2.88 2.88 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.34 3.34 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.9.9 0 0 1-.26-.81c0-.3.18-1.43.46-3.41q.24-1.59.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.8a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.69 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.88.38.9.9 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM315.15 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.45 3.45 0 0 1-2-.53 3.23 3.23 0 0 1-1.15-1.41 4.83 4.83 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.92-2.33 4.33 4.33 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.64 2.64 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.48 9.48 0 0 1-2.46.45 3.85 3.85 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.41 4.41 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.39 4.39 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.41-8a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-1 1.65 7.41 7.41 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.86-.39 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.88-.35 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.67ZM323.42 29.32a3.62 3.62 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 1.95 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.4-.14.85a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.47.23.47a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.46a1.7 1.7 0 0 1-.36.4 2.81 2.81 0 0 1-.7.45 1.92 1.92 0 0 1-.9.2c-.74 0-1.11-.35-1.11-1.07a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.12 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.3 2.63 2.63 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.34H319l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.39.37.2-.23 2.1a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.73-1.66ZM334.3 29.79a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.14 4.14 0 0 0-1 1.74 7.68 7.68 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.61 1.61 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.78 2.78 0 0 0 1.26-.27 5.52 5.52 0 0 0 1.14-.81l.36.64a4.56 4.56 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.85 3.85 0 0 1-2 .5 2.79 2.79 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.57 4.57 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.19 7.19 0 0 1 .61-2.87 5.94 5.94 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.24 4.24 0 0 1 2.76-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.2 3.2 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.66-.93ZM343.32 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.42 3.42 0 0 1-1.95-.53A3.17 3.17 0 0 1 338 36.9a4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.53 7.53 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.36 4.36 0 0 1 2.63-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.69 2.69 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.66 6.66 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.33 9.33 0 0 1-2.46.45 4 4 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.79 5.79 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.17 1.17 0 0 0-.89-.35 1.93 1.93 0 0 0-1.45.67ZM351.91 29.91a3.08 3.08 0 0 0-1.24-.24 2.15 2.15 0 0 0-1.3.35 1.18 1.18 0 0 0-.49 1 1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .4 1.06 6.17 6.17 0 0 0 1.13 1c.42.33.76.61 1 .85a3.35 3.35 0 0 1 .67.87 2.38 2.38 0 0 1 .3 1.2 2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1 2.07 4.21 4.21 0 0 1-2.53.73 7.55 7.55 0 0 1-1.57-.17 2.73 2.73 0 0 1-1-.39l.29-1.21a3.77 3.77 0 0 0 1 .5 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 1.36.24 2.47 2.47 0 0 0 1.31-.33 1.14 1.14 0 0 0 .55-1.06 1.58 1.58 0 0 0-.43-1.09 8 8 0 0 0-1.26-1 3.53 3.53 0 0 1-1.81-2.86 2.43 2.43 0 0 1 .46-1.45 2.92 2.92 0 0 1 1.25-1 4.48 4.48 0 0 1 1.75-.34 7.2 7.2 0 0 1 1.29.12 4.56 4.56 0 0 1 .92.22l-.3 1.33a1.83 1.83 0 0 0-.75-.4ZM287 50.81h8.32l-.12 2.79h-1l-.28-1.84-4-.14-.67 5 4.07-.14-.12 1.32-4-.14-.81 5.34 4.95-.21 1-2.12 1 .19-.71 3h-9.33l.07-.68 1.32-.21 1.4-11.19-1.19-.2ZM301.65 54.52a3.52 3.52 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.14.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2A1 1 0 0 1 303 63a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.68-1.71ZM313.74 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.86 5.86 0 0 1-2 .37 7.37 7.37 0 0 1-1.13-.09 4.89 4.89 0 0 1-.87-.22l.37-1.42a6.44 6.44 0 0 0 1 .39 4.29 4.29 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.62 2.62 0 0 0 1.66-.43 2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .71-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3 3 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.33 7.33 0 0 1 .66-3 6.45 6.45 0 0 1 1.95-2.49 4.73 4.73 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.19 5.19 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.96 2.12ZM313 54.81a2.66 2.66 0 0 0-2 .85 5.43 5.43 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.91 7.91 0 0 0-.4 2.46 3.81 3.81 0 0 0 .42 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.13 2.13 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM320.16 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.24.24 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.23.42a3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.4 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.4.16-1.07.36-2.48.59-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.39.19-1.18 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.25 1.25 0 0 1 .35-.89 1 1 0 0 1 .81-.37.93.93 0 0 1 .7.27.9.9 0 0 1 .27.66 1.36 1.36 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.37.87.87 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM328.56 54.52a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.08.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.23.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.16-1.05 14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.71-1.71ZM340.41 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-1.95-.54 3 3 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.29 4.29 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.62 2.62 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.63 2.63 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.47 6.47 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46A4 4 0 0 0 337 62a1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.27 4.27 0 0 0 1.39-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.51 1.25Zm-2.4-8a4.53 4.53 0 0 0-1 1.65 6.69 6.69 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.13 6.13 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.68ZM349.39 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-2-.54 3.09 3.09 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .68-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.25 4.25 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.51 6.51 0 0 1-2.31 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 .43 2.13 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 1.59.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.49 1.24Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.07 6.07 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.38 4.38 0 0 0 1.61-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.44.68ZM356.34 55.24a4.21 4.21 0 0 1 1.13-1 2.81 2.81 0 0 1 1.4-.38.93.93 0 0 1 .56.12l-.37 1.86a1.64 1.64 0 0 0-.86-.18 2.68 2.68 0 0 0-1.48.5 3.31 3.31 0 0 0-1.14 1.4l-.8 6.24h-1.69l1.11-8.45-.88-.44.12-.65 2.07-.4.35.21-.12 1.56-.08.7a3.9 3.9 0 0 1 .68-1.09ZM362.32 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.22.42a3.18 3.18 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.17-1.43.45-3.4.17-1.07.36-2.48.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.24-.7 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.12 1.12 0 0 1-.88.37.86.86 0 0 1-.67-.26ZM370.36 54.52a3.55 3.55 0 0 1 2-.64 1.91 1.91 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .52 1.94 17.7 17.7 0 0 1-.38 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.22.47a1.4 1.4 0 0 0 .83-.44l.21.46a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.74 3.74 0 0 1-.69.45 2.13 2.13 0 0 1-.91.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.1-1.07 14.1 14.1 0 0 1 .31-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.12-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.27 9.27 0 0 0 .11-1.33 1.88 1.88 0 0 0-.24-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.83-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33H366l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.72 6.72 0 0 1 1.68-1.66ZM382.46 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.87 5.87 0 0 1-2 .37 7.34 7.34 0 0 1-1.12-.09 4.82 4.82 0 0 1-.88-.22l.37-1.42a6.58 6.58 0 0 0 1 .39 4.24 4.24 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.57 2.57 0 0 0 1.65-.43 2.53 2.53 0 0 0 .72-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3.07 3.07 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.73-2.68 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .67-3 6.27 6.27 0 0 1 1.95-2.51 4.71 4.71 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.47 5.47 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.86 3.86 0 0 1-.96 2.14Zm-.7-11.83a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.31 5.31 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.93 7.93 0 0 0-.41 2.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 .43 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.79 3.79 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.08 2.08 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM295.85 80.3q1.44-3.12 1.89-4.29h3.76l-.07.75-1.56.19-.34 11.2 1.49.21-.02.64h-4.82l.07-.68 1.6-.21.4-7.76.23-3.56L297.1 80l-4.1 9.08-.94.12-1.44-9-.55-3.33-.71 3.4-1.88 7.9 1.77.21-.07.68h-4.53l.07-.68 1.46-.21L289 77l-1.62-.19.11-.75h4.07l1.35 8.56.23 1.79.77-1.76q.49-1.22 1.94-4.35ZM308 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.38 3.38 0 0 1-2-.53 3.26 3.26 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.87 4.87 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.91-2.29 4.32 4.32 0 0 1 2.62-.87 2.63 2.63 0 0 1 1.88.59 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.65 2.65 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 10 10 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.89 3.89 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.3 4.3 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.52 4.52 0 0 1-1.47 1.19Zm-2.41-8a4.68 4.68 0 0 0-1 1.64 7.5 7.5 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.11 6.11 0 0 0 1.86-.38 4.61 4.61 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.32-1 1.15 1.15 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.45.64ZM318.78 87.71c0 .29.09.44.26.44a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .81-.44l.24.44a3.31 3.31 0 0 1-.76.71 1.9 1.9 0 0 1-1.15.36c-.69 0-1-.38-1-1.13v-.38a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.23 1.07 3.18 3.18 0 0 1-1.65.44 2.46 2.46 0 0 1-2.14-1 4.54 4.54 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.24 7.24 0 0 1 .67-3 6.3 6.3 0 0 1 1.89-2.48 4.67 4.67 0 0 1 3-1 4.42 4.42 0 0 1 1.31.21l.48-3.16-1.16-.3.14-.61 2.47-.32.39.23-1.83 12.4a.59.59 0 0 0-.02.2Zm-2-7.7a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.14 5.14 0 0 0-1.21 2.1 8 8 0 0 0-.4 2.47 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 .42 2 1.27 1.27 0 0 0 1.16.7 2.39 2.39 0 0 0 1.4-.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 1-1l.95-6.19a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.32-.48ZM324.44 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.25.25 0 0 0 .21.12.79.79 0 0 0 .39-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.35 3.35 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.89-.28.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.08-.41.1-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.07-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.28-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.1 1.1 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.29 1.29 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.87.38.84.84 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM332.76 80.18a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.37 2.55 4.09 4.09 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.59 1.59 0 0 0 1.42.75 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.29-.28 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.65a4.84 4.84 0 0 1-1.3 1.08 3.94 3.94 0 0 1-2 .5 2.78 2.78 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.49 4.49 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6.1 6.1 0 0 1 1.72-2.45 4.26 4.26 0 0 1 2.77-.94 5.66 5.66 0 0 1 1.06.1 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.1a2.88 2.88 0 0 0-1.6-.88ZM338.88 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .12.29.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.82.82 0 0 0 .4-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.56 3.56 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.28.9.9 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.09-.41.11-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.08-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.38.87.87 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM347.19 79.72a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.59 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 2 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.41-.14.84a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.48.23.48a1.38 1.38 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.45a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.36.41 3.11 3.11 0 0 1-.7.44 1.93 1.93 0 0 1-.9.21 1 1 0 0 1-1.11-1.07 14.24 14.24 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.85.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 1.87 1.87 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.66 2.66 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.48 6.48 0 0 0-1.48 1.68l-.89 6.24h-1.66l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.38.37.19-.23 2.1a6.52 6.52 0 0 1 1.71-1.61ZM359 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.34 3.34 0 0 1-1.95-.53 3.19 3.19 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.69 4.69 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.9-2.29 4.35 4.35 0 0 1 2.63-.87 2.61 2.61 0 0 1 1.87.59 2 2 0 0 1 .64 1.56 2.68 2.68 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.75 6.75 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.81 9.81 0 0 1-2.46.46 4.08 4.08 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.51 1.19Zm-2.4-8a4.54 4.54 0 0 0-1 1.64 6.76 6.76 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6 6 0 0 0 1.85-.38 4.52 4.52 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.49 1.49 0 0 0-.32-1 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.41.64Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> </svg> </a></div> <div class="global-nav__controls"><button class="controls__search" style="display: none;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path><path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path></svg></button> <button class="controls__close" onclick="toggleSearch()"><span class="menus__close-label"> Close </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20.728 8l1.818 1.818-5.455 5.455 5.455 5.455-1.818 1.818-5.455-5.455-5.455 5.455L8 20.728l5.455-5.455L8 9.818 9.818 8l5.455 5.455z"></path></svg></button></div></div> <div class="mega-menu__content"> <div class="search-form sf-top" > <div class="search-form__container"> <label for="inputsearch"> Search for Publications Only </label> <form id="searchFormNAP" action="/search" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> <input id="inputsearch" name="term" type="text" placeholder="Type a title, topic, ISBN, or DOI and hit enter"> <input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="uweb_proj_ext"> <button class="search-form__submit"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path> <path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> <!----></div> <div class="search-form"> <div class="search-form__container"> <label for="globalSearch"> Search All</label> <form id="searchForm" action="https://sparck.nationalacademies.org/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> <input id="globalSearch" name="query" type="text" placeholder="Type anything and hit enter"> <input type="hidden" name="v:project" value="uweb_proj_ext"> <button class="search-form__submit"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path> <path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path> </svg> </button> </form> </div> <!----></div> <!----></div> </div> <div tabindex="0" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <!--Mega menu end --> <!--Mobile menu start --> <div aria-hidden="true" class="mega-menu" id="mobile-menu" style="display: none;"> <div data-lock=""> <div class="mega-menu__header"> <div class="global-nav__logo" style="padding-left: 10px;"> <a class="navbar-brand js-scroll-trigger" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="nasemLogo" data-name="nasemLogo" viewBox="0 0 360 66.64"> <defs/> <path d="m4.26 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L.8.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM32.55 27.48h3.83l8.15-19.2 7.93 18.99.09.21h3.82L44.62 0 32.55 27.48zM175.05 27.48h3.83l8.16-19.2 7.93 18.99.08.21h3.83L187.12 0l-12.07 27.48zM68.23 27.48h3.47V5.03h7.72V1.72H60.51v3.31h7.72v22.45zM90.08 1.72h3.46v25.76h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M157.14 38.67A13.39 13.39 0 1 0 143.75 52a13.21 13.21 0 0 0 13.39-13.33Zm-3.54 0a9.85 9.85 0 1 1-9.85-10 9.93 9.93 0 0 1 9.85 10Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="m146.56 8.63 19.56 20.49V1.72h-3.47v18.93L143.1.16v27.32h3.46V8.63zM210.95 1.72h-3.46v25.76h13.8v-3.31h-10.34V1.72z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M67.41 63A13.13 13.13 0 0 0 54 76.37a13 13 0 0 0 13.26 13.24A13.48 13.48 0 0 0 75 87.1l.14-.1v-4.46l-.58.58a10.91 10.91 0 0 1-2.81 2 10 10 0 0 1-4.51 1.13c-6.74 0-9.77-5.78-9.77-9.89a9.82 9.82 0 0 1 9.74-10.11 10.44 10.44 0 0 1 4.18.94 12 12 0 0 1 3.17 2.27l.58.58v-4.41l-.13-.1a12.1 12.1 0 0 0-7.6-2.53ZM130 66.4a14 14 0 0 0-9.47-3h-5.45v25.75h5.42c4.25 0 6.88-.83 9.39-3a12.32 12.32 0 0 0 4.52-9.89A12.54 12.54 0 0 0 130 66.4Zm-2.39 17.26a10.37 10.37 0 0 1-7 2.18h-2.11V66.7h2.11c6.21 0 10.22 3.77 10.22 9.59a9.23 9.23 0 0 1-3.25 7.37Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M119.94 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.38v-3.31h-10.38v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM201.26 65.11h15.33V61.8h-11.86v-9.07h10.37v-3.31h-10.37v-6.76h11.86v-3.32h-15.33v25.77zM158.66 58.65l-9.79-21.53-4.42 27.99h3.56l2.36-16.59 8.25 18.12 8.35-18.12 2.25 16.59h3.56l-4.14-28.03-9.98 21.57zM184.29 39.34h3.46V65.1h-3.46z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M263.7 76.76a12.7 12.7 0 0 0-4-2.44l-2.42-1a8 8 0 0 1-2.53-1.51 2.32 2.32 0 0 1-.83-1.94c0-2.11 1.56-3.53 3.87-3.53a4.18 4.18 0 0 1 2.61.79 5.51 5.51 0 0 1 1.37 1.77l.17.34 2.8-1.85-.14-.27a7.79 7.79 0 0 0-2.56-2.91 7.16 7.16 0 0 0-4.18-1.21c-4.34 0-7.37 2.8-7.37 6.8a5.53 5.53 0 0 0 1.83 4.35 10.74 10.74 0 0 0 3.24 2l2.44 1.17a10.81 10.81 0 0 1 2.94 1.68 3.39 3.39 0 0 1 1.13 2.68A4.8 4.8 0 0 1 254 85a5.6 5.6 0 0 1-1.42-3l-.05-.39-3.4.94.07.32a9.51 9.51 0 0 0 2.43 4.61 7.73 7.73 0 0 0 5.69 2.13 7.9 7.9 0 0 0 8.28-8 6.38 6.38 0 0 0-1.9-4.85Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> <path d="M0 65.11h3.83l8.16-19.21 7.92 19 .09.21h3.83L12.07 37.63 0 65.11zM57.37 65.11h3.83l8.15-19.21 7.93 19 .08.21h3.83L69.44 37.63 57.37 65.11z" class="cls-2"/> <path d="M292 26.45a3.91 3.91 0 0 0-1.07-.14 2.94 2.94 0 0 0-1.74.52 1.71 1.71 0 0 0-.72 1.47 2.36 2.36 0 0 0 .63 1.7 9.45 9.45 0 0 0 1.9 1.38 15.52 15.52 0 0 1 1.45 1 4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .94 1.12 2.87 2.87 0 0 1 .38 1.51 3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.57 2 3.79 3.79 0 0 1-1.6 1.34 5.79 5.79 0 0 1-2.39.47 9.63 9.63 0 0 1-2.22-.25 4.15 4.15 0 0 1-1.41-.52l.39-2.49H287l.11 1.84a2.93 2.93 0 0 0 .92.39 5 5 0 0 0 1.16.14 3.39 3.39 0 0 0 2-.6 1.94 1.94 0 0 0 .83-1.68 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-.56-1.54 7.66 7.66 0 0 0-1.7-1.32c-.6-.39-1.1-.75-1.51-1.07a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1-1.2 2.94 2.94 0 0 1-.43-1.59 3.08 3.08 0 0 1 .57-1.85 3.58 3.58 0 0 1 1.55-1.23 5.17 5.17 0 0 1 2.13-.43 7.84 7.84 0 0 1 2 .21 4 4 0 0 1 1.25.51l-.4 2.31h-.95l-.14-1.68a2.39 2.39 0 0 0-.83-.32ZM300.27 29.79a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .5 2.24 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.25-.27 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.64a4.42 4.42 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.78 3.78 0 0 1-2 .5 2.76 2.76 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.51 4.51 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6 6 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.27 4.27 0 0 1 2.77-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.48 1.7-.29-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.6-.93ZM306.13 37.31a.54.54 0 0 0 .08.33.22.22 0 0 0 .2.11.74.74 0 0 0 .39-.12 2.88 2.88 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.34 3.34 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.9.9 0 0 1-.26-.81c0-.3.18-1.43.46-3.41q.24-1.59.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.8a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.69 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.88.38.9.9 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM315.15 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.45 3.45 0 0 1-2-.53 3.23 3.23 0 0 1-1.15-1.41 4.83 4.83 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.92-2.33 4.33 4.33 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.64 2.64 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.48 9.48 0 0 1-2.46.45 3.85 3.85 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.41 4.41 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.39 4.39 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.41-8a4.82 4.82 0 0 0-1 1.65 7.41 7.41 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.85 5.85 0 0 0 1.86-.39 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.88-.35 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.67ZM323.42 29.32a3.62 3.62 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 1.95 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.4-.14.85a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.47.23.47a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.46a1.7 1.7 0 0 1-.36.4 2.81 2.81 0 0 1-.7.45 1.92 1.92 0 0 1-.9.2c-.74 0-1.11-.35-1.11-1.07a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.12 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.3 2.63 2.63 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.34H319l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.39.37.2-.23 2.1a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.73-1.66ZM334.3 29.79a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.14 4.14 0 0 0-1 1.74 7.68 7.68 0 0 0-.38 2.55 4.11 4.11 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.61 1.61 0 0 0 1.42.74 2.78 2.78 0 0 0 1.26-.27 5.52 5.52 0 0 0 1.14-.81l.36.64a4.56 4.56 0 0 1-1.31 1.08 3.85 3.85 0 0 1-2 .5 2.79 2.79 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.57 4.57 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.19 7.19 0 0 1 .61-2.87 5.94 5.94 0 0 1 1.77-2.38 4.24 4.24 0 0 1 2.76-.95 5.7 5.7 0 0 1 1.06.11 3.2 3.2 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.11a2.91 2.91 0 0 0-1.66-.93ZM343.32 38.24a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.42 3.42 0 0 1-1.95-.53A3.17 3.17 0 0 1 338 36.9a4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.53 7.53 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.36 4.36 0 0 1 2.63-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.69 2.69 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.66 6.66 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.33 9.33 0 0 1-2.46.45 4 4 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.68 1.68 0 0 0 1.6.91 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.43 4.43 0 0 1-1.48 1.23Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 5.79 5.79 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.17 1.17 0 0 0-.89-.35 1.93 1.93 0 0 0-1.45.67ZM351.91 29.91a3.08 3.08 0 0 0-1.24-.24 2.15 2.15 0 0 0-1.3.35 1.18 1.18 0 0 0-.49 1 1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .4 1.06 6.17 6.17 0 0 0 1.13 1c.42.33.76.61 1 .85a3.35 3.35 0 0 1 .67.87 2.38 2.38 0 0 1 .3 1.2 2.4 2.4 0 0 1-1 2.07 4.21 4.21 0 0 1-2.53.73 7.55 7.55 0 0 1-1.57-.17 2.73 2.73 0 0 1-1-.39l.29-1.21a3.77 3.77 0 0 0 1 .5 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 1.36.24 2.47 2.47 0 0 0 1.31-.33 1.14 1.14 0 0 0 .55-1.06 1.58 1.58 0 0 0-.43-1.09 8 8 0 0 0-1.26-1 3.53 3.53 0 0 1-1.81-2.86 2.43 2.43 0 0 1 .46-1.45 2.92 2.92 0 0 1 1.25-1 4.48 4.48 0 0 1 1.75-.34 7.2 7.2 0 0 1 1.29.12 4.56 4.56 0 0 1 .92.22l-.3 1.33a1.83 1.83 0 0 0-.75-.4ZM287 50.81h8.32l-.12 2.79h-1l-.28-1.84-4-.14-.67 5 4.07-.14-.12 1.32-4-.14-.81 5.34 4.95-.21 1-2.12 1 .19-.71 3h-9.33l.07-.68 1.32-.21 1.4-11.19-1.19-.2ZM301.65 54.52a3.52 3.52 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.14.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2A1 1 0 0 1 303 63a14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.68-1.71ZM313.74 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.86 5.86 0 0 1-2 .37 7.37 7.37 0 0 1-1.13-.09 4.89 4.89 0 0 1-.87-.22l.37-1.42a6.44 6.44 0 0 0 1 .39 4.29 4.29 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.62 2.62 0 0 0 1.66-.43 2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .71-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3 3 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.33 7.33 0 0 1 .66-3 6.45 6.45 0 0 1 1.95-2.49 4.73 4.73 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.19 5.19 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.73 3.73 0 0 1-.96 2.12ZM313 54.81a2.66 2.66 0 0 0-2 .85 5.43 5.43 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.91 7.91 0 0 0-.4 2.46 3.81 3.81 0 0 0 .42 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.13 2.13 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM320.16 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.24.24 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.23.42a3.57 3.57 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.4 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.4.16-1.07.36-2.48.59-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.39.19-1.18 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.25 1.25 0 0 1 .35-.89 1 1 0 0 1 .81-.37.93.93 0 0 1 .7.27.9.9 0 0 1 .27.66 1.36 1.36 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.37.87.87 0 0 1-.64-.28ZM328.56 54.52a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .53 1.94 16.85 16.85 0 0 1-.39 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.08.47.23.47a1.41 1.41 0 0 0 .82-.44l.23.49a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.17 3.17 0 0 1-.69.45 2 2 0 0 1-.9.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.16-1.05 14.6 14.6 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.11-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.18 9.18 0 0 0 .1-1.33 2 2 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33h-1.67l1.13-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.56 6.56 0 0 1 1.71-1.71ZM340.41 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-1.95-.54 3 3 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .67-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.29 4.29 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.62 2.62 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.63 2.63 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.47 6.47 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46A4 4 0 0 0 337 62a1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.27 4.27 0 0 0 1.39-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.51 1.25Zm-2.4-8a4.53 4.53 0 0 0-1 1.65 6.69 6.69 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.13 6.13 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.25 4.25 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.32-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.46.68ZM349.39 63.44a4.26 4.26 0 0 1-2.23.6 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-2-.54 3.09 3.09 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.66 4.66 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.38 7.38 0 0 1 .68-3.14 5.91 5.91 0 0 1 1.86-2.33 4.25 4.25 0 0 1 2.62-.88 2.65 2.65 0 0 1 1.88.6 2 2 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.66 2.66 0 0 1-1 2.1 6.51 6.51 0 0 1-2.31 1.28 9.38 9.38 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.94 3.94 0 0 0 .43 2.13 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 1.59.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.34 4.34 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.68 4.68 0 0 1-1.49 1.24Zm-2.4-8a4.67 4.67 0 0 0-1 1.65 7 7 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.07 6.07 0 0 0 1.85-.39 4.38 4.38 0 0 0 1.61-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.46 1.5 1.5 0 0 0-.33-1.05 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.44.68ZM356.34 55.24a4.21 4.21 0 0 1 1.13-1 2.81 2.81 0 0 1 1.4-.38.93.93 0 0 1 .56.12l-.37 1.86a1.64 1.64 0 0 0-.86-.18 2.68 2.68 0 0 0-1.48.5 3.31 3.31 0 0 0-1.14 1.4l-.8 6.24h-1.69l1.11-8.45-.88-.44.12-.65 2.07-.4.35.21-.12 1.56-.08.7a3.9 3.9 0 0 1 .68-1.09ZM362.32 62.51a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.8.8 0 0 0 .4-.12 4.16 4.16 0 0 0 .5-.41l.22.42a3.18 3.18 0 0 1-.78.78 2 2 0 0 1-1.23.4 1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.89-.27.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.82c0-.29.17-1.43.45-3.4.17-1.07.36-2.48.6-4.23l-1.09-.4.11-.6 2.49-.4.38.19-1.17 8.25Zm-.08-10.81a.93.93 0 0 1-.24-.7 1.24 1.24 0 0 1 .34-.89 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .82-.37.94.94 0 0 1 .7.27.93.93 0 0 1 .26.66 1.35 1.35 0 0 1-.33.92 1.12 1.12 0 0 1-.88.37.86.86 0 0 1-.67-.26ZM370.36 54.52a3.55 3.55 0 0 1 2-.64 1.91 1.91 0 0 1 1.51.6 2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .52 1.94 17.7 17.7 0 0 1-.38 2.69l-.07.4-.14.84a12.68 12.68 0 0 0-.28 2.13c0 .31.07.47.22.47a1.4 1.4 0 0 0 .83-.44l.21.46a1.76 1.76 0 0 1-.37.4 3.74 3.74 0 0 1-.69.45 2.13 2.13 0 0 1-.91.2 1 1 0 0 1-1.1-1.07 14.1 14.1 0 0 1 .31-2.14l.16-.84.07-.42c.12-.64.21-1.19.28-1.66a9.27 9.27 0 0 0 .11-1.33 1.88 1.88 0 0 0-.24-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.83-.31 2.59 2.59 0 0 0-1.57.7 6.6 6.6 0 0 0-1.48 1.67l-.86 6.33H366l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.66 2.14-.39.37.19-.23 2.11a6.72 6.72 0 0 1 1.68-1.66ZM382.46 66.64a4.23 4.23 0 0 1-1.77 1.2 5.87 5.87 0 0 1-2 .37 7.34 7.34 0 0 1-1.12-.09 4.82 4.82 0 0 1-.88-.22l.37-1.42a6.58 6.58 0 0 0 1 .39 4.24 4.24 0 0 0 1.22.18 2.57 2.57 0 0 0 1.65-.43 2.53 2.53 0 0 0 .72-1.62l.33-2.33a4.25 4.25 0 0 1-1.18 1 3.07 3.07 0 0 1-1.52.39 2.52 2.52 0 0 1-2.17-1 4.5 4.5 0 0 1-.73-2.68 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .67-3 6.27 6.27 0 0 1 1.95-2.51 4.71 4.71 0 0 1 3-1 5.1 5.1 0 0 1 1 .11 5.47 5.47 0 0 1 .91.28l1.09-.39-1.58 10.63a3.86 3.86 0 0 1-.96 2.14Zm-.7-11.83a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.31 5.31 0 0 0-1.22 2.11 7.93 7.93 0 0 0-.41 2.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 .43 2 1.31 1.31 0 0 0 1.17.71 2.42 2.42 0 0 0 1.37-.44 3.79 3.79 0 0 0 1-1l.93-6.28a2.08 2.08 0 0 0-1.27-.41ZM295.85 80.3q1.44-3.12 1.89-4.29h3.76l-.07.75-1.56.19-.34 11.2 1.49.21-.02.64h-4.82l.07-.68 1.6-.21.4-7.76.23-3.56L297.1 80l-4.1 9.08-.94.12-1.44-9-.55-3.33-.71 3.4-1.88 7.9 1.77.21-.07.68h-4.53l.07-.68 1.46-.21L289 77l-1.62-.19.11-.75h4.07l1.35 8.56.23 1.79.77-1.76q.49-1.22 1.94-4.35ZM308 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.38 3.38 0 0 1-2-.53 3.26 3.26 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.87 4.87 0 0 1-.36-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.91-2.29 4.32 4.32 0 0 1 2.62-.87 2.63 2.63 0 0 1 1.88.59 2.06 2.06 0 0 1 .63 1.56 2.65 2.65 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.62 6.62 0 0 1-2.37 1.28 10 10 0 0 1-2.46.46 3.89 3.89 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.61 3.61 0 0 0 1.54-.36 4.3 4.3 0 0 0 1.39-1l.38.65a4.52 4.52 0 0 1-1.47 1.19Zm-2.41-8a4.68 4.68 0 0 0-1 1.64 7.5 7.5 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6.11 6.11 0 0 0 1.86-.38 4.61 4.61 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.32-1 1.15 1.15 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.45.64ZM318.78 87.71c0 .29.09.44.26.44a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .81-.44l.24.44a3.31 3.31 0 0 1-.76.71 1.9 1.9 0 0 1-1.15.36c-.69 0-1-.38-1-1.13v-.38a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.23 1.07 3.18 3.18 0 0 1-1.65.44 2.46 2.46 0 0 1-2.14-1 4.54 4.54 0 0 1-.72-2.68 7.24 7.24 0 0 1 .67-3 6.3 6.3 0 0 1 1.89-2.48 4.67 4.67 0 0 1 3-1 4.42 4.42 0 0 1 1.31.21l.48-3.16-1.16-.3.14-.61 2.47-.32.39.23-1.83 12.4a.59.59 0 0 0-.02.2Zm-2-7.7a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-2 .85 5.14 5.14 0 0 0-1.21 2.1 8 8 0 0 0-.4 2.47 3.83 3.83 0 0 0 .42 2 1.27 1.27 0 0 0 1.16.7 2.39 2.39 0 0 0 1.4-.46 3.7 3.7 0 0 0 1-1l.95-6.19a2.2 2.2 0 0 0-1.32-.48ZM324.44 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .08.32.25.25 0 0 0 .21.12.79.79 0 0 0 .39-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.35 3.35 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.89-.28.92.92 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.08-.41.1-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.07-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.28-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.1 1.1 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.29 1.29 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.87.38.84.84 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM332.76 80.18a2.22 2.22 0 0 0-1.53.62 4.15 4.15 0 0 0-1.06 1.74 8 8 0 0 0-.37 2.55 4.09 4.09 0 0 0 .49 2.24 1.59 1.59 0 0 0 1.42.75 2.71 2.71 0 0 0 1.29-.28 5.56 5.56 0 0 0 1.15-.81l.35.65a4.84 4.84 0 0 1-1.3 1.08 3.94 3.94 0 0 1-2 .5 2.78 2.78 0 0 1-2.31-1 4.49 4.49 0 0 1-.83-2.9 7.35 7.35 0 0 1 .6-2.87 6.1 6.1 0 0 1 1.72-2.45 4.26 4.26 0 0 1 2.77-.94 5.66 5.66 0 0 1 1.06.1 3.31 3.31 0 0 1 .92.3l-.47 1.7-.3-.1a2.88 2.88 0 0 0-1.6-.88ZM338.88 87.71a.56.56 0 0 0 .12.29.23.23 0 0 0 .2.12.82.82 0 0 0 .4-.13 3.18 3.18 0 0 0 .5-.4l.23.42a3.56 3.56 0 0 1-.78.77 2 2 0 0 1-1.24.41 1.32 1.32 0 0 1-.89-.28.9.9 0 0 1-.25-.81c0-.29.18-1.43.46-3.41.16-1.06.36-2.47.59-4.22l-1.09-.41.11-.59 2.49-.41.39.2-1.18 8.24Zm-.08-10.81a1 1 0 0 1-.27-.68 1.29 1.29 0 0 1 .35-.9 1.07 1.07 0 0 1 .81-.37.92.92 0 0 1 1 .93 1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.34.92 1.11 1.11 0 0 1-.88.38.87.87 0 0 1-.67-.28ZM347.19 79.72a3.54 3.54 0 0 1 2-.64 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 1.51.59 2.93 2.93 0 0 1 .53 2 16.77 16.77 0 0 1-.39 2.68l-.07.41-.14.84a12.6 12.6 0 0 0-.28 2.12c0 .32.08.48.23.48a1.38 1.38 0 0 0 .82-.44l.21.45a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.36.41 3.11 3.11 0 0 1-.7.44 1.93 1.93 0 0 1-.9.21 1 1 0 0 1-1.11-1.07 14.24 14.24 0 0 1 .32-2.14l.16-.85.07-.42c.11-.63.21-1.18.28-1.66a9 9 0 0 0 .1-1.32 1.87 1.87 0 0 0-.23-1.11 1 1 0 0 0-.84-.31 2.66 2.66 0 0 0-1.57.69 6.48 6.48 0 0 0-1.48 1.68l-.89 6.24h-1.66l1.12-8.49-.86-.42.14-.67 2.14-.38.37.19-.23 2.1a6.52 6.52 0 0 1 1.71-1.61ZM359 88.64a4.35 4.35 0 0 1-2.23.59 3.34 3.34 0 0 1-1.95-.53 3.19 3.19 0 0 1-1.15-1.4 4.69 4.69 0 0 1-.37-1.87 7.34 7.34 0 0 1 .67-3.14 6 6 0 0 1 1.9-2.29 4.35 4.35 0 0 1 2.63-.87 2.61 2.61 0 0 1 1.87.59 2 2 0 0 1 .64 1.56 2.68 2.68 0 0 1-1 2.11 6.75 6.75 0 0 1-2.38 1.28 9.81 9.81 0 0 1-2.46.46 4.08 4.08 0 0 0 .42 2.13 1.69 1.69 0 0 0 1.6.9 3.65 3.65 0 0 0 1.55-.36 4.37 4.37 0 0 0 1.38-1l.39.65a4.57 4.57 0 0 1-1.51 1.19Zm-2.4-8a4.54 4.54 0 0 0-1 1.64 6.76 6.76 0 0 0-.44 1.94 6 6 0 0 0 1.85-.38 4.52 4.52 0 0 0 1.6-1 2 2 0 0 0 .65-1.47 1.49 1.49 0 0 0-.32-1 1.14 1.14 0 0 0-.89-.36 2 2 0 0 0-1.41.64Z" class="cls-2" transform="translate(-24.97 -24.05)"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="global-nav__controls"><button class="controls__menu"> Close <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20.728 8l1.818 1.818-5.455 5.455 5.455 5.455-1.818 1.818-5.455-5.455-5.455 5.455L8 20.728l5.455-5.455L8 9.818 9.818 8l5.455 5.455z"></path></svg> </button> </div></div> <div class="mega-menu__content"><div> <button class="accordion">About Us</button> <div class="panel"><ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about"> About Us </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/organization"> Our Program Divisions </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/the-national-academies"> Our Three Academies </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/leadership"> Leadership </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/newsroom"> Newsroom </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/ocga"> Government Affairs </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/giving"> Giving </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/statement-on-diversity-and-inclusion"> Statement on Diversity and Inclusion </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="no-accordion"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/events">Events</a></button> <button class="accordion">Our Work</button> <div class="panel"><ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work"> Our Work </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/our-study-process"> Our Study Process </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/conflict-of-interest-policies-and-procedures"> Conflict of Interest Policies and Procedures </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/project-comments-and-information"> Project Comments and Information </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="accordion">Publications</button> <div class="panel"> <ul><li><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/" target="_self"> Read Our Expert Reports and Published Proceedings </a></li><li><a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_self"> Explore PNAS, the Flagship Scientific Journal of NAS </a></li><li><a href="http://pubsindex.trb.org" target="_self"> Access Transportation Research Board Publications </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="accordion">Topics</button> <div class="panel"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/covid-19-resources"> Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/resources-on-diversity-equity-and-inclusion"> Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/climate"> Climate </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/economic-recovery"> Economic Recovery </a></li></ul> </div> <button class="no-accordion"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/engagement">Engagement</a></button> <button class="accordion">Opportunities</button> <div class="panel"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/careers"> Careers </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/fellowships-and-grants"> Fellowships and Grants </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/volunteers"> Volunteers </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/sponsors"> Sponsors </a></li><li><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/members"> Members </a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <!--Mobile menu end --> </div> <div class="container flex justify-between"> <div class="global-nav__logo" > <a class="navbar-brand js-scroll-trigger" aria-label="Logo of The National Academies" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/home"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 315.11 58.33"> <defs><style>.cls-2{fill:#211747;}</style></defs><g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2"><g id="Layer_1-2" data-name="Layer 1"><polygon class="cls-2" points="3.73 7.55 20.84 25.49 20.84 1.5 17.81 1.5 17.81 18.08 0.7 0.14 0.7 24.06 3.73 24.06 3.73 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="28.49 24.06 31.84 24.06 38.98 7.25 45.92 23.87 45.99 24.06 49.34 24.06 39.05 0 28.49 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="153.23 24.06 156.58 24.06 163.72 7.25 170.66 23.87 170.73 24.06 174.08 24.06 163.79 0 153.23 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="59.72 24.06 62.76 24.06 62.76 4.41 69.52 4.41 69.52 1.5 52.96 1.5 52.96 4.41 59.72 4.41 59.72 24.06"/><rect class="cls-2" x="78.85" y="1.5" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-2" d="M115.69,12.8a11.72,11.72,0,0,0-23.44,0,11.72,11.72,0,0,0,23.44,0m-3.09,0A8.63,8.63,0,1,1,104,4a8.7,8.7,0,0,1,8.63,8.76"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="128.29 7.55 145.4 25.49 145.4 1.5 142.37 1.5 142.37 18.08 125.25 0.14 125.25 24.06 128.29 24.06 128.29 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="184.65 1.5 181.62 1.5 181.62 24.06 193.7 24.06 193.7 21.16 184.65 21.16 184.65 1.5"/><path class="cls-2" d="M37.15,34.08A11.48,11.48,0,0,0,25.37,45.8,11.36,11.36,0,0,0,37,57.38a11.77,11.77,0,0,0,6.79-2.19l.13-.09V51.2l-.51.51A9.77,9.77,0,0,1,41,53.5a8.9,8.9,0,0,1-3.95,1A8.75,8.75,0,0,1,37,37a9.09,9.09,0,0,1,3.66.82,10.71,10.71,0,0,1,2.78,2l.51.5V36.4l-.12-.09a10.62,10.62,0,0,0-6.67-2.23"/><path class="cls-2" d="M91.91,37.08a12.19,12.19,0,0,0-8.29-2.64H78.85V57h4.74c3.72,0,6-.73,8.22-2.61a10.75,10.75,0,0,0,4-8.65,11,11,0,0,0-3.86-8.65m-2.09,15.1a9.11,9.11,0,0,1-6.1,1.91H81.88V37.34h1.84c5.44,0,9,3.29,9,8.39a8.09,8.09,0,0,1-2.85,6.45"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="104.99 56.99 118.4 56.99 118.4 54.09 108.02 54.09 108.02 46.16 117.11 46.16 117.11 43.26 108.02 43.26 108.02 37.34 118.4 37.34 118.4 34.44 104.99 34.44 104.99 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="176.17 56.99 189.58 56.99 189.58 54.09 179.2 54.09 179.2 46.16 188.28 46.16 188.28 43.26 179.2 43.26 179.2 37.34 189.58 37.34 189.58 34.44 176.17 34.44 176.17 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="138.88 51.34 130.31 32.49 126.44 56.99 129.55 56.99 131.62 42.47 138.84 58.33 146.15 42.47 148.13 56.99 151.23 56.99 147.61 32.45 138.88 51.34"/><rect class="cls-2" x="161.31" y="34.44" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-2" d="M209,46.15A10.78,10.78,0,0,0,205.49,44l-2.12-.92a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.21-1.33,2,2,0,0,1-.73-1.69A3.07,3.07,0,0,1,203.82,37a3.62,3.62,0,0,1,2.28.69,4.87,4.87,0,0,1,1.2,1.55l.15.3,2.45-1.62-.12-.24a7,7,0,0,0-2.24-2.55,6.34,6.34,0,0,0-3.69-1c-3.8,0-6.45,2.45-6.45,6a4.86,4.86,0,0,0,1.6,3.8,9.51,9.51,0,0,0,2.84,1.78l2.15,1a9.5,9.5,0,0,1,2.56,1.46,3,3,0,0,1,1,2.35,4.2,4.2,0,0,1-7.06,2.92,4.93,4.93,0,0,1-1.24-2.64l-.05-.33-3,.82.06.28a8.32,8.32,0,0,0,2.13,4,6.74,6.74,0,0,0,5,1.87,6.91,6.91,0,0,0,7.24-7A5.58,5.58,0,0,0,209,46.15"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="0 56.99 3.35 56.99 10.49 40.18 17.43 56.81 17.5 56.99 20.86 56.99 10.56 32.93 0 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="50.21 56.99 53.57 56.99 60.71 40.18 67.64 56.81 67.72 56.99 71.07 56.99 60.78 32.93 50.21 56.99"/><path class="cls-2" d="M233.74,2.1a3.34,3.34,0,0,0-.93-.11,2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.52.45,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.63,1.28,2,2,0,0,0,.54,1.44,7.94,7.94,0,0,0,1.64,1.26,13.5,13.5,0,0,1,1.26.89,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,.83,1,2.62,2.62,0,0,1,.33,1.33,3.06,3.06,0,0,1-.5,1.74,3.26,3.26,0,0,1-1.4,1.18,5.06,5.06,0,0,1-2.09.41,8.3,8.3,0,0,1-1.94-.22,3.51,3.51,0,0,1-1.24-.46l.34-2.18h.92l.09,1.62a2.53,2.53,0,0,0,.81.33,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1,.13,2.93,2.93,0,0,0,1.77-.53,1.68,1.68,0,0,0,.73-1.47,1.91,1.91,0,0,0-.49-1.34,6.42,6.42,0,0,0-1.49-1.16c-.52-.34-1-.65-1.32-.94a3.76,3.76,0,0,1-.9-1,2.64,2.64,0,0,1-.37-1.4,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,.5-1.62,3.23,3.23,0,0,1,1.35-1.08,4.58,4.58,0,0,1,1.86-.37,7,7,0,0,1,1.72.18,3.31,3.31,0,0,1,1.09.45l-.35,2h-.83l-.12-1.47a2.39,2.39,0,0,0-.68-.3"/><path class="cls-2" d="M241,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,237.34,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.74,3.74,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,241,5"/><path class="cls-2" d="M246.1,11.61a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.21.21,0,0,0,.18.1.65.65,0,0,0,.34-.11,2.64,2.64,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.31-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22ZM246,2.15a.84.84,0,0,1-.23-.59,1.13,1.13,0,0,1,.3-.79.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.77.77,0,0,1,.23.57,1.15,1.15,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.75.75,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-2" d="M254,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.72-.47,2.74,2.74,0,0,1-1-1.23A4,4,0,0,1,249,9.62a6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.08,5.08,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.27,2.27,0,0,1,1.64.52A1.79,1.79,0,0,1,255.72,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8.1,8.1,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.42,3.42,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57A4,4,0,0,1,254,12.43m-2.11-7A4.1,4.1,0,0,0,251,6.88a5.9,5.9,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1.62-.33,4,4,0,0,0,1.41-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-2" d="M261.24,4.62A3.14,3.14,0,0,1,263,4.06a1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.61,2.61,0,0,1,.46,1.71,15.44,15.44,0,0,1-.34,2.34l-.06.36-.13.74a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-.24,1.85c0,.28.06.42.2.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.72-.39l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.36,2.92,2.92,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.17.84.84,0,0,1-1-.93,12.88,12.88,0,0,1,.27-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.33,2.33,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.75,5.75,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54h-1.46l1-7.43L257.62,5l.12-.58,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.84a5.72,5.72,0,0,1,1.5-1.45"/><path class="cls-2" d="M270.77,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,267.13,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3,3,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,270.77,5"/><path class="cls-2" d="M278.66,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52A1.82,1.82,0,0,1,280.38,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87A1.48,1.48,0,0,0,277,12a3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-2" d="M286.18,5.13a2.75,2.75,0,0,0-1.09-.21,1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.13.31,1,1,0,0,0-.43.89,1.43,1.43,0,0,0,.34.93,6.08,6.08,0,0,0,1,.88,10.43,10.43,0,0,1,.88.74,3.1,3.1,0,0,1,.6.76,2.15,2.15,0,0,1,.26,1.05,2.09,2.09,0,0,1-.9,1.81,3.71,3.71,0,0,1-2.22.64,6.32,6.32,0,0,1-1.37-.15,2.1,2.1,0,0,1-.9-.34l.24-1.06a3.41,3.41,0,0,0,.88.44,3.37,3.37,0,0,0,1.18.21,2.21,2.21,0,0,0,1.15-.29,1,1,0,0,0,.48-.92,1.37,1.37,0,0,0-.38-1,6.83,6.83,0,0,0-1.1-.89,3.07,3.07,0,0,1-1.58-2.5,2.16,2.16,0,0,1,.4-1.27,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,1.09-.84,3.81,3.81,0,0,1,1.54-.3,6.32,6.32,0,0,1,1.13.1,4.07,4.07,0,0,1,.8.19l-.26,1.17a1.55,1.55,0,0,0-.6-.39"/><polygon class="cls-2" points="229.34 23.43 236.61 23.43 236.51 25.87 235.6 25.87 235.35 24.25 231.87 24.13 231.29 28.48 234.85 28.36 234.74 29.51 231.21 29.38 230.58 34.05 234.91 33.87 235.77 32.01 236.63 32.18 236.01 34.84 227.85 34.84 227.91 34.24 229.06 34.05 230.29 24.25 229.24 24.09 229.34 23.43"/><path class="cls-2" d="M242.18,26.67a3.16,3.16,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.51,2.51,0,0,1,.46,1.7,14.42,14.42,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.15,1.15,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.46,2.46,0,0,1-.61.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a11.94,11.94,0,0,1,.28-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.18-1,.24-1.45a8.14,8.14,0,0,0,.1-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.67,5.67,0,0,0-1.29,1.46l-.76,5.55h-1.45l1-7.44-.76-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-2" d="M252.77,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.45,3.45,0,0,1-.76-.19l.32-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.56,3.56,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.12,2.12,0,0,0,.63-1.41l.29-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84A2.61,2.61,0,0,1,250,35a2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.52,6.52,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,249.73,27a4.15,4.15,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.47,4.47,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l1-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.61-10.36a2.36,2.36,0,0,0-1.75.74,4.82,4.82,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.16,1.16,0,0,0,1,.62,2.09,2.09,0,0,0,1.2-.39,3.12,3.12,0,0,0,.9-.87l.82-5.5a1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.15-.32"/><path class="cls-2" d="M258.39,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-2" d="M265.74,26.67a3.11,3.11,0,0,1,1.72-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.5,2.5,0,0,1,.47,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.13.74a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.27.06.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.28,2.28,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.18.84.84,0,0,1-1-.94,12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.27,2.27,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.12-.59,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-2" d="M276.11,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.83,5.83,0,0,1,274.87,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.49,3.49,0,0,0,.36,1.86,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.16,3.16,0,0,0,1.35-.31,3.9,3.9,0,0,0,1.22-.9l.33.57a3.93,3.93,0,0,1-1.27,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.78,3.78,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.68,1.68,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-2" d="M284,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.26,5.26,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.79,3.79,0,0,1,2.3-.77,2.31,2.31,0,0,1,1.64.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.74,5.74,0,0,1,282.73,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.4,3.4,0,0,0,.37,1.86,1.45,1.45,0,0,0,1.39.79,3.2,3.2,0,0,0,1.36-.31,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.28,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.7,3.7,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.7,1.7,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-2" d="M290.05,27.3a3.77,3.77,0,0,1,1-.83,2.34,2.34,0,0,1,1.22-.34.83.83,0,0,1,.5.11l-.33,1.62a1.45,1.45,0,0,0-.75-.15,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.29.44,2.89,2.89,0,0,0-1,1.22l-.7,5.47h-1.48l1-7.41-.77-.38.11-.57,1.81-.35.31.18-.11,1.37-.08.61a4.09,4.09,0,0,1,.6-1"/><path class="cls-2" d="M295.29,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-2" d="M302.33,26.67a3.14,3.14,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.56,2.56,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.64,1.64,0,0,1-.33.35,2.22,2.22,0,0,1-.6.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.11-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.73,1.73,0,0,0-.2-1,.88.88,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-2" d="M312.92,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.57,3.57,0,0,1-.77-.19l.33-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.11,2.11,0,0,0,.62-1.41l.3-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84,2.63,2.63,0,0,1-1.33.34,2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,309.88,27a4.11,4.11,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.56,4.56,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l.95-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.62-10.36a2.35,2.35,0,0,0-1.74.74,4.7,4.7,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.14,1.14,0,0,0,1,.62,2,2,0,0,0,1.19-.39,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.91-.87l.82-5.5a1.88,1.88,0,0,0-1.16-.32"/><path class="cls-2" d="M237.11,49.24c.83-1.82,1.39-3.07,1.65-3.76h3.29l-.06.66-1.37.17-.29,9.8,1.31.18-.07.6h-4.22l.06-.6,1.4-.18.35-6.79.2-3.12L238.2,49l-3.57,8-.83.11-1.26-7.89-.47-2.92-.63,3-1.64,6.91,1.55.18-.06.6h-4l.06-.6,1.28-.18,2.47-9.8-1.41-.17.09-.66h3.56L234.56,53l.2,1.57.67-1.53c.28-.69.84-1.95,1.68-3.77"/><path class="cls-2" d="M247.75,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,246.5,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87A1.76,1.76,0,0,0,248,50.2a1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-2" d="M257.17,55.72q0,.39.24.39a1.19,1.19,0,0,0,.7-.39l.22.39a3.42,3.42,0,0,1-.67.62,1.68,1.68,0,0,1-1,.31c-.6,0-.9-.32-.9-1v-.34a3.94,3.94,0,0,1-1.08.94,2.72,2.72,0,0,1-1.44.38,2.13,2.13,0,0,1-1.87-.88,4,4,0,0,1-.63-2.34,6.41,6.41,0,0,1,.58-2.62A5.56,5.56,0,0,1,253,49a4.1,4.1,0,0,1,2.61-.86,4,4,0,0,1,1.15.18l.41-2.76-1-.26.13-.54,2.16-.28.34.2-1.6,10.84a.79.79,0,0,0,0,.17M255.42,49a2.32,2.32,0,0,0-1.74.75,4.64,4.64,0,0,0-1.06,1.84,7.15,7.15,0,0,0-.34,2.16,3.44,3.44,0,0,0,.36,1.72,1.12,1.12,0,0,0,1,.61,2.06,2.06,0,0,0,1.23-.41,3.11,3.11,0,0,0,.9-.91l.83-5.42a1.94,1.94,0,0,0-1.2-.34"/><path class="cls-2" d="M262.14,55.72a.57.57,0,0,0,.06.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.84,3.84,0,0,0,.44-.35l.19.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-.95-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78,1,1,0,0,1,.71-.32.83.83,0,0,1,.62.24.81.81,0,0,1,.23.57,1.2,1.2,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.73.73,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-2" d="M269.42,49.14a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.6,3.6,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,2,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.14,1A3.43,3.43,0,0,1,268,57a2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54,6.43,6.43,0,0,1,.53-2.51A5.3,5.3,0,0,1,267.33,49a3.69,3.69,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26L271.07,50l-.26-.09a2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.39-.78"/><path class="cls-2" d="M274.77,55.72a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.15,3.15,0,0,0,.43-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.85.85,0,0,1-.23-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.78.78,0,0,1,.24.57,1.16,1.16,0,0,1-.3.81,1,1,0,0,1-.76.33.75.75,0,0,1-.57-.25"/><path class="cls-2" d="M282,48.73a3.09,3.09,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.54,2.54,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.09,15.09,0,0,1-.33,2.35l-.07.36-.12.73a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.28.06.42.19.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.73-.39l.18.4a1.77,1.77,0,0,1-.32.36,3.21,3.21,0,0,1-.61.39,1.86,1.86,0,0,1-.79.17c-.64,0-1-.31-1-.93a13.42,13.42,0,0,1,.28-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.56.18-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.31,2.31,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.58,5.58,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54H278.2l1-7.43-.75-.37.12-.58,1.87-.34.33.17-.2,1.84A5.85,5.85,0,0,1,282,48.73"/><path class="cls-2" d="M292.42,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63A6.35,6.35,0,0,1,288,51a5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,291.17,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/></g></g> </svg> </a> </div> <div class='global-nav-nap-menu' id="header-large"> <div class="dropdown" id="sitelinks-mobile"> <button class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" type="button" id="dropdownMenuButton" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="hidden-xxs">Navigate to</span> </button> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenuButton"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/content/help">Help</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/content/help-with-ordering">Ordering Information</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/new" >New Releases</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/author">Browse by Division</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/topic" class="site-links"> Browse by Topic</a> </div> </div> <ul class="user-links"> <li><a href="/"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe63d;"> </span> NAP Home</a></li> <li class="dropdown nap-mega-menu mega-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe63a;"> </span> Browse <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu mega-dropdown-menu row" id="nap-mega-menu-inner"> <li class="d-flex" > <ul class="browse-col" > <li class="dropdown-header"><a href="/author">Publications by Division</a></li> <li><a href="/author/DBASSE/">Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education</a> </li> <li><a href="/author/DELS/">Division on Earth and Life Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/author/DEPS/">Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences</a> </li> <li><a href="/author/GRP/">Gulf Research Program</a></li> <li><a href="/author/HMD/">Health and Medicine Division</a></li> <li><a href="/author/PGA/">Policy and Global Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/author/TRB/">Transportation Research Board</a></li> <li><hr style="margin-left: 21px; margin-right: 20px;"></li> <li><a href="/author/NAS">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/author/NAE">National Academy of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/author/NAM">National Academy of Medicine</a></li> </ul> <ul class="browse-col" > <li class="dropdown-header"><a href="/topic">Publications by Topic</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/276">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/277">Behavioral and Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/292">Biography and Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/278">Biology and Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/279">Computers and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/280">Conflict and Security Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/281">Earth Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/282">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/283">Energy and Energy Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/284">Engineering and Technology</a></li> </ul> <ul class="browse-col"> <li><br> </li> <li><a href="/topic/285">Environment and Environmental Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/287">Food and Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/288">Health and Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/289">Industry and Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/290">Math, Chemistry, and Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/423">Policy for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/293">Space and Aeronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/478">Surveys and Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/topic/294">Transportation and Infrastructure</a></li> </ul> <ul class="browse-col vertical-divider"> <li class="dropdown-header"><br></li> <li><a href="/collection">Searchable Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/new">New Releases</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe6ab;"> </span> MyNAP <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="/login.php" class="userOff"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe602;"> </span> Login</a></li> <li><a href="/login.php?action=new" class="register"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe638;"> </span> Register</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="naphelp"><a href="/content/help"><span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe63c;"> </span> HELP</a></li> <li> <a href="/cart/cart.php"> <span class="icon-menu" data-icon="&#xe639;"> </span> Cart </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="global-nav__menus"> <div class="global-nav__menus--upper"> <div class="global-nav__controls"> <div class="controls__social"><!----></div> <button aria-label="Search" class="controls__search" onclick="toggleSearch()"><span class="search__label"> Search </span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path d="M13.8 21.6a7.8 7.8 0 110-15.6 7.8 7.8 0 010 15.6zm0-2a5.8 5.8 0 100-11.6 5.8 5.8 0 000 11.6z"></path> <path d="M17.899 19.325l1.414-1.414 4.322 4.322-1.414 1.414z"></path> </svg> </button> <button class="controls__menu"> Menu <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 23h15v-2.5H8V23zm0-6.25h15v-2.5H8v2.5zM8 8v2.5h15V8H8z"></path> </svg> </button> <button class="controls__nav" onclick="toggleMenu(); myMenu(this)"> Global Menu <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="menu-off"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 23h15v-2.5H8V23zm0-6.25h15v-2.5H8v2.5zM8 8v2.5h15V8H8z"></path> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="menu-on"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20.728 8l1.818 1.818-5.455 5.455 5.455 5.455-1.818 1.818-5.455-5.455-5.455 5.455L8 20.728l5.455-5.455L8 9.818 9.818 8l5.455 5.455z"></path></svg> <!----></button> </div> </div> <div class="global-nav__menus--lower" > <nav role="navigation" class="global-nav__links " > <ul role="menu"> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> About Us </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self"> About Us </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/organization" target="_self"> Our Program Divisions </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/the-national-academies" target="_self"> Our Three Academies </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/leadership" target="_self"> Leadership </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/newsroom" target="_self"> Newsroom </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/ocga" target="_self"> Government Affairs </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/giving" target="_self"> Giving </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/statement-on-diversity-and-inclusion" target="_self"> Statement on Diversity and Inclusion </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our work helps shape sound policies, inform public opinion, and advance the pursuit of science, engineering, and medicine.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/events" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Events </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"><span class="dropdown__left--default"><img src="https://nasemoceprodcomm-nationalacademies.cec.ocp.oraclecloud.com/content/published/api/v1.1/assets/CONTC88C4C0CA7CE4E7FA8630DEF6E1B3A8F/native/NAS+Building.jpg?cb=_cache_a061&amp;channelToken=d2dc71410b56f1d61406108f1738d0f4" alt=""></span></div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>Throughout any given year, the National Academies convene hundreds of conferences, workshops, symposia, forums, roundtables, and other gatherings that attract the finest minds in academia and the public and private sectors. These venues for discussion and debate are essential for allowing the scientific process to unfold.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="See All Events" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/events" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> See All Events <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Our Work </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self"> Our Work </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/our-study-process" target="_self"> Our Study Process </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/conflict-of-interest-policies-and-procedures" target="_self"> Conflict of Interest Policies and Procedures </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/institutional-policies-and-procedures/project-comments-and-information" target="_self"> Project Comments and Information </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are the nation's pre-eminent source of high-quality, objective advice on science, engineering, and health matters. <br> <br> Top experts participate in our projects, activities, and studies to examine and assemble evidence-based findings to address some of society's greatest challenges.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Publications </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" loadchildren="true" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/" target="_self"> Read Our Expert Reports and Published Proceedings </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_self"> Explore PNAS, the Flagship Scientific Journal of NAS </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="http://pubsindex.trb.org/" target="_self"> Access Transportation Research Board Publications </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p>Our peer-reviewed reports present the evidence-based consensus of committees of experts. Published proceedings record the presentations and discussions that take place at hundreds of conferences, workshops, symposia, forums, roundtables, and other gatherings every year. And, our prestigious journals publish the latest scientific findings on a wide range of topics.</p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Topics </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/covid-19-resources" target="_self"> Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/resources-on-diversity-equity-and-inclusion" target="_self"> Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/climate" target="_self"> Climate </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics/economic-recovery" target="_self"> Economic Recovery </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>Discover what the National Academies are doing in various topic areas to strengthen the fields of science, engineering, and medicine and their capacity to contribute to the well-being of our nation and the world.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="See All Topics" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/topics" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> See All Topics <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/engagement" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Engagement </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"><span class="dropdown__left--default"><img src="https://nasemoceprodcomm-nationalacademies.ocecdn.oraclecloud.com/content/published/api/v1.1/assets/CONTC267CED7812243AB86410D548C73D067/native/engagement-nav.jpg?cb=_cache_a061&amp;channelToken=d2dc71410b56f1d61406108f1738d0f4" alt=""></span></div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p> <p>A powerful way to foster appreciation for the impact of science and critical and innovative thinking is through art and the humanities. Learn more about the National Academies’ various programs designed to connect, engage, and inspire.</p> </p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/engagement" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> <li role="none" class="has-dropdown"><a href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/opportunities" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="global-nav__link"><span> Opportunities </span></a> <div class="global-nav__dropdown"> <div class="dropdown__left"> <ul class="global-nav__links-widget" type="nas-nav-links-widget"> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/careers" target="_self"> Careers </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/fellowships-and-grants" target="_self"> Fellowships and Grants </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/volunteers" target="_self"> Volunteers </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/sponsors" target="_self"> Sponsors </a></li> <li><a rel="" title="" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/about/members" target="_self"> Members </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="dropdown__right"> <p>Make a real impact on the scientific, engineering, and health-related challenges facing society. Whether as a sponsor or donor, a member or volunteer, or an employee or fellow, you can make a difference.</p> <a rel="" title="Learn More" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/opportunities" target="_self" role="menuitem" class="button button--secondary button--outline button--icon"> Learn More <span class="button__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class="w2 h2"> <path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path> <path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path> </svg> </span></a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <!----></header> <a name="content"></a> <script> $(".controls__menu").click(function(){ $("#mobile-menu").toggle(); }); function toggleMenu() { var element = document.getElementById("lowerMenu"); element.classList.toggle("menu-is-hidden"); } function myMenu(x) { x.classList.toggle("invert"); } function toggleSearch() { var element = document.getElementById("lowerMenu"); element.classList.toggle("search-is-hidden"); } </script> <!--accordion--> <script> var acc = document.getElementsByClassName("accordion"); var i; for (i = 0; i < acc.length; i++) { acc[i].addEventListener("click", function() { this.classList.toggle("active"); var panel = this.nextElementSibling; if (panel.style.maxHeight) { panel.style.maxHeight = null; } else { panel.style.maxHeight = panel.scrollHeight + "px"; } }); } </script> <section class="top-rows"> <div class="container"> <h1 id="content-headline">Help with Ordering</h1> </div> </section> <section class="middle-rows"> <div class="main container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-7"> <div id="content"> <p>We provide several ordering options</p> <ul> <li><a href="#Online">Online</a></li> <li><a href="#Phone">By phone</a></li> <li><a href="#Mail">By&nbsp;mail</a></li> <li><a href="#PurchaseOrder">By purchase order</a></li> </ul> <div class="alert alert-info"><strong>Important Note:</strong>&nbsp;The 10% discount for MyNAP members only applies&nbsp;to online orders. Books ordered by any other option are not eligible for this discount.</div> <h3>Payment Options</h3> <ul> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;"><strong>Credit card.</strong> We accept Visa, MasterCard, or American Express.</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;"><strong>Purchasing card.</strong> Purchasing cards are a type of credit card used by many corporations and institutions. Customers may submit one P-card reference number per order along with their credit card information. This reference number is used to track purchases with an internal billing code, which is itemized on your credit card statement.</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;"><strong>Purchase order.</strong> Purchase orders are accepted by mail, or as a separate PDF attachment by email. Please see our <a href="#PurchaseOrder">purchase order instructions</a>&nbsp;for complete details.</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;"><strong>Check.</strong> Orders purchased with checks can only be accepted by mail. Please see our instructions for <a href="#Mail">ordering by mail</a>&nbsp;for complete details.</span></li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>Ordering Online<a id="Online"></a></h3> <p>Buying books through our website is safe and secure. Plus, when you sign up for a <a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/using-mynap">MyNAP account</a>, you automatically receive a 10% discount off the list price when you order online. We only accept credit cards and purchasing cards for online orders. If you want to pay by check, please read our instructions for <a href="#Mail">ordering by mail</a>. Customers paying by purchase order should read the <a href="#PurchaseOrder">specific instructions</a>&nbsp;for doing so.</p> <h3>Ordering by Phone<a id="Phone"></a></h3> <p>You may phone your order in to our <a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/contact-customer-service">Customer Service Department</a>. We can only accept credit card orders over the phone. If you want to pay by check or <a href="#PurchaseOrder">purchase order</a>, place your order by <a href="#Mail">mail</a>&nbsp;or <a href="#Fax">fax</a>.</p> <h3>Ordering by Mail<a id="Mail"></a></h3> <p>Start by downloading and completing an <a href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/orderform.pdf" target="_blank" download="">order form</a>.</p> <p>If paying by check, please make payable to The National Academies Press. Checks must be issued in U.S. dollars and drawn on a U.S. bank.</p> <p>Please be sure to include <a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/shipping-and-handling-options">shipping and handling</a>&nbsp;and <a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/sales-tax">applicable sales tax</a>.</p> <p>Unless otherwise specified, books will be sent via our standard shipping and handling method, UPS Ground.</p> <p>Send your completed order to:</p> <p><strong>Remittance Address for Check Payments:</strong></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The National Academies Press<br />PO Box 936141<br />Atlanta, GA 31193-6135</p> <p><strong>All Other Correspondence and Orders:</strong></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The National Academies Press<br />500 Fifth Street N.W., Keck 360<br />Washington, DC 20001</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>Ordering with a Purchase Order<a id="PurchaseOrder"></a></h3> <p>We accept purchase orders from U.S. or Canadian companies or institutions. You do not have to pay in advance with a purchase order. We will ship your order and invoice you for the amount owed. You have thirty (30) days to remit full payment.</p> <p>Purchase orders must be signed, bona fide documents that specify: both a shipping and billing address; the preferred shipping method; and all relevant costs, including book prices, shipping and handling, and taxes. Requisitions, letters, faxes, or memoranda referencing a purchase order number will not be accepted.</p> <p><strong>Shipping and Handling Options</strong></p> <p>Purchase orders should allow for shipping costs to be added to your invoice for reimbursement.</p> <p>Unless otherwise specified, books will be sent via our standard shipping and handling method, UPS Ground. Learn more about <a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/shipping-and-handling-options">shipping and handling options, transit time, and pricing</a>.</p> <p>If you require an expedited shipping method, please contact&nbsp;our <a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/contact-customer-service">Customer Service Department</a>&nbsp;to determine whether your book is in stock and available for immediate shipment. Your purchase order will need to state the type of expedited shipping to be used, the deadline for receipt of the shipment, and that you accept all applicable charges incurred.</p> <p><strong>Applicable taxes</strong></p> <p>If your order is being shipped to any of the following locations, sales tax applies:</p> <ul> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">California</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Connecticut</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">District of Columbia</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Florida</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Maryland</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">New York</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">North Carolina</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Pennsylvania</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Virginia</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Wisconsin</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Canada (GST)</span></li> </ul> <p>If you are exempt from the sales tax in your jurisdiction, please let us know by providing your tax exemption number in your purchase order and we will remove those charges.</p> <p><strong>Additional information</strong></p> <p>The National Academies Press is classified as a large, nonprofit organization.</p> <ul> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Our FEI number is 530196932.</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Our Canadian GST number is 133130880.</span></li> <li><span style="line-height: 1.428571429;">Our DUNS is 041964057</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Remit to Address for Payment and Orders</strong></p> <p>Purchase orders may be mailed, faxed, or e-mailed.</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Mail</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;">The National Academies Press<br />500 Fifth Street N.W.<br />Keck 360<br />Washington, DC 2000</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">Email</p> <p style="padding-left: 60px;">customer_service@nap.edu</p> <p><br /><strong>Remittance Address for Check Payments:</strong></p> <p style="padding-left: 30px;">The National Academies Press<br />PO Box 936141<br />Atlanta, GA 31193-6135</p> <h2>Frequently Asked Questions</h2> <p class="faqaccordion">Why haven't&nbsp;I received the&nbsp;book I ordered?</p> <div class="faq panel"> <p>If you ordered several books and one or more of them did not arrive, it may be because the book is temporarily out of stock, or because the book has not yet been published. Our&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/contact-customer-service">Customer Service Department</a>&nbsp;can verify the status of your order and provide an estimated shipping date.</p> <p>If your book is out of stock or not yet published, then your credit card will not be charged until we ship the book. This means your credit card may be charged several times as books become available for shipment, but it is our policy never to charge for books that have not been sent.</p> </div> <p class="faqaccordion">Out of stock Items</p> <div class="faq panel"> <p>There are times when we run low on books and have to print more. This may create a temporary out-of-stock condition and require that we back order your request for a book. Generally speaking, we are not out of stock of books for very long. We will notify you if this occurs.</p> </div> <p class="faqaccordion">Forthcoming Titles</p> <div class="faq panel"> <p>Some of the books listed on our website have not yet been published. These titles are captioned with a "Forthcoming" banner. You can pre-order a book that is not yet available. As soon as the book is available, it is sent according to the original shipping instructions we received.</p> <p>There are a number of factors that affect the publication date of a book which makes it difficult to predict when copies will be available for sale. When you pre-order a book that has not yet been published, your credit card is not charged until we ship the book to you. This protects you in the event that a book is canceled or if you decide later that you want to cancel your order.</p> </div> <p class="faqaccordion">What should I do if I received&nbsp;the wrong book?</p> <div class="faq panel"> <p>Generally speaking, if we shipped the wrong book, we'll send our carrier to pick up the wrong book and reship the title you ordered.&nbsp;Contact the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/contact-customer-service">Customer Service Department</a>&nbsp;to arrange the re-shipment.</p> </div> <p class="faqaccordion">What should I do if I didn't receive the right number of&nbsp;copies?</p> <div class="faq panel"> <p>If we didn't send you enough copies, we'll get the additional shipment out to you immediately.&nbsp;Contact the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/contact-customer-service">Customer Service Department</a>&nbsp;to arrange the additional shipment.</p> <p>If we sent too many books and you've been kind enough to tell us, we'll have our carrier pick up the extras when it is convenient for you.&nbsp;Contact the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nap.edu/content/contact-customer-service">Customer Service Department</a>&nbsp;to arrange for the carrier.</p> </div> </div> <!-- This embed code may be restricted to use on a single domain, see documentation at: https://help.surveygizmo.com/help/iframe-embed#limit-permitted-domains-for-embeds --> <iframe src="https://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/3958079/Was-this-page-helpful-to-you" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="700" style="overflow:hidden" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div class="panel panel-default links-panel"> <div class="panel-heading">Help <span class="icon pull-right" data-icon="&#xe63c;"></span></div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/content/contact-customer-service" class="subsection-heading list-group-item ">Contact Customer Service</a> <a href="/content/help" class="subsection-heading list-group-item ">View All Help Articles</a> <div class="subsection-heading list-group-item">Using NAP.edu</div> <a href="/content/getting-started" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Getting Started</a> <a href="/content/searching-nap-publications" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Tips for Searching</a> <a href="/content/using-mynap" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">MyNAP</a> <a href="/content/about-pdfs" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Downloading and Reading PDFs</a> <a href="/content/help-reading-reports-online-nap-openbook" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Reading Online </a> <a href="/content/about-dois" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">About DOIs</a> <a href="/content/about-altmetrics" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">About Altmetrics</a> <div class="subsection-heading list-group-item">Ordering</div> <a href="/content/help-with-ordering" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Placing an Order</a> <a href="/content/returns" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Returning a Book</a> <a href="/content/shipping-and-handling-options" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Order Processing and Fulfillment</a> <div class="subsection-heading list-group-item">Information</div> <a href="/content/help-with-discounts" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Discounts</a> <a href="/content/information-for-book-trade-customers" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Book Trade Customers</a> <a href="/content/information-for-librarians" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Information for Librarians</a> <a href="/content/international-ordering-and-distribution" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">International Ordering and Distribution</a> <a href="/content/translation-rights" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Translation Rights</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default links-panel"> <div class="panel-heading">Requests <span class="icon pull-right" data-icon="&#xe65a;"></span></div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/content/request-desk-copies" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Desk Copies</a> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cart/exam_copy.html" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Examination Copies</a> <a href="/content/request-review-copies" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Review Copies</a> <a href="/content/request-rights-and-permissions" class="subsection-link list-group-item ">Rights and Permissions</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!--start NAP footer --> <footer class="global-footer" style="background: #211747; border-top: none" id="global-footer-nap"> <div class="container"> <div class="global-footer__orgs"> <div class="global-footer__logo"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org"><img src="/images/footer-nap-text.png" alt="National Academies Press: Washington, DC | Home" class="img-responsive"></a> </div> <div> <form id="subscribe-form" action="/updates/" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe"> <div class="input-group"> <label for="email" class="sr-only">Email Address</label> <input type="hidden" name="SOURCE" value="homepage"> <input class="subscribe-input form-control" type="text" name="EMAIL" id="email" placeholder="Sign up for e-mail updates" title="Enter your e-mail address to subscribe to updates from NAP."> <span class="subscribe-button"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-subscribe">Subscribe</button> </span> </div> </form></div></div> <div class="global-footer__links"> <ul class="global-footer__nav"> <li> <h6>NAP Quick Links</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/content/about-the-national-academies-press">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://notes.nap.edu/">Notes from NAP</a></li> </ul> <h6>Request A</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/request-desk-copies">Desk Copy</a> </li> <li><a href="/content/request/exam_copy.html">Exam Copy </a></li> <li><a href="/content/request-review-copies">Review Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/content/request-rights-and-permissions">Reprint Permission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <h6>Browse Publications</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/author">By Division</a></li> <li><a href="/new/">By New Releases</a></li> <li><a href="/collection">By Searchable Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/topic">By Topic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <h6>NAP Ordering</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li> </ul> <h6>Using NAP.edu</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/searching-nap-publications">Tips for Searching</a> </li> <li><a href="/content/using-mynap">Help With MyNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/content/about-pdfs">Downloading and Reading PDFs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <h6>NAP Information</h6> <ul> <li><a href="/content/help-with-discounts">Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/content/information-for-book-trade-customers">Book Trade Customers</a></li> <li><a href="/content/request-rights-and-permissions">Rights and Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="/content/international-ordering-and-distribution">International Ordering and Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/content/translation-rights">Translation Rights</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></div></footer> <!--start NASEM footer --> <footer class="global-footer" style="background: #666; border-top: none"><div class="container"><div class="global-footer__orgs"><div class="global-footer__logo"> <a aria-label="Logo of The National Academies" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/home"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 315.11 58.33"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#fff;}</style></defs><g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2"><g id="Layer_1-2" data-name="Layer 1"><polygon class="cls-1" points="3.73 7.55 20.84 25.49 20.84 1.5 17.81 1.5 17.81 18.08 0.7 0.14 0.7 24.06 3.73 24.06 3.73 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="28.49 24.06 31.84 24.06 38.98 7.25 45.92 23.87 45.99 24.06 49.34 24.06 39.05 0 28.49 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="153.23 24.06 156.58 24.06 163.72 7.25 170.66 23.87 170.73 24.06 174.08 24.06 163.79 0 153.23 24.06"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="59.72 24.06 62.76 24.06 62.76 4.41 69.52 4.41 69.52 1.5 52.96 1.5 52.96 4.41 59.72 4.41 59.72 24.06"/><rect class="cls-1" x="78.85" y="1.5" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-1" d="M115.69,12.8a11.72,11.72,0,0,0-23.44,0,11.72,11.72,0,0,0,23.44,0m-3.09,0A8.63,8.63,0,1,1,104,4a8.7,8.7,0,0,1,8.63,8.76"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="128.29 7.55 145.4 25.49 145.4 1.5 142.37 1.5 142.37 18.08 125.25 0.14 125.25 24.06 128.29 24.06 128.29 7.55"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="184.65 1.5 181.62 1.5 181.62 24.06 193.7 24.06 193.7 21.16 184.65 21.16 184.65 1.5"/><path class="cls-1" d="M37.15,34.08A11.48,11.48,0,0,0,25.37,45.8,11.36,11.36,0,0,0,37,57.38a11.77,11.77,0,0,0,6.79-2.19l.13-.09V51.2l-.51.51A9.77,9.77,0,0,1,41,53.5a8.9,8.9,0,0,1-3.95,1A8.75,8.75,0,0,1,37,37a9.09,9.09,0,0,1,3.66.82,10.71,10.71,0,0,1,2.78,2l.51.5V36.4l-.12-.09a10.62,10.62,0,0,0-6.67-2.23"/><path class="cls-1" d="M91.91,37.08a12.19,12.19,0,0,0-8.29-2.64H78.85V57h4.74c3.72,0,6-.73,8.22-2.61a10.75,10.75,0,0,0,4-8.65,11,11,0,0,0-3.86-8.65m-2.09,15.1a9.11,9.11,0,0,1-6.1,1.91H81.88V37.34h1.84c5.44,0,9,3.29,9,8.39a8.09,8.09,0,0,1-2.85,6.45"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="104.99 56.99 118.4 56.99 118.4 54.09 108.02 54.09 108.02 46.16 117.11 46.16 117.11 43.26 108.02 43.26 108.02 37.34 118.4 37.34 118.4 34.44 104.99 34.44 104.99 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="176.17 56.99 189.58 56.99 189.58 54.09 179.2 54.09 179.2 46.16 188.28 46.16 188.28 43.26 179.2 43.26 179.2 37.34 189.58 37.34 189.58 34.44 176.17 34.44 176.17 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="138.88 51.34 130.31 32.49 126.44 56.99 129.55 56.99 131.62 42.47 138.84 58.33 146.15 42.47 148.13 56.99 151.23 56.99 147.61 32.45 138.88 51.34"/><rect class="cls-1" x="161.31" y="34.44" width="3.03" height="22.55"/><path class="cls-1" d="M209,46.15A10.78,10.78,0,0,0,205.49,44l-2.12-.92a6.8,6.8,0,0,1-2.21-1.33,2,2,0,0,1-.73-1.69A3.07,3.07,0,0,1,203.82,37a3.62,3.62,0,0,1,2.28.69,4.87,4.87,0,0,1,1.2,1.55l.15.3,2.45-1.62-.12-.24a7,7,0,0,0-2.24-2.55,6.34,6.34,0,0,0-3.69-1c-3.8,0-6.45,2.45-6.45,6a4.86,4.86,0,0,0,1.6,3.8,9.51,9.51,0,0,0,2.84,1.78l2.15,1a9.5,9.5,0,0,1,2.56,1.46,3,3,0,0,1,1,2.35,4.2,4.2,0,0,1-7.06,2.92,4.93,4.93,0,0,1-1.24-2.64l-.05-.33-3,.82.06.28a8.32,8.32,0,0,0,2.13,4,6.74,6.74,0,0,0,5,1.87,6.91,6.91,0,0,0,7.24-7A5.58,5.58,0,0,0,209,46.15"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="0 56.99 3.35 56.99 10.49 40.18 17.43 56.81 17.5 56.99 20.86 56.99 10.56 32.93 0 56.99"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="50.21 56.99 53.57 56.99 60.71 40.18 67.64 56.81 67.72 56.99 71.07 56.99 60.78 32.93 50.21 56.99"/><path class="cls-1" d="M233.74,2.1a3.34,3.34,0,0,0-.93-.11,2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.52.45,1.48,1.48,0,0,0-.63,1.28,2,2,0,0,0,.54,1.44,7.94,7.94,0,0,0,1.64,1.26,13.5,13.5,0,0,1,1.26.89,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,.83,1,2.62,2.62,0,0,1,.33,1.33,3.06,3.06,0,0,1-.5,1.74,3.26,3.26,0,0,1-1.4,1.18,5.06,5.06,0,0,1-2.09.41,8.3,8.3,0,0,1-1.94-.22,3.51,3.51,0,0,1-1.24-.46l.34-2.18h.92l.09,1.62a2.53,2.53,0,0,0,.81.33,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1,.13,2.93,2.93,0,0,0,1.77-.53,1.68,1.68,0,0,0,.73-1.47,1.91,1.91,0,0,0-.49-1.34,6.42,6.42,0,0,0-1.49-1.16c-.52-.34-1-.65-1.32-.94a3.76,3.76,0,0,1-.9-1,2.64,2.64,0,0,1-.37-1.4,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,.5-1.62,3.23,3.23,0,0,1,1.35-1.08,4.58,4.58,0,0,1,1.86-.37,7,7,0,0,1,1.72.18,3.31,3.31,0,0,1,1.09.45l-.35,2h-.83l-.12-1.47a2.39,2.39,0,0,0-.68-.3"/><path class="cls-1" d="M241,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,237.34,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.74,3.74,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,241,5"/><path class="cls-1" d="M246.1,11.61a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.21.21,0,0,0,.18.1.65.65,0,0,0,.34-.11,2.64,2.64,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.31-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22ZM246,2.15a.84.84,0,0,1-.23-.59,1.13,1.13,0,0,1,.3-.79.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.77.77,0,0,1,.23.57,1.15,1.15,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.75.75,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-1" d="M254,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.72-.47,2.74,2.74,0,0,1-1-1.23A4,4,0,0,1,249,9.62a6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.08,5.08,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.27,2.27,0,0,1,1.64.52A1.79,1.79,0,0,1,255.72,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8.1,8.1,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.42,3.42,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57A4,4,0,0,1,254,12.43m-2.11-7A4.1,4.1,0,0,0,251,6.88a5.9,5.9,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.31,5.31,0,0,0,1.62-.33,4,4,0,0,0,1.41-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-1" d="M261.24,4.62A3.14,3.14,0,0,1,263,4.06a1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.61,2.61,0,0,1,.46,1.71,15.44,15.44,0,0,1-.34,2.34l-.06.36-.13.74a11.51,11.51,0,0,0-.24,1.85c0,.28.06.42.2.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.72-.39l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.36,2.92,2.92,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.17.84.84,0,0,1-1-.93,12.88,12.88,0,0,1,.27-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.33,2.33,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.75,5.75,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54h-1.46l1-7.43L257.62,5l.12-.58,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.84a5.72,5.72,0,0,1,1.5-1.45"/><path class="cls-1" d="M270.77,5a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,1.95,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a3.84,3.84,0,0,1-1.14.95,3.43,3.43,0,0,1-1.76.43,2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54A6.43,6.43,0,0,1,267.13,7a5.3,5.3,0,0,1,1.55-2.08,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3,3,0,0,1,.81.26l-.42,1.49-.26-.09A2.53,2.53,0,0,0,270.77,5"/><path class="cls-1" d="M278.66,12.43a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52A1.82,1.82,0,0,1,280.38,6a2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84,5.79,5.79,0,0,1-2.08,1.12,8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87A1.48,1.48,0,0,0,277,12a3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-1" d="M286.18,5.13a2.75,2.75,0,0,0-1.09-.21,1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.13.31,1,1,0,0,0-.43.89,1.43,1.43,0,0,0,.34.93,6.08,6.08,0,0,0,1,.88,10.43,10.43,0,0,1,.88.74,3.1,3.1,0,0,1,.6.76,2.15,2.15,0,0,1,.26,1.05,2.09,2.09,0,0,1-.9,1.81,3.71,3.71,0,0,1-2.22.64,6.32,6.32,0,0,1-1.37-.15,2.1,2.1,0,0,1-.9-.34l.24-1.06a3.41,3.41,0,0,0,.88.44,3.37,3.37,0,0,0,1.18.21,2.21,2.21,0,0,0,1.15-.29,1,1,0,0,0,.48-.92,1.37,1.37,0,0,0-.38-1,6.83,6.83,0,0,0-1.1-.89,3.07,3.07,0,0,1-1.58-2.5,2.16,2.16,0,0,1,.4-1.27,2.64,2.64,0,0,1,1.09-.84,3.81,3.81,0,0,1,1.54-.3,6.32,6.32,0,0,1,1.13.1,4.07,4.07,0,0,1,.8.19l-.26,1.17a1.55,1.55,0,0,0-.6-.39"/><polygon class="cls-1" points="229.34 23.43 236.61 23.43 236.51 25.87 235.6 25.87 235.35 24.25 231.87 24.13 231.29 28.48 234.85 28.36 234.74 29.51 231.21 29.38 230.58 34.05 234.91 33.87 235.77 32.01 236.63 32.18 236.01 34.84 227.85 34.84 227.91 34.24 229.06 34.05 230.29 24.25 229.24 24.09 229.34 23.43"/><path class="cls-1" d="M242.18,26.67a3.16,3.16,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.51,2.51,0,0,1,.46,1.7,14.42,14.42,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.15,1.15,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.46,2.46,0,0,1-.61.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a11.94,11.94,0,0,1,.28-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.18-1,.24-1.45a8.14,8.14,0,0,0,.1-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.67,5.67,0,0,0-1.29,1.46l-.76,5.55h-1.45l1-7.44-.76-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-1" d="M252.77,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.45,3.45,0,0,1-.76-.19l.32-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.56,3.56,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.12,2.12,0,0,0,.63-1.41l.29-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84A2.61,2.61,0,0,1,250,35a2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.52,6.52,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,249.73,27a4.15,4.15,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.47,4.47,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l1-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.61-10.36a2.36,2.36,0,0,0-1.75.74,4.82,4.82,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.16,1.16,0,0,0,1,.62,2.09,2.09,0,0,0,1.2-.39,3.12,3.12,0,0,0,.9-.87l.82-5.5a1.85,1.85,0,0,0-1.15-.32"/><path class="cls-1" d="M258.39,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-1" d="M265.74,26.67a3.11,3.11,0,0,1,1.72-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.5,2.5,0,0,1,.47,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.13.74a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.27.06.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.18.4a1.54,1.54,0,0,1-.32.35,2.28,2.28,0,0,1-.61.39,1.73,1.73,0,0,1-.79.18.84.84,0,0,1-1-.94,12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.1-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.64,1.64,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.27,2.27,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.12-.59,1.88-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-1" d="M276.11,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.76,3.76,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.83,5.83,0,0,1,274.87,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.49,3.49,0,0,0,.36,1.86,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.16,3.16,0,0,0,1.35-.31,3.9,3.9,0,0,0,1.22-.9l.33.57a3.93,3.93,0,0,1-1.27,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.78,3.78,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.68,1.68,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-1" d="M284,34.48a3.7,3.7,0,0,1-2,.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.46,2.87,2.87,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.24,4.24,0,0,1-.32-1.64,6.53,6.53,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.26,5.26,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.79,3.79,0,0,1,2.3-.77,2.31,2.31,0,0,1,1.64.53,1.76,1.76,0,0,1,.55,1.36,2.31,2.31,0,0,1-.88,1.84A5.74,5.74,0,0,1,282.73,31a9.08,9.08,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.4,3.4,0,0,0,.37,1.86,1.45,1.45,0,0,0,1.39.79,3.2,3.2,0,0,0,1.36-.31,3.86,3.86,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.28,1.1m-2.1-7a4.12,4.12,0,0,0-.88,1.44,6.37,6.37,0,0,0-.38,1.7,5.17,5.17,0,0,0,1.62-.34,3.7,3.7,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.74,1.74,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.31,1.31,0,0,0-.28-.91,1,1,0,0,0-.78-.32,1.7,1.7,0,0,0-1.27.58"/><path class="cls-1" d="M290.05,27.3a3.77,3.77,0,0,1,1-.83,2.34,2.34,0,0,1,1.22-.34.83.83,0,0,1,.5.11l-.33,1.62a1.45,1.45,0,0,0-.75-.15,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.29.44,2.89,2.89,0,0,0-1,1.22l-.7,5.47h-1.48l1-7.41-.77-.38.11-.57,1.81-.35.31.18-.11,1.37-.08.61a4.09,4.09,0,0,1,.6-1"/><path class="cls-1" d="M295.29,33.67a.45.45,0,0,0,.07.28.19.19,0,0,0,.17.1.6.6,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.13,3.13,0,0,0,.44-.35l.2.37a3.17,3.17,0,0,1-.69.68,1.77,1.77,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.14,1.14,0,0,1-.78-.24.82.82,0,0,1-.22-.71c0-.26.16-1.25.4-3,.15-.93.32-2.17.52-3.7l-.95-.36.09-.52,2.19-.35.33.17-1,7.21Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.09,1.09,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.72-.33.81.81,0,0,1,.61.24.82.82,0,0,1,.23.58,1.17,1.17,0,0,1-.29.8,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.76.76,0,0,1-.56-.24"/><path class="cls-1" d="M302.33,26.67a3.14,3.14,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.67,1.67,0,0,1,1.32.53,2.56,2.56,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.68,15.68,0,0,1-.34,2.35l-.06.35-.12.74a10.81,10.81,0,0,0-.25,1.86c0,.27.07.41.2.41a1.2,1.2,0,0,0,.72-.38l.19.4a1.64,1.64,0,0,1-.33.35,2.22,2.22,0,0,1-.6.39,1.76,1.76,0,0,1-.79.18c-.65,0-1-.31-1-.94a12.8,12.8,0,0,1,.27-1.87l.14-.74.06-.37c.11-.55.19-1,.25-1.45a8.07,8.07,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.73,1.73,0,0,0-.2-1,.88.88,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.3,2.3,0,0,0-1.38.61,5.7,5.7,0,0,0-1.3,1.46l-.75,5.55h-1.46l1-7.44-.75-.36.13-.59,1.87-.34.32.17-.2,1.85a5.77,5.77,0,0,1,1.5-1.46"/><path class="cls-1" d="M312.92,37.29a4,4,0,0,1-1.55,1.05,5.36,5.36,0,0,1-1.78.32,5.69,5.69,0,0,1-1-.09,3.57,3.57,0,0,1-.77-.19l.33-1.24a5,5,0,0,0,.9.34,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,1.06.17,2.22,2.22,0,0,0,1.45-.39,2.11,2.11,0,0,0,.62-1.41l.3-2a3.73,3.73,0,0,1-1,.84,2.63,2.63,0,0,1-1.33.34,2.16,2.16,0,0,1-1.89-.88,3.9,3.9,0,0,1-.64-2.35,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.58-2.6A5.62,5.62,0,0,1,309.88,27a4.11,4.11,0,0,1,2.61-.87,4.56,4.56,0,0,1,.87.1,5.15,5.15,0,0,1,.8.24l.95-.34-1.38,9.31a3.37,3.37,0,0,1-.81,1.87m-.62-10.36a2.35,2.35,0,0,0-1.74.74,4.7,4.7,0,0,0-1.07,1.85,7.16,7.16,0,0,0-.35,2.15,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.37,1.72,1.14,1.14,0,0,0,1,.62,2,2,0,0,0,1.19-.39,3.3,3.3,0,0,0,.91-.87l.82-5.5a1.88,1.88,0,0,0-1.16-.32"/><path class="cls-1" d="M237.11,49.24c.83-1.82,1.39-3.07,1.65-3.76h3.29l-.06.66-1.37.17-.29,9.8,1.31.18-.07.6h-4.22l.06-.6,1.4-.18.35-6.79.2-3.12L238.2,49l-3.57,8-.83.11-1.26-7.89-.47-2.92-.63,3-1.64,6.91,1.55.18-.06.6h-4l.06-.6,1.28-.18,2.47-9.8-1.41-.17.09-.66h3.56L234.56,53l.2,1.57.67-1.53c.28-.69.84-1.95,1.68-3.77"/><path class="cls-1" d="M247.75,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63,6.35,6.35,0,0,1,.59-2.75,5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,246.5,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87A1.76,1.76,0,0,0,248,50.2a1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/><path class="cls-1" d="M257.17,55.72q0,.39.24.39a1.19,1.19,0,0,0,.7-.39l.22.39a3.42,3.42,0,0,1-.67.62,1.68,1.68,0,0,1-1,.31c-.6,0-.9-.32-.9-1v-.34a3.94,3.94,0,0,1-1.08.94,2.72,2.72,0,0,1-1.44.38,2.13,2.13,0,0,1-1.87-.88,4,4,0,0,1-.63-2.34,6.41,6.41,0,0,1,.58-2.62A5.56,5.56,0,0,1,253,49a4.1,4.1,0,0,1,2.61-.86,4,4,0,0,1,1.15.18l.41-2.76-1-.26.13-.54,2.16-.28.34.2-1.6,10.84a.79.79,0,0,0,0,.17M255.42,49a2.32,2.32,0,0,0-1.74.75,4.64,4.64,0,0,0-1.06,1.84,7.15,7.15,0,0,0-.34,2.16,3.44,3.44,0,0,0,.36,1.72,1.12,1.12,0,0,0,1,.61,2.06,2.06,0,0,0,1.23-.41,3.11,3.11,0,0,0,.9-.91l.83-5.42a1.94,1.94,0,0,0-1.2-.34"/><path class="cls-1" d="M262.14,55.72a.57.57,0,0,0,.06.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.84,3.84,0,0,0,.44-.35l.19.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-.95-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.81.81,0,0,1-.24-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78,1,1,0,0,1,.71-.32.83.83,0,0,1,.62.24.81.81,0,0,1,.23.57,1.2,1.2,0,0,1-.29.81,1,1,0,0,1-.77.33.73.73,0,0,1-.56-.25"/><path class="cls-1" d="M269.42,49.14a2,2,0,0,0-1.35.54,3.6,3.6,0,0,0-.92,1.52,7,7,0,0,0-.33,2.24,3.52,3.52,0,0,0,.43,2,1.39,1.39,0,0,0,1.24.66,2.38,2.38,0,0,0,1.1-.24,5.05,5.05,0,0,0,1-.72l.3.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.14,1A3.43,3.43,0,0,1,268,57a2.44,2.44,0,0,1-2-.91,4,4,0,0,1-.73-2.54,6.43,6.43,0,0,1,.53-2.51A5.3,5.3,0,0,1,267.33,49a3.69,3.69,0,0,1,2.42-.83,5,5,0,0,1,.93.09,3.09,3.09,0,0,1,.81.26L271.07,50l-.26-.09a2.53,2.53,0,0,0-1.39-.78"/><path class="cls-1" d="M274.77,55.72a.56.56,0,0,0,.07.29.24.24,0,0,0,.18.1.71.71,0,0,0,.35-.11,3.15,3.15,0,0,0,.43-.35l.2.37a2.88,2.88,0,0,1-.68.67,1.71,1.71,0,0,1-1.08.35,1.19,1.19,0,0,1-.78-.23.8.8,0,0,1-.22-.72c0-.25.15-1.25.4-3,.14-.93.32-2.16.52-3.7l-1-.35.09-.52,2.18-.36.34.17-1,7.22Zm-.07-9.46a.85.85,0,0,1-.23-.6,1.12,1.12,0,0,1,.3-.78.94.94,0,0,1,.71-.32.79.79,0,0,1,.61.24.78.78,0,0,1,.24.57,1.16,1.16,0,0,1-.3.81,1,1,0,0,1-.76.33.75.75,0,0,1-.57-.25"/><path class="cls-1" d="M282,48.73a3.09,3.09,0,0,1,1.73-.56,1.65,1.65,0,0,1,1.32.52,2.54,2.54,0,0,1,.46,1.7,15.09,15.09,0,0,1-.33,2.35l-.07.36-.12.73a11.6,11.6,0,0,0-.24,1.86c0,.28.06.42.19.42a1.22,1.22,0,0,0,.73-.39l.18.4a1.77,1.77,0,0,1-.32.36,3.21,3.21,0,0,1-.61.39,1.86,1.86,0,0,1-.79.17c-.64,0-1-.31-1-.93a13.42,13.42,0,0,1,.28-1.88l.14-.73.06-.37c.1-.56.18-1,.25-1.45a8.17,8.17,0,0,0,.09-1.16,1.67,1.67,0,0,0-.21-1,.87.87,0,0,0-.73-.27,2.31,2.31,0,0,0-1.37.61,5.58,5.58,0,0,0-1.3,1.47l-.75,5.54H278.2l1-7.43-.75-.37.12-.58,1.87-.34.33.17-.2,1.84A5.85,5.85,0,0,1,282,48.73"/><path class="cls-1" d="M292.42,56.54a3.75,3.75,0,0,1-1.95.52,3,3,0,0,1-1.71-.47,2.7,2.7,0,0,1-1-1.23,4.19,4.19,0,0,1-.32-1.63A6.35,6.35,0,0,1,288,51a5.17,5.17,0,0,1,1.63-2,3.7,3.7,0,0,1,2.29-.77,2.32,2.32,0,0,1,1.65.52,1.82,1.82,0,0,1,.55,1.37,2.34,2.34,0,0,1-.89,1.84A5.79,5.79,0,0,1,291.17,53a8,8,0,0,1-2.15.4,3.51,3.51,0,0,0,.37,1.87,1.48,1.48,0,0,0,1.4.79,3.18,3.18,0,0,0,1.35-.32,3.75,3.75,0,0,0,1.21-.9l.34.57a4,4,0,0,1-1.27,1.11m-2.11-7a4.25,4.25,0,0,0-.87,1.45,6.25,6.25,0,0,0-.39,1.69,5.44,5.44,0,0,0,1.63-.33,4.05,4.05,0,0,0,1.4-.87,1.76,1.76,0,0,0,.57-1.28,1.33,1.33,0,0,0-.29-.92,1,1,0,0,0-.77-.31,1.74,1.74,0,0,0-1.28.57"/></g></g></svg> </a> </div> <div><a href="http://www.nasonline.org/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="global-footer__org"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="NAS Logo" width="17" height="17"> <span> National Academy of Sciences </span></a> <a href="https://www.nae.edu/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="global-footer__org"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="NAE Logo" width="17" height="17"> <span> National Academy of Engineering </span></a> <a href="https://nam.edu/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" class="global-footer__org"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="NAM Logo" width="17" height="17"> <span> National Academy of Medicine </span></a></div></div> <div class="global-footer__links"><ul class="global-footer__nav"><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/about" target="_self"> About Us </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/our-work" target="_self"> Our Work </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/events" target="_self"> Events </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/contact-us" target="_self"> Contact Us </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/opportunities" target="_self"> Opportunities </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/publications" target="_self"> Publications </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/about/visiting-us" target="_self"> Visit </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/about/operating-status" target="_self"> Current Operating Status </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/subscribe" target="_self"> E-Newsletters </a></li></ul> <div class="global-footer__social"><p> Connect With Us </p> <ul><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NationalAcademies/" target="_self" class="connect-facebook"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M20 9.375h-2.222c-.334 0-1.111.531-1.111 1.125v2.25H20v3.375h-3.333V24h-3.334v-7.875H10V12.75h3.333V10.5c0-2.482 2.18-4.5 4.515-4.5H20v3.375"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/TheNASEM" target="_self" class="connect-twitter"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M24 9.775a7.238 7.238 0 01-2.121.598 3.787 3.787 0 001.625-2.096 7.253 7.253 0 01-2.347.92A3.65 3.65 0 0018.461 8c-2.04 0-3.695 1.697-3.695 3.787 0 .298.033.586.096.863-3.07-.157-5.793-1.665-7.615-3.956a3.853 3.853 0 00-.499 1.904c0 1.313.853 2.472 1.845 3.151-.606-.02-1.473-.191-1.473-.475v.05c0 1.833 1.072 3.363 2.761 3.712-.31.086-.736.133-1.072.133a3.99 3.99 0 01-.746-.07c.47 1.505 1.81 2.6 3.425 2.632A7.343 7.343 0 016 21.299 10.277 10.277 0 0011.66 23c6.795 0 10.51-5.77 10.51-10.774 0-.163-.005-.328-.013-.491A7.588 7.588 0 0024 9.775"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-national-academies" target="_self" class="connect-linkedin"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 23V10.533h3.4V23H7zm12.467-12.467c2.558 0 4.533 2.034 4.533 5.665V23h-3.4v-6.347c0-1.586-.779-2.679-2.192-2.679-1.082 0-1.94.736-2.223 1.443-.097.251-.118.608-.118.959V23h-3.4s.088-11.333.035-12.467h3.365l-.04 2.267c.516-1.133 1.335-2.267 3.44-2.267zM10.4 7.7a1.7 1.7 0 11-3.4 0 1.7 1.7 0 013.4 0z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="http://www.nationalacademies.org/news.xml" target="_self" title="Share our site" class="connect-rss"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path d="M11.85 20.537a2.425 2.425 0 11-4.85 0 2.425 2.425 0 014.85 0zm6.65 1.79c-.316-5.854-5.005-10.548-10.864-10.865a.605.605 0 00-.636.605v1.82c0 .32.246.586.564.607a8.484 8.484 0 017.904 7.904c.02.318.288.564.607.564h1.82c.346 0 .624-.29.605-.636zm5.462.01C23.644 13.484 16.52 6.32 7.625 6A.605.605 0 007 6.606v1.82c0 .327.259.593.585.606 7.238.297 13.048 6.108 13.345 13.345.013.326.28.585.606.585h1.82a.605.605 0 00.606-.625z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a href="//www.nationalacademies.org/subscribe" target="_self" title="Subscribe" class="connect-email"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6 12.964v4.569c0 .296.197.386.439.2l2.822-2.15c.243-.184.243-.484 0-.669l-2.822-2.15c-.242-.185-.439-.095-.439.2zM7.125 9C6.506 9 6 9.601 6 10.071l8.514 6.455a.775.775 0 00.882.002L24 10.07C24 9.601 23.494 9 22.875 9H7.125zm13.613 6.584l2.822 2.15c.243.185.44.095.44-.201v-4.569c0-.295-.197-.385-.44-.2l-2.822 2.15c-.242.185-.242.485 0 .67zM18.26 16.8l-2.822 2.15a.764.764 0 01-.879 0l-2.822-2.15a.765.765 0 00-.88-.001L6 20.495v.29c0 .471.506 1.072 1.125 1.072h15.75c.619 0 1.125-.6 1.125-1.071v-.29L19.141 16.8a.767.767 0 00-.88.001z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div> <div class="global-footer__legal"><div><button class="button button--icon button--reverse button--secondary"> <a href="https://www8.nationalacademies.org/AcademyGiving/nas/nasform.aspx ">Donate Today</a> <span class="button__icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 30" class=""><path d="M17.885 10.708a1 1 0 111.412-1.416l5.624 5.608-5.616 5.732a1 1 0 11-1.428-1.4l4.228-4.316-4.22-4.208z"></path><path d="M23.07 14a1 1 0 010 2H7a1 1 0 010-2h16.07z"></path></svg></span></button></div> <div><ul><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal/privacy" target="_self"> Privacy Statement </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal/policy" target="_self"> DMCA Policy </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal/terms" target="_self"> Terms of Use </a></li><li><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/site-map" target="_self"> Site Map </a></li></ul> <p class="copyright"><a rel="" title="" href="//www.nationalacademies.org/legal" target="_self"> Copyright © <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var d = new Date(); var n = d.getFullYear(); document.write(n) //--> </script> National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved. </a></p></div></div></div></div></footer> <script src="//nap.nationalacademies.org/includes/js/jquery.dlmenu.js"></script> <script src="//nap.nationalacademies.org/includes/js/jquery.placeholder.js"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <script> // Save to MyNAP handler $('a.saveit').one('click', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $.getJSON('/napsave.php', { type: 'shelf', r: $(this).data('recordid') }, function(response) { $(e.target) .toggleClass('saveit saveit_active') .attr('href', '/mynap.php') .text('Added to Bookshelf'); }); }); </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for nap.nationalacademies.org --> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="5639f7b9-d1de-4e1d-9f2f-e86c3f24727b" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for nap.nationalacademies.org --> <script src="/includes/js/popper.js"></script> <script src="/vendor/bootstrap/3.1.1/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <!-- Plugin JavaScript --> <script src="/includes/js/vendor/jquery/easing/jquery.easing.min.js"></script> <!--accordion--> <script> var acc = document.getElementsByClassName("faqaccordion"); var i; for (i = 0; i < acc.length; i++) { acc[i].addEventListener("click", function() { this.classList.toggle("active"); var panel = this.nextElementSibling; if (panel.style.maxHeight) { panel.style.maxHeight = null; } else { panel.style.maxHeight = panel.scrollHeight + "px"; } }); } </script> <!-- 144.171.19.7 --> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10