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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_route_from_the_coast_to_La_Tora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_route_from_the_coast_to_La_Tora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The route from the coast to <i>La Tora</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_route_from_the_coast_to_La_Tora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Camino_de_la_Sal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Camino_de_la_Sal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>El Camino de la Sal</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Camino_de_la_Sal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entering_Muisca_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_Muisca_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Entering Muisca territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entering_Muisca_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Funza_to_Hunza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Funza_to_Hunza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>From Funza to Hunza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Funza_to_Hunza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_of_the_conquistadors_by_the_Muisca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_of_the_conquistadors_by_the_Muisca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reception of the conquistadors by the Muisca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_of_the_conquistadors_by_the_Muisca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Panche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Panche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The Panche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Panche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptions_of_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptions_of_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Descriptions of society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptions_of_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penalties,_position_of_caciques_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penalties,_position_of_caciques_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Penalties, position of <i>caciques</i> and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penalties,_position_of_caciques_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time-keeping_and_preparation_for_young_caciques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-keeping_and_preparation_for_young_caciques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Time-keeping and preparation for young <i>caciques</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-keeping_and_preparation_for_young_caciques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_sacrifice_and_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_sacrifice_and_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Religion, sacrifice and warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_sacrifice_and_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_dead_and_afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_dead_and_afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.5</span> <span>The dead and afterlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_dead_and_afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Spain_of_the_conquest_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Spain_of_the_conquest_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Return to Spain of the conquest leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Spain_of_the_conquest_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_for_Muysccubun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_for_Muysccubun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Source for Muysccubun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_for_Muysccubun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inconsistencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inconsistencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inconsistencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inconsistencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_about_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_about_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theories about authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_about_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works_about_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works_about_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other works about the conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works_about_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada&rft.author=%27%27disputed%27%27%3Cbr%3Epossibly+%28partly%29%3Cbr%3E%5B%5BGonzalo+Jim%C3%A9nez+de+Quesada%5D%5D&rft.date=1548-1559+%28estimated%29&rft.pub=%5B%5BMarcos+Jim%C3%A9nez+de+la+Espada%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BColombia%5D%5D&rft.pages=17"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/220px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/330px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/440px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="775" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>disputed</i><br />possibly (partly)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subjects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Conquest of the Muisca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Descriptions of the Panche</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca society</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">The role of salt mining</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History of Colombia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1889</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_la_Espada" title="Marcos Jiménez de la Espada">Marcos Jiménez de la Espada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1548-1559 (estimated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/3679/3806"><i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i> (1979 edition)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Colombia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Conquest_of_Colombia.png/325px-Conquest_of_Colombia.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Conquest_of_Colombia.png/488px-Conquest_of_Colombia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Conquest_of_Colombia.png/650px-Conquest_of_Colombia.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Conquest of Colombia<br /><br /><u>Conquest expedition described in <i>Epítome</i></u>:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada"><span style="color:green;">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</span></a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1536-1539)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada"><span style="color:green;">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</span></a><br />  <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín"><span style="color:green;">Juan de San Martín</span></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">  <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz"><span style="color:green;">Juan de Céspedes</span></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">  <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)"><span style="color:green;">Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela</span></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Fonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lázaro Fonte (page does not exist)"><span style="color:green;">Lázaro Fonte</span></a></span><br />  <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)"><span style="color:green;">Antonio de Lebrija</span></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">  <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón"><span style="color:green;">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</span></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann"><span style="color:hotpink">Nicolás de Federman</span></a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar"><span style="color:olive">Sebastían de Benalcázar</span></a></b><br /><br /><u>Legend</u>:<br />• Leader - <span style="font-size:85%;">minor captain</span></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</b></i> (English: <i>Summary of the conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada</i>) is a document of uncertain authorship, possibly (partly) written by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a> between 1548 and 1559. The book was not published until 1889 by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muisca scholars">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_la_Espada" title="Marcos Jiménez de la Espada">Marcos Jiménez de la Espada</a> in his work <i>Juan de Castellanos y su Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i>. </p><p><i>Epítome</i> narrates about the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a>, from the start from Santa Marta in April 1536 to the leave of main conquistador Jiménez de Quesada in April 1539 from Bogotá, arriving to Spain, about "The Salt People" (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a>) encountered in the conquest expedition in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, their society, rules, <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">handling of the dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">warfare</a> and neighbouring "cannibalistic" <a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a>. </p><p>The text has been studied by various authors over the course of the 20th and 21st centuries, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Juan Friede</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muisca scholars">scholars</a> and various theories about authorship and temporal setting have been proposed. The document is held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Archive_(Spain)" title="National Historical Archive (Spain)">National Historical Archive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The document is written in old Spanish in the present tense and first person with descriptions of Jiménez de Quesada, written as Ximénez de Quesada, in the third person. The margins of the main texts are notes with sometimes difficult to discern text, vagued in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramos_p283_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramos_p283-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_route_from_the_coast_to_La_Tora">The route from the coast to <i>La Tora</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The route from the coast to La Tora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca#1536_-_the_harsh_expedition_towards_Muisca_territory" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca § 1536 - the harsh expedition towards Muisca territory</a></div> <p><i>Epítome</i> starts with a description of the Caribbean coastal area where the expedition <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a> started. The author speaks of the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a>, dividing the Spanish provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a> to the east. In the document, the Magdalena River is also called <i>Río Grande</i>, thanks to the great width of the river close to Santa Marta. A description of the journey over the river is given where the heavy and frequent rains made it impossible to disembark the ships (<a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a>). According to the <i>Epítome</i>, the Spanish could not ascend further than <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Cesar" title="El Paso, Cesar">Sompallón</a>. The distance unit used, is the <i>legua</i> (<a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a>), an old and poorly defined unit of distance varying from 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p81_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p81-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the second page, the rich <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">golden</a> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">burial sites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a> are described, as well as the routes inland from later <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, that was conquered by German conquistadors. The next paragraph narrates about the start of the main expedition inland from Santa Marta, leaving the city in the month of April 1536. It is said Gonzalo Ximénez de Quesada left with 600 men, divided into 8 groups of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, 10 groups of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and a number of brigs on the Magdalena River. De Quesada and his troops marched over land on the bank of the river. Names of the captains in the army of De Quesada are given as <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín"><i>San Martín</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz"><i>Céspedes</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)"><i>Valençuela</i></a>, <i>Lázaro Fonte</i>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)"><i>Librixa</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Junco" title="Juan del Junco"><i>de Junco</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón"><i>Suarex</i></a>. The captains heading the brigs are named as (Francisco Gómez del) <i>Corral</i>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso"><i>Cardosso</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Albarracín"><i>Albarracín</i></a>. The troops went out of free will and consent of the governor of Santa Marta, Pedro de Lugo. The troops went under command of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p82_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third page describes that the troops spent more than a year and more than 100 <i>leguas</i> on their journey. They reached <i>La Tora</i> [present-day <a href="/wiki/Barrancabermeja" title="Barrancabermeja">Barrancabermeja</a>], farther than any soldier had gone before, after 150 <i>leguas</i>. The expedition took so long because of the waters and the narrow passages of the surrounding area.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p83_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Camino_de_la_Sal"><i>El Camino de la Sal</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: El Camino de la Sal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg/250px-Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg/375px-Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg/500px-Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The high quality salt of the Muisca gave them the name "The Salt People" and drew the conquistadors inland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/250px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/375px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png/500px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense.png 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Altiplano Cundiboyacense was entered in March 1537 by the greatly reduced troops of De Quesada, following the <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River" title="Suárez River">Suárez River</a> upstream</figcaption></figure> <p>From <i>La Tora</i>, Jiménez de Quesada sent the ships further upriver, for another 20 <i>leguas</i>, until it became impossible to continue. The indigenous (<i>yndios</i>) here didn't live on the river banks, but on small islands. Because of the impossible trajectory along the river, Jiménez de Quesada agreed to ascend over land "on his left hand", climbing a mountain range that later became known as the Sierras del Opón. The consumption of salt is described as coming from Santa Marta along the river for "70 leguas" and so far from the coast the grainy salt was expensive and only available to the highest social classes. The rest of the salt came from <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> or palm trees. Higher up, the salt was different; came in loafs, much like sugar loafs.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p83_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The salt of this type was less expensive and the conquistadors concluded that the grainy salt went up the river, while the better salt came from higher altitudes down the river. The indigenous people who carried the salt, told the conquistadors that it was coming from a land of richness. This led the Spanish uphill, on the <i>Camino de la Sal</i> ("The Salt Route") to search for its source. At this point, the Sierras del Opón were crossed and the brigantines returned to the coast, leaving the majority of the soldiers with De Quesada because many of his troops had died already during the expedition. The route over the Sierras del Opón is described as rugged and little populated by natives, a journey of various days and 50 <i>leguas</i> long. In the sparse settlements, the conquistadors found great quantities of the high quality salts and after a while they had crossed the difficult mountainous area, reaching a flatter terrain, described as "what would become the New Kingdom of Granada". It is described that the people of this area were different and also spoke a different language from the people along the Magdalena River and of the Sierras del Opón, making it impossible to understand them at first. Over time, it became possible to communicate and the people in the flatter area, called <i>San Gregorio</i> provided the conquistadors with <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p84_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiménez de Quesada asked the people where they were coming from and the natives pointed him to the <i>Valle de los Alcázares</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a>), upon which the troops headed that way. They encountered a "king" they called <i>Bogothá</i> who gave the conquistadors many <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art#goldworking" title="Muisca art">golden objects</a> to expel the Spanish from his lands and the indigenous people told the Spanish the emeralds were coming from lands belonging to the "king" of <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p85_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entering_Muisca_territory">Entering Muisca territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entering Muisca territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabana_de_Bogota.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sabana_de_Bogota.png/250px-Sabana_de_Bogota.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sabana_de_Bogota.png/375px-Sabana_de_Bogota.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sabana_de_Bogota.png/500px-Sabana_de_Bogota.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>De Quesada and his men conquered first the flatlands of "Bogothá" (<i>Bacatá</i>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></div> <p>The lands crossing the Sierras del Opón consisted of valleys (on the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a>), where each valley was ruled by a different person. The valleys were densely populated and around the valleys (to the west) lived indigenous people who were called <i><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panches</a></i>. They consumed human flesh, while the people from the New Kingdom of Granada (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a>, called <i>moxcas</i>) did not perform <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. Also the difference in <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Climate" title="Muisca Confederation">climate</a> is reported; the Panche lived in warm climates while the Muisca lived in cold or temperate climates. <i>Epítome</i> describes the extent of the New Kingdom as "130 leguas, more or less, long" and "30 leguas, in some parts 20 wide". The Kingdom is divided into two provinces; that of Tunja and of Bogotá (modern names are used). The document describes that the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_rulers" title="Muisca rulers">rulers</a> have surnames referring to the terrain and are "very powerful" and have <i><a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">caciques</a></i> who are subject to their reign. The population is described as approximately "70,000 in the Bogotá area, that is larger" and about "40,000 in the smaller and less powerful Tunja province". The relation between Tunja and Bogotá is described as filled with many and ancient <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">wars</a>. According to the <i>Epítome</i>, the people from the Bogotá area had long-standing wars with the Panche, that lived closer to them than to the people from the Tunja province.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p85_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Funza_to_Hunza">From Funza to Hunza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Funza to Hunza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg/250px-Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg/375px-Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg/500px-Beryl-Calcite-Pyrite-62617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>The route to Somondoco led the conquistadors for the first time into the rich emerald terrains of the Muisca<br /><i>sample from Chivor mine</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Jiménez de Quesada left Bogotá and went to <i>Coçontá</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chocont%C3%A1" title="Chocontá">Chocontá</a>), that he called <i>Valle del Spiritusancto</i>. From there he went to <a href="/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9" title="Turmequé">Turmequé</a> in a valley he named <i>Valle de la Trompeta</i>, the first of the Tunja lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p85_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Turmequé he send his men to discover the emerald mines and after that leaving for another valley, of San Juan, in <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a> called <i>Tenesucha</i> and from there to the valley of <a href="/wiki/Somondoco" title="Somondoco">Somondoco</a> where he spoke to the <i>cacique Sumindoco</i>, who governed the mines or quarries of emeralds and was subject to the <i>gran cacique</i> of Tunja. Many emeralds were extracted. He decided to continue to search for the <i>cacique</i> of Tunja, who was at war with the Christians. The document describes the lands of Tunja as richer than those of Bogotá, although those were already rich, but gold and precious emeralds are more abundant in Tunja. In total 1800 emeralds, large and small were found and De Quesada had never seen so many and precious ones in his life. The rich resources of Peru are described in relation to the mines of Tunja, where the emeralds were more numerous than in Peru. <i>Epítome</i> describes the process of extracting the emeralds with wooden sticks from the veins in the rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p87_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p87-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the emerald mines of Tunja, he returned to Bogotá.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p86_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p86-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_of_the_conquistadors_by_the_Muisca">Reception of the conquistadors by the Muisca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception of the conquistadors by the Muisca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_(4168325983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_%284168325983%29.jpg/250px-Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_%284168325983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_%284168325983%29.jpg/375px-Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_%284168325983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_%284168325983%29.jpg/500px-Conquistadores_en_caballo_-_alumbrado_2009_%284168325983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption><i>Epítome</i> describes that the indigenous people feared the horses most</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG/250px-Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG/375px-Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG/500px-Estatua_a_los_ind%C3%ADgenas_2014-09-13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The guecha warriors of the bellicose Panche are described as cannibals</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i> continues with a description of how the indigenous people received and saw the conquistadors. The people experienced great fears seeing the Spanish, and saw them as children of the deities Sun (<a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a>) and Moon (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a>). The people believed, according to <i>Epítome</i>, they were sent to punish the people for their sins. Hence they named the Spanish <i>usachíes</i>; a combination of <i>Usa</i>, referring to the Sun and <i>Chíe</i> to the Moon as "children of the Sun and the Moon". The document narrates that the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Muisca women</a> climbed the hills surrounding the valleys and threw their infants to the Spanish, some from their breasts, to stop the fury of the gods. It is described that the people very much feared the horses, and only bit by bit got used to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p87_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p87-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Epítome</i> says that the people started to attack the Spanish, but were easily beaten because they feared the horses so much and fled. The text describes this as the common practice in the battles of the indigenous people (<i>bárbaros</i>) against the conquistadors during all of 1537 and part of 1538, until they finally bowed to the reign of his Majesty, the King of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p88_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p88-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Panche">The Panche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Panche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche people</a></div> <p>The description of the Panche is different in <i>Epítome</i> than the Muisca; the Panche are described as a much more war-like people, their rugged terrain worse for the cavalry and the style of warfare different. While the Muisca "fought" using screams and shouting, the Panche are described as fighting silently with <a href="/wiki/Slingshot" title="Slingshot">slingshots</a>, poisoned arrows and large heavy poles made of palm trees (<i>macanas</i>) swinging them with both hands to hit their enemies. The practice, later described from the Muisca as well, of tieing <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">mummies</a> on their backs is reported from the Panche. The habit is described as showing what will happen to their opponents; fighting like they fought and to instigate fear in the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p88_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p88-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Panche is described that when they won their battles, they celebrated their victory with festivities, took the children of their enemies to <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacrifice" title="Muisca religion">sacrifice</a> them, captured the women and killed the men by poking out the eyes of the combat leaders. The combat of the Panche is described as fiercer as of the Muisca and the combatants walked naked. They had tubes made of animal skins where they held the lances and bow and arrows to shoot. The Panche warriors are described as eating the flesh of their enemies at the battlefield or later at home with their wives and children. The process of treaties is described as performed not by the men, but by the women, as "they cannot be refused".<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p89_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p89-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptions_of_society">Descriptions of society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descriptions of society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg/250px-Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg/375px-Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg/500px-Rc11029_Timucua_Indian_village_drawing_by_Le_Moyne_de_Morgues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The construction of the <i>bohíos</i> of the Muisca was similar to that found in North America; a circular structure of wooden poles surrounding the settlements with a central larger house for the <i>cacique</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The people, and especially the women, from the New Kingdom are described as highly religious and beautiful in faces and body shapes; less brown than "the other indigenous that we have seen". The women wore white, black and colourful dresses that covered their bodies from breast to feet instead of the capes and mantles seen with other natives (<i>Yndias</i>). On their heads they wore <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garlands</a> (<i>guirnaldas</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, decorated with flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p89_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p89-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>caciques</i> wore hats (<i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonete_(indumentaria)" class="extiw" title="es:Bonete (indumentaria)">bonetes</a></i>) made of cotton. The wives of the <i>caciques</i> wore a type of <a href="/wiki/Kofia_(hat)" title="Kofia (hat)">kofia</a> on their heads. The climate and daytime is described as roughly the same all year round and the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">architecture</a> of the houses as made of wood. The houses of the <i>caciques</i> are located behind various circular posts, described in <i>Epítome</i> as "a labyrinth of Troy". The houses were surrounded by large patios and painted walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p90_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p90-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cavia.jpg/250px-Cavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cavia.jpg/375px-Cavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cavia.jpg/500px-Cavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Guinea pigs were already domesticated by the ancestors of the Muisca and served as part of the carnivorous diet for the people</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">cuisine</a> of the Muisca is described as mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuca" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuca">yuca</a>, with other food coming from farther away. Plantation of the various <a href="/wiki/Tubers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubers">tubers</a> was arranged in multiple ways. The infinite supply of <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">salt</a> is described in <i>Epítome</i>, extracted from wells on the Bogotá savanna [in <a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a> and other places] and made into loafs of salt. The salt was traded up until the north, the Sierras del Opón and until the Magdalena River, as earlier described. The meat of the people consisted of <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">deer</a>, that is described to have been in great quantities, "like livestock in Spain". Other meat were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_cottontail" title="Eastern cottontail">rabbits</a>, also in large quantities, and named <i>fucos</i>. <i>Epítome</i> names those "rabbits" also existed in Santa Marta and other parts, where they were called <i>curíes</i> (<a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>). Poultry is named as <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a> and ducks, that are raised in the many lakes. The diet is supplied further with fish, described as only one species and small, "only one or two handpalms long", but of a good taste.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p90_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p90-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penalties,_position_of_caciques_and_marriage"><span id="Penalties.2C_position_of_caciques_and_marriage"></span>Penalties, position of <i>caciques</i> and marriage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Penalties, position of caciques and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nemequene#Code_of_Nemequene" title="Nemequene">penal system of the Muisca</a> is described as "moral" and of "medium reason", because the offenses are punished "very well". <i>Epítome</i> describes "there are more gallows than in Spain" with people hanging between two posts with arms, feet and hair attached to them. The Muisca are described as cutting hands, noses and ears for "not so serious crimes". Shaming happened to the higher social classes, where hair and pieces of the clothing were cut. The respect for the <i>caciques</i> is told to have been "enormous", as the people didn't look them in the face and when a <i>cacique</i> enters, the people turned and inclined showing him their backs. When the "Bogothá" (<i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i>) spit, the people caught his saliva in cotton bowls, to prevent it from hitting the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p91_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the people were marrying, the men are reported to not organise festivities, but simply take the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">women</a> home. <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is noted; "the men could marry as many women as they wanted, given that they could maintain them"; so some had ten wives and others twenty. Of the "Bogothá" is stated that "he had more than 400 wives". Marrying first degree relatives was forbidden and in some parts second degree marriages too. <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society#Matrilineal_heritage_of_rule" title="Women in Muisca society">Heritage of rule</a> was not the sons of the former <i>cacique</i>, but the siblings and if they didn't have or lived, the sons of the brother or sister of the deceased <i>cacique</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p91_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time-keeping_and_preparation_for_young_caciques">Time-keeping and preparation for young <i>caciques</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Time-keeping and preparation for young caciques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendi%C3%A8rMuisca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Calendi%C3%A8rMuisca.jpg/250px-Calendi%C3%A8rMuisca.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="435" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Calendi%C3%A8rMuisca.jpg/375px-Calendi%C3%A8rMuisca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Calendi%C3%A8rMuisca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>The complex Muisca calendar<br /><i>sketch by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca calendar</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">conscience of time</a> is specified as years and months well divided, with during the first ten days of the months a habit of eating <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> (<i>hayo</i>). The next ten days are for working the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">farmfields</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">houses</a>. The last ten days are described as time when people rest and the women live separately from the men; all the women together in one <i>bohío</i> and every man in his own.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p91_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p91-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported that in other parts of the New Kingdom of Granada, the division of time is different; the described ten day periods are longer and two months of the year are reserved for <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">fasting</a> (<i>quaresma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p92_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p92-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prepare for the <i>cacicazgo</i>, the young boys and girls are held solitary in houses for some years, depending on the role they will fulfill in society. They are incarcerated for seven years in small spaces without a view of the Sun and given delicacies at certain times. Only the people caring for the children are allowed access to the space and they torture them. After their imprisonment, the children are allowed to wear <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art#Jewelry" title="Muisca art">golden jewels</a>; nosepieces and earrings. The people are also described as wearing breast plates, golden <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitres</a> (<i>mitras</i>) and bracelets. <i>Epítome</i> reports the people lost themselves in <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">music, singing and dances</a>, one of their greatest pleasures. The author calls the people "lying very much, they never tell the truth". The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art#Goldworking" title="Muisca art">goldworking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Weaving" title="Muisca economy">weaving</a> by the Muisca is described as "the first not as well as the people from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and the second not as well as the people from <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Peru</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p92_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p92-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion,_sacrifice_and_warfare"><span id="Religion.2C_sacrifice_and_warfare"></span>Religion, sacrifice and warfare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion, sacrifice and warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Muisca warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg/250px-Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg/375px-Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg/500px-Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Chía, the Moon goddess, was one of the two most celebrated deities in the Muisca religion. Her main temple was located in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca" title="Chía, Cundinamarca">Chía</a>, just north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg/250px-Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg/375px-Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg/500px-Templo_del_Sol_-_Suamox_-_Smoke_at_Fiesta_del_Hu%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)" title="Sun Temple (Sogamoso)">Sun Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Suamox</a> was the most important sacred site in the religion of the Muisca. Herbs as <i>yopo</i> and <i>tobacco</i> were burnt and the smoke inhaled at the rituals performed there</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">religion</a> of the Muisca is reported as very important and they constructed in each settlement a temple, with many others scattered across the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">area</a>, accessible by <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture#Roads" title="Muisca architecture">roads</a> and isolated. The sacred places are lavishly adorned with gold and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Emeralds" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Emeralds">emeralds</a>. The process of <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacrifice" title="Muisca religion">sacrifices</a> is described as happening with blood, water and fire. Birds are killed and their blood runs over the temples, their heads hanging from the sides of the holy places. Water running through pipes also is used as a sacrifice. Fire and aromatic smoke is used in the temples, too. The religious rituals are reported to be accompanied with singing.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p92_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p92-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is described the Muisca did not sacrifice humans for religious purposes, yet in two other ways. When the <a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a> were beaten, the boys who were presumed still being virgin were taken and sacrificed. The ritual passed with screams and the heads of the victims were hanged on the posts of their <i>bohíos</i>. The other way would be to sacrifice the young boys by priests [<i>chyquy</i>] near the temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p93_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p93-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Epítome</i> reports the young boys called <i>moxas</i>, taken from a place called <i>Casa del Sol</i> at thirty <i>leguas</i> from the New Kingdom. They are carried on the shoulders and stay seven to eight years in the temples to be sacrificed afterwards. The process is described as cutting their heads off and letting the blood flow over the sacred sites. The boys have to be virgins, as if they are not, their blood is not considered pure enough to serve as sacrifice. Before going to war, the guecha warriors are described to stay one month in a temple, with people outside singing and dancing and the Muisca honouring Sué and Chía. The warriors sleep and eat little during this time. After the battles, the people perform the same ritual for various days and when the warriors are defeated, they also do this to lament the losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p93_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p93-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these rituals, the people are described to burn certain herbs, called <i>Jop</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">yopo</a>) and <i>Osca</i> (<i>hosca</i>; <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>) in <i>Epítome</i>, inhaling the smoke and putting those herbs on the joints of their bodies. When certain joints are moving it would be a sign of luck in <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">warfare</a> and when others move, it means bad luck.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p93_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p93-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sacred sites of the Muisca consist of forests and lakes, according to <i>Epítome</i>, where the people bury gold and emeralds and throw those precious resources in the lakes. The people do not cut the trees of the sacred woods but bury their <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">dead</a> there. The Sun and Moon are considered husband and wife and are celebrated as the creators of things. Apart from that, the people have various other gods, "much like our [Spanish] saints", honoured in temples throughout the area. On top of that, the people all have personal idols, called in <i>Epítome</i> <i>Lares</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">tunjos</a></i>). They are described as small figures made of fine gold with emeralds in their bellies. It is described the people wore those on their arms and when going to battle, having them in one hand and the weapons in the other, "especially in the province of Tunja where the people are more religious."<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p94_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p94-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_dead_and_afterlife">The dead and afterlife</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The dead and afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg/250px-Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg/375px-Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg/500px-Momia-museo-del-oro-2500px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>Muisca mummy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Muisca mummification</a></div> <p>The dead, as reported in <i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i>, are buried in two ways; in Tunja the main members of society are not buried, yet their intestines taken out, wrapped in cloths, and adorned with gold and emeralds placed on slightly elevated beds in special dedicated <i>bohíos</i> and left there forever.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p94_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p94-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other way of treating the deceased Muisca is in Bogotá, where they are buried or thrown into the deepest lakes after putting them in coffins filled with gold and emeralds.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p95_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p95-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> of the Muisca is described as "barbaric" and "confused" in terms of the immortality of the soul. The people who have been good in life would have great pleasures and rest after their death, while those who were bad during their lifetime would have a lot of work and be punished with lashes. The guecha who died in warfare and the women dying when giving birth would have access to the same right of rest and pleasures, "although they were bad in life".<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p95_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p95-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the spiritual life of the Muisca, the Panche are described as immoral, as they only care about their crimes and vices. <i>Epítome</i> narrates they do not care about gold or other precious things of life, yet only about war, pleasure and eating human flesh, the only reason to invade the New Kingdom. In other parts of the Panche territories, "close to Tunja across two fast flowing rivers", it is noted that the people eat <a href="/wiki/Ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ants">ants</a> and make bread of the insects. The ants (<i>hormiga culona</i>, still a delicacy in <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a>) are described as available in great quantities, some small, but mostly large. The people of the region kept them as livestock enclosed by large leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p95_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p95-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Spain_of_the_conquest_leaders">Return to Spain of the conquest leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Return to Spain of the conquest leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGHRC_(1890)_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg/250px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg/375px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg/500px-AGHRC_%281890%29_-_Carta_I_-_Rutas_de_los_conquistadores_de_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="3519" /></a><figcaption>The last part of <i>Epítome</i> describes the establishment of the New Kingdom of Granada, here shown in <b><span style="color:orange">orange</span></b>, with the three cities Bogotá, Tunja and Vélez</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Magdalena_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rio_Magdalena_map.png/250px-Rio_Magdalena_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rio_Magdalena_map.png/375px-Rio_Magdalena_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rio_Magdalena_map.png/500px-Rio_Magdalena_map.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>The Magdalena River is the main fluvial artery of Andean Colombia and formed part of the route south into the Muisca Confederation in 1536-37 and all of the journey for Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada returning to the coast for his voyage back to Spain</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca#April_1539_-_return_to_Spain_of_Gonzalo,_Sebastián_and_Nikolaus" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca § April 1539 - return to Spain of Gonzalo, Sebastián and Nikolaus</a></div> <p>The period of conquest of the New Kingdom of Granada is reported in <i>Epítome</i> to have taken most of 1538. This period resulted in the creation of three main cities; the province of Bogotá in the city of "<a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Santa Fee</a>", the province of Tunja in the <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">city with the same name</a> and the later founded city of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez,_Santander" title="Vélez, Santander">Vélez</a>, where the conquistadors entered afterwards. The conquest is said to have been completed in the year 1539, when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ("El Licenciado") returned to Spain to report to the King and claim his rewards. <i>Epítome</i> describes that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left the reign of the New Kingdom in the hands of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>, and traveled along the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a> (<i>Río Grande</i>) using brigs to not have to cross the strenuous Sierras del Opón again, the way he reached Bogotá.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p96_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is described that "one month before this leave" from Venezuela came <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nicolás Fedreman</a> [sic], captain under <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Speyer" title="Georg von Speyer">Jorge Espira</a>, governor of the province of Venezuela for the Germans, with news about natives from very rich lands. He brought 150 men with him. During the same period, some fifteen days later, came from Peru <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Venalcázar</a>, captain under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, and brought 100 soldiers and the same news. The three commanders laughed about their three years so close to each other. <i>Epítome</i> describes that Jiménez de Quesada took all of the soldiers of De Federman and half of those of De Benalcázar to refresh his troops and sent them to the settlements of the New Kingdom to populate the area. The other half of De Benalcázar's men he sent (back) to the province between the New Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n#History" title="Popayán">Popayán</a>, of which De Benalcázar was governor. Federmann and some of his men accompanied De Quesada in his journey along the Magdalena River to the coast and back to Spain. <i>Epítome</i> reports they arrived there in November 1539, when the Spanish King was crossing France to reach <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p96_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p96-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the last page of <i>Epítome</i> it is said that the <i>Licenciado</i> had differences of opinion with <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Lugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso de Lugo">Alonso de Lugo</a>, married to Beatriz de Noroña, sister of María de Mendoza, wife of the great commander De Léon. The disagreements were about the reign over the New Kingdom, because De Lugo and his son had the governance over <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>. It is described that his [sic] Majesty created a Royal Chancillery in the year 1547 [sic] with <i>oídores</i> in charge of the New Kingdom. The name of the New Kingdom of Granada was given by Jiménez de Quesada based on the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Granada">Kingdom of Granada</a> "here" (in Spain), that showed similiraties in size, topography and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p97_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text notes that Jiménez de Quesada received for his efforts of conquering and populating the New Kingdom the title <i>Mariscal</i> and 2000 ducats for him and his descendants for the reign of the New Kingdom. For the natives of the New Kingdom another 8000 ducats were provided as well as an annual fee of 400 ducats for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="List of mayors of Bogotá">mayor of Bogotá</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p97_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The closing paragraph of <i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i> concludes with the description of the family of Jiménez de Quesada as son of Gonçalo Ximénez and Ysabel de Quesada, living in the city of <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada, Spain">Granada</a> and originating from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Epitome_p97_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epitome_p97-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_for_Muysccubun">Source for Muysccubun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Source for Muysccubun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_coca_leaves.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Three_coca_leaves.jpeg/250px-Three_coca_leaves.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Three_coca_leaves.jpeg/375px-Three_coca_leaves.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Three_coca_leaves.jpeg/500px-Three_coca_leaves.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Hayo</i> or <i>hayu</i> (coca)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha language</a></div> <p>The <i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i> contains a number of words transcribed or taken from <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunEpitome_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunEpitome-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are <i>moscas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">muysca</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunMuysca_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunMuysca-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bogotá</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Muyquyta</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunMuyquyta_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunMuyquyta-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Tunja</a></i> (Chunsa),<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunChunsa_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunChunsa-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Somondoco#History" title="Somondoco">Sumindoco</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunEpitome_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunEpitome-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>uchíes</i>; combination of <i>u-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sun</a>) and <i>chíe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Moon</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunSua_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunSua-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunChie_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunChie-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>fucos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">fuquy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunFuquy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunFuquy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">yopo</a></i>, <i>Osca</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">hosca</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunHosca_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunHosca-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>yomas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">iome</a>; <i>Solanum tuberosum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunIome_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunIome-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word written as <i>hayo</i> probably refers to the <a href="/wiki/Arhuaco_language" title="Arhuaco language">Ika</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">hayu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MuysccubunEpitome_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuysccubunEpitome-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inconsistencies">Inconsistencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inconsistencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Oviedo_1557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/De_Oviedo_1557.jpg/150px-De_Oviedo_1557.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/De_Oviedo_1557.jpg/225px-De_Oviedo_1557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/De_Oviedo_1557.jpg/300px-De_Oviedo_1557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra firme del mar océano</i> (1557)</figcaption></figure> <p>Colombian-Jewish-Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca scholars">scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Juan Friede</a> (1901-1990) has listed inconsistencies that were analysed by Enrique Otero D'Costa in the document:<sup id="cite_ref-BancoEpitomeFriede1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BancoEpitomeFriede1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Epítome</i> describes the death of Pedro Fernández de Lugo, governor of Santa Marta, during the preparation of the conquest expedition, while this happened months after De Quesada had left Santa Marta<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p93-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alonso Luis de Lugo is named as the acting governor, while he left the government in 1544<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p93-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The achievements of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada are described as <i>mariscal</i>, <i>regidor</i> and 2000 ducats in rent, events that didn't happen until 1547 and 1548<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p93-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The existence of the Royal Audience (<i>Audiencia Real</i>) is described, that took place in 1550<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p93-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Friede compared the work <i>Gran Cuaderno</i> by Jiménez de Quesada and concluded the descriptions were identical. <i>Gran Cuaderno</i> was handed over to <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>, who included the contents in his <i>Historia general y natural de las Indias</i> of 1535 (expanded, from his notes, in 1851).<sup id="cite_ref-AmadorEdition_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmadorEdition-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p94_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p94-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_about_authorship">Theories about authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theories about authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_(MUNCYT,_Eulogia_Merle).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg/250px-Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg/375px-Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg/500px-Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz_%28MUNCYT%2C_Eulogia_Merle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="4724" /></a><figcaption>Alonso de Santa Cruz may have been a (partial) author of <i>Epítome</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Epítome</i> has produced a number of reviewing articles, books and other texts since the first publication by Jiménez de la Espada in 1889. Enrique Otero D'Costa has attributed parts of <i>Epítome</i> to Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, written in 1539, and other parts to other people, unrelated to the conquistador.<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p93-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friede concludes these errors not definitive; he maintains the <i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i> is written in its totality in the years 1548 to 1549, when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_p94_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_p94-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researcher Fernando Caro Molina concluded in 1967 that only minor parts were written by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.<sup id="cite_ref-CaroMolina_p130_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroMolina_p130-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carmen Millán de Benavides wrote an article in 2014, a book in 2001, and her PhD thesis about the document in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-CVBenavides_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CVBenavides-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She concludes the work is written by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso de Santa Cruz">Alonso de Santa Cruz</a> (1505-1567), <a href="/wiki/Cosmographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographer">cosmographer</a> who worked for the kings <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Carlos II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Felipe II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millan2014_p11_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millan2014_p11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She describes the <i>Epítome</i> as a fragmentary text, not a narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-Millan2014_p14_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millan2014_p14-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abbreviations used in the text, led her to conclude it was a scribble text, not meant for direct publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Millan2014_p15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millan2014_p15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manuel Lucena Salmoral wrote in an article in 1962 that the document was written by an unknown writer, none of the authors suggested by other researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-CaroMolina_p117_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaroMolina_p117-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also Javier Vergara y Velasco maintains the document is written entirely by someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-Millan2001_p27_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millan2001_p27-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of conquistadors in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado" title="Baltasar Maldonado">Baltasar Maldonado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Carnero" title="El Carnero">El Carnero</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ramos_p283-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramos_p283_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramos Pérez, 1972, p.283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p81-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p81_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p82-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p82_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p83-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p83_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p83_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p84-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p84_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p85-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p85_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p85_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p85_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p87-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p87_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p87_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p86-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p86_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p88-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p88_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p88_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p89-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p89_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p89_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p90-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p90_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p90_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p91-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p91_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p91_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p91_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p92-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p92_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p92_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p92_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p93-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p93_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p93_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p93_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p94-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p94_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p94_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p95-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p95_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p95_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p95_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p96-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p96_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p96_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epitome_p97-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p97_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p97_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epitome_p97_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epítome</i>, p.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunEpitome-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunEpitome_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunEpitome_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunEpitome_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/Ep%C3%ADtome"><i>Epítome</i></a> - Muysccubun Dictionary Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunMuysca-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunMuysca_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/muysca"><i>muysca</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunMuyquyta-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunMuyquyta_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/Muyquyta"><i>Muyquyta</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunChunsa-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunChunsa_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/Chunsa"><i>Chunsa</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunSua-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunSua_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/sua"><i>sua</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunChie-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunChie_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/chie(2)"><i>chíe</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunFuquy-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunFuquy_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/fuquy"><i>fuquy</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunHosca-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunHosca_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/hosca"><i>hosca</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuysccubunIome-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MuysccubunIome_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muysca.cubun.org/iome"><i>iome</i></a> - Muysccubun</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BancoEpitomeFriede1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BancoEpitomeFriede1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/historia/desnue/pag253-261.htm">Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá - <i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Juan Friede</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Banco de la República</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friede_p93-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p93_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friede, 1960, p.93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmadorEdition-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmadorEdition_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFernández_de_Oviedo_y_Valdés1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo</a> (1851) [1535]. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Amador_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="José Amador de los Ríos">José Amador de los Ríos</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-y-natural-de-las-indias-islas-y-tierrafirme-del-mar-oceano-primera-parte--0/html/014747fa-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_4.htm"><i>Historia general y natural de las Indias</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: La <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de la Historia">Real Academia de la Historia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-15</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Virtual_Library" title="Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library">Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+y+natural+de+las+Indias&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=La+Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Oviedo+y+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fobra-visor%2Fhistoria-general-y-natural-de-las-indias-islas-y-tierrafirme-del-mar-oceano-primera-parte--0%2Fhtml%2F014747fa-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friede_p94-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p94_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_p94_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friede, 1960, p.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaroMolina_p130-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaroMolina_p130_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caro Molina, 1967, p.130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CVBenavides-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CVBenavides_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000177253"><i>Curriculum Vitae</i> Carmen Millán de Benavides</a> - Colciencias</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millan2014_p11-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millan2014_p11_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millán de Benavides, 2014, p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millan2014_p14-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millan2014_p14_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millán de Benavides, 2014, p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millan2014_p15-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millan2014_p15_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millán de Benavides, 2014, p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CaroMolina_p117-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CaroMolina_p117_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caro Molina, 1967, p.117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millan2001_p27-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millan2001_p27_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millán de Benavides, 2001, p.27</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_work">The work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/3679/3806">"Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada"</a>, <i>Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico</i>, <b>16</b> (3), <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Banco de la República</a>: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>97, 1979 [1889 (1539)]<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Cultural+y+Bibliogr%C3%A1fico&rft.atitle=Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicaciones.banrepcultural.org%2Findex.php%2Fboletin_cultural%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3679%2F3806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro_Molina1967" class="citation cs2">Caro Molina, Fernando (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/22/TH_22_001_118_0.pdf"><i>Epítome de la Conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada - Reseña</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Cervantes_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes Institute">Cervantes Institute</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>130<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+Conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada+-+Rese%C3%B1a&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Cervantes+Institute&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Caro+Molina&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcvc.cervantes.es%2Flengua%2Fthesaurus%2Fpdf%2F22%2FTH_22_001_118_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriede1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Friede</a>, Juan (1960), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/6499/6712">"Quién fué el autor del "Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada"?"</a>, <i>Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico</i>, <b>3</b> (2), <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Banco de la República</a>: <span class="nowrap">93–</span>96<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Cultural+y+Bibliogr%C3%A1fico&rft.atitle=Qui%C3%A9n+fu%C3%A9+el+autor+del+%22Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada%22%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Friede&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicaciones.banrepcultural.org%2Findex.php%2Fboletin_cultural%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6499%2F6712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillán_de_Benavides2014" class="citation cs2">Millán de Benavides, Carmen (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/univhumanistica/article/view/9569/7801">"Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada"</a>, <i>Universitas Humanística</i>, <b>48</b> (48), <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Pontifical Xavierian University</a>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>17, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2011-2734">2011-2734</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universitas+Human%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2011-2734&rft.aulast=Mill%C3%A1n+de+Benavides&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.javeriana.edu.co%2Findex.php%2Funivhumanistica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9569%2F7801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillán_de_Benavides2001" class="citation cs2">Millán de Benavides, Carmen (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.ugc.edu.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=35923"><i>Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada la cosmografía española del siglo XVI y el conocimiento por cuestionario</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Centro Editorial Javeriano</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>139, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9586833682" title="Special:BookSources/9586833682"><bdi>9586833682</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada+la+cosmograf%C3%ADa+espa%C3%B1ola+del+siglo+XVI+y+el+conocimiento+por+cuestionario&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Centro+Editorial+Javeriano&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9586833682&rft.aulast=Mill%C3%A1n+de+Benavides&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ugc.edu.co%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D35923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos_Pérez1972" class="citation cs2">Ramos Pérez, Demetrio (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfBG8sro2GkC&q=%22Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada%22"><i>Ximénez de Quesada en su relación con los cronistas: y el Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i></a>, CSIC, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>329, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788400020774" title="Special:BookSources/9788400020774"><bdi>9788400020774</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xim%C3%A9nez+de+Quesada+en+su+relaci%C3%B3n+con+los+cronistas%3A+y+el+Ep%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.pub=CSIC&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9788400020774&rft.aulast=Ramos+P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Demetrio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfBG8sro2GkC%26q%3D%2522Ep%25C3%25ADtome%2Bde%2Bla%2Bconquista%2Bdel%2BNuevo%2BReino%2Bde%2BGranada%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_works_about_the_conquest">Other works about the conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ep%C3%ADtome_de_la_conquista_del_Nuevo_Reino_de_Granada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other works about the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez_de_Quesada1576" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Jiménez de Quesada</a>, Gonzalo (1576), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memoriasobrelasa00uric/memoriasobrelasa00uric_djvu.txt"><i>Memoria de los descubridores, que entraron conmigo a descubrir y conquistar el Reino de Granada</i></a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoria+de+los+descubridores%2C+que+entraron+conmigo+a+descubrir+y+conquistar+el+Reino+de+Granada&rft.date=1576&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez+de+Quesada&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmemoriasobrelasa00uric%2Fmemoriasobrelasa00uric_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castellanos1857" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">De Castellanos</a>, Juan (1857) [1589], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnEGAAAAQAAJ"><i>Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias</i></a> (in Spanish), pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>567<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleg%C3%ADas+de+varones+ilustres+de+Indias&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E567&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=De+Castellanos&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnEGAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimón1892" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Simón</a>, Pedro (1892) [1626], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tierrafirmeindias01simbrich"><i>Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias occidentales (1882-92) vol.1-5</i></a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noticias+historiales+de+las+conquistas+de+Tierra+Firme+en+las+Indias+occidentales+%281882-92%29+vol.1-5&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftierrafirmeindias01simbrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_FreyleAchury_Valenzuela1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Rodríguez Freyle, Juan</a>; Achury Valenzuela, Darío (1979) [1859 (1638)], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/211557.pdf"><i>El Carnero - Conquista i descubrimiento del nuevo reino de Granada de las Indias Occidentales del mar oceano, i fundacion de la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogota</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish), Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>598<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Carnero+-+Conquista+i+descubrimiento+del+nuevo+reino+de+Granada+de+las+Indias+Occidentales+del+mar+oceano%2C+i+fundacion+de+la+ciudad+de+Santa+Fe+de+Bogota&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E598&rft.pub=Fundacion+Biblioteca+Ayacuch&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Freyle&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Achury+Valenzuela%2C+Dar%C3%ADo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblioteca.org.ar%2Flibros%2F211557.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_de_Piedrahita1688" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita" title="Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita">Fernández de Piedrahita</a>, Lucas (1688), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/Search.do?numfields=1&field1=autor&field1val=%22Fern%C3%A1ndez+Piedrahita%2c+Lucas%22&field1Op=AND&exact=on&advanced=true&language=esEn"><i>Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada</i></a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+las+conquistas+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada&rft.date=1688&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Piedrahita&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh.bne.es%2Fbnesearch%2FSearch.do%3Fnumfields%3D1%26field1%3Dautor%26field1val%3D%2522Fern%25C3%25A1ndez%2BPiedrahita%252c%2BLucas%2522%26field1Op%3DAND%26exact%3Don%26advanced%3Dtrue%26language%3DesEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta1848" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Acosta" title="Joaquín Acosta">Acosta</a>, Joaquín (1848), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfmJ48NHzDEC"><i>Compendio histórico del descubrimiento y colonización de la Nueva Granada en el siglo décimo sexto - Historical overview of discovery and colonization of New Granada in the sixteenth century</i></a>, Paris: Beau Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>460, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23030434">23030434</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendio+hist%C3%B3rico+del+descubrimiento+y+colonizaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Nueva+Granada+en+el+siglo+d%C3%A9cimo+sexto+-+Historical+overview+of+discovery+and+colonization+of+New+Granada+in+the+sixteenth+century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E460&rft.pub=Beau+Press&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23030434&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfmJ48NHzDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEp%C3%ADtome+de+la+conquista+del+Nuevo+Reino+de+Granada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Muisca_navbox" title="Template:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muisca_navbox" title="Template talk:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muisca_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muisca navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muisca325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Muisca</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Topics325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mummification" title="Muisca mummification">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysccubun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muisca_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muisca society (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Society</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_toponyms" title="List of Muisca toponyms">Toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasca" title="Battle of Pasca">Battle of Pasca (~1470)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chocont%C3%A1" title="Battle of Chocontá">Battle of Chocontá (~1490)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duit_language" title="Duit language">Duit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_emeralds" title="Colombian emeralds">Emeralds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruana" title="Ruana">Ruana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejo_(sport)" title="Tejo (sport)">Tejo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunjo" title="Tunjo">Tunjo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy#Mining" title="Muisca economy">The Salt People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1" title="Zipaquirá">Zipaquirá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n" title="Nemocón">Nemocón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausa" title="Tausa">Tausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquil%C3%A9" title="Sesquilé">Sesquilé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Geography_and_history325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography and history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano<br />Cundiboyacense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River" title="Bogotá River">Bogotá River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADo,_Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Frío, Bogotá savanna">Frío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucha_River" title="Fucha River">Fucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Amarillo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Amarillo River">Juan Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soacha_River" title="Soacha River">Soacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teusac%C3%A1_River" title="Teusacá River">Teusacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torca_River" title="Torca River">Torca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjuelo_River" title="Tunjuelo River">Tunjuelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna" title="Bogotá savanna">Bogotá savanna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suba_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suba Hills (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Suba Hills</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Wetlands of Bogotá">Wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hills,_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hills, Bogotá">Eastern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flora_and_fauna_named_after_the_Muisca" title="List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca">Flora & fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River" title="Suárez River">Suárez River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubat%C3%A9-Chiquinquir%C3%A1_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocet%C3%A1_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Ocetá Páramo">Ocetá Páramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenza_Valley" title="Tenza Valley">Tenza Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_inhabitation_of_the_Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Template:Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Prehistory" title="Muisca Confederation">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><10,000 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Humboldt,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Humboldt, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lake Humboldt</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibit%C3%B3" title="Tibitó">Tibitó</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sueva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sueva (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sueva</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama" title="Tequendama">Tequendama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Lithic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>10,000 - 2800 BP</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedras_del_Tunjo_Archaeological_Park" title="Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park">Piedras del Tunjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checua" title="Checua">Checua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galindo,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galindo, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Galindo</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemoc%C3%B3n_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemocón rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Nemocón</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1chica_rock_shelter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sáchica rock shelter (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Sáchica</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguazuque" title="Aguazuque">Aguazuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Herrera" title="Lake Herrera">Lake Herrera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Ceramic <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>800 BC</b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrera_Period" title="Herrera Period">Herrera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 BC - 800</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Early Muisca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>800 - 1200</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>~1450 - 1540</b>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_Mayor_del_Pueblo_Muisca" title="Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca">Cabildo Mayor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<b>>2002</b>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Religion_and_mythology325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Muisca_deities" title="Category:Muisca deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiminigagua" title="Chiminigagua">Chiminigagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachu%C3%A9" title="Bachué">Bachué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa_(goddess)" title="Chía (goddess)">Chía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A9" title="Sué">Sué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochica" title="Bochica">Bochica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitaca_(goddess)" title="Huitaca (goddess)">Huitaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchacum" title="Chibchacum">Chibchacum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuchavira" title="Cuchavira">Cuchavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nencatacoa" title="Nencatacoa">Nencatacoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaqu%C3%A9n" title="Chaquén">Chaquén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibafruime" title="Chibafruime">Chibafruime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guahaioque" title="Guahaioque">Guahaioque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture#Temples" title="Muisca architecture">Built</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)" title="Sun Temple (Sogamoso)">Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Temple_(Ch%C3%ADa)" title="Moon Temple (Chía)">Moon Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cojines_del_Zaque" title="Cojines del Zaque">Cojines del Zaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha_Temple" title="Goranchacha Temple">Goranchacha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa_Well" title="Hunzahúa Well">Hunzahúa Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion#Sacred_sites" title="Muisca religion">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_F%C3%BAquene" title="Lake Fúquene">Fúquene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Guasca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Guasca (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Guasca</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Guatavita" title="Lake Guatavita">Guatavita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Iguaque" title="Lake Iguaque">Iguaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siecha_Lakes" title="Siecha Lakes">Siecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Suesca" title="Lake Suesca">Suesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tota" title="Lake Tota">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ubaque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ubaque (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Ubaque</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequendama_Falls" title="Tequendama Falls">Tequendama Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_of_Lake_Tota" title="Monster of Lake Tota">Monster of Lake Tota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Mythological figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goranchacha" title="Goranchacha">Goranchacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idacans%C3%A1s" title="Idacansás">Idacansás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacanchique" title="Pacanchique">Pacanchique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata" title="Thomagata">Thomagata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Caciques_and_neighbours325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Caciques and neighbours</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Hunza" title="Muisca Confederation">Northern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaque">zaque</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunza,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunza, Colombia (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Hunza</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunzah%C3%BAa" title="Hunzahúa">Hunzahúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michu%C3%A1" title="Michuá">Michuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquiminzaque" title="Aquiminzaque">Aquiminzaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca">iraca</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sogamoso" title="Sogamoso">Suamox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nompanim" title="Nompanim">Nompanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugamuxi" title="Sugamuxi">Sugamuxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Duitama" title="Duitama">Tundama </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Bacatá" title="Muisca Confederation">Southern <i>caciques</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meicuchuca" title="Meicuchuca">Meicuchuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguamanchica" title="Saguamanchica">Saguamanchica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagipa" title="Sagipa">Sagipa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><i>cacique</i> of <a href="/wiki/Turmequ%C3%A9" title="Turmequé">Turmequé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_y_Moyachoque" title="Diego de Torres y Moyachoque">Diego de Torres y Moyachoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation#Neighbouring_indigenous_groups" title="Muisca Confederation">Neighbours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%27wa_people" title="U'wa people">U'wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutagao_people" title="Sutagao people">Sutagao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guane_people" title="Guane people">Guane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lache_people" title="Lache people">Lache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan language">Arawak-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achagua_people" title="Achagua people">Achagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegua_people" title="Tegua people">Tegua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guayupe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayupe people">Guayupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban-speaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Panche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarigui_people" title="Yarigui people">Yarigui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Spanish_conquest325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conquistadors73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Maldonado" title="Baltasar Maldonado">Baltasar Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín">Juan de San Martín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #FFD500; color:black;">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)">Antonio de Lebrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Camacho_Zambrano" title="Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano">Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Zorro" title="Gonzalo García Zorro">Gonzalo García Zorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Gonzalo Macías">Gonzalo Macías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Venegas_Carrillo" title="Hernán Venegas Carrillo">Hernán Venegas Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Albarrac%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Albarracín">Juan de Albarracín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_del_Junco" title="Juan del Junco">Juan del Junco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tafur" title="Juan Tafur">Juan Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Fonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lázaro Fonte (page does not exist)"><span style="color:black;background: white;">Lázaro Fonte</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Lanchero" title="Luis Lanchero">Luis Lanchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Galeano" title="Martín Galeano">Martín Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ya%C3%B1%C3%A9z_Tafur" title="Martín Yañéz Tafur">Martín Yañéz Tafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Holgu%C3%ADn_y_Figueroa" title="Miguel Holguín y Figueroa">Miguel Holguín y Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ort%C3%BAn_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Velasco" title="Ortún Velázquez de Velasco">Ortún Velázquez de Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Valenzuela_(conquistador)" title="Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)">Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ru%C3%ADz_Corredor" title="Pedro Ruíz Corredor">Pedro Ruíz Corredor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Neighbouring conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Conquest of the Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzo_people" title="Muzo people">Conquest of the Muzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panche_people" title="Panche people">Conquest of the Panche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tocarema" title="Battle of Tocarema">Battle of Tocarema (1538)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;"><div id="Research_and_collections325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and collections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_scholars" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Acosta" title="Joaquín Acosta">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Acosta" title="Soledad Acosta">Acosta Samper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Aguado" title="Pedro de Aguado">De Aguado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Arango_Cano" title="Jesús Arango Cano">Arango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_M._Broadbent" title="Sylvia M. Broadbent">Broadbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">De Castellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A9cer_Silva_Celis" title="Eliécer Silva Celis">Celis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Correal_Urrego" title="Gonzalo Correal Urrego">Correal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Domingo_Duquesne" title="José Domingo Duquesne">Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Freyle" title="Juan Rodríguez Freyle">Freyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Friede" title="Juan Friede">Friede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gamboa_Mendoza" title="Jorge Gamboa Mendoza">Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Groot" title="Ana María Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_der_Hammen" title="Thomas van der Hammen">Hammen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Arturo_Izquierdo_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Arturo Izquierdo Peña">Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Henrik_Langebaek" title="Carl Henrik Langebaek">Langebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Lugo" title="Bernardo de Lugo">De Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Ocampo_L%C3%B3pez" title="Javier Ocampo López">Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Piedrahita" title="Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita">De Piedrahita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">De Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Reichel-Dolmatoff" title="Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff">Reichel-Dolmatoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cardale_de_Schrimpff" title="Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff">Schrimpff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Simón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Triana" title="Miguel Triana">Triana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea" title="Ezequiel Uricoechea">Uricoechea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liborio_Zerda" title="Liborio Zerda">Zerda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg/147px-Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg/221px-Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg/294px-Icanh-logo-fondo-blanco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleg%C3%ADas_de_varones_ilustres_de_Indias" title="Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias">Elegías</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Carnero" title="El Carnero">El Carnero</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1638)</span></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epítome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_research_institutes" title="List of Muisca research institutes">Research institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" title="Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History">ICANH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Universidad La Javeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_and_Technological_University_of_Colombia" title="Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia">UPTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #FFD500; 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