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</a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Great+Wall+of+China" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_China&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Great Wall" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great Wall (disambiguation)">Great Wall (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Great Wall of China (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 萬里長城; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 万里长城; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Wànlǐ Chángchéng, literally "ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> long wall") is a series of <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a> in China. They were built across the historical northern borders of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">ancient Chinese states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> as protection against <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">various nomadic groups</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. The first walls date to the 7th century BC; these were joined together in the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brit-5">[5]</a> Successive dynasties expanded the wall system; the best-known sections were built by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644). <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Great Wall of China</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-hans">萬里長城 / 万里长城</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg/250px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg/375px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg/500px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">The <a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming dynasty</a> Great Wall at <a href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/250px-Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/500px-Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2133"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">Map of all the wall constructions</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Fortification</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_China&params=40.68_N_117.23_E_region:CN_type:landmark">40°41′N 117°14′E / 40.68°N 117.23°E / 40.68; 117.23</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">The Great Wall</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Asia">Asia-Pacific</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438">438</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">2,151.55 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">4,800.8 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed;color:#000;">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">21,196.18 km (13,170.70 mi)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncha-3">[3]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Great Wall of China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:長城">長城</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:长城">长城</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"The Long Wall"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chángchéng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ch'ang2-ch'eng2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎŋ.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">zan平 zen平</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cheung4 sing4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Coeng4sing4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʰœŋ˩.sɪŋ˩]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tn̂g-siâⁿ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tn̂g-siânn</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:萬里長城">萬里長城</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:万里长城">万里长城</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"The 10,000-<a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a> Long Wall"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wànlǐ Chángchéng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vae去-li上 zan平-zen平</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Maan6lei5 Cheung4sing4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Maan6-lei5 coeng4-sing4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[man˨.lej˩˧ tsʰœŋ˩.sɪŋ˩]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bān-lí tn̂g-siânn</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> To aid in defense, the Great Wall utilized <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtowers</a>, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and its status as a transportation corridor. Other purposes of the Great Wall have included <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border controls</a> (allowing control of immigration and emigration, and the imposition of duties on goods transported along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>), and the regulation of trade.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The collective fortifications constituting the Great Wall stretch from <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Lop_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Lop Lake">Lop Lake</a> in the west, and from the present-day <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="China–Russia border">Sino–Russian border</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Tao_River" title="Tao River">Tao River</a> in the south: an arc that roughly delineates the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian steppe">Mongolian steppe</a>, spanning 21,196.18 km (13,170.70 mi) in total.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_CBC-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncha-3">[3]</a> It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and was voted one of the <a href="/wiki/New_7_Wonders_of_the_World" title="New 7 Wonders of the World">New 7 Wonders of the World</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Today, the defensive system of the Great Wall is recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China-10">[10]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Names">1 Names</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_walls">2.1 Early walls</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ming_and_Qing_eras">2.2 Ming and Qing eras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Foreign_accounts">2.3 Foreign accounts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Course">3 Course</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Han_Great_Wall">3.1 Han Great Wall</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ming_Great_Wall">3.2 Ming Great Wall</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Characteristics">4 Characteristics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Condition">5 Condition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Visibility_from_space">6 Visibility from space</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#From_the_Moon">6.1 From the Moon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#From_low_Earth_orbit">6.2 From low Earth orbit</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Gallery">7 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/250px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1771"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/250px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/330px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg/500px-%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%B7%E5%9C%96%E9%99%84%E6%B3%A8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huayi_tu" title="Huayi tu">Huayi tu</a>, an 1136 map of China with the Great Wall depicted on the northern edge of the country</figcaption></figure> The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese histories</a>, the term "Long Wall(s)" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> 長城, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> 长城, Chángchéng) appears in <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</a> and to the more unified construction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor">First Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:城">城</a>, meaning city or fortress, is a <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phono-semantic compound">phono-semantic compound</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth radical">"earth" radical</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</a> and phonetic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:成">成</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> pronunciation has been <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> as *deŋ.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It originally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">rampart</a> which surrounded <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_urban_planning" title="Ancient Chinese urban planning">traditional Chinese cities</a> and was used by extension for these walls around <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">their respective states</a>; today, however, it is more commonly used to mean "city".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The longer Chinese name "Ten-Thousand Mile Long Wall" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> 萬里長城, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> 万里长城, Wànlǐ Chángchéng) came from Sima Qian's description of it in the Records, though he did not name the walls themselves as such. The AD 493 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> quotes the frontier general <a href="/wiki/Tan_Daoji" title="Tan Daoji">Tan Daoji</a> referring to "the long wall of 10,000 miles", closer to the modern name, but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese mile">traditional Chinese mile</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:里">里</a>, lǐ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese units">standardized</a> at distances around a third of an <a href="/wiki/English_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="English mile">English mile</a> (540 m).<a href="#cite_note-Winborn1994-15">[15]</a> However, this use of "ten-thousand" (wàn) is <a href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">figurative</a> in a similar manner to the Greek and English <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> and simply means "innumerable" or "immeasurable".<a href="#cite_note-lindy-16">[16]</a> Because of the wall's association with the First Emperor's <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shihuang#Historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shihuang">supposed tyranny</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese dynasties">Chinese dynasties</a> after <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name "Long Wall".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651-17">[17]</a> Instead, various terms were used in medieval records, including "frontier(s)" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:塞">塞</a>, Sài),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-18">[18]</a> "rampart(s)" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9E%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:垣">垣</a>, Yuán),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-18">[18]</a> "barrier(s)" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:障">障</a>, Zhàng),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-18">[18]</a> "the outer fortresses" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:外">外</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:堡">堡</a>, Wàibǎo),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049-19">[19]</a> and "the border wall(s)" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:邊">邊</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%89%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:牆">牆</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:边">边</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A2%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:墙">墙</a>, Biānqiáng).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651-17">[17]</a> Poetic and informal names for the wall included "the Purple Frontier" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:紫">紫</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:塞">塞</a>, Zǐsài)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021-20">[20]</a> and "the Earth Dragon" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:龍">龍</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:龙">龙</a>, Tǔlóng).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869-21">[21]</a> Only during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing period</a> did "Long Wall" become the catch-all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin, equivalent to the English "Great Wall".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-22">[22]</a> Sections of the wall in south <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> are sometimes referred to as "Wall of Genghis Khan", even though <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> did not construct any walls or permanent defense lines himself.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The current English name evolved from accounts of "the Chinese wall" from early modern European travelers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-22">[22]</a> By the nineteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-22">[22]</a> "the Great Wall of China" had become standard in English and French, although other European languages such as German continue to refer to it as "the Chinese wall".<a href="#cite_note-lindy-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China" title="History of the Great Wall of China">History of the Great Wall of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_walls">Early walls</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi" title="Great Wall of Qi">Great Wall of Qi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatWallofQinDynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png/220px-GreatWallofQinDynasty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png/220px-GreatWallofQinDynasty.png" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png/330px-GreatWallofQinDynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Great Wall of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> stretches from <a href="/wiki/Lintao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintao">Lintao</a> to Liaodong.</figcaption></figure> The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">wall-building</a> by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During this time and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, the states of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</a> all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly of stone or by stamping earth and gravel between board frames. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/220px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="227"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 95px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/220px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png" data-width="220" data-height="95" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/330px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/440px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Great Wall of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> is the longest of all walls, from Mamitu, near <a href="/wiki/Yumenguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumenguan">Yumenguan</a>, to Liaodong.</figcaption></figure> The state of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> emerged victorious in 221 BC; its ruler, now the <a href="/wiki/First_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor">First Emperor</a> of a unified China, intended to centralize rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords; in doing so, he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states. To position the empire against the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> people from the north, however, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the northern frontier. "Build and move on" was a central guiding principle in constructing the wall, implying that the Chinese were not erecting a permanently fixed border.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources; stone was used in montane areas, while <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> was used while building in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls; most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands of workers died building the Qin wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535-28">[28]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a> all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.<a href="#cite_note-mongolia-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653-30">[30]</a> Dynasties founded by non-Han ethnic groups also built border walls: the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a>-established <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>, who ruled vast territories over Northern China throughout centuries, all constructed defensive walls, albeit being further north—reaching into the environs of present-day <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>—than Han-built fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652%E2%80%9354-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_and_Qing_eras">Ming and Qing eras</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming Great Wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatWallChina4.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/GreatWallChina4.png/220px-GreatWallChina4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="752"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/GreatWallChina4.png/220px-GreatWallChina4.png" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/GreatWallChina4.png/330px-GreatWallChina4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/GreatWallChina4.png/440px-GreatWallChina4.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The extent of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Empire</a> and its walls</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> made substantial contributions to the Great Wall, following their defeat to the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tumu">Battle of Tumu</a>. This defeat had come in the context of protracted conflict with <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> tribes; a new strategy for defense was thus realized by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a>, the wall followed the desert's southern edge, instead of incorporating the bend of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate, due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzab%C3%B3D%C3%A1vidLoczy2010220-32">[32]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">Mongol raids</a> continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls; sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177-33">[33]</a> Under general <a href="/wiki/Qi_Jiguang" title="Qi Jiguang">Qi Jiguang's</a> supervision, 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping were constructed between 1567 and 1570, and sections of the ram-earth wall were faced with bricks.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> During the mid–15th century, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". It enclosed the agricultural heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong">Liaodong</a> province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</a> from the north. While stones and tiles were sometimes used here, it was otherwise simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds198538%E2%80%9340-35">[35]</a> Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> invasions that began around 1600. Even after the loss of all of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaodong</a>, the Ming army held the heavily fortified <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a>, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a>'s short-lived <a href="/wiki/Shun_dynasty" title="Shun dynasty">Shun dynasty</a>. Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest. The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a>, who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell2006254-36">[36]</a> The Manchus quickly seized Beijing instead, and eventually defeated both the Shun dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">remaining Ming resistance</a>, consolidating the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> over all of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott20011%E2%80%932-37">[37]</a> Under Qing rule and the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">annexation of Mongolia into the empire</a>, China's borders extended beyond the Great Wall; work on it for the purpose of border defense was thus discontinued. Construction nevertheless persisted with projects like the <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a>; following a line similar to that of the Liaodong Wall of the Ming, it was meant to prevent Han Chinese migration into Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_accounts">Foreign accounts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_(April_1853,_X,_p.41)_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg/250px-Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="999"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg/250px-Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg/330px-Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg/500px-Part_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China_%28April_1853%2C_X%2C_p.41%29_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Part of the Great Wall of China (April 1853, X, p. 41)<a href="#cite_note-Juvenile1853-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatwall_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/220px-Greatwall_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1473"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 254px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/220px-Greatwall_large.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="254" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/330px-Greatwall_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greatwall_large.jpg/440px-Greatwall_large.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Great Wall in 1907</figcaption></figure> None of the <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans</a> who visited China or Mongolia in the 13th and 14th centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Giovanni da Pian del Carpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Marignolli" title="Giovanni de' Marignolli">Giovanni de' Marignolli</a>, mentioned the Great Wall.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653%E2%80%9354-41">[41]</a> The North African traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, who also visited China during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200654%E2%80%9355-42">[42]</a> He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>) in his travelogue <a href="/wiki/Gift_to_Those_Who_Contemplate_the_Wonders_of_Cities_and_the_Marvels_of_Travelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling">Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</a>. He associated it with the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">legend of the wall</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a> (commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they were not significant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653%E2%80%9355-44">[44]</a> Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the "<a href="/wiki/Tartars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartars">Tartars</a>" (i.e. Mongols) may be the one contained in <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>'s 1563 Asia.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Other early accounts in Western sources include those of <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_da_Cruz" title="Gaspar da Cruz">Gaspar da Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bento_de_Goes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bento de Goes">Bento de Goes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204%E2%80%9305-46">[46]</a> the latter in 1585 describing it as a "superbious and mightie work" of architecture, though he had not seen it.<a href="#cite_note-Lach-47">[47]</a> In 1559, in his work "A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions", Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204%E2%80%9305-46">[46]</a> Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother <a href="/wiki/Bento_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Bento de Góis">Bento de Góis</a> reached the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayu Pass</a> from India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule1866579-48">[48]</a> Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron19902%E2%80%934-49">[49]</a> although later they slid into hyperbole,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206-50">[50]</a> including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming walls were the same ones that were built by the first emperor in the 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206-50">[50]</a> When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a>, the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists. The <a href="/wiki/Travelogue_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelogue (literature)">travelogues</a> of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990209-51">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> A formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200760-52">[52]</a> The defensive lines contain multiple stretches of ramparts, trenches and ditches, as well as individual fortresses. In 2012, based on existing research and the results of a comprehensive mapping survey, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cultural_Heritage_Administration" title="National Cultural Heritage Administration">National Cultural Heritage Administration</a> of China concluded that the remaining Great Wall associated sites include 10,051 wall sections, 1,764 ramparts or trenches, 29,510 individual buildings, and 2,211 fortifications or passes, with the walls and trenches spanning a total length of 21,196.18 km (13,170.70 mi).<a href="#cite_note-ncha-3">[3]</a> It was further concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming Great Wall</a> measures 8,850 km (5,500 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_'even_longer'-53">[53]</a> This consists of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) of wall sections, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_'even_longer'-53">[53]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and earlier Great Wall sites are 3,080 km (1,914 mi) long in total; <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)#Jin_Great_Wall" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">border fortifications</a> are 4,010 km (2,492 mi) in length; the remainder date back to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi">Northern Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties">Five Dynasties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xixia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xixia">Xixia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ncha-3">[3]</a> About half of the sites are located in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> (31% and 19% respectively).<a href="#cite_note-ncha-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_Great_Wall">Han Great Wall</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanmuren.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hanmuren.JPG/220px-Hanmuren.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="1749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hanmuren.JPG/220px-Hanmuren.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hanmuren.JPG/330px-Hanmuren.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hanmuren.JPG/440px-Hanmuren.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Great Wall of Han dynasty near <a href="/wiki/Yumenguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumenguan">Yumenguan</a></figcaption></figure> Han fortifications start from <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Pass" title="Yang Pass">Yang Pass</a>, southwest of <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> province. Ruins of the remotest Han border posts are found in Mamitu (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:馬">馬</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E9%80%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:迷途">迷途</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:马">马</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E9%80%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:迷途">迷途</a>, Mǎmítú, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">l</a> "horses losing their way") near Yumen Pass. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_Great_Wall">Ming Great Wall</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg/250px-Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg/250px-Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg/330px-Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg/500px-Jiayuguan_Fortress_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayuguan</a>, the westmost point of Ming Great Wall</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_(pass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiayuguan (pass)">Jiayu Pass</a>, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. From here, the wall travels discontinuously down the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> and into the deserts of <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cut through the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</a> to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There, at Piantou Pass (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:偏">偏</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:頭">頭</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%97%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:關">關</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:偏">偏</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:头">头</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:关">关</a>, Piāntóuguān) in <a href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:外">外</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:長城">長城</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:外">外</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:长城">长城</a>, Wài Chǎngchéng) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> province, and the "Inner Great Wall" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:內">內</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:長城">長城</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:內">內</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:长城">长城</a>, Nèi Chǎngchéng) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km (250 mi), passing through important passes like the <a href="/wiki/Pingxing_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingxing Pass">Pingxing Pass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanmen_Pass" title="Yanmen Pass">Yanmen Pass</a> before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B5%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:四海">四海</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%86%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:冶">冶</a>, Sìhǎiyě), in Beijing's <a href="/wiki/Yanqing_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanqing County">Yanqing County</a>. The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing, were frequently renovated, and are regularly visited by tourists today. The <a href="/wiki/Badaling" title="Badaling">Badaling</a> Great Wall near <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a> is the most famous stretch of the wall, as it was the first section to be opened to the public in the People's Republic of China; foreign dignitaries would be shown this section on visits to the Great Wall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas2010140-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Badaling" title="Badaling">Badaling</a> Great Wall saw nearly 10 million visitors in 2018, and in 2019, a daily limit of 65,000 visitors was instated.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> South of Badaling is the <a href="/wiki/Juyong_Pass" title="Juyong Pass">Juyong Pass</a>; when it was used by the Chinese to protect their land, this section of the wall had many guards to defend the capital Beijing. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) high and 5 m (16 ft 5 in) wide. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg/220px-20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg/220px-20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg/330px-20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg/440px-20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ming dynasty Great Wall at <a href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in <a href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</a>. There it runs 11 km (7 mi) long, ranges from 5 to 8 m (16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in) in height, and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) across the bottom, narrowing up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in) across the top. Wangjing Lou (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:望">望</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">京</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A8%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:樓">樓</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:望">望</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">京</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:楼">楼</a>, Wàngjīng Lóu) is one of Jinshanling's 67 <a href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</a>, 980 m (3,220 ft) above sea level. Southeast of Jinshanling is the <a href="/wiki/Mutianyu" title="Mutianyu">Mutianyu</a> Great Wall which winds along lofty, cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km (1.40 mi). It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east. This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindesay2008212-56">[56]</a> At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a>, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the "First Pass <a href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">Under Heaven</a>". The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the "Old Dragon Head". 3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E5%B1%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:焦山">焦山</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:長城">長城</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:焦">焦</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:山">山</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:长城">长城</a>, Jiāoshān Chángchéng), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> 15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%97%A8%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:九门口">Jiumenkou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:門">門</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:口">口</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:门">门</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:口">口</a>, Jiǔménkǒu), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge. In 2009, 180 km of previously unknown sections of the Ming wall concealed by hills, trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In March and April 2015, nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km (6 mi), believed to be part of the Great Wall, were discovered along the border of <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> autonomous region and Gansu province.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a>, and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened. Additionally, bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth. Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick, but is more difficult to use. Consequently, stones cut into rectangular shapes were used for the foundation, inner and outer <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brim" class="extiw" title="wikt:brim">brims</a>, and gateways of the wall. <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlements</a> line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide. From the parapets, guards could survey the surrounding land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice_mortar" title="Sticky rice mortar">Sticky rice mortar</a>, consisting of sticky rice soup mixed with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">slaked lime</a>, was extensively used to hold bricks together;<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> no human <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> or body parts were ever incorporated into the mortar or any part of the wall, contrary to urban legend.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall, including the ability to call reinforcements and warn <a href="/wiki/Garrisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrisons">garrisons</a> of enemy movements, was of high importance. Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility. Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through. Barracks, stables, and armories were built near the wall's inner surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729-60">[60]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Condition">Condition</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/250px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/250px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/330px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/500px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches through the mountains, here seen in slight disrepair</figcaption></figure> While portions north of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the wall is in disrepair. The wall sometimes provided a source of stones to build houses and roads.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Sections of the wall are also prone to <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>, while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30percent-66">[66]</a> Parts have been destroyed to make way for construction or mining.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A 2012 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Cultural_Heritage_Administration" title="National Cultural Heritage Administration">National Cultural Heritage Administration</a> states that 22% of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared, while 1,961 km (1,219 mi) of wall have vanished.<a href="#cite_note-30percent-66">[66]</a> In 2007 it was estimated that more than 60 km (37 mi) of the wall in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">sandstorms</a>. In some places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m (16 ft 5 in) to less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared. Many western sections of the wall are <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">constructed from mud</a>, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete. The work has been much criticized.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A section of the wall in Shanxi province was severely damaged in 2023 by construction workers, who widened an existing gap in the wall to make a shortcut for an excavator to pass through. Police described the act as causing "irreversible damage to the integrity of the Ming Great Wall and to the safety of the cultural relics".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Visibility_from_space">Visibility from space</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Various <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a> in popular culture claim that the Great Wall can be seen (with the naked eye) from space, with questionable degrees of veracity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Moon">From the Moon</h3></div> The Great Wall of China cannot be seen by the naked human eye from the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Even though the myth is thoroughly debunked, it is still ingrained in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-Debunked-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The apparent width of the Great Wall as seen from the Moon would be the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km (2 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez-Gil20083%E2%80%934-74">[74]</a> One of the earliest known references to the myth of the Great Wall's visibility from the Moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a>. Stukeley wrote that, "This mighty wall [<a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian's wall">Hadrian's wall</a>] of four score miles [130 km] in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall, which makes a considerable figure upon the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial globe">terrestrial globe</a>, and may be discerned at the Moon."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The claim was also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Norman,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet">Henry Norman</a> in 1895, writing "besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The myth also appears in the 1932 strip of <a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not!">Ripley's Believe It or Not!</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ripley-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_low_Earth_orbit">From low Earth orbit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_China,_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg/330px-Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="739"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg/330px-Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg/495px-Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg/660px-Great_Wall_of_China%2C_Satellite_image_red_composite.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Identical satellite images of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi, running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right. In the image on the right, the Great Wall has been outlined in red. The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km (7 mi × 7 mi).</figcaption></figure> The Great Wall has also been claimed to be visible from <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (an altitude extending from 160 km (100 mi)). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> states that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other human-made objects.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-78">[78]</a> Astronauts testifying to its visibility from space include <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[a]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Lu" title="Ed Lu">Ed Lu</a>;<a href="#cite_note-80">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a>, China's first astronaut, meanwhile stated that he had not been able to see it. In response, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) issued a press release reporting of its visibility from an altitude of 160 and 320 km (100 and 200 mi);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez-Gil20083%E2%80%934-74">[74]</a> the image was actually of a river in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Chiao" title="Leroy Chiao">Leroy Chiao</a>, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> that shows the wall. It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it. Based on the photograph, the <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a> later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from 'space' with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez-Gil20083%E2%80%934-74">[74]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="text-align: left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Wall at Badaling"><noscript><img alt="The Great Wall at Badaling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/160px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/160px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg" data-alt="The Great Wall at Badaling" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/240px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/320px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Wall at <a href="/wiki/Badaling" title="Badaling">Badaling</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Wall at dawn"><noscript><img alt="The Great Wall at dawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg/250px-The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4606" data-file-height="3071"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg/250px-The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg" data-alt="The Great Wall at dawn" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg/330px-The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg/500px-The_Great_wall_-_by_Hao_Wei.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Wall at dawn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Juyongguan area of the Great Wall accepts numerous tourists each day."><noscript><img alt="The Juyongguan area of the Great Wall accepts numerous tourists each day." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg/86px-Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2507"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg/86px-Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg" data-alt="The Juyongguan area of the Great Wall accepts numerous tourists each day." data-width="86" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg/129px-Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg/172px-Juyongguan_Great_Wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Juyongguan area of the Great Wall accepts numerous tourists each day.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of Beacon tower, near Yumenguan, 2011"><noscript><img alt="Remains of Beacon tower, near Yumenguan, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg/250px-Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 247px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg/250px-Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg" data-alt="Remains of Beacon tower, near Yumenguan, 2011" data-width="247" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg/500px-Remains_of_Beacon_tower_near_Yumenguan._2011.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of Beacon tower, near <a href="/wiki/Yumenguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yumenguan">Yumenguan</a>, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='"The First Mound" – at Jiayu Pass, the western terminus of the Ming wall'><noscript><img alt='"The First Mound" – at Jiayu Pass, the western terminus of the Ming wall' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/250px-%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="714"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/250px-%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" data-alt='"The First Mound" – at Jiayu Pass, the western terminus of the Ming wall' data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/330px-%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The First Mound" – at <a href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayu Pass</a>, the western terminus of the Ming wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_(6962643268).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Wall near Jiayu Pass, Qilian Mountains in behind"><noscript><img alt="The Great Wall near Jiayu Pass, Qilian Mountains in behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg/180px-The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg/180px-The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg" data-alt="The Great Wall near Jiayu Pass, Qilian Mountains in behind" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg/270px-The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg/360px-The_Journey_of_Discovery_Beijing_%286962643268%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Wall near <a href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayu Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a> in behind</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ming Great Wall remnant, near Yinchuan"><noscript><img alt="Ming Great Wall remnant, near Yinchuan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" data-alt="Ming Great Wall remnant, near Yinchuan" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/250px-%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ming Great Wall remnant, near <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Wall remnant at Yulin"><noscript><img alt="The Great Wall remnant at Yulin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="The Great Wall remnant at Yulin" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E6%A6%86%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Wall remnant at <a href="/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi" title="Yulin, Shaanxi">Yulin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gubeikou_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gateway of Gubeikou Fortress"><noscript><img alt="Gateway of Gubeikou Fortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gubeikou_Gate.jpg/250px-Gubeikou_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gubeikou_Gate.jpg/250px-Gubeikou_Gate.jpg" data-alt="Gateway of Gubeikou Fortress" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gubeikou_Gate.jpg/330px-Gubeikou_Gate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gateway of <a href="/wiki/Gubeikou" title="Gubeikou">Gubeikou</a> Fortress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Environmental protection sign, near Great Wall, 2011"><noscript><img alt="Environmental protection sign, near Great Wall, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg/250px-Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="606"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 176px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg/250px-Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg" data-alt="Environmental protection sign, near Great Wall, 2011" data-width="176" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg/330px-Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg/500px-Environmental_protection_sign_near_Great_Wall._2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Environmental protection sign, near Great Wall, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ming Great Wall at Simatai, overlooking the gorge"><noscript><img alt="Ming Great Wall at Simatai, overlooking the gorge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg/250px-Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg/250px-Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg" data-alt="Ming Great Wall at Simatai, overlooking the gorge" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg/330px-Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ming Great Wall at <a href="/wiki/Simatai" title="Simatai">Simatai</a>, overlooking the gorge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutianyu Great Wall. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored."><noscript><img alt="Mutianyu Great Wall. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG/250px-MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG/250px-MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG" data-alt="Mutianyu Great Wall. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG/330px-MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mutianyu" title="Mutianyu">Mutianyu</a> Great Wall. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhai Pass"><noscript><img alt="The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhai Pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/160px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/160px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg" data-alt="The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhai Pass" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/240px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/320px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:InsideGWWatchtower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the watchtower"><noscript><img alt="Inside the watchtower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/InsideGWWatchtower.jpg/160px-InsideGWWatchtower.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/InsideGWWatchtower.jpg/160px-InsideGWWatchtower.jpg" data-alt="Inside the watchtower" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/InsideGWWatchtower.jpg/240px-InsideGWWatchtower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/InsideGWWatchtower.jpg/320px-InsideGWWatchtower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the watchtower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside a watchtower"><noscript><img alt="Inside a watchtower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg/120px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg/120px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg" data-alt="Inside a watchtower" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg/250px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_from_watchtower.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside a watchtower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badaling Great Wall during winter"><noscript><img alt="Badaling Great Wall during winter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg/160px-Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg/160px-Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg" data-alt="Badaling Great Wall during winter" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg/240px-Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg/320px-Great_Wall_of_China_view_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Badaling Great Wall during winter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Wall in Yanqing, Beijing during winter"><noscript><img alt="Great Wall in Yanqing, Beijing during winter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg/160px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2871"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg/160px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg" data-alt="Great Wall in Yanqing, Beijing during winter" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg/240px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg/320px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_in_Yanqing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Wall in <a href="/wiki/Yanqing,_Beijing" title="Yanqing, Beijing">Yanqing, Beijing</a> during winter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourists at The Great Wall in Yanqing, Beijing during Spring Festival"><noscript><img alt="Tourists at The Great Wall in Yanqing, Beijing during Spring Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/160px-Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/160px-Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" data-alt="Tourists at The Great Wall in Yanqing, Beijing during Spring Festival" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/240px-Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/320px-Tourists_at_The_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourists at The Great Wall in <a href="/wiki/Yanqing,_Beijing" title="Yanqing, Beijing">Yanqing, Beijing</a> during <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Spring Festival</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_(5143422419).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourists at The Great Wall"><noscript><img alt="Tourists at The Great Wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg/250px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg/250px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg" data-alt="Tourists at The Great Wall" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg/330px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg/500px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_%285143422419%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourists at The Great Wall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sign discouraging climbing near an unrestored section in Huaibei"><noscript><img alt="A sign discouraging climbing near an unrestored section in Huaibei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg/250px-Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3249" data-file-height="2899"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg/250px-Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg" data-alt="A sign discouraging climbing near an unrestored section in Huaibei" data-width="135" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg/330px-Huaibei_Great_Wall_Signage.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sign discouraging climbing near an unrestored section in <a href="/wiki/Huaibei,_Beijing" title="Huaibei, Beijing">Huaibei</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheolli_Jangseong" title="Cheolli Jangseong">Cheolli Jangseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chinese city wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China_hoax" title="Great Wall of China hoax">Great Wall of China hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Marathon" title="Great Wall Marathon">Great Wall Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Gorgan" title="Great Wall of Gorgan">Great Wall of Gorgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Great Wall of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaojiang_Great_Wall" title="Miaojiang Great Wall">Miaojiang Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Roman military frontiers and fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zasechnaya_cherta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zasechnaya cherta">Zasechnaya cherta</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles [160 to 320 km] high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye." </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> "It's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look." </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-05/china-s-great-wall-found-to-measure-more-than-20-000-kilometers.html">"China's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. June 5, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Wall+Found+To+Measure+More+Than+20%2C000+Kilometers&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-06-05%2Fchina-s-great-wall-found-to-measure-more-than-20-000-kilometers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205123822/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-18337039">"China's Great Wall is 'longer than previously thought'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. June 6, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-18337039">the original</a> on December 5, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Wall+is+%27longer+than+previously+thought%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-18337039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncha-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncha_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncha_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncha_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncha_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncha_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncha.gov.cn/art/2016/11/30/art_722_135294.html"><bdi lang="zh">中国长城保护报告</bdi></a> [Protection Report of the Great Wall of China]. National Cultural Heritage Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cultural+Heritage+Administration&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncha.gov.cn%2Fart%2F2016%2F11%2F30%2Fart_722_135294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-4"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times_with_introduction_by_Sam_Tanenhaus2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> with introduction by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Tanenhaus" title="Sam Tanenhaus">Sam Tanenhaus</a> (2011). The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 1131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64302-7"><bdi>978-0-312-64302-7</bdi></a>. <q>Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E, this wall, built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone, runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Essential+Knowledge%3A+A+Desk+Reference+for+the+Curious+Mind&rft.pages=1131&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press+of+Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-312-64302-7&rft.au=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27+with+introduction+by+Sam+Tanenhaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243863/Great-Wall-of-China">"Great Wall of China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. October 21, 2023. <q>Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC. In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi (Qin Shi Huang), the first emperor of a united China (under the Qin dynasty), connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system. Traditionally, the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a> (Shanhaiguan) on the coast of the Bohai (Gulf of Zhili), and the wall's length – without its branches and other secondary sections – was thought to extend for some 6,690 km (4,160 mi).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F243863%2FGreat-Wall-of-China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelach-LaviWachtelGolanBatzorig2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Shelach-Lavi" title="Gideon Shelach-Lavi">Shelach-Lavi, Gideon</a>; Wachtel, Ido; Golan, Dan; Batzorig, Otgonjargal; Amartuvshin, Chunag; Ellenblum, Ronnie; Honeychurch, William (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2020.51">"Medieval long-wall construction on the Mongolian Steppe during the eleventh to thirteenth centuries AD"</a>. Antiquity. 94 (375): 724–741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2020.51">10.15184/aqy.2020.51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Medieval+long-wall+construction+on+the+Mongolian+Steppe+during+the+eleventh+to+thirteenth+centuries+AD&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=375&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E724-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2020.51&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Shelach-Lavi&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft.au=Wachtel%2C+Ido&rft.au=Golan%2C+Dan&rft.au=Batzorig%2C+Otgonjargal&rft.au=Amartuvshin%2C+Chunag&rft.au=Ellenblum%2C+Ronnie&rft.au=Honeychurch%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15184%252Faqy.2020.51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_CBC-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_CBC_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/great-wall-of-china-even-longer-than-previously-thought-1.1263111">"Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Wall+of+China+even+longer+than+previously+thought&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgreat-wall-of-china-even-longer-than-previously-thought-1.1263111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438">"The Great Wall"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=The+Great+Wall&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.new7wonders.com/wonders/great-wall-of-china-220-b-c-and-1368-1644-a-d-china/">"Great Wall of China"</a>. New7Wonders of the World. August 8, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New7Wonders+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.new7wonders.com%2Fwonders%2Fgreat-wall-of-china-220-b-c-and-1368-1644-a-d-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall-of-china">"Great Wall of China"</a>. History. April 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fgreat-wall-of-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</a>, p. 650. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2014" class="citation web cs1">Baxter, William H. & al. (September 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf">"Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1"</a> (PDF). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Retrieved January 22, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baxter%E2%80%93Sagart+Old+Chinese+Reconstruction%2C+Version+1.1&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.+%26+al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu%2FBaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See Lovell 2006, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</a>, p. 202. Tan Daoji's exact quote: "So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li!" (乃復壞汝萬里之長城) Note the use of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_particles" title="Chinese particles">particle</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:之">之</a> zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name. </li> <li id="cite_note-Winborn1994-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Winborn1994_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByron_R._Winborn1994" class="citation book cs1">Byron R. Winborn (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD-x0Heq0uEC&pg=PA63">Wen Bon: a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China</a>. University of North Texas Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929398-77-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929398-77-8"><bdi>978-0-929398-77-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wen+Bon%3A+a+Naval+Air+Intelligence+Officer+behind+Japanese+lines+in+China&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-929398-77-8&rft.au=Byron+R.+Winborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD-x0Heq0uEC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindy-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lindy_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lindy_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindesay2007" class="citation book cs1">Lindesay, William (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9p2JgBPMBwC&pg=PA21">The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head</a>. Beijing: Wuzhou Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-1032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-1032-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-1032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+Revisited%3A+From+the+Jade+Gate+to+Old+Dragon%27s+Head&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Wuzhou+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-1032-3&rft.aulast=Lindesay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9p2JgBPMBwC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</a>, p. 651. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLovell2006">Lovell 2006</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1988">Waldron 1988</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHessler2007">Hessler 2007</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2008" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (2008). "6. WALL-HUNT IN THE GOBI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adlibris.com/se/bok/great-wall-9780553817683">The Great Wall: The extraordinary history of China's wonder of the world</a>. TRANSWORLD PUBLISHERS LTD. pp. 132–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553817683" title="Special:BookSources/9780553817683"><bdi>9780553817683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+WALL-HUNT+IN+THE+GOBI&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall%3A+The+extraordinary+history+of+China%27s+wonder+of+the+world&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=TRANSWORLD+PUBLISHERS+LTD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780553817683&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adlibris.com%2Fse%2Fbok%2Fgreat-wall-9780553817683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiculture.net/1203/html/1203b04_01.html"><bdi lang="zh">歷代王朝修長城</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Chiculture.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E4%BF%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E&rft.pub=Chiculture.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiculture.net%2F1203%2Fhtml%2F1203b04_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmth.net/bbsanc.php?path=%2Fgroups%2Fsci.faq%2FGeography%2F11%2FGeneral%2FM.1186373252.W0"><bdi lang="zh">古代长城 – 战争与和平的纽带</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Newsmth.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E+%E2%80%93+%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%BD%E5%B8%A6&rft.pub=Newsmth.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmth.net%2Fbbsanc.php%3Fpath%3D%252Fgroups%252Fsci.faq%252FGeography%252F11%252FGeneral%252FM.1186373252.W0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmth.net/bbsanc.php?path=%2Fgroups%2Fsci.faq%2FGeography%2F11%2FGeneral%2FM.1186373660.W0"><bdi lang="zh">万里长城</bdi></a> (in Chinese). Newsmth.net. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E&rft.pub=Newsmth.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmth.net%2Fbbsanc.php%3Fpath%3D%252Fgroups%252Fsci.faq%252FGeography%252F11%252FGeneral%252FM.1186373660.W0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbankCooper2010" class="citation book cs1">Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+in+World+History%3A+Power+and+the+Politics+of+Difference&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlavicekMitchellMatray2005">Slavicek, Mitchell & Matray 2005</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-mongolia-29"><a href="#cite_ref-mongolia_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoonan2012" class="citation news cs1">Coonan, Clifford (February 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2012/0227/1224312436539.html">"British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall 'marooned outside China'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Retrieved February 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=British+researcher+discovers+piece+of+Great+Wall+%27marooned+outside+China%27&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fworld%2F2012%2F0227%2F1224312436539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</a>, p. 653. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652–54-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652%E2%80%9354_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</a>, p. 654; <a href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabóDávidLoczy2010220-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzab%C3%B3D%C3%A1vidLoczy2010220_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzab%C3%B3D%C3%A1vidLoczy2010">Szabó, Dávid & Loczy 2010</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309091217/http://great-wall.org/mutianyu.htm">"Great Wall at Mutianyu"</a>. 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English translations hosted at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikisource</a> include <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an_(Maulana_Muhammad_Ali)/18._The_Cave" class="extiw" title="s:The Holy Qur'an (Maulana Muhammad Ali)/18. The Cave">Maulana Muhammad Ali</a>'s, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Qur%27an_(Palmer)/Kahf" class="extiw" title="s:The Qur'an (Palmer)/Kahf">E.H. Palmer</a>'s, and the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran_(Progressive_Muslims_Organization)/18" class="extiw" title="s:Quran (Progressive Muslims Organization)/18">Progressive Muslims Organization</a>'s. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653–55-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200653%E2%80%9355_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</a>, pp. 53–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros1777" class="citation book cs1">Barros, João de (1777) [1563]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082328869;seq=232">Ásia de João de Barros: Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente</a>. Vol. V. 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BBC. April 20, 2009. Retrieved April 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China+%27even+longer%27&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8008108.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas2010140-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas2010140_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRojas2010">Rojas 2010</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskhar" class="citation web cs1">Askhar, Aybek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201905/29/WS5ceddf96a3104842260be639.html">"Limit placed on number of visitors to Great Wall"</a>. China Daily. 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Retrieved September 15, 2010. <q>Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km (2 mi) from Shanhaiguan ancient city. It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain, which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass. Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as "The first mountain of the Great Wall".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TravelChinaGuide.com&rft.atitle=Jiaoshan+Great+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fchina_great_wall%2Fscene%2Fhebei%2Fjiaoshan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/20/great-wall-china-discovery">"Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Associated Press. April 20, 2009. 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Retrieved July 6, 2022. <q>[...] (in fact, there have been no bones, human or otherwise, found in the Wall, though a great number of workers did die while toiling to build it).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Slide+Down+the+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.aulast=Nanos&rft.aufirst=Janelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fslide_down_the_great_wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorsford2017" class="citation news cs1">Horsford, Simon (February 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220111205/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/myths-about-the-great-wall-of-china/">"Five myths about the Great Wall of China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/myths-about-the-great-wall-of-china/">the original</a> on February 20, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2022. <q>No bones or indeed other indication of human remains have been found in the Wall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Five+myths+about+the+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Horsford&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Fchina%2Farticles%2Fmyths-about-the-great-wall-of-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ford, Peter (November 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1130/p07s02-woap.html">New law to keep China's Wall looking great</a>. Christian Science Monitor, Asia Pacific section. 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Retrieved July 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Fears+Loss+of+Great+Wall%2C+Brick+by+Brick&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F29%2Fdisappearance-of-chinas-great-wall-prompts-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=001_greatwall.inc&issue=001">Bruce G. 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April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Metro+Tescos&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fmetro-tescos-j850gbmtj69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez-Gil20083–4-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez-Gil20083%E2%80%934_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez-Gil20083%E2%80%934_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL%C3%B3pez-Gil20083%E2%80%934_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFL%C3%B3pez-Gil2008">López-Gil 2008</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley (1887) Vol. 3, p. 142. (1754). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Norman, Henry, The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, p. 215. (1895). </li> <li id="cite_note-Ripley-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Ripley_77-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408182924/https://www.newscientist.com/blog/space/uploaded_images/great-wall-ripleys-775778.jpg">"The Great Wall of China"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not!">Ripley's Believe It or Not!</a>, 1932. </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-78"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html">"NASA – Great Wall of China"</a>. Nasa.gov. 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Retrieved September 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People%27s+Daily+Online+--+ESA+admits+%22Great+Wal%22+on+satellite+photo+a+mistake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F200405%2F21%2Feng20040521_144014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_82-0">^</a> Markus, Francis. (April 19, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4459311.stm">Great Wall visible in space photo</a>. BBC News, Asia-Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1985" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). 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Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03149-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03149-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03149-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+Revisited%3A+From+the+Jade+Gate+to+Old+Dragon%27s+Head&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03149-4&rft.aulast=Lindesay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwallrevisit0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-Gil2008" class="citation journal cs1">López-Gil, Norberto (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214156/http://www.journalofoptometry.org/Archive/vol1/pdf/02%20Vol1-n1%20Letter%20to%20the%20Editor.pdf">"Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye?"</a> (PDF). Journal of Optometry. 1 (1): 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3921%2Fjoptom.2008.3">10.3921/joptom.2008.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1989-1342">1989-1342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972694">3972694</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofoptometry.org/Archive/vol1/pdf/02%20Vol1-n1%20Letter%20to%20the%20Editor.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Optometry&rft.atitle=Is+it+Really+Possible+to+See+the+Great+Wall+of+China+from+Space+with+a+Naked+Eye%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3972694%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1989-1342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3921%2Fjoptom.2008.3&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Gil&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofoptometry.org%2FArchive%2Fvol1%2Fpdf%2F02%2520Vol1-n1%2520Letter%2520to%2520the%2520Editor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Lovell" title="Julia Lovell">Lovell, Julia</a> (2006). The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC – AD 2000. Sydney: Picador Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42241-3"><bdi>978-0-330-42241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+%3A+China+against+the+world+1000+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+2000&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Picador+Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-330-42241-3&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas2010" class="citation book cs1">Rojas, Carlos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674047877">The Great Wall : a cultural history</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04787-7"><bdi>978-0-674-04787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04787-7&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780674047877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavicekMitchellMatray2005" class="citation book cs1">Slavicek, Louise Chipley; Mitchell, George J.; Matray, James I. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwallofchina00loui/page/35">The Great Wall of China</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwallofchina00loui/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8019-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8019-1"><bdi>978-0-7910-8019-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8019-1&rft.aulast=Slavicek&rft.aufirst=Louise+Chipley&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+George+J.&rft.au=Matray%2C+James+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwallofchina00loui%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabóDávidLoczy2010" class="citation book cs1">Szabó, József; Dávid, Lóránt; Loczy, Denes, eds. (2010). Anthropogenic Geomorphology: A Guide to Man-made Landforms. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3057-3"><bdi>978-90-481-3057-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropogenic+Geomorphology%3A+A+Guide+to+Man-made+Landforms&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3057-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen R</a> (January 2007). The Great Wall of China 221 BC–AD 1644. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-004-8"><bdi>978-1-84603-004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+of+China+221+BC%E2%80%93AD+1644&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-004-8&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Waldron, Arthur</a> (1983). "The Problem of The Great Wall of China". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies" title="Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies">Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</a>. 43 (2): 643–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2719110">10.2307/2719110</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719110">2719110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+The+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E643-%3C%2Fspan%3E663&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2719110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2719110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Waldron, Arthur</a> (1988). "The Great Wall Myth: Its Origins and Role in Modern China". <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Journal_of_Criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yale Journal of Criticism">The Yale Journal of Criticism</a>. 2 (1): 67–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Criticism&rft.atitle=The+Great+Wall+Myth%3A+Its+Origins+and+Role+in+Modern+China&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Waldron, Arthur</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwallofchina00wald">The Great Wall of China: from history to myth</a>. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42707-4"><bdi>978-0-521-42707-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+of+China%3A+from+history+to+myth&rft.place=Cambridge+England+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42707-4&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwallofchina00wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYule1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Sir Henry</a>, ed. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzEMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA579">Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China</a>. Issues 36–37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. Printed for the Hakluyt society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+way+thither%3A+being+a+collection+of+medieval+notices+of+China&rft.series=Issues+36%E2%80%9337+of+Works+issued+by+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+society&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzEMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arnold, H. J. P., "The Great Wall: Is It or Isn't It?" Astronomy Now, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009): Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2">978-0-691-13589-2</a>.</li> <li>Luo, Zewen, et al. and Baker, David, ed. (1981). The Great Wall. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-070745-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-070745-6">0-07-070745-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan,_John.2008" class="citation book cs1">Man, John. (2008). The Great Wall. London: Bantam Press. 335 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05574-8"><bdi>978-0-593-05574-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.pages=335+pages&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05574-8&rft.au=Man%2C+John.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Michaud, Roland and Sabrina (photographers), & Michel Jan, The Great Wall of China. Abbeville Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0736-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0736-2">0-7892-0736-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</a> (1985). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2">978-0-520-05462-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamashita,_MichaelLindesay,_William2007" class="citation book cs1">Yamashita, Michael; Lindesay, William (2007). The Great Wall – From Beginning to End. New York: Sterling. 160 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3160-0"><bdi>978-1-4027-3160-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+%E2%80%93+From+Beginning+to+End&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160+pages&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3160-0&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lindesay%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Great Wall of China at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="c:长城">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="voy:Great Wall of China">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofgreatwall.org/">International Friends of the Great Wall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217190147/http://friendsofgreatwall.org/">Archived</a> February 17, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – organization focused on conservation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438">UNESCO World Heritage Centre profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723075744/http://www.thegreatwall.com.cn/">Enthusiast/scholar website</a> (in Chinese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s3h3w">Great Wall of China</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuriositas.com/2012/07/the-great-wall-of-china-diverse.html">Photoset of lesser visited areas of the Great Wall</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/318110">Great Wall of China</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=1275522672">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=1275522672</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Wall_of_China&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 February 2025, at 15:04 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Muur_van_China" title="Groot Muur van China – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Muur van China" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Mauer" title="Chinesische Mauer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Mauer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93_%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8B%E1%89%85_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3" title="የቻይና ታላቅ ግድግዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቻይና ታላቅ ግድግዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سور الصين العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سور الصين العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Chinesa" title="Gran Muralla Chinesa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gran Muralla Chinesa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A8" title="Չինական Մեծ Պատը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինական Մեծ Պատը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0" title="চীনৰ মহাপ্ৰাচীৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনৰ মহাপ্ৰাচীৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_China" title="Gran Muralla China – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Muralla China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoraha_Guasu_Chinagua" title="Mongoraha Guasu Chinagua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mongoraha Guasu Chinagua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_%C3%87in_s%C9%99ddi" title="Böyük Çin səddi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Çin səddi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چین دیواری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین دیواری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mbok_Ageng_Cina" title="Témbok Ageng Cina – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Témbok Ageng Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="চীনের মহাপ্রাচীর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনের মহাপ্রাচীর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF" title="Tn̂g-siâⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-siâⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бөйөк Ҡытай диуары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Ҡытай диуары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вялікая Кітайская сцяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая Кітайская сцяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вялікая кітайская сьцяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікая кітайская сьцяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="चीन के देवाल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीन के देवाल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakulang_Pader_kan_Tsina" title="Dakulang Pader kan Tsina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dakulang Pader kan Tsina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Велика китайска стена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велика китайска стена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས་རི་རིང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕགས་རི་རིང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kineski_zid" title="Veliki kineski zid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veliki kineski zid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moger_Vras_Sina" title="Moger Vras Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moger Vras Sina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хитадай Хэрэм Сагаан Хана – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитадай Хэрэм Сагаан Хана" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Xinesa" title="Gran Muralla Xinesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Muralla Xinesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%85%D3%B3%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Киттайăн аслă хӳми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Киттайăн аслă хӳми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_ze%C4%8F" title="Velká čínská zeď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká čínská zeď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi_Muraglia_Chinesa" title="Grandi Muraglia Chinesa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Grandi Muraglia Chinesa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Mawr_Tsieina" title="Mur Mawr Tsieina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mur Mawr Tsieina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Kinesiske_Mur" title="Den Kinesiske Mur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den Kinesiske Mur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7" title="السور العظيم ديال الشينوا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="السور العظيم ديال الشينوا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Mauer" title="Chinesische Mauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Mauer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%91%DE%AA_%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ޗައިނާގެ ބޮޑު ފާރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޗައިނާގެ ބޮޑު ފާރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="चीनको विशाल पर्खाल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चीनको विशाल पर्खाल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_Hiina_m%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Suur Hiina müür – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur Hiina müür" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μέγα Σινικό Τείχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέγα Σινικό Τείχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_China" title="Gran Muralla China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Muralla China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_%C4%88ina_Muro" title="Granda Ĉina Muro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Ĉina Muro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Harresi_Handia" title="Txinako Harresi Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Harresi Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیوار بزرگ چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار بزرگ چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Great Wall of China" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiski_m%C3%BArurin" title="Kinesiski múrurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinesiski múrurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Muraille" title="Grande Muraille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande Muraille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineeske_Muorre" title="Sineeske Muorre – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineeske Muorre" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_M%C3%B3r_na_S%C3%ADne" title="Balla Mór na Síne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Balla Mór na Síne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_M%C3%B2r_Sh%C3%ACona" title="Balla Mòr Shìona – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Balla Mòr Shìona" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Chinesa" title="Gran Muralla Chinesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Muralla Chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="長城 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="長城" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2" title="ચીનની વિખ્યાત દીવાલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચીનની વિખ્યાત દીવાલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van-l%C3%AE_Tsh%C3%B2ng-s%C3%A0ng" title="Van-lî Tshòng-sàng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Van-lî Tshòng-sàng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%B1" title="만리장성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만리장성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbar_Ganuwar_%C6%98asar_Sin" title="Babbar Ganuwar Ƙasar Sin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Babbar Ganuwar Ƙasar Sin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BA" title="Չինական մեծ պարիսպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինական մեծ պարիսպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="चीन की विशाल दीवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन की विशाल दीवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_zid" title="Kineski zid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineski zid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Murego_di_Chinia" title="Granda Murego di Chinia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda Murego di Chinia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Besar_Tiongkok" title="Tembok Besar Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembok Besar Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnam%C3%BArinn" title="Kínamúrinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínamúrinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_muraglia_cinese" title="Grande muraglia cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande muraglia cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="החומה הגדולה של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החומה הגדולה של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mbok_Raseksa_Cina" title="Témbok Raseksa Cina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Témbok Raseksa Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini_Kolo%C5%8Ba_S%C9%94s%C9%94%C9%94" title="Siini Koloŋa Sɔsɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siini Koloŋa Sɔsɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಾದ ಮಹಾ ಗೋಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಾದ ಮಹಾ ಗೋಡೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთის დიდი კედელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინეთის დიდი კედელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Қытай қорғаны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай қорғаны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fos_Veur_China" title="Fos Veur China – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fos Veur China" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuta_wa_China" title="Ukuta wa China – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukuta wa China" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grann_Miray" title="Grann Miray – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grann Miray" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEwar%C3%AA_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Dîwarê Çînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîwarê Çînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Улуу Кытай дубалы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу Кытай дубалы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraia_Cineja" title="Muraia Cineja – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Muraia Cineja" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ກຳແພງເມືອງຈີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຳແພງເມືອງຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murus_Sinicus" title="Murus Sinicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Murus Sinicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_m%C5%ABris" title="Lielais Ķīnas mūris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielais Ķīnas mūris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesesch_Mauer" title="Chineesesch Mauer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chineesesch Mauer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_kin%C5%B3_siena" title="Didžioji kinų siena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji kinų siena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A0nde_mi%C3%A2gia_cin%C3%A9ize" title="Grànde miâgia cinéize – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Grànde miâgia cinéize" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjinese_Moer" title="Sjinese Moer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjinese Moer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_grande_de_Xina" title="Mur grande de Xina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mur grande de Xina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jungo_ke_banli_bitmu" title="jungo ke banli bitmu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jungo ke banli bitmu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nagy_fal" title="Kínai nagy fal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai nagy fal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="चीनक विशाल दिवार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चीनक विशाल दिवार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кинески ѕид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески ѕид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ചൈനയിലെ വന്മതിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനയിലെ വന്മതിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6ajt_il-Kbir_ta%C4%8B-%C4%8Aina" title="Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħajt il-Kbir taċ-Ċina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="चीनची भिंत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीनची भिंत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთიშ დიდი კიდალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინეთიშ დიდი კიდალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سور الصين العظيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سور الصين العظيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چین گت دیفار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چین گت دیفار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Besar_China" title="Tembok Besar China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembok Besar China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯆꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯆꯦꯛꯄꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯤꯅꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯆꯦꯛꯄꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ng-si%C3%A0ng" title="Diòng-siàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diòng-siàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Цагаан хэрэм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан хэрэм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ပြည်မှ မဟာရံတံတိုင်းကြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ပြည်မှ မဟာရံတံတိုင်းကြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Muur" title="Chinese Muur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese Muur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinese_muur" title="Sinese muur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sinese muur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="चीनको विशाल पर्खाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चीनको विशाल पर्खाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनयागु तधंगु पखा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चीनयागु तधंगु पखा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="万里の長城 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="万里の長城" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Боккха Цийн пен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Боккха Цийн пен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjineesk_M%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Sjineesk Müür – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjineesk Müür" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kinesiske_mur" title="Den kinesiske mur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den kinesiske mur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kinesiske_muren" title="Den kinesiske muren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den kinesiske muren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graund-mur%C3%A2le" title="Graund-murâle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Graund-murâle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Muralha_de_China" title="Granda Muralha de China – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Granda Muralha de China" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0" title="ଚୀନର ବିଶାଳ ପ୍ରାଚୀର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚୀନର ବିଶାଳ ପ୍ରାଚୀର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_Xitoy_devori" title="Buyuk Xitoy devori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk Xitoy devori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਨ ਦੀਵਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਨ ਦੀਵਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="چین دی کندھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین دی کندھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraya_Grandi_di_China" title="Muraya Grandi di China – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Muraya Grandi di China" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="د چین لوی دیوال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د چین لوی دیوال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griet_Waal_a_Chaina" title="Griet Waal a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Griet Waal a Chaina" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="មហាកំផែងចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាកំផែងចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muraja_dla_Cina" title="Gran Muraja dla Cina – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gran Muraja dla Cina" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Muur" title="Chineesche Muur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Muur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Mur_Chi%C5%84ski" title="Wielki Mur Chiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki Mur Chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralha_da_China" title="Muralha da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muralha da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C3%87in_divar%C4%B1" title="Büyük Çin divarı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Büyük Çin divarı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Zid_Chinezesc" title="Marele Zid Chinezesc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Zid Chinezesc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Hatun_Pirqa" title="Chunwa Hatun Pirqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa Hatun Pirqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Великая Китайская стена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая Китайская стена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Кытай улуу эркинэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай улуу эркинэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="चीनदेशीयः विशालप्राचीरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनदेशीयः विशालप्राचीरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیوار چین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دیوار چین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Waw_o_Cheenae" title="Great Waw o Cheenae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Great Waw o Cheenae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineeske_Muure" title="Chineeske Muure – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chineeske Muure" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri_i_Madh_Kinez" title="Muri i Madh Kinez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muri i Madh Kinez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granni_Muragghia_Cinisi" title="Granni Muragghia Cinisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Granni Muragghia Cinisi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="චීන මහා ප්‍රාකාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන මහා ප්‍රාකාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Wall of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چين جي عظيم ديوار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چين جي عظيم ديوار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsky_m%C3%BAr" title="Veľký čínsky múr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký čínsky múr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajski_zid" title="Kitajski zid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajski zid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidaarka_Shiinaha" title="Gidaarka Shiinaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gidaarka Shiinaha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیواری چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیواری چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кинески зид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески зид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kineski_zid" title="Veliki kineski zid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki kineski zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mbok_Ged%C3%A9_Cina" title="Témbok Gedé Cina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Témbok Gedé Cina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_muuri" title="Kiinan muuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan muuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska_muren" title="Kinesiska muren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska muren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabang_Muog_ng_Tsina" title="Mahabang Muog ng Tsina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mahabang Muog ng Tsina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனப் பெருஞ் சுவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனப் பெருஞ் சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssu%E1%B9%9B_ameqqran_n_Ccinwa" title="Ssuṛ ameqqran n Ccinwa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ssuṛ ameqqran n Ccinwa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бөек Кытай дивары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Кытай дивары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="చైనా మహా కుడ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనా మహా కుడ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กำแพงเมืองจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำแพงเมืองจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Девори Бузурги Чин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Девори Бузурги Чин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Seddi" title="Çin Seddi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Seddi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Great Wall of China" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Великий китайський мур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий китайський мур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیوار چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دیوار چین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%89%DA%86%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سەدىچىن سېپىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سەدىچىن سېپىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangzcwngz" title="Cangzcwngz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cangzcwngz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Muraja_Cineza" title="Granda Muraja Cineza – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Granda Muraja Cineza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_sur%27_sein" title="Kitain sur' sein – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitain sur' sein" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_L%C3%BD_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Vạn Lý Trường Thành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vạn Lý Trường Thành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_m%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Hiina müür – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina müür" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="長城 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="長城" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungganan_nga_Bungbong_han_Tsina" title="Dungganan nga Bungbong han Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dungganan nga Bungbong han Tsina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="长城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="כינעזער וואנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזער וואנט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="萬里長城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萬里長城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend%C3%AA_%C3%87ini" title="Bendê Çini – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bendê Çini" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97dl%C4%ABsis_K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97s_robe%C5%BEios" title="Dėdlīsis Kėnėjės robežios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dėdlīsis Kėnėjės robežios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="长城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say-say_Balak_Cina" title="Say-say Balak Cina – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Say-say Balak Cina" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall" title="Great Wall – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Great Wall" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" 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