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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palladium(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palladium(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Palladium(II) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palladium(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palladium(0)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palladium(0)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Palladium(0) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palladium(0)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_oxidation_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_oxidation_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other oxidation states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_oxidation_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Catalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hydrogen storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dentistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dentistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Dentistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Jewelry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Photography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effects on health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects on health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palladium_as_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palladium_as_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Palladium as investment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palladium_as_investment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Palladium as investment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Palladium_as_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palladium_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palladium_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Palladium producers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palladium_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange-traded_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange-traded_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Exchange-traded products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange-traded_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bullion_coins_and_bars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bullion_coins_and_bars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Bullion coins and bars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bullion_coins_and_bars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Palladium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" > 144 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፓላዲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓላዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पलेडियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पलेडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بلاديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պաղղադիոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաղղադիոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Paladiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paladiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="প্যালেডিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যালেডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Паладый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паладый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Паляд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паляд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पैलेडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पैलेडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladyo" title="Paladyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paladyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Паладий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паладий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BE%B0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="པྰེ་ལེ་ཌིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པྰེ་ལེ་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladij" title="Paladij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paladij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiom" title="Palladiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Palladiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C2%B7ladi_(element)" title="Pal·ladi (element) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pal·ladi (element)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladyo" title="Paladyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Paladyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiu" title="Palladiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Palladiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladiwm" title="Paladiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paladiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پالاديوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پالاديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallaadium" title="Pallaadium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pallaadium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Παλλάδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλλάδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پالادیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالادیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Paladi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallaidiam" title="Pallaidiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pallaidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallaadjum" title="Pallaadjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pallaadjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paladium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પલેડિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પલેડિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Палладиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Палладиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="팔라듐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔라듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պալադիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալադիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पलेडियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पलेडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladij" title="Paladij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paladij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paladium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImPanda" title="ImPanda – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ImPanda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallad%C3%ADn" title="Palladín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Palladín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Palladio (elemento chimico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palladio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פלדיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladhiyum" title="Paladhiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paladhiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palad%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Paladɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Paladɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಲೇಡಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಲೇಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პალადიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალადიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall%C3%B4d" title="Pallôd – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pallôd" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladiom" title="Paladiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paladiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paladi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palady%C3%B2m" title="Paladyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paladyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palady%C3%BBm" title="Paladyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paladyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall%C4%81dijs" title="Pallādijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pallādijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladis" title="Paladis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paladis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladio_(elemento)" title="Palladio (elemento) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Palladio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladii" title="Palladii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Palladii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrpaladi" title="jinmrpaladi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrpaladi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladio" title="Paladio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paladio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall%C3%A1dium" title="Palládium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palládium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Паладиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паладиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പലേഡിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പലേഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पॅलिडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅलिडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بالاديوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بالاديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paladium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯄꯜꯂꯥꯗꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯜꯂꯥꯗꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Bă (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bă (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Паллади – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Паллади" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပယ်လေဒီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပယ်လေဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_(element)" title="Palladium (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palladium (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्यालिडियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्यालिडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="パラジウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パラジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaadium" title="Palaadium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Palaadium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Paladium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladi" title="Palladi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Palladi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiy" title="Palladiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Palladiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪੈਲੇਡੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਲੇਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्यालिडियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="प्यालिडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پالاڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پالاڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پلاديوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلاديوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paladi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallad" title="Pallad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pallad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A1dio" title="Paládio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paládio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paladiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatyu" title="Palatyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Palatyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="पलाडियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पलाडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pall%C3%A0diu" title="Pallàdiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pallàdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumi" title="Palladiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Palladiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiu_(elementu)" title="Palladiu (elementu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palladiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A1dium" title="Paládium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paládium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladij" title="Paladij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paladij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladiyaam" title="Baladiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Baladiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پالادیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پالادیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Паладијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паладијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladijum" title="Paladijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paladijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பலேடியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலேடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పెల్లేడియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెల్లేడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แพลเลเดียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพลเลเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Палладий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Палладий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladyum" title="Paladyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paladyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Паладій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паладій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پلاڈیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلاڈیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="پاللادىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاللادىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladii" title="Palladii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Palladii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paladi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%80" title="鈀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladyo" title="Paladyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paladyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פאלאדיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלאדיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Palladium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%80" title="鈀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Palladium (disambiguation)">Palladium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 46 (Pd)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Palladium, 46Pd</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Palladium_(46_Pd).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg/220px-Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg/330px-Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg/440px-Palladium_%2846_Pd%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="730" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Palladium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈleɪdiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pə-LAY-dee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Pd)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>106.42±0.01<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>106.42±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Palladium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> ↑ Pd ↓ <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> ← palladium → <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">46</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">group 10</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 18</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1828.05 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1554.9 °C, 2830.82 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3236 K (2963 °C, 5365 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">12.007 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">10.38 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.74 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">358 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.98 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1721 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>2117 </td> <td>2395 </td> <td>2753 </td> <td>3234 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: 0, +2, +4 +1,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.20 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 804.4 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1870 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3177 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 137 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">139±6 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">163 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:46_(Pd_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/46_%28Pd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/250px-46_%28Pd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/46_%28Pd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/500px-46_%28Pd_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of palladium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for palladium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/60px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="126" /></a></div>a = 389.02 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11.77×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">71.8 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105.4 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+567.4×10−6 cm3/mol (288 K)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">121 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">44 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3070 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.39 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.75 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400–600 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">320–610 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-05-3 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after asteroid <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, itself named after <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Pallas Athena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1802)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium" title="Isotopes of palladium">Isotopes of palladium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_palladium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox palladium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_palladium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox palladium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">100Pd </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.63 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium-100">100Rh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">102Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.02% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">103Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.991 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium-103" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium-103">103Rh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">104Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11.1% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">105Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">22.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">106Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">27.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">107Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.5×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Silver-107" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver-107">107Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">108Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">26.5% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">110Pd </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Palladium" title="Category:Palladium">Category: Palladium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_palladium" title="Template:Infobox palladium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_palladium" title="Template talk:Infobox palladium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_palladium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox palladium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Palladium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Pd and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1802 by the English chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a>. He named it after the <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">asteroid Pallas</a> (formally 2 Pallas), which was itself named after the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, acquired by her when she slew <a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a>. Palladium, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> form together a group of elements referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals (PGMs). They have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them. More than half the supply of palladium and its <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congener</a> platinum is used in <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converters</a>, which convert as much as 90% of the harmful gases in automobile exhaust (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>) into nontoxic substances (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>). Palladium is also used in electronics, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_purification" title="Hydrogen purification">hydrogen purification</a>, chemical applications,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> electrochemical sensors,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> electrosynthesis,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">groundwater treatment</a>, and jewelry. Palladium is a key component of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>, in which hydrogen and oxygen react to produce electricity, heat, and water. <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ore</a> <a href="/wiki/Deposit_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit (geology)">deposits</a> of palladium and other PGMs are rare. The most extensive deposits have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">norite</a> belt of the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Basin" title="Transvaal Basin">Transvaal Basin</a> in South Africa; the <a href="/wiki/Stillwater_igneous_complex" title="Stillwater igneous complex">Stillwater Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, United States; the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District" title="Thunder Bay District">Thunder Bay District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada; and the <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk Complex</a> in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> is also a source, mostly from scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications and limited supply sources result in considerable <a href="/wiki/Palladium_as_an_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium as an investment">investment</a> interest. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Palladium belongs to <a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">group 10</a> in the periodic table, but the configuration in the outermost electrons is in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Hund%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hund's rule">Hund's rule</a>. Electrons that by the <a href="/wiki/Madelung_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Madelung rule">Madelung rule</a> would be expected to occupy the 5<a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">s</a> instead fill the 4<a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">d orbitals</a>, as it is more energetically favorable to have a completely filled 4d10 shell instead of the 5s2 4d8 configuration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <table class="wikitable floatleft" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Element</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">No. of electrons/shell</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a></td> <td>2, 8, 16, 2 (or 2, 8, 17, 1) </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>palladium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> This 5s0 configuration, unique in <a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a>, makes palladium the heaviest element having only one incomplete <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a>, with all shells above it empty. Palladium has the appearance of a soft silver-white metal that resembles platinum. It is the least dense and has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of the platinum group metals. It is soft and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> when <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealed</a> and is greatly increased in strength and hardness when cold-worked. Palladium dissolves slowly in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, in hot, concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, and when finely ground, in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> It dissolves readily at room temperature in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>. Palladium does not react with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> at standard temperature (and thus does not tarnish in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">air</a>). Palladium heated to 800 °C will produce a layer of palladium(II) oxide (PdO). It may slowly develop a slight brownish coloration over time, likely due to the formation of a surface layer of its monoxide. Palladium films with defects produced by alpha particle bombardment at low temperature exhibit superconductivity having Tc = 3.2 K.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium" title="Isotopes of palladium">Isotopes of palladium</a></div> Naturally occurring palladium is composed of seven <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, six of which are stable. The most stable <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Palladium-107" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-107">107Pd</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 6.5 million years (found in nature), <a href="/wiki/Pd-103" class="mw-redirect" title="Pd-103">103Pd</a> with 17 days, and 100Pd with 3.63 days. Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a> ranging from 90.94948(64) <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> (91Pd) to 122.93426(64) u (123Pd).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> These have half-lives of less than thirty minutes, except 101Pd (half-life: 8.47 hours), 109Pd (half-life: 13.7 hours), and 112Pd (half-life: 21 hours).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-20">[20]</a> For isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, 106Pd, the primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> with the primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay product</a> being rhodium. The primary mode of decay for those isotopes of Pd with atomic mass greater than 106 is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> with the primary product of this decay being <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic">Radiogenic</a> 107Ag is a decay product of 107Pd and was first discovered in 1978<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_Durango" title="Santa Clara, Durango">Santa Clara</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> meteorite of 1976. The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleosynthetic">nucleosynthetic</a> event. 107Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have been melted since accretion of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, must reflect the presence of short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> 107 Pd is also produced as a <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a> in spontaneous or induced fission of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235 U</a>. As it is not very mobile in the environment and has a relatively low <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">decay energy</a>, 107 Pd is usually considered to be among the less concerning of the <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-lived fission products">long-lived fission products</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palladium_compounds" title="Palladium compounds">Palladium compounds</a></div> Palladium compounds exist primarily in the 0 and +2 oxidation state. Other less common states are also recognized. Generally the compounds of palladium are more similar to those of platinum than those of any other element. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-palladium(II)-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structure of α-PdCl2"><img alt="Structure of α-PdCl2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alpha-palladium%28II%29-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png/242px-Alpha-palladium%28II%29-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alpha-palladium%28II%29-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png/363px-Alpha-palladium%28II%29-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Alpha-palladium%28II%29-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png/484px-Alpha-palladium%28II%29-chloride-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="796" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Structure of α-PdCl2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structure of β-PdCl2"><img alt="Structure of β-PdCl2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png/187px-Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png/280px-Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png/374px-Pd6Cl12-from-xtal-1996-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="2071" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Structure of β-PdCl2</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palladium(II)">Palladium(II)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Palladium(II)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_chloride" title="Palladium(II) chloride">Palladium(II) chloride</a> is the principal starting material for other palladium compounds. It arises by the reaction of palladium with chlorine. It is used to prepare heterogeneous palladium catalysts such as palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on carbon, and palladium chloride on carbon.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Solutions of PdCl2 in nitric acid react with <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_acetate" title="Palladium(II) acetate">palladium(II) acetate</a>, also a versatile reagent. PdCl2 reacts with <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> (L) to give square planar complexes of the type PdCl2L2. One example of such complexes is the <a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">benzonitrile</a> derivative <a href="/wiki/Bis(benzonitrile)palladium_dichloride" title="Bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride">PdCl2(PhCN)2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">PdCl2 + 2 L → PdCl2L2 (L = <a href="/wiki/Phenyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenyl cyanide">PhCN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">PPh3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH3</a>, etc.)</div> The complex <a href="/wiki/Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)_dichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride">bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride</a> is a useful catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pd(OAc)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pd%28OAc%292.jpg/220px-Pd%28OAc%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pd%28OAc%292.jpg/330px-Pd%28OAc%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pd%28OAc%292.jpg/440px-Pd%28OAc%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_acetate" title="Palladium(II) acetate">Palladium(II) acetate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum-palladium_ore,_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG/220px-Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG/330px-Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG/440px-Platinum-palladium_ore%2C_Stillwater_mine_MT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>Platinum-palladium ore from the Stillwater mine in the Beartooth Mountains, Montana, US</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfidic_serpentintite_(platinum-palladium_ore)_Johns-Manville_Reef,_Stillwater_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg/220px-Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg/330px-Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg/440px-Sulfidic_serpentintite_%28platinum-palladium_ore%29_Johns-Manville_Reef%2C_Stillwater_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sulfidic serpentintite (platinum-palladium ore) from the Stillwater mine in Montana</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palladium(0)">Palladium(0)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palladium(0)">edit</a>]</div> Palladium forms a range of zerovalent complexes with the formula PdL4, PdL3 and PdL2. For example, reduction of a mixture of PdCl2(PPh3)2 and PPh3 gives <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)" title="Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)">tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)</a>:<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573" /><div class="block-indent">2 PdCl2(PPh3)2 + 4 PPh3 + 5 <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N2H4</a> → 2 Pd(PPh3)4 + N2 + 4 N2H5+Cl−</div> Another major palladium(0) complex, <a href="/wiki/Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)" title="Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)">tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)</a> (Pd2(dba)3), is prepared by reducing <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloropalladate" title="Sodium tetrachloropalladate">sodium tetrachloropalladate</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Dibenzylideneacetone" title="Dibenzylideneacetone">dibenzylideneacetone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Palladium(0), as well as palladium(II), are catalysts in <a href="/wiki/Palladium-catalyzed_coupling_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions">coupling reactions</a>, as has been recognized by the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akira Suzuki (chemist)">Akira Suzuki</a>. Such reactions are widely practiced for the synthesis of fine chemicals. Prominent coupling reactions include the <a href="/wiki/Heck_reaction" title="Heck reaction">Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_reaction" title="Suzuki reaction">Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling" title="Sonogashira coupling">Sonogashira coupling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stille_reaction" title="Stille reaction">Stille reactions</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kumada_coupling" title="Kumada coupling">Kumada coupling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_acetate" title="Palladium(II) acetate">Palladium(II) acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)" title="Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)">tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)</a> (Pd(PPh3)4), and <a href="/wiki/Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)" title="Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)">tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)</a> (Pd2(dba)3) serve either as catalysts or precatalysts.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_oxidation_states">Other oxidation states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other oxidation states">edit</a>]</div> Although Pd(IV) compounds are comparatively rare, one example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hexachloropalladate(IV)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hexachloropalladate(IV) (page does not exist)">sodium hexachloropalladate(IV)</a>, Na2[PdCl6]. A few <a href="/wiki/Compounds_of_palladium(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compounds of palladium(III)">compounds of palladium(III)</a> are also known.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Palladium(VI) was claimed in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-pmid11786638-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11786632-33">[33]</a> but subsequently disproven.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Mixed valence palladium complexes exist, e.g. Pd4(CO)4(OAc)4Pd(acac)2 forms an infinite Pd chain structure, with alternatively interconnected Pd4(CO)4(OAc)4 and <a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_bis(acetylacetonate)" title="Palladium(II) bis(acetylacetonate)">Pd(acac)2</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25319757-36">[36]</a> When alloyed with a more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> element, palladium can acquire a negative charge. Such compounds are known as palladides, such as <a href="/wiki/Gallium_palladide" title="Gallium palladide">gallium palladide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Palladides with the <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a> RPd3 exist where R is <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, or any of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005palladium_(mined).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG/350px-2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG/525px-2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG/700px-2005palladium_%28mined%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Palladium output in 2005</figcaption></figure> As overall mine production of palladium reached 210,000 kilograms in 2022, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> was the top producer with 88,000 kilograms, followed by South Africa, Canada, the U.S., and Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Russia's company <a href="/wiki/Norilsk_Nickel" title="Norilsk Nickel">Norilsk Nickel</a> ranks first among the largest palladium producers globally, accounting for 39% of the world's production.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Palladium can be found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum-group</a> metals in <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer</a> deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. For the production of palladium, these deposits play only a minor role. The most important commercial sources are <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> deposits found in the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Basin" title="Sudbury Basin">Sudbury Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Norilsk" title="Norilsk">Norilsk–Talnakh</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The other large deposit is the <a href="/wiki/Merensky_Reef" title="Merensky Reef">Merensky Reef</a> platinum group metals deposit within the <a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stillwater_igneous_complex" title="Stillwater igneous complex">Stillwater igneous complex</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and the Roby zone ore body of the <a href="/wiki/Lac_des_%C3%8Eles_igneous_complex" title="Lac des Îles igneous complex">Lac des Îles igneous complex</a> of Ontario are the two other sources of palladium in Canada and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-USGS07CS-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS07YB-42">[42]</a> Palladium is found in the rare minerals <a href="/wiki/Cooperite_(mineral)" title="Cooperite (mineral)">cooperite</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polarite" title="Polarite">polarite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many more Pd minerals are known, but all of them are very rare.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Palladium is also produced in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> reactors and can be extracted from <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Synthesis_of_precious_metals" title="Synthesis of precious metals">synthesis of precious metals</a>), though this source for palladium is not used. None of the existing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">nuclear reprocessing</a> facilities are equipped to extract palladium from the <a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level radioactive waste">high-level radioactive waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A complication for the recovery of palladium in spent fuel is the presence of 107 Pd, a slightly radioactive <a href="/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">long-lived fission product</a>. Depending on end use, the radioactivity contributed by the 107 Pd might make the recovered palladium unusable without a costly step of <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotope separation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg/220px-Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg/330px-Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg/440px-Aufgeschnittener_Metall_Katalysator_f%C3%BCr_ein_Auto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection" title="Multiview orthographic projection">Cross-section</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">metal-core catalytic converter</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg/220px-25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg/330px-25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg/440px-25_rubles_palladium_1989_Ivan_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet 25-rouble commemorative <a href="/wiki/Palladium_coin" title="Palladium coin">palladium coin</a> is a rare example of the monetary usage of palladium.</figcaption></figure> The largest use of palladium today is in catalytic converters.<a href="#cite_note-unctad-47">[47]</a> Palladium is also used in jewelry, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unctad-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> making, blood sugar test strips, aircraft <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instruments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_contact" title="Electrical contact">electrical contacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Palladium is also used to make some professional <a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">transverse (concert or classical) flutes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As a commodity, palladium <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> has <a href="/wiki/ISO_currency_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO currency code">ISO currency codes</a> of XPD and 964. Palladium is one of only four metals to have such codes, the others being <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and platinum.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Because it <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbs</a> hydrogen, palladium was a key component of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">cold fusion</a> experiments of the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysis">Catalysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Catalysis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palladium-catalyzed_coupling_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions">Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions</a></div> When it is finely divided, as with <a href="/wiki/Palladium_on_carbon" title="Palladium on carbon">palladium on carbon</a>, palladium forms a versatile <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>; it speeds <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous</a> catalytic processes like <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenation" title="Dehydrogenation">dehydrogenation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)" title="Cracking (chemistry)">petroleum cracking</a>. Palladium is also essential to the <a href="/wiki/Lindlar_catalyst" title="Lindlar catalyst">Lindlar catalyst</a>, also called Lindlar's Palladium.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A large number of <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond" title="Carbon–carbon bond">carbon–carbon bonding</a> reactions in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> are facilitated by palladium compound catalysts. For example: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heck_reaction" title="Heck reaction">Heck reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki coupling">Suzuki coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuji%E2%80%93Trost_reaction" title="Tsuji–Trost reaction">Tsuji-Trost reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wacker_process" title="Wacker process">Wacker process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negishi_coupling" title="Negishi coupling">Negishi reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stille_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Stille coupling">Stille coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling" title="Sonogashira coupling">Sonogashira coupling</a></li></ul> When dispersed on conductive materials, palladium is an excellent electrocatalyst for oxidation of primary alcohols in alkaline media.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Palladium is also a versatile metal for <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous catalysis</a>, used in combination with a broad variety of <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> for highly selective chemical transformations. In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> was awarded "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" to <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akira Suzuki (chemist)">Akira Suzuki</a>. A 2008 study showed that palladium is an effective catalyst for <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93fluorine_bond" title="Carbon–fluorine bond">carbon–fluorine bonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png/400px-Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png/600px-Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png/800px-Kumada_Catalytic_Cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Catalytic cycle for Kumada cross coupling reaction, which is widely used in the synthesis of fine chemicals</figcaption></figure> Palladium catalysis is primarily employed in organic chemistry and industrial applications, although its use is growing as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic biology</a>; in 2017, effective in vivo catalytic activity of palladium <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoparticles">nanoparticles</a> was demonstrated in mammals to treat disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28699627-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electronics">edit</a>]</div> The primary application of palladium in electronics is in <a href="/wiki/Multi-layer_ceramic_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-layer ceramic capacitor">multi-layer ceramic capacitors</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> in which palladium (and palladium-silver alloy) is used for electrodes.<a href="#cite_note-unctad-47">[47]</a> Palladium (sometimes alloyed with nickel) is or can be used for component and connector plating in consumer electronics<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and in soldering materials. The electronic sector consumed 33 tonnes (1.07 million troy ounces) of palladium in 2006, according to a <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-matthey-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> Hydrogen easily diffuses through heated palladium,<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Membrane_reactor" title="Membrane reactor">membrane reactors</a> with Pd membranes are used in the production of high purity hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Palladium is used in <a href="/wiki/Palladium-hydrogen_electrode" title="Palladium-hydrogen electrode">palladium-hydrogen electrodes</a> in electrochemical studies. <a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_chloride" title="Palladium(II) chloride">Palladium(II) chloride</a> readily catalyzes carbon monoxide gas to carbon dioxide and is useful in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detector" title="Carbon monoxide detector">carbon monoxide detectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_storage">Hydrogen storage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hydrogen storage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">Palladium hydride</a></div> Palladium readily <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbs</a> hydrogen at room temperatures, forming <a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">palladium hydride</a> PdHx with x less than 1.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> While this property is common to many transition metals, palladium has a uniquely high absorption capacity and does not lose its ductility until x approaches 1.<a href="#cite_note-gr-64">[64]</a> This property has been investigated in designing an efficient and safe hydrogen fuel storage medium, though palladium itself is currently prohibitively expensive for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-grochala-65">[65]</a> The content of hydrogen in palladium can be linked to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">magnetic susceptibility</a>, which decreases with the increase of hydrogen and becomes zero for PdH0.62. At any higher ratio, the <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Palladium is used for purification of hydrogen on a laboratory<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>: 183–217  but not industrial scale.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentistry">Dentistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dentistry">edit</a>]</div> Palladium is used in small amounts (about 0.5%) in some alloys of <a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental amalgam">dental amalgam</a> to decrease corrosion and increase the <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)#Metallic_lustre" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">metallic lustre</a> of the final restoration.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jewelry">edit</a>]</div> Palladium has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metal</a> in jewelry since 1939 as an alternative to platinum in the alloys called "<a href="/wiki/Colored_gold#White_gold" title="Colored gold">white gold</a>", where the naturally white color of palladium does not require <a href="/wiki/Plating#Rhodium_plating" title="Plating">rhodium plating</a>. Palladium, being much less dense than platinum, is similar to gold in that it can be beaten into <a href="/wiki/Metal_leaf" title="Metal leaf">leaf</a> as thin as 100 nm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄250,000 in).<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> Unlike platinum, palladium may discolor at temperatures above 400 °C (752 °F)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> due to oxidation, making it more brittle and thus less suitable for use in jewelry; to prevent this, palladium intended for jewelry is heated under controlled conditions.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Prior to 2004, the principal use of palladium in jewelry was the manufacture of white gold. Palladium is one of the three most popular alloying metals in white gold (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and silver can also be used).<a href="#cite_note-unctad-47">[47]</a> Palladium-gold is more expensive than nickel-gold, but seldom causes allergic reactions (though certain cross-allergies with nickel may occur).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> When platinum became a strategic resource during World War II, many jewelry bands were made out of palladium. Palladium was little used in jewelry because of the technical difficulty of <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a>. With the casting problem resolved<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> the use of palladium in jewelry increased, originally because platinum increased in price whilst the price of palladium decreased.<a href="#cite_note-wsj-75">[75]</a> In early 2004, when gold and platinum prices rose steeply, China began fabricating volumes of palladium jewelry, consuming 37 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> in 2005. Subsequent changes in the relative price of platinum lowered demand for palladium to 17.4 tonnes in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-USGS09YB-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS06YB-77">[77]</a> Demand for palladium as a catalyst has increased the price of palladium to about 50% higher than that of platinum in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-JMM-78">[78]</a> In January 2010, <a href="/wiki/Hallmark" title="Hallmark">hallmarks</a> for palladium were introduced by assay offices in the United Kingdom, and hallmarking became mandatory for all jewelry advertising pure or alloyed palladium. Articles can be marked as 500, 950, or 999 parts of palladium per thousand of the alloy. <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">Fountain pen</a> <a href="/wiki/Nib_(pen)" title="Nib (pen)">nibs</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> are sometimes plated with palladium when a silver (rather than gold) appearance is desired. <a href="/wiki/Sheaffer" title="Sheaffer">Sheaffer</a> has used palladium plating for decades, either as an accent on otherwise gold nibs or covering the gold completely. Palladium is also used by the luxury brand <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s" title="Hermès">Hermès</a> as one of the metals plating the hardware on their handbags, most famous of which being Birkin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Photography">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Platinotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinotype">platinotype</a> printing process, photographers make fine-art black-and-white prints using platinum or palladium salts. Often used with platinum, palladium provides an alternative to silver.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Effects on health">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Palladium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Warning </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction">H317</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P261: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P261</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.">P302+P352</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P333+P313: If skin irritation or a rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.">P333+P313</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P363: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.">P363</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Palladium is a metal with low toxicity as conventionally measured (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a>). Recent research on the mechanism of palladium toxicity suggests high toxicity if measured on a longer timeframe and at the cellular level in the liver and kidney.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Mitochondria appear to have a key role in palladium toxicity via mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and depletion of the cellular glutathione (GSH) level. Until that recent work, it had been thought that palladium was poorly absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ingested" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingested">ingested</a>. Plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Water_hyacinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hyacinth">water hyacinth</a> are killed by low levels of palladium salts, but most other plants tolerate it, although tests show that, at levels above 0.0003%, growth is affected. High doses of palladium could be poisonous; tests on <a href="/wiki/Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodents">rodents</a> suggest it may be <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>, though until the recent research cited above, no clear evidence indicated that the element harms humans.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precautions">Precautions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> Like other <a href="/wiki/Platinum-group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-group metal">platinum-group metals</a>, bulk Pd is quite inert. Although <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> has been reported, data on the effects are limited. It has been shown that people with an allergic reaction to palladium also react to nickel, making it advisable to avoid the use of dental alloys containing palladium on those so allergic.<a href="#cite_note-Kiel-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Some palladium is emitted with the exhaust gases of cars with <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converters</a>. Between 4 and 108 ng/km of palladium particulate is released by such cars, while the total uptake from food is estimated to be less than 2 μg per person a day. The second possible source of palladium is dental restoration, from which the uptake of palladium is estimated to be less than 15 μg per person per day. People working with palladium or its compounds might have a considerably greater uptake. For soluble compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Palladium_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium chloride">palladium chloride</a>, 99% is eliminated from the body within three days.<a href="#cite_note-Kiel-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD50) of soluble palladium compounds in mice is 200 mg/kg for <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> and 5 mg/kg for <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous administration">intravenous administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiel-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/250px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/330px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg/500px-Wollaston_William_Hyde_Jackson_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png/191px-Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png/286px-Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Potw1749a_Pallas_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a> image of <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, the asteroid after which Palladium was named.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> noted the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovery</a> of a new noble metal in July 1802 in his lab book and named it palladium in August of the same year. He named the element after the asteroid <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, which had been discovered two months earlier (and which was <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_planets" title="List of former planets">previously considered a planet</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> Wollaston purified a quantity of the material and offered it, without naming the discoverer, in a small shop in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> in April 1803. After harsh criticism from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_(chemist)" title="Richard Chenevix (chemist)">Richard Chenevix</a>, who claimed that palladium was an alloy of platinum and mercury, Wollaston anonymously offered a reward of £20 for 20 grains of synthetic palladium alloy.<a href="#cite_note-contr-88">[88]</a> Chenevix received the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1803 after he published his experiments on palladium. Wollaston published the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> in 1804 and mentions some of his work on palladium.<a href="#cite_note-Disco-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He disclosed that he was the discoverer of palladium in a publication in 1805.<a href="#cite_note-contr-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Wollaston found palladium in crude platinum ore from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> by dissolving the ore in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>, neutralizing the solution with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, and precipitating platinum as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloroplatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium chloroplatinate">ammonium chloroplatinate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>. He added <a href="/wiki/Mercuric_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric cyanide">mercuric cyanide</a> to form the compound <a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium(II) cyanide">palladium(II) cyanide</a>, which was heated to extract palladium metal.<a href="#cite_note-Disco-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palladium_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium chloride">Palladium chloride</a> was at one time prescribed as a <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> treatment at the rate of 0.065 g per day (approximately one milligram per kilogram of body weight). This treatment had many negative <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side-effects</a>, and was later replaced by more effective drugs.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Most palladium is used for <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converters</a> in the automobile industry.<a href="#cite_note-Kiel-83">[83]</a> Catalytic converters are targets for thieves because they contain palladium and other rare metals. In the run up to year 2000, the Russian supply of palladium to the global market was repeatedly delayed and disrupted; for political reasons, the export quota was not granted on time.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The ensuing market panic drove the price to an all-time high of $1,340 per <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a> ($43/<a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>) in January 2001.<a href="#cite_note-chart-all-94">[94]</a> Around that time, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>, fearing that automobile production would be disrupted by a palladium shortage, stockpiled the metal. When prices fell in early 2001, Ford lost nearly <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> World demand for palladium increased from 100 tons in 1990 to nearly 300 tons in 2000. The global production of palladium from mines was 222 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> in 2006 according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS07CS-41">[41]</a> Many were concerned about a steady supply of palladium in the wake of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a>, partly as sanctions could hamper Russian palladium exports; any restrictions on Russian palladium exports could have exacerbated what was already expected to be a large palladium deficit in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Those concerns pushed palladium prices to their highest level since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In September 2014 they soared above the $900 per ounce mark. In 2016 however palladium cost around $614 per ounce as Russia managed to maintain stable supplies.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In January 2019 palladium <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a> climbed past $1,344 per ounce for the first time on record, mainly due to the strong demand from the automotive industry.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Palladium reached $2,024.64 per troy ounce ($65.094/g) on 6 January 2020, passing $2,000 per troy ounce the first time.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The price rose above $3,000 per troy ounce in May 2021 and March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palladium_as_investment">Palladium as investment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Palladium as investment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palladium_Prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/220px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/330px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palladium_Prices.webp/440px-Palladium_Prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5335" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Palladium prices – US dollars per <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a></figcaption></figure> Global palladium sales were 8.84 million troy ounces (275 t) in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> of which 86% was used in the manufacturing of automotive catalytic converters, followed by industrial, jewelry, and investment usages.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> More than 75% of global platinum and 40% of palladium are mined in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Russia's mining company, <a href="/wiki/Norilsk_Nickel" title="Norilsk Nickel">Norilsk Nickel</a>, produces another 44% of palladium, with US and Canada-based mines producing most of the rest. The price for palladium reached an all-time high of $2,981.40 per ounce on May 3, 2021,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> driven mainly on speculation of the <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a> demand from the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry">automobile industry</a>. Palladium is traded in the <a href="/wiki/Spot_market" title="Spot market">spot market</a> with the code "XPD". When settled in USD, the code is "XPDUSD". A later surplus of the metal was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian government">Russian government</a> selling stockpiles from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Era">Soviet era</a>, at a rate of about 1.6 to 2 million troy ounces (50 to 62 t) a year. The amount and status of this stockpile are a <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">state secret</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> in March 2022, prices for palladium increased 13%, since the first of March. Russia is the primary supplier to Europe and the country supplies 37% of the global production.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palladium_producers">Palladium producers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Palladium producers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norilsk_Nickel" title="Norilsk Nickel">Norilsk Nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibanye-Stillwater" title="Sibanye-Stillwater">Sibanye-Stillwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_Platinum" title="Anglo American Platinum">Anglo American Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impala_Platinum" title="Impala Platinum">Impala Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northam_Platinum" title="Northam Platinum">Northam Platinum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange-traded_products">Exchange-traded products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exchange-traded products">edit</a>]</div> WisdomTree Physical Palladium (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/PHPD//">PHPD</a>) is backed by allocated palladium <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> and was the world's first palladium <a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">ETF</a>. It is listed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> as PHPD,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xetra_(trading_system)" title="Xetra (trading system)">Xetra Trading System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Milan</a>. ETFS Physical Palladium Shares (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:PALL">PALL</a>) is an ETF traded on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bullion_coins_and_bars">Bullion coins and bars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bullion coins and bars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palladium_coin" title="Palladium coin">Palladium coin</a></div> A traditional way of investing in palladium is buying <a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">bullion coins</a> and bars made of palladium. Available palladium coins include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Palladium_Maple_Leaf" title="Canadian Palladium Maple Leaf">Canadian Palladium Maple Leaf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_panda_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese panda coins">Chinese Panda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Palladium_Eagle" title="American Palladium Eagle">American Palladium Eagle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Liquidity" title="Liquidity">liquidity</a> of direct palladium bullion investment is poorer than that of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> because there is low circulation of palladium coins.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_commodities_boom" title="2020s commodities boom">2020s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullion_coin" title="Bullion coin">Bullion coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_hedge" title="Inflation hedge">Inflation hedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo_palladium" title="Pseudo palladium">Pseudo palladium</a></li> <li>Rare materials as an <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver_as_an_investment" title="Silver as an investment">Silver as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" title="Gold as an investment">Gold as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_as_an_investment" title="Platinum as an investment">Platinum as an investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamonds_as_an_investment" title="Diamonds as an investment">Diamonds as an investment</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/palladium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Palladium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Palladium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fpalladium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Pd(I) is known in [Pd2]2+ compounds; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_FrickeTheresa_SpergerMarvin_MendelFranziska_Schoenebeck2020" class="citation journal cs1">Christoph Fricke; Theresa Sperger; Marvin Mendel; Franziska Schoenebeck (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7898807">"Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers"</a>. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (7): 3355–3366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.202011825">10.1002/anie.202011825</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7898807">7898807</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33058375">33058375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Catalysis+with+Palladium%28I%29+Dimers&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3355-%3C%2Fspan%3E3366&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7898807%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33058375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.202011825&rft.au=Christoph+Fricke&rft.au=Theresa+Sperger&rft.au=Marvin+Mendel&rft.au=Franziska+Schoenebeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7898807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Pd(III) has been observed; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowersRitter2011" class="citation book cs1">Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">"Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis"</a> (PDF). Higher Oxidation State Organopalladium and Platinum Chemistry. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Vol. 35. pp. 129–156. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011hoso.book..129P">2011hoso.book..129P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-17428-5"><bdi>978-3-642-17428-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3066514">3066514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21461129">21461129</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palladium%28III%29+in+Synthesis+and+Catalysis&rft.btitle=Higher+Oxidation+State+Organopalladium+and+Platinum+Chemistry&rft.series=Topics+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3066514%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011hoso.book..129P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21461129&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-17429-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-17428-5&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ritter%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.harvard.edu%2Fgroups%2Fritter%2Fpdf%2F2011-129t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Palladium(V) has been identified in complexes with organosilicon compounds containing pentacoordinate palladium; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShimadaLiChoeTanaka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shimada, Shigeru; Li, Yong-Hua; Choe, Yoong-Kee; Tanaka, Masato; Bao, Ming; Uchimaru, Tadafumi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876520">"Multinuclear palladium compounds containing palladium centers ligated by five silicon atoms"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (19): 7758–7763. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.7758S">2007PNAS..104.7758S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104">10.1073/pnas.0700450104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876520">1876520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17470819">17470819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Multinuclear+palladium+compounds+containing+palladium+centers+ligated+by+five+silicon+atoms&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7758-%3C%2Fspan%3E7763&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17470819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0700450104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.7758S&rft.aulast=Shimada&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft.au=Li%2C+Yong-Hua&rft.au=Choe%2C+Yoong-Kee&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Masato&rft.au=Bao%2C+Ming&rft.au=Uchimaru%2C+Tadafumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1876520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaoWangZhouWang2024" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Chuan; Wang, Houlin; Zhou, Bin; Wang, Bin; Wang, Rong; Long, Yunpeng; Wang, Dong; Peng, Yue; Li, Junhua (11 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s44172-024-00311-3">"Palladium-assisted NOx storage and release on CexZr1-xO2 for passive NOx adsorber in diesel exhaust aftertreatment"</a>. Communications Engineering. 3 (1): 164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs44172-024-00311-3">10.1038/s44172-024-00311-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2731-3395">2731-3395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555237">11555237</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39528686">39528686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Engineering&rft.atitle=Palladium-assisted+NOx+storage+and+release+on+CexZr1-xO2+for+passive+NOx+adsorber+in+diesel+exhaust+aftertreatment&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11555237%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2731-3395&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39528686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs44172-024-00311-3&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Chuan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Houlin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Bin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Rong&rft.au=Long%2C+Yunpeng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Dong&rft.au=Peng%2C+Yue&rft.au=Li%2C+Junhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1038%2Fs44172-024-00311-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHacıefendioğluTuncel2025" class="citation journal cs1">Hacıefendioğlu, Duygu; Tuncel, Ali (2 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11144-024-02777-w">"N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium complex immobilized on Co-MOF 74 microrods as a highly selective catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling"</a>. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11144-024-02777-w">10.1007/s11144-024-02777-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-5204">1878-5204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reaction+Kinetics%2C+Mechanisms+and+Catalysis&rft.atitle=N-heterocyclic+carbene-palladium+complex+immobilized+on+Co-MOF+74+microrods+as+a+highly+selective+catalyst+for+Suzuki%E2%80%93Miyaura+cross-coupling&rft.date=2025-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11144-024-02777-w&rft.issn=1878-5204&rft.aulast=Hac%C4%B1efendio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Duygu&rft.au=Tuncel%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11144-024-02777-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangWangZhou2025" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yunkai; Wang, Lei; Zhou, Shenghu (7 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11144-024-02793-w">"Supported Pd–B alloy mesoporous nanospheres as efficient catalysts for nitrobenzene hydrogenation"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sunshineprofits.com&rft.atitle=Size+of+the+Palladium+Market+%7C+Sunshine+Profits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunshineprofits.com%2Fgold-silver%2Fdictionary%2Fsize-the-palladium-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Palladium" class="extiw" title="commons:Palladium">Palladium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palladium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:palladium">palladium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/046.htm">Palladium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kitco.com/price/precious-metals/palladium">Current and Historical Palladium Price</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Palladium_(chemistry)">"Palladium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 636–637.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palladium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E637&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalladium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palladium_compounds55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palladium_compounds" title="Template:Palladium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palladium_compounds" title="Template talk:Palladium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palladium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palladium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palladium_compounds55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palladium_compounds" title="Palladium compounds">Palladium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pd(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">PdHx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)" title="Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)">Pd(P(C6H5)3)4</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organopalladium(0)_compounds32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organopalladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organopalladium">Organopalladium</a>(0) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)" title="Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)">Pd2((C6H5C2H2)2CO)3</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pd(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_tetrachloropalladate(II)" title="Ammonium tetrachloropalladate(II)">(NH4)2PdCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_acetate" title="Palladium(II) acetate">Pd(OCOCH3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_acetylacetonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium(II) acetylacetonate"> Pd((COCH3)2CH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_bromide" title="Palladium(II) bromide">PdBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_chloride" title="Palladium(II) chloride">PdCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium(II) cyanide">Pd(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_fluoride" title="Palladium(II) fluoride">PdF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_iodide" title="Palladium(II) iodide">PdI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_nitrate" title="Palladium(II) nitrate">Pd(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_perchlorate" title="Palladium(II) perchlorate">Pd(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_oxide" title="Palladium(II) oxide">PdO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_sulfide" title="Palladium(II) sulfide">PdS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_sulfate" title="Palladium(II) sulfate">PdSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetrachloropalladate(II)" title="Potassium tetrachloropalladate(II)">K2PdCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloropalladate" title="Sodium tetrachloropalladate">Na2PdCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(1,1%27-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II)_dichloride" title="(1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride">Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2PdCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium_chloride" title="Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium chloride">Pd(P(C6H5)3)2Cl2</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organopalladium(II)_compounds29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organopalladium(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylpalladium_chloride_dimer" title="Allylpalladium chloride dimer">((CH2)2CHPdCl)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_allyl_palladium" title="Cyclopentadienyl allyl palladium">(C5H5)Pd(C3H5)</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pd(II,IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II,IV)_fluoride" title="Palladium(II,IV) fluoride">Pd2F6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pd(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_tetrafluoride" title="Palladium tetrafluoride">PdF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexachloropalladate(IV)" title="Potassium hexachloropalladate(IV)"> K2PdCl6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pd(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_hexafluoride" title="Palladium hexafluoride">PdF6</a> (hypothetical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_diarsenide" title="Palladium diarsenide">PdAs2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" 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