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</a> <ul id="toc-統計_NLP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言數據" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言數據"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>語言數據</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語言數據-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去語言數據細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-語言數據-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-語料庫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語料庫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>語料庫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語料庫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-事前處理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#事前處理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>事前處理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-事前處理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重要應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重要應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>重要應用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-重要應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去重要應用細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-重要應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-資訊提取" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#資訊提取"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>資訊提取</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-資訊提取-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-資訊抽取" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#資訊抽取"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>資訊抽取</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-資訊抽取-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-機械翻譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#機械翻譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>機械翻譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-機械翻譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉雜應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉雜應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>拉雜應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉雜應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認知研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認知研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>認知研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認知研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">自然語言處理</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有69種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurliketaalverwerking" title="Natuurliketaalverwerking – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natuurliketaalverwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معالجة اللغة الطبيعية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معالجة اللغة الطبيعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تحليل اللغات الطبيعيه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تحليل اللغات الطبيعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bii_dilin_emal%C4%B1" title="Təbii dilin emalı – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbii dilin emalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Апрацоўка натуральнай мовы – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апрацоўка натуральнай мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Апрацоўка натуральнай мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Апрацоўка натуральнай мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Обработка на естествен език – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обработка на естествен език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="স্বাভাবিক ভাষা প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বাভাবিক ভাষা প্রক্রিয়াজাতকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treterezh_emgefre_al_lavar" title="Treterezh emgefre al lavar – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treterezh emgefre al lavar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrada_prirodnog_jezika" title="Obrada prirodnog jezika – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Obrada prirodnog jezika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processament_del_llenguatge_natural" title="Processament del llenguatge natural – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Processament del llenguatge natural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پێواژۆکردنی زمانی سروشتی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێواژۆکردنی زمانی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zpracov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_p%C5%99irozen%C3%A9ho_jazyka" title="Zpracování přirozeného jazyka – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zpracování přirozeného jazyka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosesu_Iaith_Naturiol" title="Prosesu Iaith Naturiol – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prosesu Iaith Naturiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogteknologi" title="Sprogteknologi – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprogteknologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verarbeitung_nat%C3%BCrlicher_Sprache" title="Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Επεξεργασία φυσικής γλώσσας – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επεξεργασία φυσικής γλώσσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Natural language processing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur-lingva_prilaborado" title="Natur-lingva prilaborado – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Natur-lingva prilaborado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesamiento_de_lenguajes_naturales" title="Procesamiento de lenguajes naturales – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Procesamiento de lenguajes naturales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomuliku_keele_t%C3%B6%C3%B6tlus" title="Loomuliku keele töötlus – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomuliku keele töötlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntzaren_prozesamendu" title="Hizkuntzaren prozesamendu – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntzaren prozesamendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="پردازش زبان‌های طبیعی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پردازش زبان‌های طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnollisen_kielen_k%C3%A4sittely" title="Luonnollisen kielen käsittely – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnollisen kielen käsittely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitement_automatique_des_langues" title="Traitement automatique des langues – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traitement automatique des langues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ise%C3%A1il_teanga_n%C3%A1d%C3%BArtha" title="Próiseáil teanga nádúrtha – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próiseáil teanga nádúrtha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesamento_da_linguaxe_natural" title="Procesamento da linguaxe natural – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Procesamento da linguaxe natural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עיבוד שפה טבעית – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיבוד שפה טבעית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राकृतिक भाषा संसाधन – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक भाषा संसाधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrada_prirodnog_jezika" title="Obrada prirodnog jezika – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obrada prirodnog jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բնական լեզվի մշակում – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնական լեզվի մշակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բնական Լեզուի Մշակում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնական Լեզուի Մշակում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengolahan_bahasa_alami" title="Pengolahan bahasa alami – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengolahan bahasa alami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lgreining" title="Málgreining – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málgreining" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaborazione_del_linguaggio_naturale" title="Elaborazione del linguaggio naturale – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elaborazione del linguaggio naturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%87%A6%E7%90%86" title="自然言語処理 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然言語処理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბუნებრივი ენის დამუშავება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნებრივი ენის დამუშავება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1biyiy_tildi_qayta_islew" title="Tábiyiy tildi qayta islew – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tábiyiy tildi qayta islew" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಪ್ರಾಕೃತಿಕ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಕೃತಿಕ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಪರಿಷ್ಕರಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%96%B4_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC" title="자연어 처리 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연어 처리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C5%ABralios_kalbos_apdorojimas" title="Natūralios kalbos apdorojimas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Natūralios kalbos apdorojimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabisk%C4%81s_valodas_apstr%C4%81de" title="Dabiskās valodas apstrāde – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabiskās valodas apstrāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Обработка на природни јазици – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обработка на природни јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Компьютерын хэл шинжлэл – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Компьютерын хэл шинжлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नैसर्गिक भाषा प्रक्रिया – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नैसर्गिक भाषा प्रक्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မိခင်ဘာသာစကားသုံး ကွန်ပျူတာစနစ် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိခင်ဘာသာစကားသုံး ကွန်ပျူတာစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaltechnologie" title="Taaltechnologie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taaltechnologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82" title="ନ୍ୟାଚୁରାଲ ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଏଜ ପ୍ରୋସେସିଂ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନ୍ୟାଚୁରାଲ ଲାଙ୍ଗୁଏଜ ପ୍ରୋସେସିଂ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitemint_automatique_d%27ches_langues" title="Traitemint automatique d'ches langues – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Traitemint automatique d'ches langues" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przetwarzanie_j%C4%99zyka_naturalnego" title="Przetwarzanie języka naturalnego – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przetwarzanie języka naturalnego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NLP" title="NLP – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="NLP" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="د طبيعي ژبې پروسس کول – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د طبيعي ژبې پروسس کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processamento_de_linguagem_natural" title="Processamento de linguagem natural – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Processamento de linguagem natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purum_simi_thatkichay" title="Purum simi thatkichay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purum simi thatkichay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelucrarea_limbajului_natural" title="Prelucrarea limbajului natural – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prelucrarea limbajului natural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Обработка естественного языка – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обработка естественного языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrada_prirodnih_jezika" title="Obrada prirodnih jezika – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obrada prirodnih jezika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural language processing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrpunimi_i_gjuh%C3%ABs_natyrore" title="Përpunimi i gjuhës natyrore – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përpunimi i gjuhës natyrore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrada_prirodnih_jezika" title="Obrada prirodnih jezika – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Obrada prirodnih jezika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்கை மொழி முறையாக்கம் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கை மொழி முறையாக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%9C_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF" title="సహజ భాషా ప్రక్రియ – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహజ భాషా ప్రక్రియ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การประมวลภาษาธรรมชาติ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประมวลภาษาธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_dil_i%C5%9Fleme" title="Doğal dil işleme – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal dil işleme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Обробка природної мови – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обробка природної мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E1%BB%AD_l%C3%BD_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Xử lý ngôn ngữ tự nhiên – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xử lý ngôn ngữ tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="自然语言处理 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然语言处理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n_gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA_chh%C3%BA-l%C3%AD" title="Chū-jiân giân-gú chhú-lí – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân giân-gú chhú-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukudludlunga_ulimi_lwemvelo" title="Ukudludlunga ulimi lwemvelo – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukudludlunga ulimi lwemvelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30642#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&oldid=2199872" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&id=2199872&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E8%2599%2595%25E7%2590%2586"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2584%25B6%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E8%2599%2595%25E7%2590%2586"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_language_processing" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30642" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Echo_(49383182891).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amazon_Echo_%2849383182891%29.jpg/300px-Amazon_Echo_%2849383182891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amazon_Echo_%2849383182891%29.jpg/450px-Amazon_Echo_%2849383182891%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amazon_Echo_%2849383182891%29.jpg/600px-Amazon_Echo_%2849383182891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家">用家</a></b>：「喂，<a href="/wiki/Amazon_Alexa" title="Amazon Alexa">Alexa</a>，今日<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" title="天氣">天氣</a>點？我應該著咩衫出街？」<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="虛擬助理">虛擬助理</a> Alexa</b>：「今日嘅氣溫最高會去到成<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F" title="攝氏">攝氏</a> 30° 咁高，著短袖嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%87%E8%A1%AB" title="裇衫">裇衫</a>就啱嗮。」 </figcaption></figure> <p><ruby><rb><b>自然語言處理</b></rb><rt><span>zi<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> jin<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> jyu<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> jin<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> cyu<span class="Jpingtone">2</span> lei<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span></rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>natural language processing</b>，<b>NLP</b></span>）係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>嘅一個綜合領域，包含咗一系列用嚟教<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>處理同運算<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>嘅技術。NLP 工作者仲用呢啲技術開發出有用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦系統">電腦系統</a><sup id="cite_ref-collobert2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collobert2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>NLP 做嘅嘢大致如下<sup id="cite_ref-collobert2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collobert2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>喺人類當中自然噉發展出嚟、平時<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>會用嘅語言就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>－好似英文、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="日本話">日本話</a>等都係自然語言（相對於例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>）；</li> <li>NLP 嘅數據來源可以分做<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>兩大類－前者指事先錄低嘅人講嘢嘅聲，而後者就係以文字形式呈現嘅語言，來源可以係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>同各種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="文件">文件</a>，例如好多 NLP <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">程式</a>開始嗰陣都會有<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E5%BC%8F_(%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8)" title="陳述式 (電腦科學)">陳述式</a>教部電腦由邊個邊個網頁嘅 <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="源碼">碼</a>度攞要處理嗰段字；</li> <li>攞到要處理嘅數據做 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5" class="mw-disambig" title="輸入"><code>input</code></a> 之後，個 NLP 程式要有啲特定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="演算法">演算法</a>嚟處理段字，最後得出某啲 <a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E5%87%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="輸出"><code>output</code></a>；<code>output</code> 係乜就視用途而定－有啲程式目的係要<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">翻譯</a>段字，所以 <code>input</code> 係一段字，而 <code>output</code> 係一段用目標語言寫、意思等同 <code>input</code> 嗰段字嘅字<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>喺廿一世紀初，NLP 俾人工智能研究者視為人工智能其中一個最重要嘅領域，例如好出名嘅 <a href="/wiki/Google_%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Google 翻譯">Google 翻譯</a>就用咗 NLP 技術嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">做翻譯</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且 NLP 方面嘅技術仲可以攞嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="傾偈機械人">傾偈機械人</a>等嘅休閒用途<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因為 NLP 咁有用，<a href="/wiki/Python_%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Python 程式語言">Python 程式語言</a>仲有埋 <a href="/wiki/NLTK" class="mw-redirect" title="NLTK">NLTK</a> 呢套<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB" title="函式庫">函式庫</a>專做 NLP 相關嘅工作<sup id="cite_ref-bird2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bird2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定位"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.BD.8D"></span>定位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/300px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/450px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/600px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>兩個大人喺度用<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>嚟傾偈。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" title="概率論">概率論</a></div> <p>自然語言處理係一種<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>（AI）技術，專門教<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>處理<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>上，自然語言係指一啲响<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>當中自然噉發展出嚟、人類日常<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="寫嘢">寫嘢</a>會用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>－好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="客家話">客家話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>等等都係自然語言，呢啲語言有異於 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>－形式語言係指啲由人特登整出嚟、隻隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>都有<b>固定</b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">意思</a>嘅語言，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="數學語言">數學語言</a>呀噉；相比之下，自然語言有好多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a>喺入面（睇下面）；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a>－人造語言可以似日常講嘢用嘅語言，但係由人特登創造出嚟嘅，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB" title="奇幻">奇幻</a>作家為自己<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="虛構世界">想像中嘅世界</a>作出嚟嘅語言；相比之下，自然語言係源於人類喺日常生活當中講嘢同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="互動">互動</a>嘅；</li></ul> <p>自然語言有好多重要嘅特徵<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：自然語言同電腦處理開嘅形式語言好唔同；喺程式語言同數學語言裏面，隻隻符號都有固定明確嘅意思，而相比之下，自然語言就成日都出現「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">一隻字有幾個唔同嘅可能意思</a>」嘅情況（例子可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%AD%97%E5%A4%9A%E6%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="一字多意">一字多意</a>嘅問題），甚至隻字<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E7%B3%8A" title="含糊">根本冇明確意思</a>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%A9%B1" title="反話">反話</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：自然語言入面可以有反話呢樣嘢；想像一個人聽佢朋友彈<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E4%BB%96" title="結他">結他</a>，聽完佢就話「嘩，你彈得好好喎」－呢句嘢嘅真實意思受制於講嗰個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="表情">表情</a>同第啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%94%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="身體語言">身體語言</a>影響，例如如果個人講嗰陣個表情係完全唔<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%88%E5%A5%AE" title="興奮">興奮</a>嘅話，佢好有可能係講緊反話；由呢啲噉嘅例子可以睇得出，判斷一句自然語言<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>嘅意思嗰時唔可以齋靠字面解<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a>：一隻自然語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>等特性會隨時間演變，例子可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="潮流用語">潮流用語</a>（啲人作新嘅字或者詞）嘅現象；噉亦表示，自然語言梗會有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a>喺入面，而要<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="語言模型">模擬自然語言</a>，就要用到涉及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>嘅做法，會用到類似以下噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="數學符號">符號</a>－ <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(S={\text{man zi}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>man zi</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(S={\text{man zi}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e9538e42ec081d660e1398682b4dc57187291d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.552ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(S={\text{man zi}})}"></span>；日常用語講，呢串嘢意思係「串字（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span>）係 <code>man zi</code> 嘅機率」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。自然語言嘅呢啲特徵會對「應該用咩方法應付佢哋」有具體嘅影響：廿世紀電腦要求<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家">用家</a>俾嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4_(%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6)" title="命令 (電腦)">命令</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E9%8C%AF%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="容錯能力">極度精確</a>，唔可以有歧義或者含糊，喺一大串 <code>0</code> 同 <code>1</code> 裏面多咗或者少噉咗個 <code>0</code> 都會搞到部機做嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a>錯嗮甚至<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E6%A9%9F" title="輕機">輕機</a>，更加唔好話會識得考慮對方講嘢嗰陣啲身體語言（理解反話嗰時必要諗嘅嘢）或者語言演變<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。NLP 就係喺廿世紀後半橛至廿一世紀初興起嘅 AI 技術，專門諗點樣用特製嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="演算法">演算法</a>嚟教電腦處理自然語言<sup id="cite_ref-collobert2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collobert2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="符號_NLP"><span id=".E7.AC.A6.E8.99.9F_NLP"></span>符號 NLP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 符號 NLP"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_di_castello,_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca,_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Villa_di_castello%2C_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca%2C_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg/300px-Villa_di_castello%2C_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca%2C_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Villa_di_castello%2C_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca%2C_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg/450px-Villa_di_castello%2C_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca%2C_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Villa_di_castello%2C_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca%2C_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg/600px-Villa_di_castello%2C_biblioteca_dell%27accademia_della_crusca%2C_dizionario_petrocchi_02_crusca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>一本<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="意大利文">意大利文</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="字典">字典</a>；字典會講明種語文入面每隻字嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>，但唔同語文嘅字係咪吓吓都有得一對一呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="規則為本機械翻譯">規則為本機械翻譯</a></div> <p>符號 NLP 係最原始嗰種 NLP 做法，喺 1950 至 1990 年代盛行<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="符號 AI">符號 AI</a> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>個諗頭，想教電腦做出「處理自然語言」等似有<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>嘅行為，淨係需要教電腦識一啲<b>能夠明文噉寫出嚟嘅法則</b>就得，NLP 都唔例外，形成咗所謂嘅符號 NLP；舉個具體例子，想像<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="規則為本機械翻譯">用呢種方針做自動翻譯</a>，將<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>譯做粵語，可以用好似以下噉嘅方法<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>要有本<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="字典">字典</a>，做到將英文入面每隻字轉做粵語入面「對應」嘅字；</li> <li>要有拃法則表示英文入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="句子結構">句子結構</a>；</li> <li>要有拃法則表示粵語入面嘅句子結構；</li></ul> <p>跟住部機就可以用以下嘅步驟做翻譯： </p> <ol><li>攞要翻譯嘅文字做 <a href="/wiki/Input" class="mw-redirect" title="Input">input</a>，例如家陣想將英文句子 <b>the girl eats an apple</b> 譯做粵語；</li> <li>同 input 入面每隻字<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">標注好佢係咩詞性</a>，睇返例句－<b>the</b> 係<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="指定冠詞">指定冠詞</a>、<b>girl</b> 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>、<b>eats</b> 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>、<b>an</b> 係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="非指定冠詞">非指定冠詞</a>、<b>apple</b> 係名詞；</li> <li>對句嘢做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" title="解析">解析</a>（知清楚啲字之間嘅句法關係），睇返例句－ <b>eats</b> 係簡單<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" title="現在式">現在式</a>，第三身，主動，而 <b>eats</b> 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="受詞">受詞</a>係 <b>apple</b>；</li> <li>將句嘢啲字轉換做粵語，睇返例句－ <dl><dd>The → 嗰個 | girl → 女仔 | eat → 食 | an → 一個 | apple → <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果">蘋果</a></dd></dl></li> <li>將啲字砌埋做一句<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語白話文">粵語白話文</a>句子－<b>嗰個女仔食一個蘋果</b>，俾出嚟做 <a href="/wiki/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Output">output</a> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>符號 NLP 就噉睇好似掂噉，但查實有好多問題都係呢種做法處理唔嚟嘅：事實表明，呢種做法應付歧義嗰陣好撈絞－想像設計者吓吓都要人手教部電腦「呢隻呢隻字有咁多隻可能意思，喺情況 A 下當係意思 A、喺情況 B 下當係意思 B...」噉嘅資訊；而且用呢種方法做 NLP 嘅電腦亦都唔會識處理反話同語言演變嘅問題。因為噉，廿一世紀初經已好少可會靠符號 NLP 呢種做法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="統計_NLP"><span id=".E7.B5.B1.E8.A8.88_NLP"></span>統計 NLP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 統計 NLP"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">N-gram</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9E%E8%BF%B4%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="遞迴神經網絡">遞迴神經網絡</a></div> <p>1980 年代至 1990 年代係<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>（ML）方法興起嘅年代；機械學習响某啲方面可以話係符號 AI 嘅相反－機械學習追求嘅係用特製嘅演算法教電腦自己由<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>度搵出法則，唔使吓吓都要明文噉講俾部電腦知啲法則係乜；於是 NLP 界就興起咗用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a>（睇下面）嘅數據，教電腦自己由啲語料數據度搵出規律，途中會用到唔同類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="統計">統計</a>概念<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如 <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-gram</a> 嘅做法就係噉。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">N-gram</a> 個諗頭建基於一個簡單事實： </p> <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>本質上就係一串串<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="字母">字母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%BB%9E%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="標點符號">標點符號</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="空格">空格</a>呀噉。</p></blockquote> <p>一串 n-gram 指一串符號當中嘅一連 n 咁多個符號：例如想像有串 100 隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6_(%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B)" title="字符 (資料類型)">字符</a>－<code>LLLRLRRRLL...</code>，一個 3-gram 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="演算法">演算法</a>會考慮每串連續三個符號係乜嘢樣－LLL, LLR, LRL...，再按打前嗰兩個符號嘅規律計算下一個符號最有可能係乜；例如想像家陣手上串粵語白話文字係噉嘅樣<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><code>我今朝落樓下買咗兩個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%89%E7%87%92%E5%8C%85" title="叉燒包">叉燒包</a>，同嫲嫲一齊食。</code></dd></dl> <p>喺呢段字入面，如果打前兩個字符係 <code>今朝</code>，跟住嗰個符號係 <code>落</code> 嘅機率係 100% －喺成串字入面，<code>今朝</code> 淨係出現咗一次，而喺嗰次當中跟尾嗰個字符係 <code>落</code>，所以如果齋考慮上面呢段字嘅 3-gram 嘅話，「<b>今朝</b>後面係<b>落</b>」嘅機會率係 100%。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a>啲講，現實應用嘅 n-gram 會用大量<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="語言資源">語言資源</a>數據做類似噉嘅估計，計出一隻語言嘅文字啲字符以至<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="統計">統計</a>關係<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。精確啲講，即係話一個 n-gram 模型<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上係用<sup id="cite_ref-millington2019582584_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millington2019582584-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i-(n-1)},\dots ,x_{i-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i-(n-1)},\dots ,x_{i-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a91f8159d5cc978c4c82b72490de99717d3acfc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:17.182ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i-(n-1)},\dots ,x_{i-1}}"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>嘅數值預測 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}"></span>，計算 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(x_{i}\mid x_{i-(n-1)},\dots ,x_{i-1})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∣</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(x_{i}\mid x_{i-(n-1)},\dots ,x_{i-1})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/550fdf3c69a4ac98c42f113d756d167b2a6d4b84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:25.552ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(x_{i}\mid x_{i-(n-1)},\dots ,x_{i-1})}"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>事實表明，有好多進階嘅 NLP 應用都係 n-gram 搞唔掂嘅，不過齋靠 n-gram 經已可以做到<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%BE%A8%E8%AA%8D" title="語言辨認">語言辨認</a>等比較簡單嘅 NLP 工作：想像家陣設計者攞住每隻已知嘅文字－英文、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>... 呀噉，<a href="/wiki/Foreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">同每隻</a>呢啲文字都搵語料數據，同佢建立咗個 3-gram 模型，知道啲 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(x_{i}|x_{i-2},x_{i-1})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(x_{i}|x_{i-2},x_{i-1})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/039cfe60f60e60f312f32c8df6421360c168a8b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.574ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(x_{i}|x_{i-2},x_{i-1})}"></span> 嘅數值，佢跟住就可以計<sup id="cite_ref-russell2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr({\text{man zi}}|{\text{hai jing man}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>man zi</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>hai jing man</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr({\text{man zi}}|{\text{hai jing man}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c16d79bfa0bf9dd28991eb590f1006585014b583" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.069ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr({\text{man zi}}|{\text{hai jing man}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>用日常用語講，佢做嘅嘢係要攞住英文個 3-gram 模型，計吓「如果呢段文字係英文，會出呢段噉嘅字符嘅機率」，然後又攞德文嘅 3-gram 模型，計吓「如果呢段文字係德文，會出段噉嘅字符嘅機率」... 如此類推，跟住就例如揀「出到呢段字符嘅機率」最大嗰隻文字－最後做到辨認手上段字係咩語言嘅文字<sup id="cite_ref-russell2002_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除咗 n-gram 之外，統計 NLP 仲有用過<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="隱馬可夫模型">隱馬可夫模型</a>等嘅統計技術。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言數據"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E6.95.B8.E6.93.9A"></span>語言數據</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 語言數據"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="語言資源">語言資源</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="標記語言">標記語言</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語料庫"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.96.99.E5.BA.AB"></span>語料庫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 語料庫"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a></div> <p>喺廿一世紀初，要做 NLP 第一步通常係要攞啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>性質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>返嚟先，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就係其中一種最常用最重要嘅數據來源。一個語料庫會係一嚿大型有結構嘅語言資源，一隻語言嘅語料庫會包含大量屬嗰隻語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3" title="錄音">錄音</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>。舉個例說明，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="國際英文語料庫">國際英文語料庫</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就係一個好出名嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>語料庫，ICE 搵勻嗮世界各地超過 20 個以英文做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="官方語言">官方語言</a>一部份嘅國家或者地區（包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>），每個國家地區對應嘅英文語料都係儲咗當地啲人<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講</a>英文嘅錄音，仲有係當地啲人用英文寫嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E7%AD%86" title="隨筆">隨筆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E4%BF%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="書信">書信</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="學術文">學術文</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞報道">新聞報道</a>等嘅多種文字材料；到咗 2018 年，ICE 對包括嘅每個國家地區都最少有 1,500,000 字咁長（<b>大型</b>）嘅材料<sup id="cite_ref-kirknelson2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirknelson2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_National_Corpus_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/British_National_Corpus_structure.svg/langyue-720px-British_National_Corpus_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="720" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/British_National_Corpus_structure.svg/langyue-1080px-British_National_Corpus_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/British_National_Corpus_structure.svg/langyue-1440px-British_National_Corpus_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>呢幅圖描繪<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="英國國家語料庫">英國國家語料庫</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅結構－啲語料 90% 係文字，10% 係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嘅語音，啲文字語料入面包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙">報紙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="研究期刊">研究期刊</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="虛構故仔">虛構故仔</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書">書</a>呀噉。</figcaption></figure> <p>語料庫嘅設計好有技巧，要用好多方法特登整到方便人用，例如： </p> <ul><li>數據做好嗮啲事前處理（睇下面）</li> <li><b>大細</b>：語料庫基本上就係為語言學同相關嘅研究提供語言<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>，而樣本通常係愈大愈好嘅；一個語料庫嘅大細通常會用入面啲語料嘅總<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%95%B8" title="字數">字數</a>嚟計，字數愈高個語料庫就算係愈大，（假設第啲因素不變）個語料庫愈大就愈有用<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；例如到咗 2020 年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="牛津英文語料庫">牛津英文語料庫</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（一個描述廿一世紀初嘅英文嘅語料庫<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）總字數有成 21 <a href="/wiki/%E5%84%84" class="mw-disambig" title="億">億</a>字咁多<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>近期</b>：語言文字係會<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">隨時間而演變</a>嘅，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B5%81%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="潮流用語">潮流用語</a>等嘅現象就反映咗語言嘅演變；因為噉，如果一個語料庫啲數據唔夠近期，就會搞到研究者攞唔到最新嘅資訊，例如想像有位 AI 研究者想寫一隻曉同人傾偈嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="傾偈機械人">傾偈機械人</a>，但佢用嘅語料庫數據唔夠新，冇近 10 年嘅數據，就會搞到隻機械人唔識用近 10 年嘅潮流用語－做唔到自然嘅傾談<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺實際應用上，語料庫仲會同啲語料<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B9%BC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="中繼資料">標明埋</a>每件語料係源自咩年份嘅，方便用家判斷嗰件語料係咪啱用。</li> <li><b>廣泛</b>：一般認為，語料庫最好能夠包含唔同類嘅語料，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="牛津英文語料庫">牛津英文語料庫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="國際英文語料庫">國際英文語料庫</a>都既會包含用英文寫嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>，又會包括啲人<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3" title="錄音">錄音</a>；除此之外，唔同情境下寫字同講嘢都會唔同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%A0%B1%E5%B0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞報導">新聞報導</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E6%95%85%E4%BB%94" title="虛構故仔">故仔</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="學術文">學術文</a>之間就有相當嘅差異，而啲人「喺正式場合講嘢」同「喺一般日常屋企人之間講嘢」又會好唔同，國際英文語料庫等嘅語料庫都有諗到呢一點，所以喺搵語料用嗰陣會包含唔同嘅料，會有新聞報導、虛構故仔同學術文等嘅多種唔同材料；而且仲會有埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B%E5%99%A8" title="網絡搜尋器">搜尋器</a>噉嘅功能，方便做 NLP 嘅人可以輕易噉摷自己想要嘅料嚟用<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B9%BC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="中繼資料">中繼資料</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：中繼資料係指「描繪數據嘅數據」，係語料庫不可或缺嘅一環；例如家陣有一份語料，份語料係篇<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E7%AD%86" title="隨筆">隨筆</a>，篇隨筆入面嘅字就係數據本身，而中繼資料就係指描述呢件數據嘅數據－包括係描述篇文嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="作者">作者</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%95%B8" title="字數">字數</a>、出嘅年份同埋出處... 呀噉；中繼資料喺好多分析上都好有用，例如描述啲數據「係咩年份出」嘅中繼資料就可以幫手分析隻語言隨時間嘅變化<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>呀噉。 </p><p>順帶一提，有啲語言畀人歸類做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="低資源語言">低資源</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>語言，成日唔夠語料用，例如廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>噉－粵語唔算係最多使用者嘅語言，而且粵語啲使用者又成日淨係肯寫似<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中文書面語">中文書面語</a>，唔肯寫粵文<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="事前處理"><span id=".E4.BA.8B.E5.89.8D.E8.99.95.E7.90.86"></span>事前處理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 事前處理"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" title="解析">解析</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%89%8D%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="事前數據處理">事前數據處理</a></div> <p>喺實際攞啲語言文字數據嚟用之前，研究者通常都會或多或少噉對啲數據做啲處理，包括<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E8%99%9F%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記號化">記號化</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：將句子分做個別嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>，通常係將每隻字變成一段<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%B2" title="字串">字串</a><sup id="cite_ref-bird2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bird2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 129</sup>，即係例如</li></ul> <dl><dd><table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:15em"> <p><b>Input</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%BD%AE_(%E6%AD%8C)" title="南海潮 (歌)">南海潮</a>係廣為人知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%8C" title="民歌">民歌</a>。 </p> </td> <td style="width:15em"> <p><b>Output</b>：'南海潮' '係' '廣為人知' '嘅' '粵語' '民歌' 。 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>記號化通常仲會配合埋將每隻字按<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>等嘅類型（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a>）。記號化呢樣嘢喺英文入面好簡單（因為英文入面每隻字都同周圍嘅字之間有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="空格">空格</a>），不過喺（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文">日文</a>呢啲傳統上唔興用空格嘅文字入面可以幾撈絞<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F" title="詞形還原">詞形還原</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指教部電腦一個字喺唔同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>下嘅唔同樣，等部電腦識得將呢啲唔同樣當做同一個字噉嚟分析；例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a> <b>wolf</b> 同 <b>wolves</b> 都係指<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>，後者係<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="眾數 (文法)">眾數</a>，做詞形還原就會教部電腦知 <b>wolf</b> 同 <b>wolves</b> 係同一個字嘅唔同樣<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E" title="停用詞">停用詞</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指做主要處理之前會攞走嘅字，例如喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>當中 <b>the</b> 同 <b>a</b> 呢啲字出現得好密，而呢啲字俾人指會干擾某啲 NLP 程式嘅運作，所以喺做完<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E8%99%9F%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記號化">記號化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F" title="詞形還原">詞形還原</a>之後，一個 NLP 程式好多時就會郁手攞走啲停用詞<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>分析上成日會用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9_(%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="樹 (數據結構)">樹狀數據</a>；簡單講即係按<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>將一串<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%B2" title="字串">字串</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>結構表述出嚟，例如好似 <b>John hit the ball</b>（阿莊打中咗個波）呢句簡單嘅英文句子噉，就可以畫做以下噉嘅分析樹（<code>NP</code>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="名詞短語">名詞短語</a>；<code>VP</code>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="動詞短語">動詞短語</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ParseTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/300px-ParseTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/450px-ParseTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/600px-ParseTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="命名實體識別">命名實體識別</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：指由段字串入面搵出邊啲字係表示<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="有名實體">有名實體</a>（即係一件特定嘅物體，例如係某個特定嘅人或者某笪特定嘅地方呀噉）嘅，例如 <b>John hit the ball</b> 嗰句句子入面 <b>John</b> 就係一嚿有名實體；NER 可以幾撈絞－喺英文入面，有名實體一般冚唪唥都會開頭個字母<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%8E" title="大階">大階</a>，但有好多文字唔會噉做，例子有粵文同日文呀噉，又或者好似<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>噉名詞全部都開頭字母大階。命名實體識別呢家嘢可以用到好多<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="統計">統計</a>方法<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：同啲字串入嘅每隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>標明佢係咩<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>，每隻字都標明嗮佢係<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>定<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>定點；做到類似下面噉<sup id="cite_ref-POStags_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POStags-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－ <dl><dd>原句：「佢喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%A3" title="淺水灣">淺水灣</a>起<a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%94%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%8B" title="蠔殼屋">蠔殼屋</a>。」</dd></dl> <ul><li>做咗詞性標注就會變成好似噉－</li></ul> <dl><dd><code>佢 (<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>) 喺 (<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>) 淺水灣 (<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>) 起 (<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>) 蠔殼屋 (名詞)。</code></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重要應用"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>重要應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 重要應用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a></div> <p>自然語言處理用途好廣泛，包括咗以下呢啲： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="資訊提取"><span id=".E8.B3.87.E8.A8.8A.E6.8F.90.E5.8F.96"></span>資訊提取</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 資訊提取"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" title="資訊提取">資訊提取</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/Tf-idf" title="Tf-idf">Tf-idf</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" title="資訊提取">資訊提取</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指一個 NLP 程式識攞「用家嘅問題」做 <code>input</code>，<code>output</code> 俾出一份答到條問題嘅文件；進階啲嘅 NLP 程式仲識打分畀每份摷到嘅文件嚟表示份文件同個問題有幾咁<ruby><rb>𪐀</rb><rt><span>naa<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></rt></ruby>更，然之後按呢個分嚟排先後，畀最𪐀更嘅文件畀用家睇先；好似係 <a href="/wiki/Okapi_BM25" title="Okapi BM25">okapi BM25</a> 噉，呢套函數會攞用家問嘅嘢（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>）做 <code>input</code>，然後同每份文件（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span>）計個分數（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{fan sou}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>fan sou</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{fan sou}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0d67e4a0b8e73db7fbe2b48fad7bb6876fa8e1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.119ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{fan sou}}}"></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-jones2000a_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2000a-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jones2000b_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2000b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{fan sou}}(D,Q)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\text{IDF}}(q_{i})\cdot {\frac {f(q_{i},D)\cdot (k_{1}+1)}{f(q_{i},D)+k_{1}\cdot \left(1-b+b\cdot {\frac {|D|}{\text{avgdl}}}\right)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>fan sou</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IDF</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext>avgdl</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{fan sou}}(D,Q)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\text{IDF}}(q_{i})\cdot {\frac {f(q_{i},D)\cdot (k_{1}+1)}{f(q_{i},D)+k_{1}\cdot \left(1-b+b\cdot {\frac {|D|}{\text{avgdl}}}\right)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a871d44412fd477b2fa5892e025316e0e71263ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.505ex; width:63.54ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{fan sou}}(D,Q)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\text{IDF}}(q_{i})\cdot {\frac {f(q_{i},D)\cdot (k_{1}+1)}{f(q_{i},D)+k_{1}\cdot \left(1-b+b\cdot {\frac {|D|}{\text{avgdl}}}\right)}}}"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>當中有：</dd></dl> <dl><dd><table style="border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:20em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{1},q_{2},...q_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{1},q_{2},...q_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f12c2d1db845b37ef76fc97659c86e8ce7401879" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.189ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{1},q_{2},...q_{i}}"></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span> 入面嘅每隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E9%8D%B5%E5%AD%97" title="關鍵字">關鍵字</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(q_{i},D)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(q_{i},D)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7caf2f93a6527d4a76c07bd67980ec921167f990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.883ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(q_{i},D)}"></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"></span> 喺 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> 入面出現得有幾密（相對於 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> 嘅長度） </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |D|}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |D|}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c936c42ab206e72c1fbc1ea103cc9eca1802af1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.218ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |D|}"></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> 嘅長度（以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%95%B8" title="字數">字數</a>計） </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{avgdl}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>avgdl</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{avgdl}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e7993dae14a3ba5c72331ee93a0e40ccf0f8c073" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.492ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{avgdl}}}"></span> </td> <td colspan="2">啲摷咗嘅文件嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87" title="平均">平均</a>長度 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/376315fd4983f01dada5ec2f7bebc48455b14a66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.265ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{1}}"></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E6%95%B8" title="參數">參數</a>，好多時冇做<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%B3%E5%8C%96" title="最佳化">最佳化</a>嘅話就設成 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{1}\in [1.2,2.0]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>1.2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2.0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{1}\in [1.2,2.0]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0af33de8946a560fed04ff522251656c8207f3db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{1}\in [1.2,2.0]}"></span>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=0.75}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.75</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=0.75}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc8113cfb95fd7d2a084b62f53ff1a54186bc11c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.23ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=0.75}"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})=\ln \left({\frac {N-n(q_{i})+0.5}{n(q_{i})+0.5}}+1\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IDF</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})=\ln \left({\frac {N-n(q_{i})+0.5}{n(q_{i})+0.5}}+1\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23dda1c06c7bad8d76c69c2086cf8937b6997a03" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:36.834ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})=\ln \left({\frac {N-n(q_{i})+0.5}{n(q_{i})+0.5}}+1\right)}"></span> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> </td> <td>：摷咗嘅文件嘅數量 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(q_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(q_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14dc99fdb5fe2428a1c46cd20a7255dbee944945" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.041ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(q_{i})}"></span> </td> <td>：摷咗嘅文件當中，有幾多份係有 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"></span> 喺裏面嘅 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>如果 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2752dcbff884354069fe332b8e51eb0a70a531b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.837ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}}"></span> 係一隻常用字（例如英文入面嘅 <b>in</b> 或者 <b>of</b> 呀噉），噉佢嘅 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IDF</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e34b65be68e2123b44a9106fed33a0253229e356" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.779ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})}"></span> 分數理應會低（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N-n(q_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N-n(q_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/433e53807d18f47ac60df271e7c212a7b4060071" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.945ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N-n(q_{i})}"></span> 數值細）；所以 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>IDF</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e34b65be68e2123b44a9106fed33a0253229e356" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.779ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{IDF}}(q_{i})}"></span> 呢嚿嘢嘅存在係為咗阻止啲常用字干擾搜尋結果。 </p><p>計完之後，就會每份文件得出個分數表示份文件對條問題嚟講幾有啦更，分數愈高表示愈有啦更，然後個<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B%E5%99%A8" title="搜尋器">搜尋器</a>就可以按分數將啲摷到嘅文件列嗮出嚟，分數最高嘅行先。Okapi BM25 源於 1980 年代，到咗廿一世紀初經已廣泛噉俾搜尋器採用<sup id="cite_ref-jones2000a_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2000a-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jones2000b_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones2000b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。進階嘅演算法仲會考慮埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F" title="詞形還原">詞形還原</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%BE%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="同義詞">同義詞</a>等嘅好多問題，例如 <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> 同 <a href="/wiki/HITS_%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="HITS 演算法">HITS 演算法</a>就會用到「個網頁有幾多高質網頁連過去」衡量摷到嘅網頁嘅「質素」，並且喺列出摷到嘅網頁嗰陣，將「質素」高啲嘅網頁排先<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png/600px-Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png/900px-Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png/1200px-Aspidomancy_Knowledge_Panel.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>用 <a href="/wiki/Google_%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Google 搜尋">Google 搜尋</a>摷同一隻英文字（<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspidomancy" class="extiw" title="en:Aspidomancy">aspidomancy</a></b>；一種偏門嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%8D%9C" title="占卜">占卜術</a>）相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>；個搜尋器攞用家想查嘅字（<code>input</code>）然後列嗮啲同隻字有關嘅網頁出嚟（<code>output</code>）。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="資訊抽取"><span id=".E8.B3.87.E8.A8.8A.E6.8A.BD.E5.8F.96"></span>資訊抽取</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 資訊抽取"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96" title="資訊抽取">資訊抽取</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96" title="資訊抽取">資訊抽取</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指由一段字度攞出有用嘅資訊。資訊抽取其中一個最簡單嘅情況係噉：假設手上段字係喺度講緊某樣事物－樣事物可能係一個人、一笪地方或者一件<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="產品">產品</a>呀噉，而個 AI 程式就要抽取有關樣事物嘅資訊，例如手上段字係講一隻<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="電子遊戲">電子遊戲</a>（事物）嘅嘢，個程式要曉由段字度搵出隻遊戲「賣緊咩<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>」或者「屬啲咩<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="電子遊戲類型">類型</a>」呀噉（件事物相關嘅資訊）；跟住<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－ </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">Foreach</a> 要抽取嘅資訊，個程式都假設件資訊會跟從一個 <code>template</code>（<b>模版</b>）；</li> <li><code>Template</code> 係指段字講嗰樣資訊嗰時大<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>會跟規律，例如如果家陣想抽取嘅資訊係價錢，<code>template</code> 會係「<code>[$][0-9][0-9][0-9]</code>」或者「價錢：」等嘅樣（睇埋 <a href="/wiki/Regex" class="mw-redirect" title="Regex">regex</a>）；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="條件運算式">如果</a>有段字吻合其中一個 <code>template</code>，抽嗰段字出嚟；</li> <li>Foreach 噉樣抽咗出嚟嘅字串，攞想要嘅資訊（例：俾出 <code>$</code> 後面嘅數做「價錢」）<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>Foreach 搵唔到嘅資訊，填 <code>missing</code> 落去；</li></ul> <p>進階啲嘅資訊抽取技術會考慮埋物件之間嘅<b>關係</b>，例如家吓個程式讀到 <code>$249.99</code> 噉嘅字串，但佢唔係就噉攞呢串嘢做「價錢」嘅 output，而係會搵埋「個價係講緊邊件物件嘅價」，當中<b>佢嘅</b>或者<b>佢個</b>等嘅字眼都會提供到噉嘅資訊（可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a>）。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg/450px-English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg/675px-English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg/900px-English_Wikipedia_syntax_highlighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>一篇<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="英文維基百科">英文維基百科</a>文（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C" title="芒果">芒果</a>）用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A2%BC%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%99%A8" title="原始碼編輯器">原始碼編輯器</a>編輯嘅樣；分析者想要嘅內容用黃色 highlight 突顯咗。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="機械翻譯"><span id=".E6.A9.9F.E6.A2.B0.E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF"></span>機械翻譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 機械翻譯"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">機械翻譯</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">機械翻譯</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指要電腦自動噉做<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>，可以好撈絞。舉個簡單嘅例子說明，想像家陣<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="寫程式">寫個</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">程式</a>出嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">翻譯</a><sup id="cite_ref-statsbrown_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statsbrown-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而以下有兩句英文句子： </p> <dl><dd><b>句子 1</b>：The thriller movie is disturbing.</dd> <dd><b>句子 2</b>：The noises he makes are disturbing.</dd></dl> <p>喺以上呢兩句句子裏面，講緊嘢嗰個人都用咗 <b>disturbing</b> 呢隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>，但係呢隻字要譯做<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>嘅話起碼有兩個可能嘅意思（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>呢隻字就噉睇嘅話可以譯做<b>令人不安</b>噉解；</li> <li>但譯做「令人覺得佢煩」噉解又得；</li></ul> <p>對於呢隻字要點譯，要<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">睇嗮成句句子</a>先可以做決定：句子 1 用 <b>disturbing</b> 嚟形容一套<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%9A%E6%85%84%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="驚慄片">驚慄片</a>，而句子 2 就用 <b>disturbing</b> 嚟形容某個人所發出嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="噪音">噪音</a>。一般會認為喺前者嘅情況當中，<b>disturbing</b> 比較可能係指<b>令人不安</b>，而喺後者嘅情況入面，呢隻字就比較可能係指<b>令人覺得佢煩</b>。而且「啲人傾向點用 <b>disturbing</b> 呢隻字」呢點有可能隨時間演變，所以做翻譯嗰陣又要諗埋句句子係幾時寫低嘅。一個做翻譯嘅 AI 程式一定要考慮嗮咁多因素先可以俾<a href="/wiki/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Output">輸出</a><sup id="cite_ref-statsbrown_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statsbrown-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai%2C_2005.jpg/500px-Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai%2C_2005.jpg/750px-Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai%2C_2005.jpg/1000px-Sign_in_a_toilet_in_Shanghai%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="簡體中文">簡體中文</a>牌啲英文譯到鬼五馬六；好多廿世紀嘅人都低估咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>呢家嘢有幾咁複雜－佢哋成日都諗住翻譯只不過係將啲字換做目標語文裏面「對應」嘅字，但事實表明，噉做通常會出令人啼笑皆非嘅<a href="/wiki/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Output">輸出</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉雜應用"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E9.9B.9C.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>拉雜應用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 拉雜應用"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spammed-mail-folder.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/300px-Spammed-mail-folder.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/450px-Spammed-mail-folder.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/600px-Spammed-mail-folder.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>一個充滿咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="垃圾電郵">垃圾電郵</a>嘅郵箱</figcaption></figure> <p>除咗以上呢啲，NLP 仲可以攞嚟做： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="反垃圾電郵技術">反垃圾電郵技術</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係攞一封<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="電郵">電郵</a>做 <code>input</code>，<code>output</code> 俾出「封電郵係咪<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="垃圾電郵">垃圾電郵</a>」。反垃圾電郵技術可以想像成簡單嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="監督式學習">監督式學習</a>，研究者可以俾隻 NLP 程式睇一大拃嘅正常電郵（0）同垃圾電郵（1），然後叫隻程式分析兩種電郵有咩分別－例如垃圾電郵好多時都係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A" title="廣告">廣告</a>，會成日出現「你可以買」或者「快啲去買」等嘅字詞，而且喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>等嘅多種語文入面垃圾電郵亦成日會有成句都<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%8E" title="大階">大階</a>噉嘅情況，於是研究者可以用 n-gram 嚟分析兩種電郵，教隻程式計 <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaedd5c32e21c788177fdf980449176841df1056" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"></span> 封電郵係垃圾 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddcc2e0b63522a705c3c691777c9f342806b19d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.647ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |}"></span> 封電郵入面出現咗「快啲去買」 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/775c8f99fbc2db4ef20dd618a468f110bae7bd76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle )}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>等嘅好多個機率－最後決定 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaedd5c32e21c788177fdf980449176841df1056" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"></span> 封電郵係垃圾 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/775c8f99fbc2db4ef20dd618a468f110bae7bd76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle )}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eaedd5c32e21c788177fdf980449176841df1056" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.399ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(}"></span> 封電郵唔係垃圾 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/775c8f99fbc2db4ef20dd618a468f110bae7bd76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:0.905ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle )}"></span> 邊個數值大啲。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7" title="詞義消歧">詞義消歧</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指幫文字同語言解決<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a>嘅問題：自然語言啲字詞好多時都有多個可能嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9" title="詞義">詞義</a>，而 WSD 就係指教電腦撞到呢種情況嗰陣，同每隻有多詞義嘅字詞搵出正確意思；例如係以下嘅思路噉<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－ <ul><li>想像<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語義距離">語義距離</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅概念，語義距離最基本上係指兩隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>之間喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">表示嘅意思</a>上爭幾遠；例如用簡化嘅例子講，<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a></b>同<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a></b>呢兩隻字嘅語義距離就好接近（兩隻字都係分別表示緊一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>，而且兩隻字表示嘅動物好相似），而<b>狼</b>同<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2" title="雲">雲</a></b>呢兩隻字嘅語義距離就相對遠（兩隻字表示嘅事物冇乜啦掕）；語義距離有好多方法計，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a>同相關嘅技術<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；</li> <li>攞有歧義嗰隻字嚟睇，<a href="/wiki/Foreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">foreach</a> 可能意思，計吓嗰個可能意思同周圍啲字（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a>）之間嘅語義距離有幾遠；</li> <li>揀同周圍啲字語義距離最短嗰個意思。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="文本情感分析">文本情感分析</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指「攞一段文字做 input，再俾出段字入面『包含咩<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>』做 output；例如想像家陣有班做<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%8A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="營銷">營銷</a>嘅工作者想做<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="市場調查">市場調查</a>，佢哋走去同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="社交媒體">社交媒體</a>合作，睇啲用家嘅留言（文字數據），想由呢啲數據度得知用家對隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="產品">產品</a>有乜睇法；喺最簡單嗰種情況下，佢哋可以簡單噉數某啲字同句子出現得有幾密，例如數吓隻產品個名有幾常同「好鍾意」或者「正」等嘅字眼出現喺同一句句子入面<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，進階啲嘅做法仲會用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="深度神經網絡">深度神經網絡</a>將啲句子分類－包括係教電腦分辨出邊句句子係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>描述性質嘅（呢啲句子冇乜機會透露寫嗰個人嘅情緒，所以要忽視）呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="心理測量">心理測量</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係設計<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a>嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>嘅方法，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a>就係量度緊<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>（一種心理特性）嘅心理測驗，設計途中用到好多嚴格指標判定個測驗係咪得；喺 2020 年代尾，心理測量界開始興起用 NLP 整心理測驗，例如對<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>嘅心理測量噉－創意嘅心理測量喺廿世紀不嬲係個大問題，有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知心理學家">認知心理學家</a>指出，創意<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>上就係要諗啲同主流見解唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E9%A0%AD" title="諗頭">諗頭</a>，所以可以用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語義距離">語義距離</a>嘅概念諗（詳情可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="潛在語義分析">潛在語義分析</a>），愈有創意嘅人理應會愈能夠（例如）寫出啲同主流意見語義距離遠嘅字句，又或者因為能夠諗出好多唔同嘅諗頭，而能夠做到自己寫嘅唔同文字之間語義距離遠<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；呢啲噉嘅研究喺 2020 年代初經已取得初步嘅成功<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="語音識別">語音識別</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指「攞一段講嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>做 input，再俾出段說話對應嘅文字做 output」；呢種工作可以好困難，因為文字同講嘢嘅語言係好唔同嘅兩樣嘢，例如人喺寫嘢嗰陣每隻字之間嘅界線都好清楚，而喺英文等用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="字母">字母</a>寫嘢嘅文字裏面，字之間仲會有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC" title="空格">空格</a>隔開；相比之下，人講嘢嗰陣好少可會喺字之間明顯噉停低，而且仲會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="共同發音">共同發音</a>（指一吓講嘢嘅聲受打前或者打後嗰個音影響）等嘅現象；因為噉，直接將上面講到嗰啲（多數係用嚟處理文字嘅）技術直接攞去做語音識別多數都搞唔掂。語音識別亦都因而發展出一套有別於文字 NLP 嘅技術<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="語音合成">語音合成</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語料庫語言學">語料庫語言學</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>泛指用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a>嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a>；語料庫語言學最簡單最常見嘅做法係數某啲嘢喺語料庫入面<b>出現得幾密</b>，例如家陣有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>想研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">人點樣學</a>英文嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="第二語言">第二語言</a>，語言學家可以去英文語料庫度攞料，睇啲用英文做第二語言嘅人產生嘅語料（假設個語料庫有齊嗮必要嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B9%BC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="中繼資料">中繼資料</a>，講明嗮每份語料嘅產生者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>係乜），睇吓呢啲語料入面<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>出錯嘅頻率會唔會受產生者嘅年紀（繼續假設個語料庫有呢啲中繼資料）影響。呢類噉嘅研究成日會用到 NLP 技術－例如啲語料字數好多時閒閒哋以百萬計，所以要數「每份語料入面有幾多次文法出錯」實要靠<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">電腦程式</a>幫手<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="認知研究"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>認知研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 認知研究"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/300px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/450px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg/600px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>一個人腦由左邊睇嘅圖解；幅圖標明咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%AB%BE%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%80" title="布諾卡區">布諾卡區</a>（Broca）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%80" title="韋力卡區">韋力卡區</a>（Wernicke）嘅位置－呢兩個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="語言認知">語言認知</a>嚟講好重要。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a></div> <p>NLP 同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>關係相當密切。認知語言學係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>嘅一門，專門研究語言相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>－例如研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>邊啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>有份幫人理解語言<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。原則上，喺 NLP 技術出現之前，人腦係唯一一樣已知有能力處理語言文字嘅物體，所以 NLP 技術大可以參考認知語言研究，並且透過「模仿人腦嘅語言功能」達致處理到語言<sup id="cite_ref-jackson2018_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson2018-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E8%A9%B1%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="心靈話假說">心靈話假說</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係「NLP 參考認知語言學上嘅諗頭」嘅一個出名例子：心靈話假說係廿一世紀初認知語言學上嘅一個諗頭，個諗頭建基於一啲對語言現象嘅觀察－例如人成日都會話覺得自己可以<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%85%A7%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="腦內言語">喺腦入面同自己講嘢</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而提倡呢個睇法嘅研究者主張<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>人腦內部有所謂嘅「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈話">心靈話</a>」，即係腦內嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">思緒</a>好似語言噉有特定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>；</li> <li>一個人<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗嘢</a>嗰時就係將啲思緒組成一句句「心靈話句子」，例如一個人諗緊「阿莊生得好高」，佢個腦入面<b>阿莊</b>同<b>高</b>呢兩個諗法（腦入面嘅某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="腦活動">活動</a>）以某啲句法組合成連繫，</li> <li>而如果佢想將呢段思緒講出嚟或者寫出嚟，佢個腦入面就會將嗰兩個諗法同諗法之間嘅連繫「翻譯」做想用嘅語文。</li></ul> <p>到咗 2020 年代初，心靈話假說依然有咁上下爭議性，唔少認知語言學家仲喺度拗緊「心靈話假說係咪能夠準確噉描述人腦入面發生嘅事」。不過無可爭議嘅係，用心靈話假說嘅諗法嚟做 NLP 經已取得咗一定嘅成功<sup id="cite_ref-jackson2018_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson2018-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：唔少 NLP 應用都會用<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="人工神經網絡">人工神經網絡</a>（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9E%E8%BF%B4%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="遞迴神經網絡">遞迴神經網絡</a>）嘅做法，用一個人工神經網絡處理資訊，然後將第一個神經網絡嘅 <a href="/wiki/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="Output">output</a> 設嚟做另一個神經網絡嘅 <a href="/wiki/Input" class="mw-redirect" title="Input">input</a>，要第二個神經網絡將啲資訊轉換做語言或者文字－彷彿好似第一個網絡係「處理緊心靈話」噉，而就算將「人工神經網絡」換做第隻運算方法，上述嘅道理都行得通<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。噉講即係話，姑且勿論心靈話假說係咪準確噉描述得到人腦嘅語言認知，基於心靈話假說或者類似諗頭整出嚟嘅技術能夠俾到令人滿意嘅結果。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">原則上，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="寫嘢">寫嘢</a>用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>係兩樣好唔同嘅嘢。呢篇文主要講對文字嘅 NLP，而且假定咗啲文字反映<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="口語">口語</a>；有關對講嘢嘅語言嘅處理，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="語音識別">語音識別</a>等嘅課題。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有關呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="數學符號">數學符號</a>嘅詳情，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" title="概率論">概率論</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">喺某啲語文當中，仲要諗埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過要考慮<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a>：就算有串可能字符喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="語料">語料</a>裏面出現咗 0 次，現實嘅 NLP 通常都會設佢嘅機率做一個極細嘅非 0 數值。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">順帶一提，即係話 n-gram 係<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E9%8F%88" title="馬可夫鏈">馬可夫鏈</a>嘅一種。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">想理解呢啲數學符號嘅意思，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" title="概率論">概率論</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過都有人指出，以廿一世紀初嘅語料庫嚟講，得嗰百幾萬字算係有啲細。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∑</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1d4e06539576633987e902f402ed46728d573b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:3.355ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum }"></span> 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%B8%BD" title="加總">加總</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">呢種做法亦有問題－同一樣資訊可能有多種表達法，例如篇文要講件產品嘅價錢，可以用「XX 嘅價錢係」或者「XX 賣咁多錢」等嘅多款句子，款款可能句子都同佢整個 <code>template</code> 未必得。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B3%E8%91%89" title="顳葉">顳葉</a>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="數據科學">數據科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="大數據">大數據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="特徵選擇">特徵選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="運算創意">運算創意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="對話系統">對話系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B0%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7" title="聰明玩具">聰明玩具</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="提示工程">提示工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼人文學">數碼人文學</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:3"> <ul><li>Bates, M. (1995). "Models of natural language understanding". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 92 (22): 9977-9982. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.22.9977. PMC 40721. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7479812?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7479812</a>.</li> <li>Bentley, F., Tollmar, K., Stephenson, P., Levy, L., Jones, B., Robertson, S., ... & Wilson, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2503823">Health Mashups: Presenting statistical patterns between wellbeing data and context in natural language to promote behavior change</a> (PDF). <i>ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)</i>, 20(5), 1-27，用 NLP 技術嘅 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="流動應用程式">apps</a> 鼓勵人改變佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="人類行為">行為</a>。</li> <li>Bird, S., Klein, E., & Loper, E. (2009). <i>Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc.</li> <li>Bubeck, S., Chandrasekaran, V., Eldan, R., Gehrke, J., Horvitz, E., Kamar, E., ... & Zhang, Y. (2023). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.12712.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3rkSQw2fB8CjCHtKmnunn4G-_w9jCkRZbu-pUZRpHeBN_99oUsF-IdhGk">Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4</a></i> (PDF). arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.12712，依篇文講到<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="語言模型">語言模型</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPT-4 (無呢版)">GPT-4</a> 展示嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="普遍人工智能">普遍人工智能</a>。</li> <li>Kurdi, M. Z. (2016). <i>Natural language processing and computational linguistics: speech, morphology and syntax</i> (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons.</li> <li>Kurdi, M. Z. (2017). <i>Natural language processing and computational linguistics 2: semantics, discourse and applications</i> (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.</li> <li>Lee, J., Chen, L., Lam, C., Lau, C. M., & Tsui, T. H. (2022, June). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.711.pdf">PyCantonese: Cantonese linguistics and NLP in python</a> (PDF). In <i>Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i> (pp. 6607-6611)，依篇文簡介 <a href="/w/index.php?title=PyCantonese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PyCantonese (無呢版)">PyCantonese</a>，一個可以攞嚟做粵語 NLP 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E5%BC%8F%E5%BA%AB" title="函式庫">函式庫</a>。</li> <li>McIntyre, N., & Lapata, M. (2009, August). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/P09-1025.pdf">Learning to tell tales: A data-driven approach to story generation</a> (PDF). In <i>Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP</i> (pp. 217-225).</li> <li>Nguyen, D., Doğruöz, A. S., Rosé, C. P., & De Jong, F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/coli/article/42/3/537/1536/Computational-Sociolinguistics-A-Survey">Computational sociolinguistics: A survey</a>. <i>Computational linguistics</i>, 42(3), 537-593，呢篇文用 NLP 方法研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="社會語言學">社會語言學</a>，包括研究啲人點樣透過電腦嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a>、點樣教電腦自動噉透過分析文字嚟搵出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%AC%BA%E5%87%8C" title="網上欺凌">網上欺凌</a>、點樣透過啲人寫嘅字嚟搵出佢啲特性（例如由用字睇得出係男定女）... 呀噉。</li> <li>Schütze, H., Manning, C. D., & Raghavan, P. (2008). <i>Introduction to information retrieval</i> (Vol. 39, pp. 234-265). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Official html and pdf versions available without charge.</li> <li>Taskin, Z., & Al, U. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OIR-07-2018-0217/full/html">Natural language processing applications in library and information science</a> (PDF). <i>Online Information Review</i>，呢篇文<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0%E6%96%87" title="綜述文">綜述</a>咗 NLP 技術喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a>上有乜用。</li> <li>Wu, T., Ma, W., Wen, S., Xia, X., Paris, C., Nepal, S., & Xiang, Y. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3483332">Analysis of trending topics and text-based channels of information delivery in cybersecurity</a> (PDF). <i>ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)</i>, 22(2), 1-27.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>篇文用咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="行話">行話</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="專有名詞">專有名詞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>名如下： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">natural language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ambiguity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">sarcasm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">symbolic AI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">text corpus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Corpus of English，ICE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">British National Corpus，BNC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Corpus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">metadata</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">low-resource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">tokenization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">lemmatization</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">stop word</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">parse tree</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">named-entity recognition，NER</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">part-of-speech tagging，POS tagging</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">information retrieval</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">information extraction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">machine translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">anti-spam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">word-sense disambiguation，WSD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">semantic distance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">sentiment analysis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">psychometrics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">speech recognition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">corpus linguistics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cognitive linguistics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">language of thought hypothesis，LOTH</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>篇文引用咗以下呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-collobert2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-collobert2011_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-collobert2011_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-collobert2011_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Collobert, R., Weston, J., Bottou, L., Karlen, M., Kavukcuoglu, K., & Kuksa, P. (2011). Natural language processing (almost) from scratch. <i>Journal of machine learning research</i>, 12(Aug), 2493-2537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.mathworks.com/discovery/natural-language-processing.html">Data analytics with human language data</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209041010/https://au.mathworks.com/discovery/natural-language-processing.html">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年12月9號，..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, A. L., Pietra, V. J. D., & Pietra, S. A. D. (1996). A maximum entropy approach to natural language processing. <i>Computational linguistics</i>, 22(1), 39-71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Groves, M., & Mundt, K. (2015). Friend or foe? Google Translate in language for academic purposes. <i>English for Specific Purposes</i>, 37, 112-121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdul-Kader, S. A., & Woods, J. C. (2015). Survey on chatbot design techniques in speech conversation systems. <i>International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications</i>, 6(7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bird2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bird2009_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bird2009_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird, S., Klein, E., & Loper, E. (2009). <i>Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyons, John (1991). <i>Natural Language and Universal Grammar</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rockwell, P. A. (2006). <i>Sarcasm and Other Mixed Messages: The Ambiguous Ways People Use Language</i>. Edwin Mellen Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kongthon, Alisa; Sangkeettrakarn, Chatchawal; Kongyoung, Sarawoot; Haruechaiyasak, Choochart (October 27–30, 2009). Implementing an online help desk system based on conversational agent. <i>MEDES '09: The International Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems</i>. France: ACM.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koskenniemi, Kimmo (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~koskenni/doc/Two-LevelMorphology.pdf">Two-level morphology: A general computational model of word-form recognition and production</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221032913/http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/~koskenni/doc/Two-LevelMorphology.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年12月21號，. (PDF), Department of General Linguistics, University of Helsinki.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forcada, M. L., Ginestí-Rosell, M., Nordfalk, J., O’Regan, J., Ortiz-Rojas, S., Pérez-Ortiz, J. A., ... & Tyers, F. M. (2011). Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation. <i>Machine translation</i>, 25(2), 127-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charoenpornsawat, P., Sornlertlamvanich, V., & Charoenporn, T. (2002). Improving translation quality of rule-based machine translation. In <i>COLING-02: machine translation in Asia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, M. (2009, March). How the statistical revolution changes (computational) linguistics. In <i>Proceedings of the EACL 2009 Workshop on the Interaction between Linguistics and Computational Linguistics: Virtuous, Vicious or Vacuous?</i> (pp. 3-11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, P. F., Desouza, P. V., Mercer, R. L., Pietra, V. J. D., & Lai, J. C. (1992). Class-based n-gram models of natural language. <i>Computational linguistics</i>, 18(4), 467-479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jurafsky, D., & Martin, J. H. (2021). <i>Speech and Language Processing</i>. Stanford University. Ch. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millington2019582584-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-millington2019582584_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Millington, I. (2019). <i>AI for Games</i>. CRC Press. p. 582-584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russell2002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russell2002_27-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-russell2002_27-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2002). <i>Artificial intelligence: a Modern Approach</i>. Pearson. Ch. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirknelson2018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kirknelson2018_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk, J., & Nelson, G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/weng.12350">The International Corpus of English project: A progress report</a> (PDF). <i>World Englishes</i>, 37(4), 697-716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanke, T., Schulder, M., Konrad, R., & Jahn, E. (2020, May). Extending the Public DGS Corpus in size and depth. In <i>Proceedings of the LREC2020 9th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Sign Language Resources in the Service of the Language Community, Technological Challenges and Application Perspectives</i> (pp. 75-82).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Culpeper, J. (2009). <i>The metalanguage of impoliteness: using Sketch Engine to explore the Oxford English Corpus</i>. na.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sketchengine.eu/oxford-english-corpus/">The Oxford English Corpus</a>". <i>Sketch Engine</i>. Lexical Computing CZ s.r.o. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Renouf, A., & Kehoe, A. (2013). Filling the gaps: Using the WebCorp Linguist's Search Engine to supplement existing text resources. <i>International Journal of Corpus Linguistics</i>, 18(2), 167-198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ice-corpora.net/ice/index.html">International Corpus of English (ICE) Homepage</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.ox.ac.uk/~martinw/dlc/chapter3.htm#section">What is metadata and why do you need it?</a>. <i>Developing Linguistic Corpora: a Guide to Good Practice</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, E. K. Y. (2022, October). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.vardial-1.4.pdf">Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation: A Case Study of Cantonese</a> (PDF). In <i>Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects</i> (pp. 28-40).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://towardsdatascience.com/linguistic-knowledge-in-natural-language-processing-332630f43ce1">Linguistic Knowledge in Natural Language Processing</a>. <i>Towards Data Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeger, Paul (2005). <i>Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, Thomas; Cotterell, Ryan; Fraser, Alexander; Schütze, Hinrich (2015). Joint Lemmatization and Morphological Tagging with LEMMING. <i>2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing</i>. Lisbon: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 2268-2274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajaraman, A.; Ullman, J. D. (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.stanford.edu/~ullman/mmds/ch1.pdf">Data Mining</a>" (PDF). <i>Mining of Massive Datasets</i>. pp. 1–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Noam Chomsky (26 December 2014). <i>Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</i>. MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadeau, David; Sekine, Satoshi (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nlp.cs.nyu.edu/sekine/papers/li07.pdf">A survey of named entity recognition and classification</a></i> (PDF). Lingvisticae Investigationes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POStags-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-POStags_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/pos-tagging-using-conditional-random-fields-92077e5eaa31">NLP Guide: Identifying Part of Speech Tags using Conditional Random Fields</a>. <i>Medium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones2000a-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jones2000a_57-0">33.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jones2000a_57-1">33.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Spärck Jones, K.; Walker, S.; Robertson, S. E. (2000). "A probabilistic model of information retrieval: Development and comparative experiments: Part 1". <i>Information Processing & Management</i>. 36 (6): 779-808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones2000b-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jones2000b_58-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jones2000b_58-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Spärck Jones, K.; Walker, S.; Robertson, S. E. (2000). "A probabilistic model of information retrieval: Development and comparative experiments: Part 2". <i>Information Processing & Management</i>. 36 (6): 809-840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan, Hinrich Schütze. <i>An Introduction to Information Retrieval</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Altman, Alon; Moshe Tennenholtz (2005). "Ranking Systems: The PageRank Axioms". <i>Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Electronic commerce (EC-05)</i>. Vancouver, BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinberg, Jon (December 1999). <i>Hubs, Authorities, and Communities</i>. Cornell University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">FREITAG, DAYNE. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~guvenir/courses/CS550/Seminar/freitag2000-ml.pdf">Machine Learning for Information Extraction in Informal Domains</a>" (PDF). 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitkov, Ruslan (2003). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. p.754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statsbrown-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-statsbrown_68-0">40.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-statsbrown_68-1">40.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, P. F., Cocke, J., Pietra, S. A. D., Pietra, V. J. D., Jelinek, F., Lafferty, J. D., ... & Roossin, P. S. (1990). A statistical approach to machine translation. <i>Computational linguistics</i>, 16(2), 79-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Somers, H. (1999). Example-based machine translation. <i>Machine translation</i>, 14(2), 113-157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systransoft.com/lp/machine-translation/">Machine Translation | SYSTRAN Technologies</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/disturbing">Definition of 'disturbing'</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onehourtranslation.com/translation/blog/importance-context-translation">Importance of Context in Translation</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215704/https://www.onehourtranslation.com/translation/blog/importance-context-translation">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年1月26號，..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Xie, S., Wang, G., Lin, S., & Yu, P. S. (2012, August). Review spam detection via temporal pattern discovery. In <i>Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining</i> (pp. 823-831).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Firte, L., Lemnaru, C., & Potolea, R. (2010, August). Spam detection filter using KNN algorithm and resampling. In <i>Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 6th international conference on intelligent computer communication and processing</i> (pp. 27-33). IEEE.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamantini, C.; Mircoli, A.; Potena, D.; Storti, E. (2015-06-01). "Semantic disambiguation in a social information discovery system". <i>2015 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS)</i>: 326-333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Agirre, E., & Rigau, G. (1997). A proposal for word sense disambiguation using conceptual distance. <i>AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE SERIES</i> 4, 161-172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vong Anh Ho, Duong Huynh-Cong Nguyen, Danh Hoang Nguyen, Linh Thi-Van Pham, Duc-Vu Nguyen, Kiet Van Nguyen, Ngan Luu-Thuy Nguyen. "Emotion Recognition for Vietnamese Social Media Text". In <i>Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics (PACLING 2019)</i>, Hanoi, Vietnam (2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pang, Bo; Lee, Lillian (2008). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee/opinion-mining-sentiment-analysis-survey.html">4.1.2 Subjectivity Detection and Opinion Identification</a>". <i>Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis</i>. Now Publishers Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenett, Y. N. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154618301098">What can quantitative measures of semantic distance tell us about creativity?</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences</i>, 27, 11-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, J. A., Nahas, J., Chmoulevitch, D., Cropper, S. J., & Webb, M. E. (2021). Naming unrelated words predicts creativity. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 118(25).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Nguyen (2010). "Automatic classification of speaker characteristics". <i>International Conference on Communications and Electronics 2010</i>. pp. 147-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gries, S. T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00149.x">What is corpus linguistics?</a> (PDF). <i>Language and linguistics compass</i>, 3(5), 1225-1241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, N. C. (2019). Essentials of a theory of language cognition. <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>, 103, 39-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson2018-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jackson2018_93-0">56.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jackson2018_93-1">56.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson Jr, P. C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918323378">Natural language in the Common Model of Cognition</a>. <i>Procedia computer science</i>, 145, 699-709.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coppola, M., & Brentari, D. (2014). From iconic handshapes to grammatical contrasts: longitudinal evidence from a child homesigner. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>, 5, 830.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fodor, Jerry A. (1975-01-01). <i>The Language of Thought</i>. Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdel Monem, A., Shaalan, K., Rafea, A., Baraka, H., <i>Generating Arabic Text in Multilingual Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation Framework</i>, Machine Translation, Springer, Netherlands, 20(4): 205-258, December 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="語言資源">語言資源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="口語語料庫">口語語料庫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="PropBank" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="PropBank"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PropBank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PropBank (無呢版)">PropBank</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PropBank" class="extiw" title="en:PropBank"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PropBank</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="詞庫資源">詞庫資源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%80%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="機械可讀字典">機械可讀字典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E6%8E%A7%E8%A9%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="受控詞表">受控詞表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E5%85%B8_(%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96)" title="索引典 (資訊提取)">索引典</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="語言模型">語言模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大型語言模型">大型語言模型</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a>（<a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E5%BA%A6%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義相似度網絡">語義相似度網絡</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="對等字詞">對等字詞</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Dependencies" class="extiw" title="en:Universal Dependencies">普世依賴項</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EOT_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/EOT_icon.svg/150px-EOT_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/EOT_icon.svg/225px-EOT_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/EOT_icon.svg/300px-EOT_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5" title="句">句</a>層次</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="文字分割" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%88%86%E5%89%B2" title="文字分割">文字分割</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%88%87%E5%89%B2" title="字切割">字切割</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E5%88%87%E5%89%B2" title="句子切割">句子切割</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E8%99%9F%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記號化">記號化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="詞法分析">詞法分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" title="淺度解析">淺度解析</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">N-gram</a>（<a href="/wiki/2-gram" title="2-gram">2-gram</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/3-gram" title="3-gram">3-gram</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F" title="詞形還原">詞形還原</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" title="詞幹提取">詞幹提取</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="命名實體識別">命名實體識別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E8%A9%9E%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="合成詞處理">合成詞處理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%BE%A8%E8%AA%8D" title="語言辨認">語言辨認</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E" title="停用詞">停用詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A2%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="字袋模型">字袋模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AD%E9%85%8D%E8%A9%9E%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96" title="搭配詞抽取">搭配詞抽取</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%89%87%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94%E5%BC%8F" title="正則表達式">Regex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90" title="解析">解析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tf-idf" title="Tf-idf">Tf-idf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>層次</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7" title="詞義消歧">詞義消歧</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="詞義歸納">詞義歸納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A7%92%E8%89%B2%E6%A8%99%E7%B1%A4" title="語義角色標籤">語義角色標籤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A3#指代解決" title="指代">指代解決</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="文本情感分析">情感分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="自然語言理解">自然語言理解</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="本體學習">本體學習</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%90" title="自動總結">自動總結</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" title="句子提取">句子提取</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B0%A1%E5%8C%96" title="文字簡化">文字簡化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%90" title="多文件總結">多文件總結</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="主題模型">主題模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AA%94%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="文檔分類">文檔分類</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E6%8E%A2%E5%8B%98" title="概念探勘">概念探勘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E8%98%8A%E6%B6%B5" title="文本蘊涵">文本蘊涵</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="分佈語義">分佈語義</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語義距離">語義距離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="文件詞彙矩陣">文件詞彙矩陣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="外顯語義分析">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="潛在語義分析">潛在</a>語義分析</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5" title="字嵌入">字嵌入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">機械翻譯</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%99%A8" title="翻譯器">翻譯器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8B%E5%AD%90%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="例子為本機械翻譯">例子為本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="規則為本機械翻譯">規則為本</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="統計機械翻譯">統計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="轉移為本機械翻譯">轉移為本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="神經機械翻譯">神經為本</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="自然語言用家介面">用家介面</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="聲用家介面">聲用家介面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="傾偈機械人">傾偈機械人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E7%AD%94%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="問答系統">問答系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="虛擬助理">虛擬助理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="互動式小說">互動式小說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">第啲應用</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" title="資訊提取">提取</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96" title="資訊抽取">抽取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E6%8A%BD%E5%8F%96" title="詞彙抽取">詞彙抽取</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%95%E9%96%B1" title="電腦輔助評閱">電腦輔助評閱</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" title="拼寫檢查">拼寫檢查</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5" title="文法檢查">文法檢查</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E8%A9%95%E5%88%86" title="自動文章評分">自動評分</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="反垃圾電郵技術">反垃圾電郵技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81%E5%88%AE%E6%96%99" title="網頁刮料">網頁刮料</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86" title="自動資料收集">自動資料收集</a>（語音<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="語音識別">識別</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%88%86%E5%89%B2" title="語音分割">分割</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="光學字符識別">光學字符識別</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="語音合成">語音合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" title="自然語言生成">自然語言生成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%8E%A2%E5%8B%98" title="文本探勘">文本探勘</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%99%E8%B7%9D%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80" title="遙距閱讀">遙距閱讀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="提示工程">提示工程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關技術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%AE%B1" title="自然語言工具箱">自然語言工具箱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROUGE_(%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0%E6%BA%96%E5%89%87)" title="ROUGE (評估準則)">ROUGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2" title="語義網">語義網</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>同 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8" title="人工智能完全">AI 完全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%B2%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="字串搜尋演算法">字串搜尋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%B0%E6%83%91%E5%BA%A6" title="困惑度">困惑度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E8%A8%98" title="速記">速記</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語料庫語言學">語料庫語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算語言學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼人文學">數碼人文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="文獻計量學">文獻計量學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AD%B8" title="市場學">市場學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="Category:自然語言處理">NLP 類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="人工智能（AICategory:有拉丁文嘅文章）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Template:人工智能"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:人工智能 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="人工智能（AICategory:有拉丁文嘅文章）" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>（<span lang="la" title="拉丁文文字"><b>AI</b></span>）</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究「點樣人工噉創造智能體」嘅學問">研究「點樣人工噉創造<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a>」嘅學問</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="超智能">超智能</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="演算法">演算法</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%B7%A8%E5%AF%AB" title="電腦程式編寫">電腦程式編寫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C" title="複雜">複雜</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%BC%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87%E5%98%85%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="基於規則嘅系統">基於規則嘅系統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8" title="人工智能完全">AI 完全</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="人工智能詞彙表">AI 詞彙表</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy-1751201_1280.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anatomy-1751201_1280.png/180px-Anatomy-1751201_1280.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anatomy-1751201_1280.png/270px-Anatomy-1751201_1280.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anatomy-1751201_1280.png/360px-Anatomy-1751201_1280.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">運算方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="符號人工智能">符號 AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="貝葉斯網絡">貝葉斯網絡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="人工神經網絡">神經網絡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="進化演算法">進化演算法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="遺傳演算法">遺傳演算法</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%BE%97%E5%98%85_AI" title="解釋得嘅 AI">解釋得嘅 AI</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重要問題</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="自動推理">自動推理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="行動選擇">行動選擇</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="自動計劃">自動計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%A6%8F%E5%8A%83" title="運動規劃">運動規劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E9%AB%94%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="群體智能">群體智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="情感運算">情感運算</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="性格運算">性格運算</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A3%E7%93%A3%E6%8E%82%E7%8E%A9%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="瓣瓣掂玩遊戲">瓣瓣掂玩遊戲</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="機械感知">機械感知</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="電腦視覺">電腦視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E6%AA%A2%E6%B8%AC" title="邊緣檢測">邊緣檢測</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%AF%AB%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="手寫辨識">手寫辨識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94%E6%AA%A2%E6%B8%AC" title="物體檢測">物體檢測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="深度學習">深度學習</a>）<br /> </p> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NLP</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="語音識別">語音識別</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">機械翻譯</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="運算創意">運算創意</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="強人工智能">強 AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E4%BD%9C%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="協作智能">協作智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86" title="自動資料收集">自動資料收集</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%98%85%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8" title="人工智能嘅應用">AI 應用</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E5%98%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="電子遊戲嘅人工智能">遊戲 AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="專家系統">專家系統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%A7%95%E8%BB%8A" title="自駕車">自駕車</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="傾偈機械人">傾偈機械人</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="認人樣系統">認人樣系統</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="虛擬助理">虛擬助理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B0%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7" title="聰明玩具">聰明玩具</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="智能感應器">智能感應器</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="環境智能">環境智能</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">AI 哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="圖靈測試">圖靈測試</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%88%BF%E9%96%93" title="中文房間">中文房間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E7%AE%B1" title="人工智能箱">AI 箱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%9B%E8%AE%8A" title="人工智能叛變">AI 叛變</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%98%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="友好嘅人工智能">友好嘅 AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="機械人三定律">機械人三定律</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="人工智能史">AI 史</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88" class="mw-redirect" title="圖靈">圖靈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%8E%E8%B0%B7" title="人工智能低谷">AI 低谷</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="認知科學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學">電腦科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="軟件工程">軟件工程</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="應用數學">應用數學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="控制理論">控制理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7" title="智能放大">智能放大</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="機械人">機械人</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%BD%A2%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="人形機械人">人形機械人</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="元宇宙">元宇宙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E9%BB%9E" title="科技奇異點">科技奇異點</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="通用心理測量">通用心理測量</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="Category:人工智能">AI 類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="電腦科學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:電腦科學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:電腦科學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="電腦科學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學">電腦科學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究運算嘅科學工程領域">研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="工程">工程</a>領域</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重要概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/I/O" title="I/O">I/O</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="運算邏輯">運算邏輯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E8%AB%96" title="數論">數論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%88%B6" title="二進制">二進制</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="數學邏輯">數學邏輯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E6%95%A3%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="離散數學">離散數學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E8%AB%96" title="圖論">圖論</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96_(%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8)" title="抽象化 (電腦科學)">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="電腦科學詞彙表">電腦科學詞彙表</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Binario_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Binario_cropped.png/150px-Binario_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Binario_cropped.png/225px-Binario_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Binario_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="理論電腦科學">電腦理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="運算理論" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="運算理論">運算理論</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="自動機理論">自動機理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="可運算度理論">可運算度理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="運算複雜度理論">運算複雜度理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88%E6%A9%9F" title="圖靈機">圖靈機</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="量子運算">量子運算</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%86%B5" title="資訊熵">資訊熵</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="編碼理論">編碼理論</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="資料類型">資料類型‎</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="數據結構">數據結構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="系統資源">系統資源</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="演算法">演算法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="演算法分析">分析</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="形式化方法">形式化方法</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">電腦系統</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="電腦架構">電腦架構</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E9%96%80" title="邏輯門">邏輯門</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A4%E9%9B%86%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="指令集架構">指令集架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="微架構">微架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="多元處理">多元處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="作業系統">作業系統</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E8%A1%8C%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="並行運算">並行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="平行運算">平行</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%95%A3%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="分散運算">分散</a>運算<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD" title="電腦性能">性能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="超級電腦">超級電腦</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">電腦通訊</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="電腦網絡">電腦網絡</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" title="網絡傳輸協議">網絡傳輸協議</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%8B%93%E6%A8%B8" title="網絡拓樸">網絡拓樸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8" title="數據傳輸">數據傳輸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網">互聯網</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="網頁設計">網頁設計</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89" title="電腦保安">電腦保安</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89" title="網絡保安">網絡保安</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E" title="漏洞">漏洞</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E5%90%8C%E6%9A%B4%E9%9C%B2" title="公共漏洞同暴露">公共漏洞同暴露</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A" title="網絡攻擊">網絡攻擊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="電腦病毒">電腦病毒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="密碼學">密碼學</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%B7%A8%E5%AF%AB" title="電腦程式編寫">程式編寫</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="程式語言理論">程式語言理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E7%B4%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="低級程式語言">低級</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="高級程式語言">高級</a>程式語言<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B" title="控制流程">控制流程</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C" title="程式執行">程式執行</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A8%E8%AD%AF%E5%99%A8" title="編譯器">編譯器</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E7%B7%A8%E5%AF%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F" title="程式編寫範式">程式編寫範式</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">電腦應用</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="數碼藝術">數碼藝術</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="電腦圖像">電腦圖像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%B6%AD%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="二維電腦圖像">2D</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B6%AD%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="三維電腦圖像">3D</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%8B%95%E7%95%AB" title="電腦動畫">電腦動畫</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E5%8C%96" title="資訊可視化">資訊可視化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83" title="虛擬實境">VR</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83" title="擴張實境">AR</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦圖像學">電腦圖像學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="電腦音樂">電腦音樂</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="軟件工程">軟件工程</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6" title="電腦軟件">電腦軟件</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="軟件開發">軟件開發</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="軟件需求">軟件需求</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="軟件項目管理">軟件項目管理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C" title="電子遊戲製作">電子遊戲製作</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">HCI</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家">用家</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6" title="易用度">易用度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="用家介面">用家介面</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="用家介面設計">設計</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="圖像用家介面">圖像</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="命令行介面">命令行</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="腦機介面">腦機</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他應用</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="資訊系統">資訊系統</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%BA%AB" title="數據庫">數據庫</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="科學運算">科學運算</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">電腦模擬</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E6%95%B8%E8%AB%96" title="運算數論">運算數論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" title="電腦代數">電腦代數</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">AI 哲學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="自動計劃">自動計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="電腦視覺">電腦視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">NLP</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="人工神經網絡">ANN</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="監督式學習">監督式學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%9B%A3%E7%9D%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="非監督式學習">非監督式學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">強化學習</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="_工程學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="電子工程">電子工程</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A8%8A" title="電訊">電訊</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="電腦工程">電腦工程</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="資訊科技">資訊科技</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="機電工程">機電工程</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯學">邏輯學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" title="博弈論">博弈論</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="模控學">模控學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="系統科學">系統科學</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:電腦科學">電腦科學類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="人機互動（大綱）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="Template:人機互動"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:人機互動 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="人機互動（大綱）" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="人機互動嘅大綱">大綱</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究「電腦要點樣同用家互動」嘅學問">研究「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>要點樣同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家">用家</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="互動">互動</a>」嘅學問</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家">用家</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E7%AB%AF%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="終端用家">終端</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="用家模型">模型</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%9E%B6%E7%94%9F" title="輸入架生">輸入</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E5%87%BA%E6%9E%B6%E7%94%9F" title="輸出架生">輸出</a>架生</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6" title="易用度">易用度</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6%E6%AA%A2%E6%B8%AC" title="易用度檢測">檢測</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" title="易用度測試">測試</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="人類處理器模型">處理器模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97" title="用家體驗">用家體驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%85%A5%E6%84%9F" title="投入感">投入感</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg/150px-Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg/225px-Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg/300px-Font_Awesome_5_regular_object-group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="用家介面">用家介面</a><br /><center>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="用家介面設計">設計</a>）</center></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="圖像用家介面">圖像</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WIMP" title="WIMP">WIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E4%BB%B6" title="控件">控件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="指標">指標</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E7%AA%97%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%93%A1" title="視窗管理員">視窗管理員</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E6%94%BE%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="縮放用家介面">縮放用家介面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E5%85%A5%E7%95%AB%E9%9D%A2" title="載入畫面">載入畫面</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="自然語言用家介面">自然語言</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="聲用家介面">聲用家介面</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B" title="聲搜尋">聲搜尋</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="對話系統">對話系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%BE%E5%81%88%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="傾偈機械人">傾偈機械人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="虛擬助理">虛擬助理</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">自然語言處理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%B8%E6%8E%A7%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="觸控用家介面">觸控</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E8%A7%B8%E5%BC%8F%E7%86%92%E5%B9%95" title="輕觸式熒幕">輕觸式熒幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%9E%E8%A7%B8%E6%8E%A7" title="多點觸控">多點觸控</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="實體用家介面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Tangible user interface"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實體用家介面 (無呢版)">實體用家介面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_user_interface" class="extiw" title="en:Tangible user interface"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tangible user interface</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">3D</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="延展實境" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%B1%95%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83" title="延展實境">延展實境</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83" title="擴張實境">擴張實境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83" title="虛擬實境">VR</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83%E9%A0%AD%E7%BD%A9" title="虛擬實境頭罩">VR 頭罩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="虛擬實境遊戲">VR 遊戲</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%AF%A6%E5%A2%83" title="混合實境">混合實境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="元宇宙">元宇宙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E9%8F%A1%E9%A0%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="虛擬鏡頭系統">虛擬鏡頭系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="虛擬世界">虛擬世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8C%87%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="手指追蹤">手指追蹤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜介面</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="文字用家介面">文字用家介面</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="命令行介面">命令行介面</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%A9%9F%E4%BB%8B%E9%9D%A2" title="腦機介面">腦機介面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E6%93%94%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA" title="承擔特質">承擔特質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="互動能力">互動能力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="智能感應器">智能感應器</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="電腦科學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學">電腦科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89" title="電腦保安">電腦保安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="軟件工程">軟件工程</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E8%A3%BD%E4%BD%9C" title="電子遊戲製作">遊戲製作</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="流動應用程式">流動應用程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" 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