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id="toc-Tree_plantations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecological_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ecological impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sugar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rubber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_palm_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_palm_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Oil palm plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_palm_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Orchards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arable_crops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arable_crops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Arable crops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arable_crops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantation_slave_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantation_slave_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Plantation slave economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plantation_slave_economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plantation slave economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plantation_slave_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>American South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Plantation: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="مزرعة واسعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزرعة واسعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantasiya" title="Plantasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plantasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Плянтацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плянтацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Плантация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плантация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C5%BEa" title="Plantaža – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plantaža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_de_plantaci%C3%B3" title="Agricultura de plantació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agricultura de plantació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%A1%C5%BE" title="Plantáž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plantáž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantage" title="Plantage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plantage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantage" title="Plantage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plantage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istandus" title="Istandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Istandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaci%C3%B3n" title="Plantación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plantación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantejo" title="Plantejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantazio" title="Plantazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plantazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کشت کلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشت کلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plantation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaazje" title="Plantaazje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plantaazje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pland%C3%A1il" title="Plandáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plandáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%9C%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="플랜테이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플랜테이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बाग़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाग़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C5%BEa" title="Plantaža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plantaža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantacerio" title="Plantacerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plantacerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Ak%E1%BB%A5_ihe_ubi" title="Ịkụ ihe ubi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ịkụ ihe ubi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkebunan" title="Perkebunan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perkebunan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantekra" title="Plantekra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plantekra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piantagione" title="Piantagione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piantagione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A2" title="מטע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ನೆಡುತೋಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೆಡುತೋಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Плантация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плантация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantasyon" title="Plantasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plantasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Плантация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плантация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C4%81cija" title="Plantācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plantācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantacija" title="Plantacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plantacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perladangan" title="Perladangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perladangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantage" title="Plantage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plantage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="プランテーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プランテーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaaj" title="Plantaaj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plantaaj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantasje" title="Plantasje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plantasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantasje" title="Plantasje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plantasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantatsiya" title="Plantatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plantatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantashi" title="Plantashi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Plantashi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantage" title="Plantage – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plantage" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantacja" title="Plantacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plantacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plantation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C8%9Bie" title="Plantație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plantație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Плантация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плантация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="වැවිලි කර්මාන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වැවිලි කර්මාන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plantation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%C3%A1%C5%BE" title="Plantáž – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plantáž" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C5%BEa" title="Plantaža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plantaža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerasho" title="Beerasho – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Beerasho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Плантажа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плантажа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C5%BEa" title="Plantaža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plantaža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaasi" title="Plantaasi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plantaasi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantage" title="Plantage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plantage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெருந்தோட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருந்தோட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ไร่ใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไร่ใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantasyon" title="Plantasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plantasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Плантація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плантація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81n" title="Đồn điền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồn điền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantation&action=edit&oldid=1208436886" title="Plantation">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-02-17T14:07:50Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantation&action=edit&undoafter=1188764542&undo=1208436886" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Meiswikepiediaeditor" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Meiswikepiediaeditor" data-mw-revid="1208436886"><bdi>Meiswikepiediaeditor</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Meiswikepiediaeditor" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Meiswikepiediaeditor">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Meiswikepiediaeditor" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Meiswikepiediaeditor">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>556</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantation&diff=next&oldid=1208436886" title="Plantation" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an ''[[engenho]]'' ("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at [[Plantation economy]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an ''[[engenho]]'' ("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at [[Plantation economy]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Thankfully slavery was abolished in The US right after the civil war.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Sugar workers on plantations in [[Cuba]] and elsewhere in the Caribbean lived in [[company town]]s known as ''[[Batey (sugar workers' town)|bateyes]]''.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== American South ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== American South ===</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 14:07, 17 February 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agricultural estate growing cash crops</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plantation (disambiguation)">Plantation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plantation" title="Special:EditPage/Plantation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Plantation%22">"Plantation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Plantation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Plantation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Plantation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Plantation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Plantation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_(5710683290).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_%285710683290%29.jpg/300px-Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_%285710683290%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_%285710683290%29.jpg/450px-Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_%285710683290%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_%285710683290%29.jpg/600px-Palm_Oil_Plantation_-_Near_Tiberias_-_Galilee_-_Israel_%285710683290%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm</a> plantation in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plantations</b> are farms specializing in <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a>, usually mainly planting a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. Plantations, centered on a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_house" title="Plantation house">plantation house</a>, grow crops including <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil seeds">oil seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palms</a>, fruits, <a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">rubber trees</a> and forest trees. <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionist</a> policies and natural <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located. </p><p>In modern use, the term usually refers only to large-scale estates. Nevertheless, before about 1800, it was the usual term for a farm of any size in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, with, as <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> noted, "farm" becoming the usual term from about <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> northward. It was used in most British colonies but very rarely in the United Kingdom itself in this sense. There, as also in America, it was used mainly for <a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">tree plantations</a>, areas artificially planted with trees, whether purely for commercial <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, or partly for ornamental effect in gardens and parks, when it might also cover plantings of garden shrubs.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the earliest examples of plantations were the <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which produced large quantities of grain, wine, and olive oil for export. Plantation agriculture proliferated with the increase in international trade and the development of a <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">worldwide economy</a> that followed the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">European colonialism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tree_plantations">Tree plantations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Tree plantation</a></div> <p>Tree plantations, in the United States often called <a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">tree farms</a>, are established for the commercial production of timber or tree products such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a> and bamboo plantations in India have given good results and an alternative crop solution to farmers of central India, where conventional farming was widespread. But due to the rising input costs of agriculture, many farmers have done teak and bamboo plantations, which require very little water (only during the first two years). Teak and bamboo have legal protection from theft. Bamboo, once planted, gives output for 50 years till flowering occurs. Teak requires 20 years to grow to full maturity and fetch returns. </p><p>These may be established for watershed or soil protection. They are established for erosion control, landslide stabilization, and windbreaks. Such plantations are established to foster native species and promote forest regeneration on degraded lands as a tool of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental restoration">environmental restoration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_impact">Ecological impact</h3></div> <p>Probably the most critical factor a plantation has on the local environment is the site where the plantation is established. In Brazil, coffee plantations would use slash-and-burn agriculture, tearing down rainforests and planting coffee trees that depleted the nutrients in soil.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the soil had been sapped, growers would move on to another place. If a natural forest is cleared for a planted forest, then a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of habitat">loss of habitat</a> will likely result. In some cases, their establishment may involve draining <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> to replace mixed <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a> that formerly predominated with pine species. If a plantation is established on abandoned agricultural land or highly degraded land, it can increase both habitat and biodiversity. A planted forest can be profitably established on lands that will not support agriculture or suffer from a lack of natural regeneration. </p><p>The tree species used in a plantation are also an important factor. Where non-native varieties or species are grown, few native faunas are adapted to exploit these, and further <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> occurs. However, even non-native tree species may serve as <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">corridors</a> for wildlife and act as a buffer for native forests, reducing <a href="/wiki/Edge_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge effect">edge effect</a>. </p><p>Once a plantation is established, managing it becomes an important environmental factor. The most critical aspect of management is the rotation period. Plantations harvested on more extended rotation periods (30 years or more) can provide similar benefits to a naturally regenerated forest managed for wood production on a similar rotation. This is especially true if native species are used. In the case of exotic species, the habitat can be improved significantly if the impact is mitigated by measures such as leaving blocks of native species in the plantation or retaining corridors of natural forest. In Brazil, similar measures are required by government regulation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg/220px-Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg/330px-Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg/440px-Sugar_cane_workers_resting_1a34016v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Sugar cane workers in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sugar">Sugar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar plantations in the Caribbean</a></div> <p>Sugar plantations were highly valued in the Caribbean by the British and French colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the use of sugar in Europe rose during this period. Sugarcane is still an important crop in Cuba. Sugar plantations also arose in countries such as Barbados and Cuba because of the natural endowments that they had. These natural endowments included soil conducive to growing sugar and a high marginal product of labor realized through the increasing number of enslaved people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubber">Rubber</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg/220px-Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg/330px-Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg/440px-Cuba_canna_da_zucchero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> plantation in rural <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plantings of the Pará rubber tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Hevea brasiliensis</a></i>) are usually called plantations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_palm_plants">Oil palm plants</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">Oil palm</a> agriculture rapidly expands across wet tropical regions and is usually developed at a plantation scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orchards">Orchards</h3></div> <p>Fruit <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> are sometimes considered to be plantations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arable_crops">Arable crops</h3></div> <p>These include <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell pepper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, especially in historical usage. </p><p>Before the rise of cotton in the American South, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> were also sometimes called plantation crops. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor,_West_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor%2C_West_Java.jpg/220px-Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor%2C_West_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor%2C_West_Java.jpg/330px-Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor%2C_West_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor%2C_West_Java.jpg/440px-Harvesting_tea_in_Bogor%2C_West_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting tea in Bogor, West Java</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> was colonized by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1610, the original colonists were called "planters", and their fishing rooms were known as "fishing plantations". These terms were used well into the 20th century. </p><p>The following three plantations are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Government of Newfoundland and Labrador">Government of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> as provincial heritage sites: </p> <ul><li>Sea-Forest Plantation was a 17th-century fishing plantation established at Cuper's Cove (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cupids" title="Cupids">Cupids</a>) under a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a>.</li> <li>Mockbeggar Plantation is an 18th-century fishing plantation at <a href="/wiki/Bonavista,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador">Bonavista</a>.</li> <li>Pool Plantation a 17th-century fishing plantation maintained by <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Kirke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Kirke">Sir David Kirke</a> and his heirs at <a href="/wiki/Ferryland,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador">Ferryland</a>. The plantation was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> invaders in 1696.</li></ul> <p>Other fishing plantations: </p> <ul><li>Bristol's Hope Plantation, a 17th-century fishing plantation established at Harbour Grace, created by the Bristol Society of Merchant-Adventurers.</li> <li>Benger Plantation, an 18th-century fishing plantation maintained by James Benger and his heirs at Ferryland. It was built on the site of a Georgia plantation.</li> <li>Piggeon's Plantation, an 18th-century fishing plantation maintained by Ellias Piggeon at Ferryland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plantation_slave_economy">Plantation slave economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/220px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/330px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png/440px-CottonpickHoustonWhere17.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>1913 photo: African-Americans picking cotton on a plantation in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plantation owners extensively used enslaved Africans to work on early plantations (such as tobacco, rice, cotton, hemp, and sugar plantations) in the American colonies and the United States, throughout the Caribbean, the Americas, and in European-occupied areas of Africa. </p><p>In modern times, the low wages typically paid to plantation workers are the basis of plantation profitability in some areas. </p><p>In more recent times, overt slavery has been replaced by <i>para-slavery</i> or <i>slavery-in-kind</i>, including the <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropping system">sharecropping system</a>, and even that has been severely reduced. At its most extreme, workers are in "<a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a>": they must work to pay off a debt at such punitive interest rates that it may never be paid off. Others work unreasonably long hours and are paid subsistence wages that (in practice) may only be spent in the <a href="/wiki/Truck_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck system">company store</a>. </p><p>In Brazil, a sugarcane plantation was termed an <i><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">engenho</a></i> ("engine"), and the 17th-century English usage for organized colonial production was "factory." Such colonial social and economic structures are discussed at <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation economy</a>. </p><p>Thankfully slavery was abolished in The US right after the civil war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_South">American South</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantation complexes in the Southern United States</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg/300px-StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg/450px-StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg/600px-StratfordHallPlantationPanoCropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a> is a classic example of Southern plantation architecture, built on an H-plan and completed in 1738 near <a href="/wiki/Lerty,_Virginia" title="Lerty, Virginia">Lerty, Virginia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seward_Plantation_House,_Independence,_Texas_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seward_Plantation_House%2C_Independence%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Seward_Plantation_House%2C_Independence%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seward_Plantation_House%2C_Independence%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Seward_Plantation_House%2C_Independence%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Seward_Plantation_House%2C_Independence%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Seward_Plantation_House%2C_Independence%2C_Texas_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The Seward Plantation is a historic Southern plantation-turned-ranch in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Texas" title="Independence, Texas">Independence, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plantation complexes were common on agricultural plantations in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> from the 17th into the 20th century. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the <a href="/wiki/Pen_(enclosure)" title="Pen (enclosure)">pens</a> for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Until the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, such plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> of enslaved people. </p><p>Plantations are an important aspect of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">history of the Southern United States</a>, particularly before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The mild <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> allowed the flourishing of large plantations, where large numbers of enslaved Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Today, as was also true in the past, there is a wide range of opinion as to what differentiated a plantation from a <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a>. Typically, the focus of a farm was <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>. In contrast, the primary focus of a plantation was the production of <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>, with enough <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> crops produced to feed the population of the estate and the livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_lifelabor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_lifelabor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had 500 to 1,000 acres (2.0 to 4.0 km<sup>2</sup>) or more of land and produced one or two cash crops for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_eoaplanag_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_eoaplanag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have attempted to define it by the number of enslaved persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_backbig_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_backbig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations" title="List of plantations">List of plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantation complexes in the Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Sugar plantations in the Caribbean</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php/Plantation">"Plantation"</a> in the <i>History of Early American Landscape Design</i>, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art (Washington DC).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/04/24/178625554/how-coffee-influenced-the-course-of-history">"How Coffee Influenced The Course Of History"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+Coffee+Influenced+The+Course+Of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2F178625554%2Fhow-coffee-influenced-the-course-of-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Guelzo, Allen C.</a> (2012). <i>Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984328-2"><bdi>978-0-19-984328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fateful+Lightning%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984328-2&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_lifelabor-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_lifelabor_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1929" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.229114"><i>Life and Labor in the Old South</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.229114/page/n348">338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-70607-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-70607-0"><bdi>978-0-316-70607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Labor+in+the+Old+South&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-0-316-70607-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+Bonnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.229114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_eoaplanag-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_eoaplanag_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Vejnar_II2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Robert J. Vejnar II (November 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1832">"Plantation Agriculture"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. Auburn University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plantation+Agriculture&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.pub=Auburn+University&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft.au=Robert+J.+Vejnar+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_backbig-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States_backbig_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlach1993" class="citation book cs1">Vlach, John Michael (1993). <i>Back of the Big House, The Architecture of Plantation Slavery</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4412-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4412-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-4412-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+of+the+Big+House%2C+The+Architecture+of+Plantation+Slavery&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4412-0&rft.aulast=Vlach&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlantation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Aldhous, J. R. & Low, A. J. (1974). The potential of Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, Grand Fir, and Noble Fir in Britain. <i>Forestry Commission Bulletin</i> 49.</li> <li>Everard, J. E. & Fourt, D. F. (1974). Monterey Pine and Bishop Pine as plantation trees in southern Britain. <i>Quarterly Journal of Forestry</i> 68: 111–25.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anesta_Sewell" title="Elizabeth Anesta Sewell">Lewes, Diana</a>, A Year in Jamaica: Memoirs of a girl in Arcadia in 1889 (Eland, 2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906011833" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906011833">978-1906011833</a></li> <li>Savill, P. Evans, J. Auclair, D. Falk, J. (1997). Plantation Silviculture in Europe. <i>Oxford University Press</i>. Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198549091" title="Special:BookSources/0198549091">0198549091</a></li> <li>Sedjo, R. A. & Botkin, D. (1997). Using forest plantations to spare natural forests. <i>Environment</i> 39 (10): 15–20, 30</li> <li>Thompson, Edgar Tristram. <i>The Plantation</i> edited by Sidney Mintz and George Baca (University of South Carolina Press; 2011) 176 pp. 1933 dissertation</li> <li>Virts, Nancy, "Change in the Plantation System: American South, 1910–1945," <i>Explorations in Economic History,</i> 43 (Jan. 2006), 153–76.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plantations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plantations">Plantations</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319145527/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/features/for_fea_roundwood_complete.pdf">Trends in Round wood production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthrepair.net">Earth Repair Network</a> Advocates plantation forestry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051111172457/http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/material/pulping.html">"Pulping the South"</a> Criticism of industrial plantations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721134850/https://wrm.org.uy/">NGO World Rainforest Movement</a></li></ul> <div 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transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, 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portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Template:Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Template talk:Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The plantation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_planter" title="Ancient planter">Ancient planter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantation complexes in the Southern United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_house" title="Plantation house">Plantation house</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cash crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House negro">House negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_health_on_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="Slave health on plantations in the United States">Slave health on plantations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slave trade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Slave_trade" title="Slavery in the United States">Internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregional_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregional slave trade">Interregional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping#United_States" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">Lists of plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Alabama" title="List of plantations in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plantations_in_Florida" title="Category:Plantations in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Leon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Kentucky" title="List of plantations in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Louisiana" title="List of plantations in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Mississippi" title="List of plantations in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_North_Carolina" title="List of plantations in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_South_Carolina" title="List of plantations in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_West_Virginia" title="List of plantations in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sugar" title="Template:Sugar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sugar" title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sugar">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (historical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a></i> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar" title="Category:Sugar">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_production" title="Category:Sugar production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188913#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136213-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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