CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91341fdf48cf4655',cH: 'HPGMkgdodkLUO0ARZGsjXVgKgIs4xpZVg9lbRg0dZbU-1739777976-1.2.1.1-6tllBBwH3qOfTGYuf334gQxSwgefL.VvGcFwcHNc9C75IqKpuCBCedmXc4._tbRZ',cUPMDTk: "\/10011832\/philosophy-geometry-and-purpose-in-islamic-and-gothic-architecture-as-two-religious-based-styles?__cf_chl_tk=Zi2ChQwfZybwnLL0cvHXqx47ELe5.bDzoH1XgazWj1M-1739777976-1.0.1.1-rzneFPh1sMDZmnB8NDaUtiOlpzvm79BbBPYNozh.VH4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777976',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10011832\/philosophy-geometry-and-purpose-in-islamic-and-gothic-architecture-as-two-religious-based-styles?__cf_chl_f_tk=Zi2ChQwfZybwnLL0cvHXqx47ELe5.bDzoH1XgazWj1M-1739777976-1.0.1.1-rzneFPh1sMDZmnB8NDaUtiOlpzvm79BbBPYNozh.VH4",md: "kq58hQNTHnXwUmGcM7.sryg7rEVPhnQfmxnkt4qL7sw-1739777976-1.2.1.1-yDigylqdkZsD4KgwswTHNvhm6XMKKTiQSLylX0IJ4iBqr9dhIgAV_aA3bKNLlyOWCCCuyZpvSzcV.LrraUyRV68GUpqg9T8zCCOACTZffbaE1iky0DbBiL1KTjQkl_IiqxS9NIM7ZFt9HT0gy69sYekCvA5dbOfY7JVlPhOg47EuUQF1HwdF8mzJMdVXj4ILPRazBWChUo3DTgpMVjvNFPzT5hJjCbm6vj5JR5_daQJqxORLc52aCf3M4pp2onAYOeYd48XPXIkkstPlS_k2fOO.NsiDxY2p110BwEW0q3EYcKEPof5N.ss6SAe5bIxh9ehGH9mlShj1ZtfFZDMjtWJhAkHdG2TfLv01uuSTJBJnq3GhuYDafuLzLQD.kicH2EqXLZDQSrpJQB6UWyWKB0fkwlLEXLBL6KwILkQW3xCVIFfYoS9difTkCTEiE88LQAgOTE9q7JPgCpsZ3fOZvqJTgDqMhhWl03PEmX9QH0fZFCOPHYfB4iwwKY7SEztPWrcdaeQ3q1p1UhUwYmLuTGVliq2jPUHmGkOJMk8AyjaqMlcVS_NScHW1k0QkvEuKn.s9xcngfEePOQWqI7BBpfmaE_dSy7sT6.PjUizWvDXFsFro1RR4aRoNaXyK6grzLlCgnKierOHmROQHYIW2Nk3J9eSfnclhr5pghCgHzDBrf9dk3GLMXZthXTD8gukVPlmEH5moFrX2azWpxLUHbYOljwJ2L2rEHNgxhw9pWDSJ_jRzuIeQF.fcuqZzZldSzwLbJ7jbUAuALSOzakF636DnBsXBtzQgddi.gPE1VvKhq4ianRHsPg8Jk2a.LoFQ0kn73grKVEHw6F_pVcsTE3c9T6rC.DhyGttguy55CFnLhulM8VyGfN9dlGA.bMA3K1B6_lArygDq8avYqDx6YtFPP_BT.qGLx3.b_ymTDhU4.c8j6XvmpD_9ui7myLpZqXnUmSviwBp5A1NmB6F2sOj4bWjaZCj5vconOT9g_.j5ju7WDxMBYhk2ILOfOeEqh7YudZQTsrXaHBeBrUcEYYY02ZZYJxcDzd7bEtPRlxiCo67qhiqwtuwD90P2YLB.M7ZiBkcg5pFHocRNjQYkBcfZE1kFbYg.P6avyEbqBoz2iw7PeWr2Kthegn.IWc8ebuwW8PG_xJs.1YH2GPXyGvWSdyUzKa8V3srhqF6a7QLY24ZvdTDhZtAqTZovD9MyuVZPN_T1Hm.ykoM5EMYmaxKXwxhFqMycHdecrjaGdYY5HBF61uaGoSuWENdQ2iG0ZbTHELpXB_oukQ02LxJCJjaayZ73uNYfC5yxO1WT_i87FxzKmcCoPF0zVvEgLokKcf4iHRiyFZYTukZVEutrYMSzSUea6t0Qs1bGM.kxWcP77roMenzSz264PVOxaAiXQ2Qiq.JZimsj6bgU4PdFFWniwjZ5Jt0M2Op09ckiy6uRTzcrRSFvgLeFdLgetEJOIlM_2HCidYYqWTRICTOhpXKNGXP069.UcjPEkAu0hSXB0N1s2KEIodeRILL8ymbi4OO8McVxYIHOWtVKIw45InQLm4K5UnlVFLpvZQLY.M3itO1F.wdIGqO.7AiAIWmVHvEXvhD7GGdmeSYDgVGShk7E5SCrryHix2HnY6G60kucMAcdkUpefJMqy32TlgjcV37D9vOQrxz4Ait7nq1QarjN.8IFBSb7zo02iFpVeZCXEfczs7IhsEOrFgrtiWbZJnmRE4NosbOshQS7fxuDrKBZAWqJo2s2v6uYQJbhd4ZVRQKLkeG41b.Qg_zQxMVdEZsqLL9QxFAzRg1CshFFOHVuEC.NHV1kDDTa4Mta5ejaXuaEkCtivPo3wHCqVDiKJTYV_caGVrmQZmcZapKgYfPA8xmNA98QJATSUGGKn1vqzUUEN2uCoDKSQ5q9KhlmRI5Z7KeeO6aFTm_qbM6DcGYNdjgciJYf.xG0lR2JosSK7bjU5FZPYDw.FagYcnvpDxtKIY5Y77ul9NC_rISumcCrdC0jsgcSb_I6rXYcJNb8UhUtJ_Nu9Fqm9wFjz83xce2hPz.dnO_1lPwbweOz6T4LYdxXk8ZGzDDfFtOXoDF.C_omAgG9EBewppSkKHRFr7Ymk.XonlYSHmAd_LBk8H4RRIeVtJNGGkXLA0MRkU0",mdrd: "6FuUrL4Nq7hAte9ibNjskbfwv2ubvyB7IUlZZiZqu6E-1739777976-1.2.1.1-ytjTOaEGRnTlvsF0P7e_pxq45LDu6Dt5J_v224y59IsFcHlMZNEqIZgCO5r4MgOKgez6I5VxUPbgRYwWLAKc0xMZV8tIpc74RU0DUl8k79bJi.3PsuG0uU0EQP5VAplX_jXXhivQsIy_PaJCWe6lAaZWIrD_wfM2gFa_QjQIXdoExZf1JPHyIsK_4Brp8ggcnScoSKEyKIGM1n4LfFgF5n_HhK6okQuNgl9R.SyGMyFmx_ZCv9Lv1u3tx1lJDAOYP6KoFMnplAW4VevvTw.8kcp2ivLbwebU1aq8Cvur_VdzN5vmoELHCyAowjJ0_czInC__ymWe9gkDQnTAbB9SRLafvBAcT_43HIIFOXli2t.5UN08ypDrQXd6emMSzWFS2ulqIVKRH3R9eyshar22XoqGx_t0S7HACy2s0phm4Y4mL0rRe5lnqfA0QyXQKHL7vJdTVj5mUgwV3aulCxNT8Loo8rKaE.wkD8HQHFHBcAbxD8r4rhU_LCFJdfc2jKvMZyJoEhA.UNwYejkIch2._wY3bFJI.Y8izv8sOZL4GLs5G7nNdflqDUBq_uOlEveD1hynSh177DyHlEDQTJ1NfBWtMjN8CqUyMeezfF2UgUxUXkshwOI3VEJ703AYmY4FUGDZiXt5kHjdKXIeEC9UaQNxw_6eVpeAu8T31A7nTjBUsrdtcc_6SiakhWZTqO4nyROctiVtNzQD9APR9NoqYtPnKNK0mQxZcpDD4XgctjltVog5z9kEKrjc1GH.Gzrp3BK_CaXDa5C36.160xnqxmitlF7TxCRdq.YBs5uDw8PPW_CBJpklmsDlB01RX4hyszQV.ShgoLGzVus03VsQlpVO.ItrmNEiD5HFnGq9AJRiXGWgT75QsH5Ncll_xTCvAuCle_W_LlYQXVf7bNjRrQeMMrDZODmPQg7vEdSYbHK9ZN2fMKLzifUIdFnEeORviF82F.gEEvibOofpNkW9POj5ZxpW1uNv7w0UOWYDCAXBWJey3mFYDToNR64VqMOFx7p6nlyeBwjtY7tAkUEnKFwkpK_ndPiSWB4dFgA_pGGYQAohthBaeKBz2UIqYqF512_Gvua5cxGEjm.Lrvef4qp517ZjVZYz3j.Jt9z.ohtiKuS88HlynI5jO3oVLKkBsbyI_ztyIcXNqzh0Qy2HY6Rkf_BIMLD8Ief8cUBkmJqFjKiKBj8C39FMTA7EGHzx851CpOwboUOZYZSvu492DovK1VDlEq9_7FAqotAF1YL06DcvpQB1WpuASG3w2kDxx3NbQOhkNS2tTApepGSCH_OFcnWIKA_31lHlG8bKwRzPSbfyK2QFLYpLKIlsvp1sX4E8yxDYMiab0_Hbs5Ma0RZxUMTF9.CTvcyXw6cPk8oG21_Fp5MstV1u6BMBsAD2WL61TmteLJ9XTot6xWjZI7nbGkTPL2.ZAQzn837clusF1c9A47w98cXZMlK.PhJr.HF_FydTYJ8FVkYODAOhLGMId5K2G0CQhq0VKYHFmqfOhcJDbdh161QL3EacqrOyBnja1lJ8RboZtKi5LuWMBEhUpiBLfGZ2HmGgeJz8pvw60aIK1eI4ul7BBMAJ2SutM9Rxp9bGaatOjifRlQpablGCUi6n9SUggL6mJMfJLZFR2DmPjI.aTazlP7DSAD3wV64So9b9rl9XzJA0me6ixbUND9xgjL3.NBaejDNVUKlOCT8BtsGd0hqj_QHkOoY6bocEWupJrAJANTI..lnXiCk4TKqTfCBR86rM1CwNCN10NjQ4QpPOKEGSYfWxfIWBu.5A4SiC3cZ5Dfj8QTR3.gC0NiP6eNqQQ82JXVW6h3O8tBFlCkHJFPKhP87Jioahf_uZyMOnyYUjNfQo4K9_j.thsXNA9uOcfSGYeco3o_qTOkIxRBMnL3KoTLGiTSII5aW0xnpxG9CcX4hTBA8G1BfnCXDGp7GFZk3zsH_ozP2cCe12597h5eNSwBfKqj.6S.V1I__EyMYxVGHRCaCpCA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91341fdf48cf4655';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10011832\/philosophy-geometry-and-purpose-in-islamic-and-gothic-architecture-as-two-religious-based-styles?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Zi2ChQwfZybwnLL0cvHXqx47ELe5.bDzoH1XgazWj1M-1739777976-1.0.1.1-rzneFPh1sMDZmnB8NDaUtiOlpzvm79BbBPYNozh.VH4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>