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id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Roman era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Polity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Polity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Polity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_tribal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_tribal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 History of the tribal government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_tribal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dardanian_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dardanian_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dardanian rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dardanian_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bad_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bad_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bad press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bad_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enslavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enslavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Enslavement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enslavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanlar" title="Dardanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dardanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Дарданы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дарданы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Дардания (провинция) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дардания (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanija" title="Dardanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dardanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0rdans_(Il%C2%B7l%C3%ADria)" title="Dàrdans (Il·líria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dàrdans (Il·líria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanov%C3%A9" title="Dardanové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dardanové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanien" title="Dardanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dardanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9_(%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF)" title="Δάρδανοι (φύλο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δάρδανοι (φύλο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanios" title="Dardanios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dardanios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanija" title="Dardanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dardanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dardani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardani_(popolo_dei_Balcani)" title="Dardani (popolo dei Balcani) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dardani (popolo dei Balcani)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დარდანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დარდანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dard%C3%A1nok_(Balk%C3%A1n)" title="Dardánok (Balkán) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dardánok (Balkán)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Дарданци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дарданци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="ダルダニア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダルダニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanowie" title="Dardanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dardanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Дарданцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарданцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardania" title="Dardania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dardania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanci" title="Dardanci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dardanci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Дарданци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дарданци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanci" title="Dardanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dardanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanit" title="Dardanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dardanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanien" title="Dardanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dardanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Дарданці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дарданці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7043335#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient tribe in the Balkans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient tribe in the Balkans. For the Trojan allies, see <a href="/wiki/Dardanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanoi">Dardanoi</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dardania (disambiguation)">Dardania</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dardani</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardania_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dardania_kingdom.png/330px-Dardania_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dardania_kingdom.png/495px-Dardania_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dardania_kingdom.png/660px-Dardania_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="894" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">By the 3rd century the location of the Dardani had resolved itself into the Kingdom of Dardania, which is shown in yellow. The solid lines give modern borders: Republic of Kosovo in the center, Serbia across the north, Macedonia across the south, Albania to the SW, and Montenegro to the NW.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Palaeo-Balkan language group</td></tr></tbody></table> The Dardani (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɑːrdənaɪ/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Δαρδάνιοι, Δάρδανοι; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Dardani) or Dardanians were a <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> people, who lived in a region that was named <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a> after their settlement there.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> They were among the oldest Balkan peoples, and their society was very complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010626-3">[3]</a> The Dardani were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992144-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu131-5">[5]</a> Ancient tradition considered the Dardani as an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu218-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zahariade-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vujcic2021-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, in particular – also mentioning <a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thunatae</a> as Dardanian tribes – describes the Dardani as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1966239–241-14">[14]</a> As Dardanians had followed their own peculiar geographical, social and political development in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a>, some ancient sources also distinguish them from those Illyrians dwelling in the central and southern coast of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and its hinterland, who had constituted their own socio-political formation, referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a>' by ancient authors.<a href="#cite_note-Vujcic2021-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu218-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2005122-15">[15]</a> The Dardani were also related to their <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010625-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu199620-18">[18]</a> In Roman times, there appear <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> names in the eastern strip of Dardania, and several Thracian and <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> placenames also appear there, such as <a href="/wiki/Dardapara" title="Dardapara">Dardapara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quemedava" title="Quemedava">Quemedava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> but Illyrian names dominated the rest.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Nevertheless, ancient authors have not identified Dardanians with Thracians, and Strabo explicitly makes a clear distinction between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu199641-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a> was attested since the 4th century BC in ancient sources reporting the wars the Dardanians waged against their south-eastern neighbor – <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> – until the 2nd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a>, a main source about the history of the Macedonian kings, refers to an 'lllyrian war' between 346 and the end of 343 BC, fought by 'Dardani and other neighbouring peoples' against <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>, who won the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1996120–121-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504-24">[24]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic invasion of the Balkans">Celtic invasion of the Balkans</a> weakened the state of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a>, the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a> which definitively disappeared from history, and to some territories of the southern Illyrians. The Dardanians strongly pressured the Macedonians, using every opportunity to attack them. However the Macedonians quickly recovered and consolidated their state, and the Dardanians lost their important political role. The strengthening of the Illyrian (<a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>–<a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a>) state on their western borders also contributed to the restriction of Dardanian warlike actions towards their neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39-25">[25]</a> Dardanians fought against <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> proconsuls, and were finally defeated probably by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> in 39 BC or by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_(consul_30_BC)" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus (consul 30 BC)">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> in 29/8 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a> They were included in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>. After the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> divided the province of Moesia into <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a> in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović201923–24-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a> in Dardanian territory under the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>. In the 2nd century AD Dardanians were still notorious as <a href="/wiki/Brigandage" title="Brigandage">brigands</a> (latrones dardaniae). During the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial period</a> their territory was the homeland of many <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman emperors">Roman emperors</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The ethnonym of the Dardani has been attested in ancient Greek literature as Dardaneis, Dardanioi and Dardanoi, and in Latin as Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1969201-27">[27]</a> The term used for their territory was Dardanike (Δαρδανική).<a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu_1978_523-28">[28]</a> The root Dard- is attested outside the Dardanian region and the Trojan-Dardanian area in several other ancient ethnonyms, personal names, and toponyms: Dardas, an opraetor epiratrum; Δερδιενις, name of Macedonian-Elimiot princes; Δερδια in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a>; Δερδενις in <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>; in ancient <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> Dardi, a <a href="/wiki/Dauni" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauni">Daunian</a> tribe, Derdensis a region and Δαρδανον, a Daunian settlement. The suffix -ano in Dard- was common to many Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201269-29">[29]</a> The names of the two main Dardanian tribes – Galabri/Galabrioi and Thunatae/Thunatai – have been respectively connected to the <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iapygians#Name" title="Iapygians">Kalabroi/Calabri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunioi/Daunii</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), of Palaeo-Balkan provenance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010625-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Dardan- (ethnonym: Δάρδανοι/Dardani; toponym: Δαρδανική/Dardania) is traditionally connected to the same root as dardhë, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> word for 'pear',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121-31">[31]</a> as well as Alb. dardhán, dardán, 'farmer'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121-31">[31]</a> The ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a>, which is attested since Roman times for a tribe close to the Dardani or living in Dardania, is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation of Dardani (cf. Latin pirus "pear"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201281-32">[32]</a> which would confirm the link with the Albanian dardhë.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlishta201965-33">[33]</a> In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a> was the first to propose that the names Dardanoi and Dardania were related to the Albanian word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dardh%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:dardhë">dardhë</a> ("pear, pear-tree"). This is suggested by the fact that toponyms related to fruits or animals are not unknown in the region (cf. Alb. dele, delmë "sheep" supposedly related to Dalmatia, <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a> in Montenegro < Alb. ujk, ulk "wolf" etc.).<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes244-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015310-35">[35]</a> Albanian typical toponyms formed with the same root as dardhë have been attested: Dardhan-i (in 1467 CE), Dardhanesh-i (1431), Dardhasi (1431), Dardas (1467), Dardhë-a (1417), Darda, Dardhicë-a (1431).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlishta201938-36">[36]</a> Several modern toponyms are found in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, including Dardha in <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dardh%C3%AB" title="Dardhë">Dardha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Korça">Korça</a>, Dardha in <a href="/wiki/Librazhd" title="Librazhd">Librazhd</a>, Dardha in <a href="/wiki/Puk%C3%AB" title="Pukë">Puka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dardhas" title="Dardhas">Dardhas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a>, Dardhaj in <a href="/wiki/Mirdita" title="Mirdita">Mirdita</a>, and Dardhës in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABrmet" title="Përmet">Përmet</a>. Dardha in Puka is recorded as Darda in a 1671 ecclesiastical report and on a 1688 map by a Venetian cartographer. Dardha is also the name of an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribe</a> in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Dibra" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Dibra">District of Dibra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015310-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121-31">[31]</a> Opinions differ on the etymon of the root in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a>, and eventually in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. On the basis of an alleged connection between Albanian dardhë and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἄχερδος, ἀχράς "wild pear", a common Indo-European root has been tentatively reconstructed by scholars: *ĝʰor-d- "thorn bush"; *(n)ĝʰ∂rdis; *ĝʰerzd⁽ʰ⁾- "thorny, grain, barley". However it has been suggested that this connection is only conceivable assuming an ancient common Balkano-Aegean substrate word for Albanian and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121–122-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie199871-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201277–78-39">[39]</a> A proposed Indo-European root *dʰeregh- "a thorny plant", with the Proto-Albanian form reconstructed as *dʰorĝʰ-eh₂-, is not clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121–122-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201277–78-39">[39]</a> More recently for the Albanian dardhë the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a> *dardā has been reconstructed, itself a derivative of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/derdh" class="extiw" title="wikt:derdh">derdh</a> "to tip out, pour, spill, secrete, cast (metals)" < PAlb *derda. In <a href="/wiki/Old_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Albanian">Old Albanian</a> texts the root is recorded not <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlautized</a>: dardh. It continues Proto-Albanian *darda, which is close to onomatopoeic <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> dardĕti "to rattle" <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> dàrdêt "to creak", <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> go-dyrddu "to mumble, to gumble" (the semantic development of "pear" that occurs in Albanian can also be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> parallel gruša, kruša "pear, pear tree" < *grušiti, *krušiti "to crumble, to break", and also in the Indo-European parallel *peisom "pear" < *peis-).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel199856,_60-40">[40]</a> Slavic toponyms with "Kruševo" (from Proto-Slavic kruša, "pear") and other related toponyms particularly found in the area of the ancient Dardani have been proposed as South Slavic translations of Darda- toponyms.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Other roots have been connected to the name Dardan- by some scholars. It has been proposed a possible link to darda "bee", maybe originally with the meaning of "noise", "chatter", compared with Sanskrit dardurá- "frog", "pipe", Lithuanian dardėt́i "to rattle", "chatter" (which however is regarded by Orel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel199856,_60-40">[40]</a> as an onomatopoeic form connected to Albanian derdh, hence to dardhë, see above), Gkreek δάρδα · μέλισσα "bee", sometimes interpreted as μόλυσμα "stain", δαρδαίνει · μολύνει "to stain", both late antique attestations from <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius</a> (5th century CE) and with aberrant semantics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavić2022-42">[42]</a> Another link has been made with the PIE root *dhereĝh- "to hold", "strong", which would have evolved to dard- in consistency with the phonetic change of voiced palatal velars that are a characteristic trait of Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202379–80-43">[43]</a> The opinion criticising the etymologies based on roots that originally included *g̑h because in the earliest form of Albanian PIE *g̑h turned into *dʑ and correspondingly later into *dz, which should have been spelled in Greek/Latin documents with /z/, /s/, or a similar letter, instead of /d/, is refutable by the attestation of the Proto-Albanoid term diellina "<a href="/wiki/Henbane" class="mw-redirect" title="Henbane">henbane</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202379–81-44">[44]</a> This term was mentioned as a "Thracian-Dacian" phytonym by the Ancient Greek pharmacologist <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> (1st century AD), and it has a clear etymological connection with the Albanian word diell "sun" (diellina "<a href="/wiki/Henbane" class="mw-redirect" title="Henbane">henbane</a>" belongs to the genus called solanum with the Latin root sol "sun", being so named because of its yellow leaves), displaying a characteristic Albanian phonetic change in which the voiced palatal velar *ĝ(h)- turned into the interdental dh or the dental d, passing through intermediate stages represented by the palato-alveolar affricate voiced ȷ́ [dʑ], dental affricate dz and further through a final stage dð (i.e. *ĝ(h)- > ȷ́ [dʑ] > dz > dð > dh/d: Alb. dielli < PAlb. *dðiella < *dziella- < EPAlb. *ȷ́élu̯a- < PIE *ǵʰélh₃u̯o- "yellow, golden, bright/shiny").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81-45">[45]</a> This phenomenon reflects the uncertainty of the Ancient Greek and Roman authors in transcribing the Proto-Albanian affricates, which were unfamiliar to them. Indeed, many similar examples of Palaeo-Balkan names with alternating spellings in ancient literature using both dentals and sibilants can be connected to an earlier stage of Albanian and furthermore provide strong support for <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Hamp">Eric Hamp</a>'s thesis about the Proto-<a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> dialects, spoken in the central-western Balkans including the historical regions of Dardania, Illyria proper, Paeonia, Upper Moesia, western Dacia and western Thrace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_name_in_the_ancient_sources">The name in the ancient sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The name in the ancient sources">edit</a>]</div> The name of the Dardani is mentioned for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Dardanus (son of Zeus)">Dardanus</a> who founded <a href="/wiki/Dardanus_(city)" title="Dardanus (city)">Dardanus</a> on the Aegean coast of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and his people the <a href="/wiki/Dardanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanoi">Dardanoi</a>, from which the toponym <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> is derived. Other parallel ethnic names in the Balkans and Anatolia, respectively include: <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonian_Eneti" title="Paphlagonian Eneti">Enetoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phryges</a>. These parallels indicate closer links than simply a correlation of names. According to a current explanation, the connection is likely related to the large-scale movement of peoples that occurred at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (around 1200 BC), when the attacks of the '<a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>' afflicted some of the established powers around the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In ancient historiography, the Dardani of the Balkans are mentioned as a people in the second century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> who describes their wars against <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> in the third century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021522–524-47">[47]</a> Historians of Hellenistic and Roman antiquity who mention the Dardanians are <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> and others. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021216-48">[48]</a> According to a mythological tradition reported by <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> (2nd century AD), Dardanos (Δάρδανος), one of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Illyrius" title="Illyrius">Illyrius</a> (Ἰλλυριός), was the <a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a> ancestor of the Dardanoi (Δάρδανοι).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199292-49">[49]</a> In ancient sources the Dardani are mentioned as one of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian people</a> and/or as a distinct grouping in the region of Dardania. As such, the Dardani were Illyrians from an ethno-linguistic perspective, but they had followed their own peculiar geographical, social and political development in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021505-50">[50]</a> In the late 1st century BCE, in Rome a new ideological discourse was formed. Propagated by poets like <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, it constructed a glorious Trojan past for the Romans, who were claimed to be descendants of Trojan Dardanians. In the years before the Trojan origin story became the official Roman narrative about their origins, the Romans came into conflict in the Balkans with the Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoteva2021410-51">[51]</a> In public discourse this created the problem that the Roman army could be seen as fighting against a people who could be related to the ancestors of the Romans. The image of the historical Dardani in the 1st century BC was that of Illyrian barbarians who raided their Macedonian frontier and had to be dealt with. In this context, the name of a people known as the <a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a> appeared in Roman sources. The Moesi are mentioned only in three ancient sources in the period after the death of Emperor Augustus in 14 CE. The name itself was taken from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mysians" title="Mysians">Mysians</a> in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-Boteva411-52">[52]</a> The choice seems to be related to the fact that the Trojan-era Mysians lived close to the Trojan-era Dardanians. As the name of the Dardani in Roman discourse became linked to the ancestors of the Romans, the actual Dardani began to be covered in Roman literature by other names. After the death of Augustus, their name in connection to the Balkans became a political problem. After the death of Augustus, the new emperor was <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, his stepson and the most senior Roman general in the Balkans. As Tiberius had played a key role in the Roman conquest of the Balkans, as emperor he couldn't be portrayed as the conqueror of Dardanians, whose name had been constructed as the name of the mythical progenitors of the Romans. Thus, the decision to create a new name for Dardania and the Dardani was made. Despite this decision and the administrative use of the names Moesia and Moesi for the Dardani and Dardania, the original use of the name persisted by authors like Appian.<a href="#cite_note-Boteva411-52">[52]</a> The name Dardania was not used for several hundred years after this period in an administrative context. It was only recreated by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in the 3rd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERama2021114-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergence">edit</a>]</div> The territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> which formed the core area of the Dardani has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlashnj%C3%AB" title="Vlashnjë">Vlashnjë</a> are two of the most significant sites in the Neolithic period. During the late 3rd millennium BCE, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-European</a> tribes migrated and settled in the region alongside the existing Neolithic population. New practices in agriculture and cattle breeding appear in this period and new settlements formed in Kosovo. Co-existence and intermingling of the Neolithic population and the PIE-speakers gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">material culture</a> which developed in the Bronze Age (2100-1100 BCE) in settlements including Vlashnjë, Korishë, Pogragjë, Bardhi i Madh and Topanicë. Archaeological research in the territory of Dardania greatly expanded since 2000. In contemporary research, a periodization of four phases of development of pre-Roman Dardania is being utilized:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaj201918-54">[54]</a> <ol><li>11th-9th century BCE, a transitory period between the Bronze and the Iron Age</li> <li>8th-7th century BCE, Iron Age I phase</li> <li>6th-4th century BCE, Iron Age II phase, during which contacts with the Mediterranean and imports from Greece increase</li> <li>4th-1st century BCE, Hellenistic period.</li></ol> In the Iron Age habitation further developed with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac-Mat culture</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> material culture which developed in the Iron Age western Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaj201914-55">[55]</a> The Dardani - as they became known in classical antiquity - were one of the particular groups of the Glasinac-Mat culture.<a href="#cite_note-Alaj15-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brnjica_culture" title="Brnjica culture">Brnjica</a> cultural group was a Late Bronze Age cultural manifestation in what was to become Dardania, closely connected to the Balkan-Danubian complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrançolli20204311–4312-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranić2014a35-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCIN-59">[59]</a> It dates between the 14th and 10th centuries BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrançolli20204311–4312-57">[57]</a> and appears in Kosovo, Morava valley, Sandzak, Macedonia and South-East Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> historiography, starting from Milutin Garašanin in the 1970s and 1980s, the Brnjica culture came to be interpreted as the "<a href="/wiki/Daco-Moesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Moesian">Daco-Moesian</a>" and non-"<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>" linguistic component of the later Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranić2014a35-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojic200673-61">[61]</a> Before that change, Yugoslavian scholars had regarded the Dardani as of Illyrian origin. The narrative of a distinct "Daco-Moesian" concept developed as a response to Albanian and Bulgarian researchers, and especially to changes inside Yugoslavia due to increasing local nationalisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranić2014b169-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png/250px-Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png/375px-Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png/500px-Illyrians_in_the_7th-4th_centuries_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="2713" /></a><figcaption>Illyrian tribes in the 7th–4th centuries BCE.</figcaption></figure> In Dardania tribal aristocracy and pre-urban development emerged from the 6th–5th centuries BC. The contacts of the Dardanians with the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean world">Mediterranean world</a> began early and intensified during the Iron Age. Trade connections with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek world">Ancient Greek world</a> were created from the 7th century BC onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089-63">[63]</a> The proto-urban development was followed by the creation of urban centers and the emergence of craftsmanship, and a Dardanian <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> began to develop from the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089-63">[63]</a> Material culture and accounts in classical sources suggest that Dardanian society reached an advanced phase of development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010626-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavrilović_Vitas20213-64">[64]</a> The Dardani are referred to as one of the opponents of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> in the 4th century BC, clashing with <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II of Macedonia">Philip II</a> who managed to subdue them and their neighbors, probably during the early period of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504-24">[24]</a> The Dardani have remained quiet until Philip II's death, after which they were planning <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defection</a>. However an open war have not been caused by their riots, since <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> managed to have the full control of the kingdom and its army after succeeding his father to the Macedonian throne. Indeed, the Dardani have not been mentioned in the ancient accounts concerning the events of <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504–505-65">[65]</a> It appears that the Dardani evaded the Macedonian rule during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a> between 284 BC and 281 BC, at the time of <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>'empire. Thereafter the Dardani became a constant threat to Macedon on its northern borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068-66">[66]</a> In 279 BC, at the times of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe">great Celtic invasion</a>, Dardania was raided by several Celtic tribes on their campaigns that were undertaken to plunder the treasuries of Greek temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068-66">[66]</a> During these events an unnamed Dardanian king offered to help the Macedonians with 20,000 soldiers to counteract the invading Celts, but it was refused by the Macedonian king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a> who, underestimating the Celtic strength, died fighting them.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068-66">[66]</a> Only at the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> the Celts eventually arrested and were defeated. Afterwards they withdrew in the north passing through Dardania, however they were completely destroyed by the Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20069-69">[69]</a> Further references to the Dardani are provided in the ancient sources describing Dardanian constant wars against Macedonians from the second half of the 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20069-69">[69]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardanian_Kingdom_(late_3rd_century_BC).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png/250px-Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png/375px-Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png/500px-Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption>Kingdom of the Dardanians, late 3rd century BC, prior to their conquest of Paeonia and Macedonia.</figcaption></figure> After the Celtic invasion of the Balkans weakened the state of the Macedonians and <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a>, the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a> which definitively disappeared from history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39-25">[25]</a> In 230 the Dardani under <a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Bylazora" title="Bylazora">Bylazora</a> from the Paeonians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1990185-71">[71]</a> Taking advantage of Macedonian weakness, in 229 the Dardani attacked Macedonia and defeated <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius II of Macedon">Demetrius II</a> in an important battle.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> After obtaining a great victory over the Macedonian army the Dardani invaded Macedon proper. The Dardanian expansion in Macedon, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a> expansion in Epirus around the same years, may have been part of a general movement among the Illyrian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckstein200834–35-73">[73]</a> In this period Dardanian influence on the region grew and some other Illyrian tribes deserted <a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a>, joining the Dardani under Longarus and forcing Teuta to call off her expedition forces in Epirus.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a> rose to the Macedonian throne, skirmishing with Dardani began in 220-219 BC and he managed to capture Bylazora from them in 217 BC. Skirmishes continued in 211 and in 209 when a force of Dardani under Aeropus, probably a pretender to the Macedonian throne, captured Lychnidus and looted Macedonia taking 20.000 prisoners and retreating before Philip's forces could reach them.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dardanian-Bastarnae_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanian-Bastarnae war">Dardanian-Bastarnae war</a></div> In 201 <a href="/wiki/Bato_of_Dardania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bato of Dardania">Bato of Dardania</a> along with Pleuratus the Illyrian and Amynander king of Athamania, cooperated with Roman consul Sulpicius in his expedition against Philip V.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Being always under the menace of Dardanian attacks on Macedonia, around 183 BC <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a> made an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> and invited them to settle in Polog, the region of Dardania closest to Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A joint campaign of the Bastarnae and Macedonians against the Dardanians was organized, but Philip V died and his son <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus of Macedon</a> withdrew his forces from the campaign. The Bastarnae crossed the Danube in huge numbers and although they didn't meet the Macedonians, they continued the campaign. Some 30,000 Bastarnae under the command of Clondicus seem to have defeated the Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 179 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> conquered the Dardani, who later in 174 pushed them out, in a war which proved catastrophic, with a few years later, in 170 BC, the Macedonians defeating the Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201410-79">[79]</a> Macedonia and Illyria became Roman protectorates in 168 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978173-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a>, a tribe of Celtic origin, most likely subdued the Dardani in the mid-2nd century BC, after which there was no mention of the Dardani for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201412-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman era">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_(250).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_%28250%29.jpg/300px-Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_%28250%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_%28250%29.jpg/450px-Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_%28250%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_%28250%29.jpg/600px-Map_of_the_roman_province_of_Moesia_%28250%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1559" /></a><figcaption>After the division of Roman <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> into two provinces in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania (Roman province)</a></div> Illyria and Macedonia became Roman protectorates in 168 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978173-80">[80]</a> In 97 BC, the Dardani are mentioned again, defeated by the Macedonian Roman army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201415-82">[82]</a> In 88 BC, the Dardani invaded the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maedi" title="Maedi">Maedi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Romans found an ancient formed economy in Dardania, based on agriculture and animal husbandry, mining and metallurgy, in different handicrafts and in trade. The Romans focused especially in exploitation of mines, same as in other provinces, and in road construction.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-85">[85]</a> It seems quite probable that the Dardani actually lost independence in 28 BC thus, the final occupation of Dardania by Rome has been connected with the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>' rule in 6 AD, when they were finally conquered by Rome. Dardania was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(consul_76_BC)" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (consul 76 BC)">Gaius Scribonius Curio</a> and the Latin language was soon adopted as the main language of the tribe as many other conquered and Romanized.<a href="#cite_note-balkaninstitut.com-86">[86]</a> After the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> divided the province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović201923–24-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_6th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/300px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/450px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Balkans_6th_century.svg/600px-Balkans_6th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Dardania and the Balkans during the 6th century AD.</figcaption></figure> At first, Dardania was not a separate Roman province, but became a region in the province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> in 87 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-1992-210-87">[87]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> later (284) made Dardania into a separate<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-1992-210-87">[87]</a> province with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> administration (in the 6th century), there was a Byzantine province of Dardania that included cities of <a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justiniana_Prima" title="Justiniana Prima">Justiniana Prima</a>, and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polity">Polity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_tribal_government">History of the tribal government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of the tribal government">edit</a>]</div> A Dardanian <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> began to develop from the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a> was attested since the 4th century BC in ancient sources reporting the wars the Dardanians waged against their south-eastern neighbor – <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> – until the 2nd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39-25">[25]</a> The Dardanian kingdom was made up of many tribes and tribal groups, confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> who mentions the <a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thunatae</a> as Dardanian tribes, and describes the Dardani as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1966239–241-14">[14]</a> The Dardanians, in all their history, always had separate domains from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The term used for their territory was (Δαρδανική),<a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu_1978_523-28">[28]</a> while other tribal areas had more unspecified terms, such as Autariaton khora (Αὐταριατῶν χώρα), for the "land of <a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a>." The term was used to describe the Dardanian political status as a semi-independent country in the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2008188-90">[90]</a> Little data exists about the territory of the Dardani prior to Roman conquest, especially on its southern extent which has been contested with Macedon, so scholars use information provided in Roman times to define the bounds of Dardanian territory.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> An unnamed Dardanian king is mentioned in ancient sources describing the events of the region of the early 3rd century BC. He offered the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Ceraunos">Ptolemy Ceraunos</a> 20,000 soldiers to counteract the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">invading Celts</a>, but Ceraunos declined the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068-66">[66]</a> Tribal chiefs <a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato</a> took part in the wars against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-1992-85-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dardanian_rulers">Dardanian rulers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dardanian rulers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Unnamed Dardanian king (early 3rd century BC), who offered the <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Ceraunos">Ptolemy Ceraunos</a> 20,000 soldiers to counteract the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">invading Celts</a>, but Ceraunos declined the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-1992-86-93">[93]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-1992-86-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monunius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Monunius II">Monunius II</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a> (Etleva)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133-94">[94]</a> was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Monunius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Monunius II">Monunius II</a> of Dardania and the <a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">illyrian queen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133-94">[94]</a> Some scholars believe that Illyrian rulers <a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harding-1985-93-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(Dardania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleitus (Dardania)">Cleitus</a> (son of Bardylis),<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes_1996_120-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Heckel86-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a> (daughter of Bardylis II),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monunios" class="mw-redirect" title="Monunios">Monunios</a> were Dardanian, however this is considered an old fallacy because it is unsupported by any ancient source, while some facts and ancient geographical locations go squarely against it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes200250–51,_56,_75-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen199149–59-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane_Fox2011342-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2019115-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021501–504-104">[104]</a> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a>, if not Dardanian, probably had some kind of hegemony on Dardanians during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021131,_133-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bad_press">Bad press</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bad press">edit</a>]</div> Unlike their <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> neighbors, in pre-Roman times the Dardani were not Hellenized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović201924-107">[107]</a> From the Greek point of view, they were barbarians. Because of this prejudice they received some bad press in the Ancient Greek and Roman historiography. The tribe was viewed of as "extremely barbaric".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu-1978-517-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a> and other writers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] wrote that they bathed only three<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> times in their lives. At birth, when they were wed and after they died. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> refers to them as wild<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and dwelling in dirty caves under dung-hills.<a href="#cite_note-Strabo-112">[112]</a> This however may have had to do not with cleanliness, as bathing had to do with monetary<a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu-1978-517-109">[109]</a> status from the viewpoint of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greeks</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enslavement">Enslavement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enslavement">edit</a>]</div> Dardanian slaves or freedmen at the time of the Roman conquest were clearly of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> origin, according to their personal names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978224-113">[113]</a> It has been noted that personal names were mostly of the "Central-Dalmatian type".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978245-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Dardanian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">central <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> (?) <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Dardanian</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> The Dardanians had their own language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133-94">[94]</a> An extensive study based on <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastics</a> of the Roman era has been undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Radoslav Katičić</a> which puts the Dardanian language area in the Central Illyrian area ("Central Illyrian" consisting of most of former Yugoslavia, north of southern Montenegro to the west of Morava, excepting ancient Liburnia in the northwest, but perhaps extending into Pannonia in the north).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Another extensive study based on onomastics in Thrace, eastern Macedonia, Moesia, Dacia and Bithynia has been carried out by Dan Dana in the 2010s, also taking into consideration current Balkan historical linguistics. Dana concludes that the Illyrian character of Dardanian onomastics is unquestionable and that it is appropriate to definitively rule out the idea of a Thracian origin or participation (at least appreciable) in the ethnogenesis of the Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDana2014LXXXII-117">[117]</a> Since the Dardani were neighbored to the east by the Thracians, the eastern parts of Dardania were at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone. As shown by archaeological research Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania (present-day Kosovo), and occasionally appear in eastern Dardania (present-day south-eastern Serbia), while Thracian names are found in the eastern parts, but are absent from the western parts.<a href="#cite_note-Vujcic2021-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zahariade-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papazoglu131-5">[5]</a> The correspondence of Illyrian onomastics in Dardania – including those of the Dardanian ruling dynasty – with those of the southern Illyrians suggests "thracianization" of parts of Dardania at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-Zahariade-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoismanWorthington2011-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-1992-85-92">[92]</a> The linguistic relationship between '<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>' is uncertain due to the paucity of the available written material of those languages, consisting only of onomastic and toponymic evidence in the case of Illyrian, and the same for Thracian except for a few short inscriptions of difficult interpretation. Dardanian in the context of a distinct language is considered in recent decades as potentially significant for the history of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555–556-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Graves from the 6th and 5th centuries BCE in <a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a> contain long iron bars which were placed in the tombs are a means of payment to the afterlife. They indicate that the tribe of the Dardani had developed a concept about the afterlife as shown later in other archaeological material like the votive monument of <a href="/wiki/Smir%C3%AB" title="Smirë">Smirë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200811-120">[120]</a> The weapons included double-edged axes (<a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a>), which might have been used in a ritualistic manner related to <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">sun worship</a> which was prevalent in the northern Illyrian tribes <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200810-121">[121]</a> Among the characteristic Dardanian deities were <a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a>, considered to have been the indigenous god of <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_deity" title="Vegetation deity">vegetation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeqo201614-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerri2006229-123">[123]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dea_Dardanica" title="Dea Dardanica">Dea Dardanica</a> ("Dardanian Goddess"). They are attested in votive inscriptions of the Roman period in Dardania. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG/220px-Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG/330px-Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG/440px-Arkeologji_-_Periudha_Romake_-_Kllokot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dardanica" title="Dea Dardanica">Dea Dardanica</a> represented an ancient deity in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> A monument representing a round labyrinth that was dedicated to the "Dardanian Goddess" was found in Smira. This monument provides evidence for cosmogonic and cosmologic knowledges among the Dardani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23-125">[125]</a> The labyrinth was realized based on the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a>. There is used a numerological and geometric approach through a multidimensional holographic field, which illustrates the Dardanian perception of the cosmic order and the interconnection between the material world and the higher realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823-126">[126]</a> Dardanian funerary stelae portray representations of their mourning practice, which accurately mirrors the Albanian traditional lamentation of the dead – <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A2ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjâma">gjâma</a>. The lamentation of the dead is represented on the stelae through the depiction of the mourners with raised hands, grabbing their heads and beating their chests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Strabo writes that Dardanians cared about music, always using musical instruments, both of the <a href="/wiki/Wind_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind instruments">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="String instruments">string</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-Strabo-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">List of ancient tribes in Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0073%3Aentry%3D%232163">"Δαρδάνιοι, Δάρδανοι, Δαρδανίωνες"</a> Dardanioi, Georg Autenrieth, "A Homeric Dictionary", at Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/lookup.pl?stem=dardani&ending=">Latin Dictionary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010626-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010626_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010626_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos2010">Šašel Kos 2010</a>, p. 626. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992144-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992144_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-Papazoglu131-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu131_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu131_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 131 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the Dardanians ... living in the frontiers of the Illyrian and the Thracian worlds retained their individuality and, alone among the peoples of that region, succeeded in maintaining themselves as an ethnic unity even when they were militarily and politically subjected by the Roman arms [...] and when, towards the end of the ancient world, the Balkans were involved in far-reaching ethnic perturbations, the Dardanians, of all the Central Balkan tribes, played the greatest part in the genesis of the new peoples who took the place of the old</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7E*.html">Strabo's geography - Illyria</a> - 'The Bessi live in huts and lead a wretched life; and their country borders on Mount Rhodope, on the country of the Paeonians, and on that of two Illyrian peoples — the Autariatae, and the Dardanians' </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7E*.html">Strabo: The Geography - Illyria</a> - 'The Ardiaei were called by the men of later times "Vardiaei." Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world; for those who were most powerful in earlier times were utterly humbled or were obliterated, as, for example, among the Galatae the Boii and the Scordistae, and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; 316that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans' </li> <li id="cite_note-Papazoglu218-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu218_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu218_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 218: "This statement is not without importance for our problem, for it too confirms that in mid-fifth century the lands north of Macedonia were considered to be Illyrian. There is, however, another statement in Herodotus, which N. Vulić insists on as clear evidence that in Herodotus' time the territory of the Dardanians was reckoned as Illyrian . It is a passage from the well - known section on the tributaries of the Danube , in which Herodotus says that the river Angrus flows " from the land of the Illyrians " 267 As the Angrus could be either the Southern Morava or the Ibar , and both rivers in their upper courses flowed through Dardania , Vulić's conclusion looks very reasonable . From all we have said above , the evidence of the ancient writers as to the ethnic origin of the Dardanians seems pretty unanimous and its interpretation offers no special difficulties The tradition according to which the Dardanians , like their neighbours the Autariatae and the Ardiaei , were Illyrians , is preserved in Strabo and Appian . It must be an old tradition , from the times when the three tribes were neighbours . In historians before Strabo ( Polybius , Livy ) and in historians who copied from earlier sources ( Justin , Pompeius Trogus ) , there is nothing to contradict that tradition . The mention of the Darda- nians alongside the Illyrians only shows that the name Illyrian , in addition to its wider ethnic sense , very early acquired a narrower political one . According to Herodotus indeed , for whom the name Illyrian could only have its general meaning , the lands north of Macedonia , round the sources of the Southern Morava and Ibar , were inhabited by Illyrians . This fact shows that ancient tradition considered the Dardanians to be Illyrians ." </li> <li id="cite_note-Zahariade-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zahariade_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zahariade_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zahariade_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZahariade2009">Zahariade 2009</a>, p. 81; p. 92: "Dardania was an Illyrian land by tradition. Dardanians were considered Illyrians by Strabo and Appian and so a number of modern scholars, while others believe that at a later date the Dardanians were “Thracisized”... Most of the place-names especially in eastern Dardania turn out to be Thracian. The Thracian element in majority presumably following an expansion westwards seems to have intermingled with the Illyrian one. The ethnic frontier between Thracians and Dardanians was traced on the Morava (Margus) River until the Danube to the north splitting in two the Dardanian lands, with the eastern part significantly “thracisized”." </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_10-1">b</a> Kosovo: A Short History p. 363 'As Papazoglu notes, most ancient sources classify Dardanians as Illyrians. Her reasons for rejecting this identification in a later essay, ‘Les Royaumes’, are obscure. There were Thracian names in the eastern strip of Dardania, but Illyrian names dominated the rest; Katicic has shown that these belong with two other Illyrian “‘onomastic provinces’ (see his summary in Ancient Languages, pp. 179-81, and the evidence in Papazoglu, ‘Dardanska onomastika’).' </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes2012">Wilkes 2012</a>, p. 414: "Dardani, an Illyrian people (their name may derive from the same root as dardhë, the Albanian for 'pear') but also linked with Thracians and with Asia Minor, inhabited the upper Vardar valley and the Kosovo region in the southern Balkans." </li> <li id="cite_note-Vujcic2021-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vujcic2021_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vujcic2021_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vujcic2021_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, p. 505: "Regardless of this episode, some sources clearly distinguish the Dardani from the rest of Illyrians, and Dardanian land from Illyria (Polyb. 2.6.4, 28.8.3; Liv. 43.20.1), and some take for granted that they are but one of the Illyrian tribes (Strab. 7.5.6, 12; App. Ill. 1.2). This is not the place to analyze this topic in detail, but, while the Dardani are obviously ethnically and linguistically a part of the Illyrian world, they seem to be separated from other Illyrian peoples by their geography and peculiar socio-political development." </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus.tufts.edu-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-perseus.tufts.edu_13-1">b</a> Strabo's geography - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239">http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1966239–241-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1966239–241_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1966239–241_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1966">Hammond 1966</a>, pp. 239–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2005122-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2005122_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos2005">Šašel Kos 2005</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes2012414_16-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes2012">Wilkes 2012</a>, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010625-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010625_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos2010625_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos2010">Šašel Kos 2010</a>, p. 625. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu199620-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu199620_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu1996">Shukriu 1996</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39-58. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Kosovo: A Short History p. 363 'As Papazoglu notes, most ancient sources classify Dardanians as Illyrians. Her reasons for rejecting this identification in a later essay, ‘Les Royaumes’, are obscure. There were Thracian names in the eastern strip of Dardania, but Illyrian names dominated the rest; Katicic has shown that these belong with two other Illyrian “‘onomastic provinces’ (see his summary in Ancient Languages, pp. 179-81, and the evidence in Papazoglu, ‘Dardanska onomastika’).' </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu199641-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu199641_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu1996">Shukriu 1996</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7E*.html">Strabo: The Geography - Illyria</a> - 'The Ardiaei were called by the men of later times "Vardiaei." Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world; for those who were most powerful in earlier times were utterly humbled or were obliterated, as, for example, among the Galatae the Boii and the Scordistae, and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; 316that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans' </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1996120–121-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1996120–121_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1996">Wilkes 1996</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, p. 504. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević198938–39_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStipčević1989">Stipčević 1989</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović201923–24-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović201923–24_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović201923–24_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrović2019">Petrović 2019</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1969201-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1969201_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1969">Papazoglu 1969</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-Papazoglu_1978_523-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu_1978_523_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu_1978_523_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 523 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201269-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201269_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaliu2012">Baliu 2012</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201268_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaliu2012">Baliu 2012</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj1997">Demiraj 1997</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201281-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201281_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaliu2012">Baliu 2012</a>, pp. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlishta201965-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlishta201965_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarlishta2019">Darlishta 2019</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes244-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes244_34-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8q0QgAACAAJ&q=Wilkes%20the%20illyrians">The Illyrians</a>. Wiley. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631146711" title="Special:BookSources/9780631146711"><bdi>9780631146711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780631146711&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8q0QgAACAAJ%26q%3DWilkes%2520the%2520illyrians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> "Names of individuals peoples may have been formed in a similar fashion, Taulantii from 'swallow' (cf. the Albanian tallandushe) or Erchelei the 'eel-men' and Chelidoni the 'snail-men'. The name of the Delmatae appears connected with the Albanian word for 'sheep' delmë) and the Dardanians with for 'pear' (dardhë)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2015310-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015310_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2015310_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlishta201938-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlishta201938_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarlishta2019">Darlishta 2019</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121–122-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121–122_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj1997121–122_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj1997">Demiraj 1997</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie199871-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie199871_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie1998">Elsie 1998</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaliu201277–78-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201277–78_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaliu201277–78_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaliu2012">Baliu 2012</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel199856,_60-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel199856,_60_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel199856,_60_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, pp. 56, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Baliu, Begzad (2012). Onomastika e Kosoves: Ndermjet miteve dhe identiteteve [Onomastics of Kosovo: Between Myth and Identity] (PDF). Era. p. 73. ISBN 978-9951040556. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavić2022-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavić2022_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavić2022">Savić 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202379–80-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrăciun202379–80_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrăciun2023">Crăciun 2023</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202379–81-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrăciun202379–81_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrăciun2023">Crăciun 2023</a>, pp. 79–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrăciun202377–81_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrăciun2023">Crăciun 2023</a>, pp. 77–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 145; <a href="#CITEREFCrossland1982">Crossland 1982</a>, p. 849; <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1969">Papazoglu 1969</a>, pp. 101–104; <a href="#CITEREFStipčević1989">Stipčević 1989</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021522–524-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021522–524_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuqinca2021">Buqinca 2021</a>, pp. 522–524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021216-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021216_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuqinca2021">Buqinca 2021</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199292-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199292_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021505-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021505_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoteva2021410-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoteva2021410_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoteva2021">Boteva 2021</a>, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boteva411-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boteva411_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boteva411_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoteva2021">Boteva 2021</a>, p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERama2021114-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERama2021114_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRama2021">Rama 2021</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaj201918-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlaj201918_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlaj2019">Alaj 2019</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlaj201914-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlaj201914_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlaj2019">Alaj 2019</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alaj15-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Alaj15_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlaj2019">Alaj 2019</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrançolli20204311–4312-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrançolli20204311–4312_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrançolli20204311–4312_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrançolli2020">Drançolli 2020</a>, pp. 4311–4312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranić2014a35-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVranić2014a35_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVranić2014a35_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVranić2014a">Vranić 2014a</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-SCIN-59"><a href="#cite_ref-SCIN_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojic2006" class="citation web cs1">Stojic, Milorad (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-0241/2006/0350-02410656073S.pdf">"Regional characteristics of the Brnjica cultural group"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055300/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-0241/2006/0350-02410656073S.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+characteristics+of+the+Brnjica+cultural+group&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stojic&rft.aufirst=Milorad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doiserbia.nb.rs%2Fimg%2Fdoi%2F0350-0241%2F2006%2F0350-02410656073S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723055300/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-0241/2006/0350-02410656073S.pdf">REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRNJICA CULTURAL GROUP </a> MILORAD STOJI] Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStojic200673-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStojic200673_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStojic2006">Stojic 2006</a>, p. 73: "Until recently, our knowledge of the Brnjica cultural group (or cultural group Donja Brnjica – Gornja Stra`ava) was based on the research results from fifteen or so sites, mainly necropolises.1 There were no data on settlements and habitations.2 The total archaeological collection of the Brnjica community amounted to less than three hundred objects, mostly ceramic vessels.3 This cultural group was characterized as the final phase, »… of a long evolution to be followed with certainty through the entire Bronze Age, while closely connected to the Balkan–Danube complex and elements the linguists mark as Dako–Moesian. Therefore, this group’s finds could be identified with the non-Illyrian component in the Dardanian ethnogenesis.«4" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVranić2014b169-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVranić2014b169_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVranić2014b">Vranić 2014b</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu20089_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGavrilović_Vitas20213-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGavrilović_Vitas20213_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGavrilović_Vitas2021">Gavrilović Vitas 2021</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504–505-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021504–505_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, pp. 504–505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20068_66-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrović2006">Petrović 2006</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Malcolm_Errington1990" class="citation book cs1">Robert Malcolm Errington (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PYgkqP_s1PQC">A History of Macedonia</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PYgkqP_s1PQC/page/n173">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06319-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06319-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06319-8&rft.au=Robert+Malcolm+Errington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PYgkqP_s1PQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović20069-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20069_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović20069_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrović2006">Petrović 2006</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1990185-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington1990185_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> A history of Macedonia Volume 5 of Hellenistic culture and society, Robert Malcolm Errington, University of California Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06319-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06319-8">0-520-06319-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06319-8">978-0-520-06319-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PYgkqP_s1PQC/page/n187">p. 174</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckstein200834–35-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckstein200834–35_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckstein2008">Eckstein 2008</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 335 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 420 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 470 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 491 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201410-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy201410_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy2014">Mócsy 2014</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978173-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978173_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978173_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201412-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy201412_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy2014">Mócsy 2014</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy201415-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy201415_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMócsy2014">Mócsy 2014</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 140 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> ... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Michael Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (Oxford 1957), 242-243 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0">^</a> Prehistory and Antique History of Kosova, Edi Shukriu, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-balkaninstitut.com-86"><a href="#cite_ref-balkaninstitut.com_86-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/B_XXXVII_2007.pdf">http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/B_XXXVII_2007.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes-1992-210-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes-1992-210_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes-1992-210_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 210 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Here the old name of Dardania appears as a new province formed out of Moesia, along with Moesia Prima, Dacia (not Trajan's old province but a... Though its line is far from certain there seems little doubt that most of the Dardanians were excluded from Illyricum and were to become a part of the province of Moesia)</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 445 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The assumption that the Dardanian kingdom was composed of a considerable number of tribes and tribal groups, finds confirmation in Strabo's statement about</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2008188-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2008188_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2008">Dzino 2008</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes-1992-85-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes-1992-85_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes-1992-85_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 85 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Whether the Dardanians were an Illyrian or a Thracian people has been much debated and one view suggests that the area was originally populated with Thracians who then exposed to direct contact with Illyrians over a long period. [..] The meaning of this state of affairs has been variously interpreted, ranging from notions of Thracianization' (in part) of an existing Illyrian population to the precise opposite. In favour of the latter may be the close correspondence of Illyrian names in Dardania with those of the southern 'real' lllyrians to their west, including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes-1992-86-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes-1992-86_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes-1992-86_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 86 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with...</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021133_94-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuqinca2021">Buqinca 2021</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-1985-93-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Harding-1985-93_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Harding1985" class="citation book cs1">Phillip Harding (21 February 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfZhWwdtiH4C">From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29949-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29949-7</bdi></a>. <q>Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+End+of+the+Peloponnesian+War+to+the+Battle+of+Ipsus&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985-02-21&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29949-7&rft.au=Phillip+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfZhWwdtiH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeckel2006">Heckel 2006</a>, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes_1996_120-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes_1996_120_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1996">Wilkes 1996</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-Heckel86-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Heckel86_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeckel2006">Heckel 2006</a>, p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1988">Hammond 1988</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes200250–51,_56,_75-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes200250–51,_56,_75_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCabanes2002">Cabanes 2002</a>, pp. 50–51, 56, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortensen199149–59-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortensen199149–59_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMortensen1991">Mortensen 1991</a>, pp. 49–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane_Fox2011342-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane_Fox2011342_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLane_Fox2011">Lane Fox 2011</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2019115-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2019115_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVujčić2019">Vujčić 2019</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021501–504-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021501–504_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, pp. 501–504. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021131,_133-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuqinca2021131,_133_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuqinca2021">Buqinca 2021</a>, pp. 131, 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuqinca2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buqinca, Arianit (2022). Dardanët e Ilirisë (VI - I p.e.s.) [The Dardanians of Illyria] (in Albanian) (1st ed.). Prishtina: Instituti Albanologjik. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951-24-155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951-24-155-7"><bdi>978-9951-24-155-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dardan%C3%ABt+e+Iliris%C3%AB+%28VI+-+I+p.e.s.%29&rft.place=Prishtina&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Instituti+Albanologjik&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9951-24-155-7&rft.aulast=Buqinca&rft.aufirst=Arianit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrović201924-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrović201924_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrović2019">Petrović 2019</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAelianDiane_Ostrom_Johnson1997" class="citation book cs1">Aelian; Diane Ostrom Johnson (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFAXAQAAIAAJ">An English translation of Claudius Aelianus' Varia historia</a>. E. Mellen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-8672-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-8672-0"><bdi>978-0-7734-8672-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+English+translation+of+Claudius+Aelianus%27+Varia+historia&rft.pub=E.+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1997-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-8672-0&rft.au=Aelian&rft.au=Diane+Ostrom+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFAXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papazoglu-1978-517-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu-1978-517_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglu-1978-517_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 517 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There must have been some reason why it was said of the Dardanians, and not of any other people, that they only bathed three times in their lives ...like the Dardanians', which was applied not to dirty folk, as might be expected, but to the miserly (ἐπὶ τῶν φειδωλῶν)! For the Greeks, obviously, to bathe or not was only a question of expense and financial means.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=balneae-cn&highlight=bathed%2Cdardanians">Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)</a> "...whence it is said of the Dardanians, an Illyrian people, that they bathe only thrice in their lives—at birth, marriage, and after death." </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Oliver_Thomson1948" class="citation book cs1">James Oliver Thomson (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQipbjusDyQC&pg=PA249">History of Ancient Geography</a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. pp. 249–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0143-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0143-8"><bdi>978-0-8196-0143-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Geography&rft.pages=249-&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0143-8&rft.au=James+Oliver+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQipbjusDyQC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo_112-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=7:chapter=5&highlight=dardanians">Strabo,7.5</a>, "The Dardanians are so utterly wild that they dig caves beneath their dung-hills and live there, but still they care for music, always making use of musical instruments, both flutes and stringed instruments" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978224-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978224_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978245-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978245_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Katičić, Radoslav (1964b) "Die neuesten Forschungen über die einhemiche Sprachschist in den Illyrischen Provinzen" in Benac (1964a) 9-58 Katičić, Radoslav (1965b) "Zur frage der keltischen und panonischen Namengebieten im römischen Dalmatien" ANUBiH 3 GCBI 1, 53-76 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans. The Hague - Paris (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDana2014LXXXII-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDana2014LXXXII_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDana2014">Dana 2014</a>, p. LXXXII. </li> <li id="cite_note-RoismanWorthington2011-118"><a href="#cite_ref-RoismanWorthington2011_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_RoismanIan_Worthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.au=Joseph+Roisman&rft.au=Ian+Worthington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555–556-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017555–556_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, pp. 555–556. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200811-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200811_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200810-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200810_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeqo201614-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeqo201614_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZeqo2016">Zeqo 2016</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerri2006229-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerri2006229_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerri2006">Ferri 2006</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukriu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shukriu, Edi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1787800">"Dea Dardane - Ikonografia dhe funksionet"</a> [Dea Dardania - Iconography and functions]. Kosova.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kosova&rft.atitle=Dea+Dardane+-+Ikonografia+dhe+funksionet&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shukriu&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1787800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJosephDedvukaj2024">Joseph & Dedvukaj 2024</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlaj2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Alaj, Premtim (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/tel-02503916/">Les habitats de l'Age du fer sur le territoire de l'actuel Kosovo</a> (Thesis). Université de Lyon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+habitats+de+l%27Age+du+fer+sur+le+territoire+de+l%27actuel+Kosovo&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lyon&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Alaj&rft.aufirst=Premtim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.inria.fr%2Ftel-02503916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaliu2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baliu, Begzad (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/sq/9/9d/Begzad_Baliu._Onomastike_dhe_identitet_paust.pdf">Onomastikë dhe identitet</a> [Onomastics and Identity] (PDF) (in Albanian). Era. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951-04-071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951-04-071-6"><bdi>978-9951-04-071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onomastik%C3%AB+dhe+identitet&rft.pub=Era&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9951-04-071-6&rft.aulast=Baliu&rft.aufirst=Begzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikibooks%2Fsq%2F9%2F9d%2FBegzad_Baliu._Onomastike_dhe_identitet_paust.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoteva2021" class="citation journal cs1">Boteva, Dilyana (2021). 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"Albanian". In Mate Kapović (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ">The Indo-European Languages</a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-67855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-67855-9"><bdi>978-1-315-67855-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-315-67855-9&rft.aulast=Rusakov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i0lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠašel_Kos2005" class="citation book cs1">Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ">Appian and Illyricum</a>. Narodni muzej Slovenije. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/961616936X" title="Special:BookSources/961616936X"><bdi>961616936X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appian+and+Illyricum&rft.pub=Narodni+muzej+Slovenije&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=961616936X&rft.aulast=%C5%A0a%C5%A1el+Kos&rft.aufirst=Marjeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopBpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠašel_Kos2010" class="citation book cs1">Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2010). "Peoples on the northern fringes of the Greek world: Illyria as seen by Strabo". 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De Boccard Editions. pp. 617–629. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782951943339" title="Special:BookSources/9782951943339"><bdi>9782951943339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peoples+on+the+northern+fringes+of+the+Greek+world%3A+Illyria+as+seen+by+Strabo&rft.btitle=L%27Illyrie+m%C3%A9ridionale+et+l%27%C3%89pire+dans+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+V%3A+Actes+du+Ve+colloque+international+de+Grenoble+%288%E2%80%9311+octobre+2008%29&rft.series=L%27Illyrie+m%C3%A9ridionale+et+l%27%C3%89pire+dans+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%28V%29&rft.pages=617-629&rft.pub=De+Boccard+Editions&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782951943339&rft.aulast=%C5%A0a%C5%A1el+Kos&rft.aufirst=Marjeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78WSAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavić2022" class="citation journal cs1">Savić, Danilo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18485%2Fbelida.2022.1.ch18">"Some Illyrian Ethnonyms and Their Supposed Albanian Cognates"</a>. Belgrade Linguistics Days. 1: 449–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18485%2Fbelida.2022.1.ch18">10.18485/belida.2022.1.ch18</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_13349">21.15107/rcub_dais_13349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belgrade+Linguistics+Days&rft.atitle=Some+Illyrian+Ethnonyms+and+Their+Supposed+Albanian+Cognates&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=449-463&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.15107%2Frcub_dais_13349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18485%2Fbelida.2022.1.ch18&rft.aulast=Savi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Danilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18485%252Fbelida.2022.1.ch18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavić2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Savić, M. M. (2015). "Material culture of Dardan's in pre-roman period". Baština (in Serbian) (39): 67–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ba%C5%A1tina&rft.atitle=Material+culture+of+Dardan%27s+in+pre-roman+period&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=67-84&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Savi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukriu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shukriu, Edi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013175840/https://dspace.aab-edu.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/6/01-2008-EN-03-Edi_Shukriu-anglisht.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Prehistory and Antique History of Kosova"</a> (PDF). Thesis Kosova. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.aab-edu.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/6/01-2008-EN-03-Edi_Shukriu-anglisht.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thesis+Kosova&rft.atitle=Prehistory+and+Antique+History+of+Kosova&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shukriu&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.aab-edu.net%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F6%2F01-2008-EN-03-Edi_Shukriu-anglisht.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukriu1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shukriu, Edi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-4LHQAACAAJ">Dardania paraurbane: studime arkeologjike të Kosovës</a> [Pre-urban Dardania: Archaeological Studies of Kosova]. Biblioteka "Fryma" (in Albanian). Vol. 13. 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Školska knjiga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788603991062" title="Special:BookSources/9788603991062"><bdi>9788603991062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iliri%3A+povijest%2C+%C5%BEivot%2C+kultura&rft.pub=%C5%A0kolska+knjiga&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788603991062&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56ZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilović_Vitas2021" class="citation book cs1">Gavrilović Vitas, Nadežda (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdsfEAAAQBAJ">Ex Asia et Syria Oriental Religions in the Roman Central Balkans</a>. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology. Vol. 78. Archaeopress Publishing LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-914-2"><bdi>978-1-78969-914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ex+Asia+et+Syria+Oriental+Religions+in+the+Roman+Central+Balkans&rft.series=Archaeopress+Roman+Archaeology&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+LTD&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-914-2&rft.aulast=Gavrilovi%C4%87+Vitas&rft.aufirst=Nade%C5%BEda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdsfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranić2014a" class="citation book cs1">Vranić, Ivan (2014a). 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Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 33–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443861540" title="Special:BookSources/9781443861540"><bdi>9781443861540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Hellenization%22+process+and+the+Balkan+Iron+Age+archaeology&rft.btitle=The+Edges+of+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=33-47&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443861540&rft.aulast=Vrani%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpcgxBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVranić2014b" class="citation book cs1">Vranić, Ivan (2014b). "'Hellenisation' and Ethnicity in the Continental Balkan Iron Age". 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Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782976783" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782976783"><bdi>978-1782976783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Hellenisation%27+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Continental+Balkan+Iron+Age&rft.btitle=Fingerprinting+the+Iron+Age%3A+Approaches+to+identity+in+the+European+Iron+Age%3A+Integrating+South-Eastern+Europe+into+the+debate&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1782976783&rft.aulast=Vrani%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4FiBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVujčić2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vujčić, Nemanja (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41478983">"The Army of Lysimachus after Corupedium"</a>. Antiquité Vivante / Živa antika. 69 (1–2): 109–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47054%2FZIVA19691-2109v">10.47054/ZIVA19691-2109v</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0514-7727">0514-7727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245589829">245589829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquit%C3%A9+Vivante+%2F+%C5%BDiva+antika&rft.atitle=The+Army+of+Lysimachus+after+Corupedium&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=109-122&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245589829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0514-7727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47054%2FZIVA19691-2109v&rft.aulast=Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nemanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41478983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVujčić2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vujčić, Nemanja (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/download/16601/7421">"The City of Pelion and the Illyrian War of Alexander"</a>. Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Pelion+and+the+Illyrian+War+of+Alexander&rft.volume=61&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nemanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F16601%2F7421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1996) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">The Illyrians</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19807-9&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkes, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA414">"Dardani"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dardani&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVWcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahariade2009" class="citation book cs1">Zahariade, Mihail (2009). Ovidiu Țentea, Florian Matei-Popescu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9sp0oAEACAAJ">The Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army: From the First to the Third Century A.D</a>. The Center for Roman Military Studies. Vol. 1. Mega Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thracians+in+the+Roman+Imperial+Army%3A+From+the+First+to+the+Third+Century+A.D&rft.series=The+Center+for+Roman+Military+Studies&rft.pub=Mega+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Zahariade&rft.aufirst=Mihail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9sp0oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeqo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zeqo, Moikom (2016). "Zef Mirdita, dijetari i madh shqiptar i formatit evropian". Studime Albanologjike. 13. Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve – Shkup: 13–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1857-6958">1857-6958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Albanologjike&rft.atitle=Zef+Mirdita%2C+dijetari+i+madh+shqiptar+i+formatit+evropian&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=13-20&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1857-6958&rft.aulast=Zeqo&rft.aufirst=Moikom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADardani" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardani&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Template:Illyrians" title="Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians" title="Template talk:Illyrians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illyrians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docleatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Docleatae">Docleatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atintanians" title="Atintanians">Atintanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baridustae" title="Baridustae">Baridustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuci">Breuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatae" title="Dalmatae">Dalmatae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariotes" title="Tariotes">Tariotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorsi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thuantai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabaei" title="Grabaei">Grabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Dauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peuceti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narensi">Narensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseriates" title="Osseriates">Osseriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardiatae" title="Sardiatae">Sardiatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculotae" title="Siculotae">Siculotae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abroi" title="Abroi">Abroi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artas_of_Messapia" title="Artas of Messapia">Artas of Messapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astius" title="Astius">Astius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaios" title="Ballaios">Ballaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraliris" title="Baraliris">Baraliris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeria" title="Caeria">Caeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravantius" title="Caravantius">Caravantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celer_(magister_officiorum)" title="Celer (magister officiorum)">Celer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dando_the_Illyrian" title="Dando the Illyrian">Dando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_and_Antia" title="Eleutherius and Antia">Eleutherius and Antia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulon" title="Epulon">Epulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Flavianus (prefect of Egypt)">Flavianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaurus" title="Galaurus">Galaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias of Taulantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_I" title="Grabos I">Grabos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Sirmium" title="Irenaeus of Sirmium">Irenaeus of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monounios" title="Monounios">Monounios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Monunius (Dardanian chieftain)">Monunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilos" title="Mytilos">Mytilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Ardiaean)" title="Pinnes (Ardiaean)">Pinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plator" title="Plator">Plator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_III" title="Pleuratus III">Pleuratus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurias" title="Pleurias">Pleurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scerdilaidas" title="Scerdilaidas">Scerdilaidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triteuta" title="Triteuta">Triteuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dardanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Geography</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">cities/settlements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Acruvium (Kotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Acroceraunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Acroceraunia (page does not exist)">Ad Acroceraunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Quintum" title="Ad Quintum">Ad Quintum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andetrium" title="Andetrium">Andetrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatreia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipatreia">Antipatreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduba" title="Arduba">Arduba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnissa, Illyria (page does not exist)">Arnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspalathos (Split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargulum" title="Bargulum">Bargulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushat" title="Bushat">Bushat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_(Dardania)" title="Chinna (Dardania)">Chinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysondyon" title="Chrysondyon">Chrysondyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creonion" title="Creonion">Creonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance" title="Neretva">Lower Neretva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardana_Fortress" title="Dardana Fortress">Dardana Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a> (Lower Neretva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doclea_(Illyria)" title="Doclea (Illyria)">Doclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doracium" title="Doracium">Doracium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresnik_archaeological_site" title="Dresnik archaeological site">Dresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboc_Fortress" title="Duboc Fortress">Duboc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukat,_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkelana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkelana (page does not exist)">Enkelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicaria" title="Epicaria">Epicaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenium" title="Eugenium">Eugenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertus" title="Gertus">Gertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedum_castellum" title="Hedum castellum">Hedum castellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq" title="Maliq">Hija e Korbit</a></li> <li>Iader or Idassa (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinna_(Illyria)" title="Kinna (Illyria)">Kinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodrion" title="Kodrion">Kodrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratul" title="Kratul">Kratul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lofkënd (page does not exist)">Lofkënd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Lychnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matohasanaj (page does not exist)">Matohasanaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medun" title="Medun">Meteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Mursa (Osijek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nareste" title="Nareste">Nareste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikadin_(archaeological_site)" title="Nikadin (archaeological site)">Nikadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria" title="Nikaia, Illyria">Nikaia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klos,_Mallakast%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klos, Mallakastër (page does not exist)">Klos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneum" title="Oneum">Oneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeste" title="Palaeste">Palaeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthus" title="Parthus">Parthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituntium" title="Pituntium">Pituntium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Castle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola (Pula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)" title="Poslishte (archaeological site)">Poslishte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promona" title="Promona">Promona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabije (page does not exist)">Rabije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Rhizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia,_Liburnia" title="Salvia, Liburnia">Salvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Scampa (Elbasan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Selcë e Poshtme">Selcë e Poshtme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesarethus" title="Sesarethus">Sesarethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setovia" title="Setovia">Setovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra (Shkodër)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurion (Trogir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triport,_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Triport, Vlorë">Triport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangonj_Pass" title="Cangonj Pass">Tsangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uscana" title="Uscana">Uscana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zg%C3%ABrdhesh" title="Zgërdhesh">Zgërdhesh</a> (? <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrian_art" title="Category:Illyrian art">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian cultural group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">Daunian stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_education" title="Illyrian education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae" title="Illyrian fibulae">Fibulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture" title="Glasinac-Mati culture">Glasinac-Mati culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">Gradistë belt-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saraceno" title="Mount Saraceno">Monte Saraceno woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li>Pottery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_pottery" title="Daunian pottery">Daunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetian_pottery" title="Peucetian pottery">Peucetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_brooch" title="Spectacle brooch">Spectacle brooch</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva" title="Illyrian tombs in Boka-Përçeva">Boka-Përçeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Selca e Poshtme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate" title="Vače Belt-Plate">Vače Belt-Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a></li> <li>Tattooing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanje" title="Sicanje">Sicanje</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion and mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Deipaturos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zojz_(deity)" title="Zojz (deity)">Zojz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="En (deity)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry" title="Illyrian weaponry">weaponry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus" title="Illyrian invasion of Epirus">Illyrian invasion of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Siege of Pelium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">Dardanian–Bastarnic war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Epidamnus" title="Invasions of Epidamnus">Invasions of Epidamnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Roman-Macedonian wars</a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley" title="Battle of Erigon Valley">Erigon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Lyncestis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Paxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos" title="Battle of Pharos">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice" title="Battle of Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars" title="Roman–Dalmatian wars">Roman–Dalmatian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembus" title="Lembus">Lembus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyna" title="Sibyna">Sibyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Issa" title="Siege of Issa">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medion" title="Siege of Medion">Medion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed vocabulary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Roman period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a></li> <li>Dioceses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prefectures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Provinces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Delmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrology" title="Illyrology">Illyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists" title="Category:Illyria-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">Settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history" title="Timeline of Illyrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrians" title="Category:Illyrians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a>2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a>3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a>5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a>5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a>5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a>5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a>5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li>1 Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li>2 Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li>3 Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li>4 Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li>5 Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tribes_of_ancient_Serbia_by_cultural_group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tribes_of_Serbia" title="Template:Tribes of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tribes_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:Tribes of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tribes_of_ancient_Serbia_by_cultural_group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tribes of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_sites_in_Serbia" title="Prehistoric sites in Serbia">ancient Serbia</a> by cultural group</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celegeri" title="Celegeri">Celegeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindari" title="Dindari">Dindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dardani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrianes" title="Agrianes">Agrianes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesi" title="Moesi">Moesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triballi" title="Triballi">Triballi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornacates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornacates">Cornacates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricornenses" title="Tricornenses">Tricornenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dacian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albocense" class="mw-redirect" title="Albocense">Albocense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illyrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thracian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timachi" title="Timachi">Timachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricornenses" title="Tricornenses">Tricornenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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