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<button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Genetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Late onset </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Early onset </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hypotheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amyloid_beta_and_tau_protein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amyloid_beta_and_tau_protein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Amyloid beta and tau protein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amyloid_beta_and_tau_protein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Sleep </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_toxicity,_smoking,_neuroinflammation_and_air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_toxicity,_smoking,_neuroinflammation_and_air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Metal toxicity, smoking, neuroinflammation and air pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_toxicity,_smoking,_neuroinflammation_and_air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age-related_myelin_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age-related_myelin_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Age-related myelin decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-related_myelin_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Other hypotheses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pathophysiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuropathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuropathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Neuropathology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuropathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amyloid_beta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amyloid_beta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Amyloid beta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amyloid_beta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorylated_tau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorylated_tau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Phosphorylated tau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorylated_tau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Disease mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Criteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Techniques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pharmaceutical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosocial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Psychosocial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caregiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caregiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Caregiving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caregiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Social costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caregiving_burden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caregiving_burden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Caregiving burden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caregiving_burden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_directions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_directions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Research directions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_directions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research directions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_directions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focused_ultrasound_for_medication_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focused_ultrasound_for_medication_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Focused ultrasound for medication delivery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focused_ultrasound_for_medication_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alzheimer's disease</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" > 123 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimersiekte" title="Alzheimersiekte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alzheimersiekte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-Krankheit" title="Alzheimer-Krankheit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alzheimer-Krankheit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مرض آلزهايمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض آلزهايمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaut%C3%ADa_d%27Alzheimer" title="Malautía d'Alzheimer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Malautía d'Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալզայմըրի Հիւանդութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալզայմըրի Հիւանդութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="আলজেমাৰ ৰোগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলজেমাৰ ৰোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer" title="Alzheimer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer_mba%27asy" title="Alzheimer mba'asy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alzheimer mba'asy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altsheymer_x%C9%99st%C9%99liyi" title="Altsheymer xəstəliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Altsheymer xəstəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="آلزایمر مریضلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلزایمر مریضلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="আলৎসহাইমারের রোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলৎসহাইমারের রোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer_p%C4%93%E2%81%BF" title="Alzheimer pēⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alzheimer pēⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Альцгеймер ауырыуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альцгеймер ауырыуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хвароба Альцгеймера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хвароба Альцгеймера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хвароба Альцгаймэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хвароба Альцгаймэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Болест на Алцхаймер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Болест на Алцхаймер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨལ་རྫི་མར་གྱི་ནད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨལ་རྫི་མར་གྱི་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerova_bolest" title="Alzheimerova bolest – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alzheimerova bolest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C3%B1ved_Alzheimer" title="Kleñved Alzheimer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kleñved Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Альцгеймерэй үбшэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альцгеймерэй үбшэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_d%27Alzheimer" title="Malaltia d'Alzheimer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia d'Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%97" title="Альцгеймер чирӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Альцгеймер чирӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerova_choroba" title="Alzheimerova choroba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alzheimerova choroba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clefyd_Alzheimer" title="Clefyd Alzheimer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clefyd Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sygdom" title="Alzheimers sygdom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alzheimers sygdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-Krankheit" title="Alzheimer-Krankheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alzheimer-Krankheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimeri_t%C3%B5bi" title="Alzheimeri tõbi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alzheimeri tõbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Νόσος Αλτσχάιμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόσος Αλτσχάιμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedad_de_Alzheimer" title="Enfermedad de Alzheimer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfermedad de Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-malsano" title="Alzheimer-malsano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alzheimer-malsano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer" title="Alzheimer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="بیماری آلزایمر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری آلزایمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Alzheimer's disease" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_d%27Alzheimer" title="Maladie d'Alzheimer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie d'Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykte_fan_Alzheimer" title="Sykte fan Alzheimer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sykte fan Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar_Alzheimer" title="Galar Alzheimer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinneas_Alzheimer" title="Tinneas Alzheimer – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tinneas Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzh%C3%A9imer" title="Alzhéimer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alzhéimer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E7%97%B4%E5%91%86%E7%97%87" title="老人痴呆症 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="老人痴呆症" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B8%A0%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%B3%91" title="알츠하이머병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알츠하이머병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar_Alzheimer" title="Cutar Alzheimer – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cutar Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%81%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալցհայմերի հիվանդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալցհայմերի հիվանդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="अलजाइमर रोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलजाइमर रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerova_bolest" title="Alzheimerova bolest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alzheimerova bolest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-morbo" title="Alzheimer-morbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alzheimer-morbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit_ni_Alzheimer" title="Sakit ni Alzheimer – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sakit ni Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Alzheimer" title="Penyakit Alzheimer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyakit Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladia_de_Alzheimer" title="Maladia de Alzheimer – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maladia de Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-sj%C3%BAkd%C3%B3mur" title="Alzheimer-sjúkdómur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alzheimer-sjúkdómur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia_di_Alzheimer" title="Malattia di Alzheimer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattia di Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="מחלת אלצהיימר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלת אלצהיימר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelara_Alzheimer" title="Lelara Alzheimer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lelara Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಆಲ್‌ಝೈಮರ್‌‌ನ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್‌ಝೈಮರ್‌‌ನ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ალცჰაიმერის დაავადება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალცჰაიმერის დაავადება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Альцгеймер ауруы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альцгеймер ауруы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_Alzheimer" title="Ugonjwa wa Alzheimer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugonjwa wa Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladi_di_Alzheimer" title="Maladi di Alzheimer – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Maladi di Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbus_Alzheimer" title="Morbus Alzheimer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Morbus Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcheimera_slim%C4%ABba" title="Alcheimera slimība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alcheimera slimība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer" title="Alzheimer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerio_liga" title="Alzheimerio liga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alzheimerio liga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenkde_vaan_Alzheimer" title="Krenkde vaan Alzheimer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Krenkde vaan Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladia_de_Alzheimer" title="Maladia de Alzheimer – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maladia de Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-k%C3%B3r" title="Alzheimer-kór – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alzheimer-kór" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Алцхајмерова болест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алцхајмерова болест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="സ്മൃതിനാശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്മൃതിനാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="अल्झायमर रोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्झायमर रोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ალცჰაიმერიშ ლახარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალცჰაიმერიშ ლახარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="آلزایمر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلزایمر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Alzheimer" title="Penyakit Alzheimer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Альцхаймерын өвчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альцхаймерын өвчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="အယ်လ်ဇိုင်းမား ရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ဇိုင်းမား ရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziekte_van_Alzheimer" title="Ziekte van Alzheimer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziekte van Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="अल्जाइमर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्जाइमर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E7%97%85" title="アルツハイマー病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルツハイマー病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Альцгеймеран цамгар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Альцгеймеран цамгар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sykdom" title="Alzheimers sykdom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alzheimers sykdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sjukdom" title="Alzheimers sjukdom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alzheimers sjukdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1_d%27Alzheimer" title="Malautiá d'Alzheimer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Malautiá d'Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ଆଲଜିମର ରୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲଜିମର ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer_kasalligi" title="Alzheimer kasalligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alzheimer kasalligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਅਲਜ਼ਾਈਮਰ ਰੋਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਜ਼ਾਈਮਰ ਰੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الزایمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الزایمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الزایمر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الزایمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzaimaz_diziiz" title="Alzaimaz diziiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alzaimaz diziiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer-Krankheid" title="Alzheimer-Krankheid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alzheimer-Krankheid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_Alzheimera" title="Choroba Alzheimera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba Alzheimera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_de_Alzheimer" title="Doença de Alzheimer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doença de Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boala_Alzheimer" title="Boala Alzheimer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boala Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer_unquy" title="Alzheimer unquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alzheimer unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алцгеймерова хворота – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алцгеймерова хворота" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Болезнь Альцгеймера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болезнь Альцгеймера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альцгеймер ыарыыта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альцгеймер ыарыыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_tribble" title="Alzheimer's tribble – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alzheimer's tribble" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABmundja_e_Alzheimerit" title="Sëmundja e Alzheimerit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sëmundja e Alzheimerit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbu_di_Alzheimer" title="Morbu di Alzheimer – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Morbu di Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇල්ෂයිමර්ගේ රෝගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්ෂයිමර්ගේ රෝගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alzheimer's disease" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%B1_(%D9%88%DA%8F%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%87%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A)" title="الزائمر (وڏي عمر جي ماڻهن جي دماغي بيماري) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الزائمر (وڏي عمر جي ماڻهن جي دماغي بيماري)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerova_choroba" title="Alzheimerova choroba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alzheimerova choroba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerjeva_bolezen" title="Alzheimerjeva bolezen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alzheimerjeva bolezen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B2%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نەخۆشیی ئەلزھایمەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەخۆشیی ئەلزھایمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Алцхајмерова болест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алцхајмерова болест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerova_bolest" title="Alzheimerova bolest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alzheimerova bolest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyakit_Alzheimer" title="Panyakit Alzheimer – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Panyakit Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimerin_tauti" title="Alzheimerin tauti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alzheimerin tauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sjukdom" title="Alzheimers sjukdom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alzheimers sjukdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit_na_Alzheimer" title="Sakit na Alzheimer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sakit na Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்சைமர் நோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்சைமர் நோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Альцгеймер авыруы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альцгеймер авыруы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="మతిమరపు వ్యాధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మతిమరపు వ్యాధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคอัลไซเมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคอัลไซเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Alzheimer hastalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alzheimer hastalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хвороба Альцгеймера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хвороба Альцгеймера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الزائمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الزائمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1_%D9%83%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئالتسخېيمېر كېسىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالتسخېيمېر كېسىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_Alzheimer" title="Bệnh Alzheimer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit_nga_Alzheimer" title="Sakit nga Alzheimer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sakit nga Alzheimer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%85" title="阿尔茲海默病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔茲海默病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Progressive neurodegenerative disease</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alzheimer" redirects here. For the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alzheimer (disambiguation)">Alzheimer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Alzheimer's disease</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Alzheimer's dementia</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain-ALZH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brain-ALZH.png/220px-Brain-ALZH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brain-ALZH.png/330px-Brain-ALZH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brain-ALZH.png/440px-Brain-ALZH.png 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="1535" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Diagram of a normal <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> compared to the brain of a person with Alzheimer's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæltshaɪmərz/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɑːlts-/</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory loss">Memory loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">problems with language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">disorientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a><a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falls_in_older_adults" title="Falls in older adults">falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a> in the terminal stage<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Over 65 years old<a href="#cite_note-Mend2012-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Long term<a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Poorly understood<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">clinical depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">psychological stress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> lack of physical<a href="#cite_note-Cheng2016-6">[6]</a> and mental<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vina2018-7">[7]</a> exercise</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">cognitive testing</a> after ruling out other possible causes<a href="#cite_note-NICE2014Diag-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Normal_brain_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal brain aging">Normal brain aging</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_dementia" title="Lewy body dementia">Lewy body dementia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gomperts2016-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trisomy_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisomy 21">Trisomy 21</a><a href="#cite_note-Lott2019-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a><a href="#cite_note-mayo-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Life expectancy 3–12 years<a href="#cite_note-mayo-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-schaffert-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-todd-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">50 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Named after</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative disease</a> that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-2">[2]</a> and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon2018p111-15">[15]</a> The most common early symptom is difficulty in <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">remembering recent events</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> As the disease advances, symptoms can include <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">problems with language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">disorientation</a> (including easily getting lost), <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-neglect" title="Self-neglect">self-neglect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Challenging_behaviour" title="Challenging behaviour">behavioral issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-2">[2]</a> As a person's condition declines, they often <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">withdraw from family and society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-16">[16]</a> Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to twelve years.<a href="#cite_note-mayo-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-schaffert-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-todd-13">[13]</a> The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-16">[16]</a> There are many environmental and genetic <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factors</a> associated with its development. The strongest genetic risk factor is from an <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">apolipoprotein E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIA2021-18">[18]</a> Other risk factors include a history of <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> The progression of the disease is largely characterized by the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Proteinopathy" title="Proteinopathy">malformed protein deposits</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">amyloid plaques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangles" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurofibrillary tangles">neurofibrillary tangles</a>. These misfolded <a href="/wiki/Protein_aggregation" title="Protein aggregation">protein aggregates</a> interfere with normal cell function, and over time lead to irreversible <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">degeneration of neurons</a> and loss of <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synaptic connections</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIA2023-19">[19]</a> A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">cognitive testing</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a> to rule out other possible causes.<a href="#cite_note-NICE2014Diag-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Initial symptoms are often mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Normal_brain_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal brain aging">normal brain aging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Examination of brain tissue</a> is needed for a definite diagnosis, but this can only take place <a href="/wiki/Postmortem_studies" title="Postmortem studies">after death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2020-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gauthreaux2020-22">[22]</a> No treatments can stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2023-2">[2]</a> A healthy diet, physical activity, and <a href="/wiki/Social_engagement" title="Social engagement">social engagement</a> are generally beneficial in aging, and may help in reducing the risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's.<a href="#cite_note-NIA2023-19">[19]</a> Affected people become increasingly reliant on others for assistance, often placing a burden on <a href="/wiki/Dementia_caregiving" title="Dementia caregiving">caregivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thom2007-23">[23]</a> The pressures can include social, psychological, physical, and economic elements.<a href="#cite_note-Thom2007-23">[23]</a> Exercise programs may be beneficial with respect to <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a> and can potentially improve outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Forb2015-24">[24]</a> Behavioral problems or <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> due to dementia are sometimes treated with <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, but this has an increased risk of early death.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> As of 2020, there were approximately 50 million people worldwide with Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> It most often begins in people over 65 years of age, although up to 10% of cases are <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">early-onset</a> impacting those in their 30s to mid-60s.<a href="#cite_note-NIA2019-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mend2012-4">[4]</a> It affects about 6% of people 65 years and older,<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-16">[16]</a> and women more often than men.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The disease is named after German psychiatrist and pathologist <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a>, who first described it in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9661992-29">[29]</a> Alzheimer's financial burden on society is large, with an estimated global annual cost of US$1 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> It is ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">seventh leading cause of death</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Given the widespread impacts of Alzheimer's disease, both basic-science and health funders in many countries support Alzheimer's research at large scales. For example, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> program for Alzheimer's research, the National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease, has a budget of US$3.98 billion for fiscal year 2026.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Horizon_Europe" title="Horizon Europe">Horizon Europe</a> research programme awarded over €570 million for dementia-related projects.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> The course of Alzheimer's is generally described in three stages, with a progressive pattern of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_symptom" title="Functional symptom">functional</a> <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHS2018-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIA2019-27">[27]</a> The three stages are described as early or mild, middle or moderate, and late or severe.<a href="#cite_note-NHS2018-33">[33]</a> The disease is known to target the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> which is associated with <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, and this is responsible for the first symptoms of memory impairment. As the disease progresses so does the degree of memory impairment.<a href="#cite_note-NIA2023-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_symptoms">First symptoms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease,_Spreads_through_the_Brain_(24524716351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_through_the_Brain_%2824524716351%29.jpg/220px-Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_through_the_Brain_%2824524716351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="474" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_through_the_Brain_%2824524716351%29.jpg/330px-Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_through_the_Brain_%2824524716351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_through_the_Brain_%2824524716351%29.jpg/440px-Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_through_the_Brain_%2824524716351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>Stages of <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> in Alzheimer's</figcaption></figure> The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Waldemar2007-34">[34]</a> Detailed <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">neuropsychological testing</a> can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfills the clinical criteria for <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a> of Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15324363-35">[35]</a> These early symptoms can affect the most complex <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activities of daily living</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The most noticeable deficit is <a href="/wiki/Short_term_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Short term memory">short term memory</a> loss, which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15324363-35">[35]</a> Subtle problems with the <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attentiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, flexibility, and <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract thinking</a>, or impairments in <a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">semantic memory</a> (memory of meanings, and concept relationships) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15324363-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a> and depression can be seen at this stage, with apathy remaining as the most persistent symptom throughout the course of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Deardorff-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a> (MCI) is often found to be a transitional stage between normal aging and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>. MCI can present with a variety of symptoms, and when memory loss is the predominant symptom, it is termed <a href="/wiki/Amnestic_MCI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnestic MCI">amnestic MCI</a> and is frequently seen as a <a href="/wiki/Prodromal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodromal">prodromal</a> stage of Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen-39">[39]</a> Amnesic MCI has a greater than 90% likelihood of being associated with Alzheimer's.<a href="#cite_note-Atri2019-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stage">Early stage</h3></div> In people with Alzheimer's disease, the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis. In a small percentage, difficulties with language, executive functions, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">agnosia</a>), or execution of movements (<a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">apraxia</a>) are more prominent than memory problems.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> Alzheimer's disease does not affect all memory capacities equally. <a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">Older memories</a> of the person's life (<a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a>), facts learned (<a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">semantic memory</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Implicit_memory" title="Implicit memory">implicit memory</a> (the memory of the body on how to do things, such as using a fork to eat or how to drink from a glass) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1300219-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8821346-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Language problems</a> are mainly characterised by a shrinking <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and decreased word <a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">fluency</a>, leading to a general impoverishment of oral and <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1856925-44">[44]</a> In this stage, the person with Alzheimer's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1856925-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7967534-45">[45]</a> While performing <a href="/wiki/Fine_motor_skill" title="Fine motor skill">fine motor tasks</a> such as writing, drawing, or dressing, certain movement coordination and planning difficulties (<a href="/wiki/Apraxia" title="Apraxia">apraxia</a>) may be present; however, they are commonly unnoticed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> As the disease progresses, people with Alzheimer's disease can often continue to perform many tasks independently; however, they may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_stage">Middle stage</h3></div> Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence, with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to <a href="/wiki/Anomic_aphasia" title="Anomic aphasia">recall vocabulary</a>, which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions (<a href="/wiki/Paraphasia" title="Paraphasia">paraphasias</a>). Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7967534-45">[45]</a> Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and Alzheimer's disease progresses, so the risk of falling increases.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> During this phase, memory problems worsen, and the person may fail to recognise close relatives.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">Long-term memory</a>, which was previously intact, becomes impaired.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> Behavioral and <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatric">neuropsychiatric</a> changes become more prevalent. Common manifestations are <a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">wandering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">emotional lability</a>, leading to crying, outbursts of unpremeditated <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, or resistance to caregiving.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a> can also appear.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Approximately 30% of people with Alzheimer's disease develop <a href="/wiki/Delusional_misidentification_syndrome" title="Delusional misidentification syndrome">illusionary misidentifications</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusional</a> symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations (<a href="/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">anosognosia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a> can develop.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> These symptoms create <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> for relatives and caregivers, which can be reduced by moving the person from <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a> to other <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">long-term care facilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7806732-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_stage">Late stage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimers_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alzheimers_brain.jpg/220px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alzheimers_brain.jpg/330px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alzheimers_brain.jpg/440px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A normal brain on the left and a late-stage Alzheimer's brain on the right</figcaption></figure> During the final stage, known as the late-stage or severe stage, there is complete dependence on caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-NIA2023-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHS2018-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words, eventually leading to complete loss of speech.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7967534-45">[45]</a> Despite the loss of verbal language abilities, people can often understand and return emotional signals. Although aggressiveness can still be present, extreme <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">exhaustion</a> are much more common symptoms. People with Alzheimer's disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks independently; <a href="/wiki/Musculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculature">muscle mass</a> and mobility deteriorates to the point where they are bedridden and unable to feed themselves. The cause of death is usually an external factor, such as infection of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">pressure ulcers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, not the disease itself.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> In some cases, there is a <a href="/wiki/Paradoxical_lucidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradoxical lucidity">paradoxical lucidity</a> immediately before death, where there is an unexpected recovery of mental clarity.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> Alzheimer's disease is believed to occur when abnormal amounts of <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_beta" title="Amyloid beta">amyloid beta</a> (Aβ), accumulating extracellularly as <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">amyloid plaques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">tau proteins</a>, or intracellularly as <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a>, form in the brain, affecting neuronal functioning and connectivity, resulting in a progressive loss of brain function.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tackenberg-50">[50]</a> This altered <a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">protein clearance ability</a> is age-related, regulated by brain cholesterol,<a href="#cite_note-WangHao-51">[51]</a> and associated with other neurodegenerative diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Vilchez-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-OUP-53">[53]</a> The cause for most Alzheimer's cases is still mostly unknown,<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> except for 1–2% of cases where deterministic genetic differences have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a> Several competing <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotheses">hypotheses</a> attempt to explain the underlying cause; the most predominant hypothesis is the amyloid beta (Aβ) hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> The oldest hypothesis, on which most drug therapies are based, is the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease#Cholinergic_hypothesis" title="Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease">cholinergic hypothesis</a>, which proposes that Alzheimer's disease is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> The loss of <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_neuron" title="Cholinergic neuron">cholinergic neurons</a> noted in the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> and cerebral cortex, is a key feature in the progression of Alzheimer's.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen-39">[39]</a> The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease#Amyloid_hypothesis" title="Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease">amyloid hypothesis</a> postulated that extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1763432-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11801334-55">[55]</a> Support for this postulate comes from the location of the gene for the <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid precursor protein">amyloid precursor protein</a> (APP) on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_21" title="Chromosome 21">chromosome 21</a>, together with the fact that people with <a href="/wiki/Trisomy_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisomy 21">trisomy 21</a> (Down syndrome) who have an extra <a href="/wiki/Gene_dosage" title="Gene dosage">gene copy</a> almost universally exhibit at least the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer's disease by 40 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Lott2019-10">[10]</a> A specific <a href="/wiki/Protein_isoform" title="Protein isoform">isoform</a> of apolipoprotein, <a href="/wiki/APOE4" class="mw-redirect" title="APOE4">APOE4</a>, is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Simon2018p111-15">[15]</a> While apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown of beta amyloid, some isoforms are not very effective at this task (such as APOE4), leading to excess amyloid buildup in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7566000-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic">Genetic</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_onset">Late onset</h4></div> Late-onset Alzheimer's is about 70% <a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">heritable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews2023-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scheltens2021-58">[58]</a> Genetic models in 2020 predict Alzheimer's disease with 90% accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Most cases of Alzheimer's are not <a href="/wiki/Familial_alzheimer_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial alzheimer disease">familial</a>, and so they are termed sporadic Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Of the cases of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, most are classified as late onset where they are developed after the age of 65 years.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease is <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E#Alzheimer's_disease" title="Apolipoprotein E">APOEε4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIA2021-18">[18]</a> APOEε4 is one of four alleles of <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">apolipoprotein E</a> (APOE). APOE plays a major role in lipid-binding proteins in lipoprotein particles and the <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E#Alzheimer's_disease" title="Apolipoprotein E">ε4</a> allele disrupts this function.<a href="#cite_note-Perea-62">[62]</a> Between 40% and 80% of people with Alzheimer's disease possess at least one APOEε4 allele.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16567625-63">[63]</a> The APOEε4 allele increases the risk of the disease by three times in <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygotes</a> and by 15 times in <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygotes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16876668-64">[64]</a> Like many human diseases, environmental effects and genetic modifiers result in incomplete <a href="/wiki/Penetrance" title="Penetrance">penetrance</a>. For example, Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> people do not show the relationship between dose of APOEε4 and incidence or age-of-onset for Alzheimer's disease seen in other human populations.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16434658-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16278853-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_onset">Early onset</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset Alzheimer's disease</a></div> Only 1–2% of Alzheimer's cases are <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary disease">inherited</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">autosomal dominant</a> effects, as Alzheimer's is highly polygenic. When the disease is caused by autosomal dominant variants, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease#Familial_Alzheimer_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">early onset familial Alzheimer's disease</a>, which is rarer and has a faster rate of progression.<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a> Less than 5% of sporadic Alzheimer's disease have an earlier onset,<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a> and early-onset Alzheimer's is about 90% heritable.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews2023-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scheltens2021-58">[58]</a> Familial Alzheimer's disease usually implies two or more persons affected in one or more generations.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Early onset familial Alzheimer's disease can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes: those encoding <a href="/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein" title="Amyloid-beta precursor protein">amyloid-beta precursor protein</a> (APP) and <a href="/wiki/Presenilin" title="Presenilin">presenilins</a> <a href="/wiki/PSEN1" class="mw-redirect" title="PSEN1">PSEN1</a> and <a href="/wiki/PSEN2" class="mw-redirect" title="PSEN2">PSEN2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atri2019-40">[40]</a> Most mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein called <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_beta" title="Amyloid beta">amyloid beta</a> (Aβ)42, which is the main component of <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">amyloid plaques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Selkoe-70">[70]</a> Some of the mutations merely alter the ratio between Aβ42 and the other major forms—particularly Aβ40—without increasing Aβ42 levels in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-Borchelt-71">[71]</a> Two other genes associated with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease are <a href="/wiki/ABCA7" title="ABCA7">ABCA7</a> and <a href="/wiki/SORL1" title="SORL1">SORL1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Alleles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/TREM2" title="TREM2">TREM2</a> gene have been associated with a three to five times higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A Japanese pedigree of familial Alzheimer's disease was found to be associated with a deletion mutation of codon 693 of APP.<a href="#cite_note-Tomiyama2010-74">[74]</a> This mutation and its association with Alzheimer's disease was first reported in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-Tomiyama2008-75">[75]</a> and is known as the Osaka mutation. Only homozygotes with this mutation have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. This mutation accelerates Aβ oligomerization but the proteins do not form the amyloid fibrils that aggregate into amyloid plaques, suggesting that it is the Aβ oligomerization rather than the fibrils that may be the cause of this disease. Mice expressing this mutation have all the usual pathologies of Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Tomiyama-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypotheses">Hypotheses</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amyloid_beta_and_tau_protein">Amyloid beta and tau protein</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TANGLES_HIGH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TANGLES_HIGH.jpg/530px-TANGLES_HIGH.jpg" decoding="async" width="530" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TANGLES_HIGH.jpg/795px-TANGLES_HIGH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/TANGLES_HIGH.jpg/1060px-TANGLES_HIGH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4319" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>In Alzheimer's disease, changes in tau protein lead to the disintegration of microtubules in brain cells.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease#Tau_hypothesis" title="Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease">tau hypothesis</a> proposes that <a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">tau protein</a> abnormalities initiate the disease cascade.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> In this model, <a href="/wiki/Hyperphosphorylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperphosphorylated">hyperphosphorylated</a> tau begins to pair with other threads of tau as <a href="/wiki/Paired_helical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Paired helical filament">paired helical filaments</a>. Eventually, they form <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a> inside nerve cell bodies.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> When this occurs, the <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> disintegrate, destroying the structure of the cell's <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> which collapses the neuron's transport system.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> A number of studies connect the misfolded amyloid beta and tau proteins associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, as bringing about <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a> that leads to <a href="/wiki/Neuroinflammation" title="Neuroinflammation">neuroinflammation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinyor-78">[78]</a> This chronic inflammation is also a feature of other neurodegenerative diseases including <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ALS" title="ALS">ALS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kinney-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirochete_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochete infection">Spirochete infections</a> have also been linked to dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damages</a> accumulate in Alzheimer's diseased brains; <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> may be the major source of this DNA damage.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sleep">Sleep</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbance">Sleep disturbances</a> are seen as a possible <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factor</a> for inflammation in Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Irwin-81">[81]</a> Sleep disruption was previously only seen as a consequence of Alzheimer's disease, but as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alzheimer%27s_disease&action=edit">[update]</a>, accumulating evidence suggests that this relationship may be <a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation#Bidirectional_causation:_A_causes_B,_and_B_causes_A" title="Correlation does not imply causation">bidirectional</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metal_toxicity,_smoking,_neuroinflammation_and_air_pollution">Metal toxicity, smoking, neuroinflammation and air pollution</h4></div> The cellular <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biometal_(biology)" title="Biometal (biology)">biometals</a> such as ionic copper, iron, and zinc is disrupted in Alzheimer's disease, though it remains unclear whether this is produced by or causes the changes in proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Smoking is a significant Alzheimer's disease risk factor.<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflammation#Systemic_effects" title="Inflammation">Systemic markers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a> are risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuroplastic_effects_of_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroplastic effects of pollution">Exposure to air pollution</a> may be a contributing factor to the development of Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age-related_myelin_decline">Age-related myelin decline</h4></div> Retrogenesis is a medical <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> that just as the fetus goes through a process of <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodevelopment">neurodevelopment</a> beginning with <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">neurulation</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Myelination" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelination">myelination</a>, the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease go through a reverse <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a> process starting with <a href="/wiki/Demyelination" class="mw-redirect" title="Demyelination">demyelination</a> and death of axons (white matter) and ending with the death of grey matter.<a href="#cite_note-Laks2015-85">[85]</a> Likewise the hypothesis is, that as infants go through states of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">cognitive development</a>, people with Alzheimer's disease go through the reverse process of progressive <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kluger1999-86">[86]</a> According to one theory, dysfunction of <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">oligodendrocytes</a> and their associated <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a> during aging contributes to <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> damage, which in turn generates in amyloid production and tau <a href="/wiki/Hyperphosphorylation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperphosphorylation">hyperphosphorylation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> An <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a> study employing genetic mouse models to simulate myelin dysfunction and <a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">amyloidosis</a> further reveal that age-related myelin degradation increases sites of Aβ production and distracts <a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">microglia</a> from Aβ plaques, with both mechanisms dually exacerbating amyloidosis.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbidities</a> between the demyelinating disease, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, and Alzheimer's disease have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_hypotheses">Other hypotheses</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle_hypothesis_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Cell cycle hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease">Cell cycle hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_hypothesis_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease">Ion channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease</a></div>The association with <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a> is unclear, with a 2019 study finding no increase in dementia overall in those with celiac disease while a 2018 review found an association with several types of dementia including Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-MakhloufMesselmani2018-93">[93]</a> Studies have shown a potential link between infection with certain viruses and developing Alzheimer's disease later in life.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Notably, a large scale study conducted on 6,245,282 patients has shown an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19" title="Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19">Alzheimer's disease following COVID-19 infection</a> in cognitively normal individuals over 65.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg/310px-Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg/465px-Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg/620px-Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathologic</a> images of Alzheimer's disease, in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA3 area of the hippocampus</a>, showing an amyloid plaque (top right), neurofibrillary tangles (bottom left), and <a href="/wiki/Granulovacuolar_degeneration" title="Granulovacuolar degeneration">granulovacuolar degeneration bodies</a> (bottom center)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</h3></div> Alzheimer's disease is characterised by loss of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> and certain subcortical regions. This loss results in gross <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> of the affected regions, including degeneration in the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontal cortex">frontal cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">cingulate gyrus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12934968-96">[96]</a> Degeneration is also present in <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> nuclei particularly the <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Studies using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> have documented reductions in the size of specific brain regions in people with Alzheimer's disease as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease, and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/A%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aβ">Aβ</a> <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">plaques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a> are clearly visible by <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> in brains of those with Alzheimer's disease,<a href="#cite_note-pmid15184601-100">[100]</a> especially in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeTureDickson2019-101">[101]</a> However, Alzheimer's disease may occur without neurofibrillary tangles in the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15079014-102">[102]</a> Plaques are dense, mostly <a href="/wiki/Insoluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Insoluble">insoluble</a> deposits of <a href="/wiki/Beta-amyloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-amyloid">beta-amyloid</a> peptide and <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> material outside and around <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>. Neurofibrillary tangles are aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau which has become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves. Although many older individuals develop some plaques and tangles as a consequence of aging, the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease have a greater number of them in specific brain regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8038565-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body" title="Lewy body">Lewy bodies</a> are not rare in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11816795-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease">Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amyloid_beta">Amyloid beta</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amyloid_01big1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Amyloid_01big1.jpg/200px-Amyloid_01big1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Amyloid_01big1.jpg/300px-Amyloid_01big1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Amyloid_01big1.jpg/400px-Amyloid_01big1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="630" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amyloid_02big1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Amyloid_02big1.jpg/200px-Amyloid_02big1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Amyloid_02big1.jpg/300px-Amyloid_02big1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Amyloid_02big1.jpg/400px-Amyloid_02big1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="627" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amyloid_03big1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amyloid_03big1.jpg/200px-Amyloid_03big1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amyloid_03big1.jpg/300px-Amyloid_03big1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Amyloid_03big1.jpg/400px-Amyloid_03big1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="627" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Enzymes act on the amyloid-beta precursor protein and cut it into fragments. The beta-amyloid fragment is crucial in the formation of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease.</div></div></div></div> Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a <a href="/wiki/Protein_misfolding_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein misfolding disease">protein misfolding disease</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Proteopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteopathy">proteopathy</a>, caused by the accumulation of abnormally folded <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_beta" title="Amyloid beta">amyloid beta</a> protein into amyloid plaques, and <a href="/wiki/Tau_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau (protein)">tau protein</a> into neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> Plaques are made up of small <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, 39–43 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> in length, called amyloid beta. Amyloid beta is a fragment from the larger <a href="/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein" title="Amyloid-beta precursor protein">amyloid-beta precursor protein</a> (APP) a <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_protein" title="Transmembrane protein">transmembrane protein</a> that penetrates the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell's membrane</a>. APP is critical to neuron growth, survival, and post-injury repair.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> In Alzheimer's disease, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_secretase" title="Gamma secretase">gamma secretase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-secretase_1" title="Beta-secretase 1">beta secretase</a> act together in a <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolytic</a> process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> Although commonly researched as neuronal proteins, APP and its processing enzymes are abundantly expressed by other brain cells. One of these fragments gives rise to <a href="/wiki/Fibril" title="Fibril">fibrils</a> of amyloid beta, which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as amyloid plaques.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> Excitatory neurons are known to be the major producers of amyloid beta that contribute to major extracellular plaque deposition.<a href="#cite_note-tzi-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phosphorylated_tau">Phosphorylated tau</h4></div> Alzheimer's disease is also considered a <a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">tauopathy</a> due to abnormal aggregation of the <a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">tau protein</a>. Every neuron has a <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a>, an internal support structure partly made up of structures called <a href="/wiki/Microtubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtubules">microtubules</a>. These microtubules act like tracks, guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> and back. A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylated</a>, and is therefore called a <a href="/wiki/Microtubule-associated_protein" title="Microtubule-associated protein">microtubule-associated protein</a>. In Alzheimer's disease, tau undergoes chemical changes, becoming hyperphosphorylated; it then begins to pair with other threads, creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron's transport system.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17604998-105">[105]</a> Pathogenic tau can also cause neuronal death through <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable element</a> dysregulation.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a> has also been reported as a mechanism of cell death in brain cells affected with tau tangles.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease_mechanism">Disease mechanism</h3></div> Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the beta-amyloid <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> give rise to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease is not known.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17622778-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides as the central event triggering neuron degeneration. Accumulation of aggregated <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_fibril" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid fibril">amyloid fibrils</a>, which are believed to be the toxic form of the protein responsible for disrupting the cell's <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> ion <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, induces <a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">programmed cell death</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-pmid2218531-111">[111]</a> It is also known that Aβ selectively builds up in the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> in the cells of Alzheimer's-affected brains, and it also inhibits certain <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> functions and the utilisation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> by neurons.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17424907-112">[112]</a> Iron dyshomeostasis is linked to disease progression, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death called <a href="/wiki/Ferroptosis" title="Ferroptosis">ferroptosis</a> could be involved. Products of <a href="/wiki/Lipid_peroxidation" title="Lipid peroxidation">lipid peroxidation</a> are also elevated in AD brain compared with controls.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Various inflammatory processes and <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> may also have a role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a> is a general marker of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> damage in any disease, and may be either secondary to tissue damage in Alzheimer's disease or a marker of an <a href="/wiki/Immunological_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunological response">immunological response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15681814-114">[114]</a> There is increasing evidence of a strong interaction between the neurons and the immunological mechanisms in the brain. Obesity and systemic inflammation may interfere with immunological processes which promote disease progression.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Alterations in the distribution of different <a href="/wiki/Neurotrophic_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotrophic factor">neurotrophic factors</a> and in the expression of their receptors such as the <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">brain-derived neurotrophic factor</a> (BDNF) have been described in Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease#Diagnosis" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset Alzheimer's disease § Diagnosis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PET_Alzheimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PET_Alzheimer.jpg/170px-PET_Alzheimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PET_Alzheimer.jpg/255px-PET_Alzheimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PET_Alzheimer.jpg/340px-PET_Alzheimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET scan</a> of the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease showing a loss of function in the temporal lobe</figcaption></figure> Alzheimer's disease (AD) can only be definitively diagnosed with autopsy findings; in the absence of autopsy, clinical diagnoses of AD are "possible" or "probable", based on other findings.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2020-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gauthreaux2020-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sachdev2014-118">[118]</a> Up to 23% of those clinically diagnosed with AD may be misdiagnosed and may have pathology suggestive of another condition with symptoms that mimic those of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Gauthreaux2020-22">[22]</a> AD is usually clinically diagnosed based on a person's <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, observations from friends or relatives, and behavioral changes. The presence of characteristic <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychological</a> changes with impairments in at least two cognitive domains that are severe enough to affect a person's functional abilities are required for the diagnosis. Domains that may be impaired include memory (most commonly impaired), language, <a href="/wiki/Executive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive function">executive function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visuospatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Visuospatial">visuospatial</a> functioning, or other areas of cognition. The neurocognitive changes must be a decline from a prior level of function and the diagnosis requires ruling out other common causes of neurocognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-Arvanitakis_2019-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17407994-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17018549-121">[121]</a> Advanced <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> with <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT) or <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI), and with <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">single-photon emission computed tomography</a> (SPECT) or <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET), can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On MRI or CT, Alzheimer's disease usually shows a generalized or focal cortical atrophy, which may be asymmetric. Atrophy of the hippocampus is also commonly seen. Brain imaging commonly also shows cerebrovascular disease, most commonly previous strokes (small or large territory strokes), and this is thought to be a contributing cause of many cases of dementia (up to 46% cases of dementia also have cerebrovascular disease on imaging).<a href="#cite_note-Arvanitakis_2019-119">[119]</a> FDG-PET scan is not required for the diagnosis but it is sometimes used when standard testing is unclear. FDG-PET shows a bilateral, asymetric, temporal and parietal reduced activity.<a href="#cite_note-Arvanitakis_2019-119">[119]</a> Advanced imaging may predict conversion from <a href="/wiki/Prodromal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prodromal">prodromal</a> stages (mild cognitive impairment) to Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeter-123">[123]</a> FDA-approved <a href="/wiki/Radiopharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiopharmaceuticals">radiopharmaceutical</a> diagnostic agents used in PET for Alzheimer's disease are <a href="/wiki/Florbetapir" class="mw-redirect" title="Florbetapir">florbetapir</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Flutemetamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flutemetamol">flutemetamol</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Florbetaben" class="mw-redirect" title="Florbetaben">florbetaben</a> (2014), and <a href="/wiki/Flortaucipir_(18F)" title="Flortaucipir (18F)">flortaucipir</a> (2020).<a href="#cite_note-pmid33573211-124">[124]</a> Because many insurance companies in the United States do not cover this procedure, its use in clinical practice is largely limited to clinical trials as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alzheimer%27s_disease&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weller2018-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">Assessment of intellectual functioning</a> including memory testing can further characterise the state of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> Medical organizations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians. Definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed with <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">post-mortem</a> evaluations when brain material is available and can be examined <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histologically</a> for senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.<a href="#cite_note-Weller2018-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria">Criteria</h3></div> There are three sets of criteria for the clinical diagnoses of the spectrum of Alzheimer's disease: the 2013 fifth edition of the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>); the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">National Institute on Aging</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Association" title="Alzheimer's Association">Alzheimer's Association</a> (NIA-AA) definition as revised in 2011; and the International Working Group criteria as revised in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Atri2019-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weller2018-125">[125]</a> Three broad time periods, which can span decades, define the progression of Alzheimer's disease from the preclinical phase, to <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a> (MCI), followed by Alzheimer's disease dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Hane2017-127">[127]</a> Eight intellectual domains are most commonly impaired in AD—<a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptual skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">motor skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive function">executive functional</a> abilities, as listed in the fourth text revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> defines criteria for probable or possible AD for both major and mild neurocognitive disorder.<a href="#cite_note-APA611-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sachdev2014-118">[118]</a> Major or mild neurocognitive disorder must be present along with at least one cognitive deficit for a diagnosis of either probable or possible AD.<a href="#cite_note-APA611-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> For major neurocognitive disorder due to AD, probable Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed if the individual has genetic evidence of AD<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> or if two or more acquired cognitive deficits, and a functional disability that is not from another disorder, are present.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Otherwise, possible AD can be diagnosed as the diagnosis follows an atypical route.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> For mild neurocognitive disorder due to AD, probable Alzheimer's disease can be diagnosed if there is genetic evidence, whereas possible AD can be met if all of the following are present: no genetic evidence, decline in both learning and memory, two or more cognitive deficits, and a functional disability not from another disorder.<a href="#cite_note-APA611-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The NIA-AA criteria are used mainly in research rather than in clinical assessments.<a href="#cite_note-Vega2014-136">[136]</a> They define AD through three major stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's dementia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jack2018-138">[138]</a> Diagnosis in the preclinical stage is complex and focuses on asymptomatic individuals;<a href="#cite_note-Jack2018-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> the latter two stages describe individuals experiencing symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Jack2018-138">[138]</a> The core clinical criteria for MCI is used along with identification of biomarkers,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> predominantly those for neuronal injury (mainly tau-related) and amyloid beta deposition.<a href="#cite_note-Vega2014-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jack2018-138">[138]</a> The core clinical criteria itself rests on the presence of cognitive impairment<a href="#cite_note-Jack2018-138">[138]</a> without the presence of comorbidities.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chertkow2013-142">[142]</a> The third stage is divided into probable and possible AD dementia.<a href="#cite_note-Chertkow2013-142">[142]</a> In probable AD dementia there is steady impairment of cognition over time and a memory-related or non-memory-related cognitive dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-Chertkow2013-142">[142]</a> In possible AD dementia, another causal disease such as <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a> is present.<a href="#cite_note-Chertkow2013-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InterlockingPentagons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/InterlockingPentagons.svg/220px-InterlockingPentagons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/InterlockingPentagons.svg/330px-InterlockingPentagons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/InterlockingPentagons.svg/440px-InterlockingPentagons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="95" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">Cognitive tests</a> such as the mini–mental state examination (MMSE) can help in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this test instructions are given to copy drawings like the one shown, remember some words, read, and subtract numbers serially.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Neuropsychological tests</a> including <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">cognitive tests</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">mini–mental state examination</a> (MMSE), the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Cognitive_Assessment" title="Montreal Cognitive Assessment">Montreal Cognitive Assessment</a> (MoCA) and the Mini-Cog are widely used to aid in diagnosis of the cognitive impairments in AD.<a href="#cite_note-Papadakis2021p1760-143">[143]</a> These tests may not always be accurate, as they lack sensitivity to mild cognitive impairment, and can be biased by language or attention problems;<a href="#cite_note-Papadakis2021p1760-143">[143]</a> more comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability of results, particularly in the earliest stages of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1512391-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9987708-145">[145]</a> Further neurological examinations are crucial in the <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> of Alzheimer's disease and other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Waldemar2007-34">[34]</a> Interviews with family members are used in assessment; caregivers can supply important information on daily living abilities and on the decrease in the person's <a href="/wiki/Mental_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental function">mental function</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16327345-146">[146]</a> A caregiver's viewpoint is particularly important, since a person with Alzheimer's disease is commonly <a href="/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">unaware of their deficits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15738860-147">[147]</a> Many times, families have difficulties in the detection of initial dementia symptoms and may not communicate accurate information to a physician.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16197855-148">[148]</a> Supplemental testing can rule out other potentially treatable diagnoses and help avoid misdiagnoses.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2020-149">[149]</a> Common supplemental tests include <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_function_tests" title="Thyroid function tests">thyroid function tests</a>, as well as tests to assess vitamin <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B12</a> levels, rule out <a href="/wiki/Neurosyphilis" title="Neurosyphilis">neurosyphilis</a> and rule out metabolic problems (including tests for <a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_kidney_function" title="Assessment of kidney function">kidney function</a>, electrolyte levels and for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stern2020-149">[149]</a> MRI or CT scans might also be used to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms – including tumors or strokes.<a href="#cite_note-Papadakis2021p1760-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a> and depression can be common among individuals and are important to rule out.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Psychological tests</a> for <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a> are used, since depression can either be concurrent with AD (see <a href="/wiki/Depression_of_Alzheimer_disease" title="Depression of Alzheimer disease">Depression of Alzheimer disease</a>), an early sign of cognitive impairment,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> or even the cause.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9153154-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17495754-153">[153]</a> Due to low accuracy, the C-PIB-PET scan is not recommended as an early diagnostic tool or for predicting the development of AD when people show signs of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The use of 18F-FDG PET scans, as a single test, to identify people who may develop Alzheimer's disease is not supported by evidence.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg/330px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg/440px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4612" data-file-height="3571" /></a><figcaption>Intellectual activities such as playing <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> or regular social interaction have been linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease in epidemiological studies, although no causal relationship has been found.</figcaption></figure> There are no <a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_treatment" title="Disease-modifying treatment">disease-modifying treatments</a> available to cure Alzheimer's disease and because of this, AD research has focused on interventions to prevent the onset and progression.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> There is no evidence that supports any particular measure in preventing AD,<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> and studies of measures to prevent the onset or progression have produced inconsistent results. Epidemiological studies have proposed relationships between an individual's likelihood of developing AD and modifiable factors, such as medications, lifestyle, and diet. There are some challenges in determining whether interventions for AD act as a primary prevention method, preventing the disease itself, or a secondary prevention method, identifying the early stages of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Hsu2017-157">[157]</a> These challenges include duration of intervention, different stages of disease at which intervention begins, and lack of standardization of inclusion criteria regarding biomarkers specific for AD.<a href="#cite_note-Hsu2017-157">[157]</a> Further research is needed to determine factors that can help prevent AD.<a href="#cite_note-Hsu2017-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3></div> Cardiovascular risk factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">hypercholesterolaemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, are associated with a higher risk of onset and worsened course of AD.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18299540-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17483665-159">[159]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statins</a> to lower <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> may be of benefit in AD.<a href="#cite_note-Chu-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">antidiabetic</a> medications in individuals without overt cognitive impairment may decrease the risk of dementia by influencing cerebrovascular <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> More research is needed to examine the relationship with AD specifically; clarification of the direct role medications play versus other concurrent lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, smoking) is needed.<a href="#cite_note-Knopman2021-1">[1]</a> Depression is associated with an increased risk for AD; management with antidepressant medications may provide a preventative measure.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> Historically, long-term usage of <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (NSAIDs) were thought to be associated with a reduced likelihood of developing AD as it reduces inflammation, but NSAIDs do not appear to be useful as a treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Weller2018-125">[125]</a> Additionally, because women have a higher incidence of AD than men, it was once thought that <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen deficiency">estrogen deficiency</a> during <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> was a risk factor, but there is a lack of evidence to show that <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy_(menopause)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)">hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in menopause</a> decreases risk of cognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a></div> Certain lifestyle activities, such as physical and cognitive exercises, higher education and occupational attainment, cigarette smoking, stress, sleep, and the management of other comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension, may affect the risk of developing AD.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> Physical exercise is associated with a decreased rate of dementia,<a href="#cite_note-Cheng2016-6">[6]</a> and is effective in reducing symptom severity in those with AD.<a href="#cite_note-Farina2014-163">[163]</a> Memory and cognitive functions can be improved with aerobic exercises including brisk walking three times weekly for forty minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Bernard2014-164">[164]</a> It may also induce <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a> of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatti20192-165">[165]</a> Participating in mental exercises, such as reading, crossword puzzles, and chess have shown potential to be preventive.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> Meeting the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> recommendations for physical activity is associated with a lower risk of AD.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Higher education and occupational attainment, and participation in leisure activities, contribute to a reduced risk of developing AD,<a href="#cite_note-Vina2018-7">[7]</a> or of delaying the onset of symptoms. This is compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_reserve" title="Cognitive reserve">cognitive reserve</a> theory, which states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing the individual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations.<a href="#cite_note-Vina2018-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> delays the onset of Alzheimer's disease syndrome without changing the duration of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Imtiaz2014-167">[167]</a> Cessation in smoking may reduce risk of developing AD, specifically in those who carry the <a href="/wiki/APOE_E4" class="mw-redirect" title="APOE E4">APOE ɛ4</a> allele.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> The increased oxidative stress caused by smoking results in downstream inflammatory or neurodegenerative processes that may increase risk of developing AD.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Avoidance of smoking, counseling and pharmacotherapies to quit smoking are used, and avoidance of environmental tobacco smoke is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> Alzheimer's disease is associated with <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a> but the precise relationship is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Borges2019-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uddin2020-171">[171]</a> It was once thought that as people get older, the risk of developing sleep disorders and AD independently increase, but research is examining whether sleep disorders may increase the prevalence of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Borges2019-170">[170]</a> One theory is that the mechanisms to increase clearance of toxic substances, including <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_beta" title="Amyloid beta">Aβ</a>, are active during sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Borges2019-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> With decreased sleep, a person is increasing Aβ production and decreasing Aβ clearance, resulting in Aβ accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borges2019-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uddin2020-171">[171]</a> Receiving adequate sleep (approximately 7–8 hours) every night has become a potential lifestyle intervention to prevent the development of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> Stress is a risk factor for the development of AD.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_1201–1209-5">[5]</a> The mechanism by which stress predisposes someone to development of AD is unclear, but it is suggested that lifetime stressors may affect a person's <a href="/wiki/Epigenome" title="Epigenome">epigenome</a>, leading to an overexpression or under expression of specific genes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Although the relationship of stress and AD is unclear, strategies to reduce stress and relax the mind may be helpful strategies in preventing the progression or Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Meditation, for instance, is a helpful lifestyle change to support cognition and well-being, though further research is needed to assess long-term effects.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatti20192-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> There is no cure for AD;<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefits but remain <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical, psychosocial, and caregiving. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical">Pharmaceutical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donepezil_1EVE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Donepezil_1EVE.png/220px-Donepezil_1EVE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Donepezil_1EVE.png/330px-Donepezil_1EVE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Donepezil_1EVE.png/440px-Donepezil_1EVE.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Molecular_model" title="Molecular model">molecular model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">donepezil</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitor</a> used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease symptoms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memantine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Memantine.svg/170px-Memantine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Memantine.svg/255px-Memantine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Memantine.svg/340px-Memantine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Molecular structure of <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">memantine</a>, a medication approved for advanced Alzheimer's disease symptoms</figcaption></figure> Medications used to treat the cognitive symptoms of AD rather than the underlying cause include: four <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">tacrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">rivastigmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">donepezil</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">memantine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonist</a>. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are intended for those with mild to severe AD, whereas memantine is intended for those with moderate or severe Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-Weller2018-125">[125]</a> The benefit from their use is small.<a href="#cite_note-Birks2018-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berkowitz236-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon2018p111-15">[15]</a> Reduction in the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">cholinergic</a> neurons is a well-known feature of AD.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8534419-181">[181]</a> Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> (ACh) is broken down, thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11105732-182">[182]</a> There is evidence for the efficacy of these medications in mild to moderate AD,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16437532-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birks2018-178">[178]</a> and some evidence for their use in the advanced stage.<a href="#cite_note-Birks2018-178">[178]</a> The use of these drugs in <a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">mild cognitive impairment</a> has not shown any effect in a delay of the onset of Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18044984-184">[184]</a> The most common <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">side effects</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, both of which are linked to cholinergic excess. These side effects arise in approximately 10–20% of users, are mild to moderate in severity, and can be managed by slowly adjusting medication doses.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Less common secondary effects include muscle <a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">cramps</a>, decreased <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>), decreased <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> and weight, and increased <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acid</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16437532-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamate</a> is an excitatory <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, although excessive amounts in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> death through a process called <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a> which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>. Excitotoxicity occurs not only in AD, but also in other neurological diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16424917-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a> is a noncompetitive <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonist</a> first used as an anti-<a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> agent. It acts on the <a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamatergic system">glutamatergic system</a> by blocking <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptors</a> and inhibiting their overstimulation by glutamate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16424917-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Memantine has been shown to have a small benefit in the treatment of moderate to severe AD.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Reported adverse events with memantine are infrequent and mild, including <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The combination of memantine and donepezil<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> has been shown to be "of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistically significant</a> but clinically marginal effectiveness".<a href="#cite_note-pmid18316756-192">[192]</a> An extract of <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a> known as EGb 761 has been used for treating AD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Kandia-193">[193]</a> Its use is approved throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-McKeage-194">[194]</a> The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry guidelines lists EGb 761 with the same weight of evidence (level B) given to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. EGb 761 is the only one that showed improvement of symptoms in both AD and vascular dementia. EGb 761 may have a role either on its own or as an add-on if other therapies prove ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-Kandia-193">[193]</a> A 2016 review concluded that the quality of evidence from clinical trials on Ginkgo biloba has been insufficient to warrant its use for treating AD.<a href="#cite_note-yang-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> are modestly useful in reducing <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> in people with AD, but their advantages are offset by serious adverse effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms" title="Extrapyramidal symptoms">movement difficulties</a> or cognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> When used in the long-term, they have been shown to associate with increased mortality.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19138567-197">[197]</a> They are recommended in dementia only after first line therapies such as behavior modification have failed, and due to the risk of adverse effects, they should be used for the shortest amount of time possible.<a href="#cite_note-Arvanitakis_2019-119">[119]</a> Stopping antipsychotic use in this group of people appears to be safe.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychosocial">Psychosocial</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial</a> interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behavior-, emotion-, cognition- or stimulation-oriented approaches.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]<a href="#cite_note-pracGuideAPA-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">Behavioral interventions</a> attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviors. This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16323385-200">[200]</a> but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviors, such as <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">incontinence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11342679-201">[201]</a> There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behavior problems such as wandering.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17253573-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17096455-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a> is effective in reducing behavioral and psychological symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Emotion-oriented interventions include <a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_therapy" title="Reminiscence therapy">reminiscence therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Validation_therapy" title="Validation therapy">validation therapy</a>, supportive <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_integration_therapy" title="Sensory integration therapy">sensory integration</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Snoezelen" title="Snoezelen">snoezelen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simulated_presence_therapy" title="Simulated presence therapy">simulated presence therapy</a>. A Cochrane review has found no evidence that this is effective.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Reminiscence therapy (RT) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group, many times with the aid of photographs, household items, music and sound recordings, or other familiar items from the past. A 2018 review of the effectiveness of RT found that effects were inconsistent, small in size and of doubtful clinical significance, and varied by setting.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Simulated presence therapy (SPT) is based on <a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">attachment theories</a> and involves playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the person with AD. There is partial evidence indicating that SPT may reduce <a href="/wiki/Challenging_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenging behavior">challenging behaviors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19023729-207">[207]</a> The aim of cognition-oriented treatments, which include reality orientation and <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(neuropsychology)" title="Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)">cognitive retraining</a>, is the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive deficit">cognitive deficits</a>. Reality orientation consists of the presentation of information about time, place, or person to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place in them. On the other hand, cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercising mental abilities. Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12948999-208">[208]</a> Stimulation-oriented treatments include <a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy_for_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Music therapy for Alzheimer's disease">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">pet</a> therapies, <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">exercise</a>, and any other kind of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_therapy" title="Recreational therapy">recreational activities</a>. Stimulation has modest support for improving behavior, mood, and, to a lesser extent, function. Nevertheless, as important as these effects are, the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the change in the person's routine.<a href="#cite_note-pracGuideAPA-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caregiving">Caregiving</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caring_for_people_with_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring for people with dementia">Caring for people with dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></div> Since AD has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending to their own needs, caregiving is essentially the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease. During the early and moderate stages, modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase <a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">safety</a> and reduce caretaker burden.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11220813-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15860476-210">[210]</a> Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines, the placing of safety locks, the labeling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use of modified daily life objects.<a href="#cite_note-pracGuideAPA-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15297089-212">[212]</a> If eating becomes problematic, food will need to be prepared in smaller pieces or even <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e" title="Purée">puréed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">swallowing difficulties</a> arise, the use of <a href="/wiki/Feeding_tube" title="Feeding tube">feeding tubes</a> may be required. In such cases, the medical efficacy and ethics of continuing feeding is an important consideration of the caregivers and family members.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16415742-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16556924-215">[215]</a> The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease, although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with Alzheimer's disease or their caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-pracGuideAPA-199">[199]</a> During the final stages of the disease, treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death, often with the help of <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12854952-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> Diet may be a modifiable risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/DASH_diet" title="DASH diet">DASH diet</a> are both associated with less cognitive decline. A different approach has been to incorporate elements of both of these diets into one known as the <a href="/wiki/MIND_diet" title="MIND diet">MIND diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Acta-217">[217]</a> Studies of individual dietary components, minerals and supplements are conflicting as to whether they prevent AD or cognitive decline.<a href="#cite_note-Acta-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> The early stages of AD are difficult to diagnose. A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities, although the person may still be living independently. The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems, such as memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and non-cognitive disturbances, eliminating any possibility of independent living, especially in the late stages of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10653284-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> of people with AD is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-Za2009-218">[218]</a> The normal life expectancy for 60 to 70 years old is 23 to 15 years; for 90 years old it is 4.5 years.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Following AD diagnosis it ranges from 7 to 10 years for those in their 60s and early 70s (a loss of 13 to 8 years), to only about 3 years or less (a loss of 1.5 years) for those in their 90s.<a href="#cite_note-Za2009-218">[218]</a> Fewer than 3% of people live more than fourteen years after diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Molsa1995-220">[220]</a> Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment, decreased functional level, disturbances in the neurological examination, history of <a href="/wiki/Falls_in_older_adults" title="Falls in older adults">falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Other coincident diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, or history of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a> are also related with shortened survival.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8757016-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15068977-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7792352-223">[223]</a> While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years, life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12580712-224">[224]</a> Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Molsa1995-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganguli2005-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration pneumonia</a> is the most frequent immediate cause of death brought by AD.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> While the reasons behind the lower prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> in AD patients remain unclear, some researchers hypothesize that biological mechanisms shared by both diseases might play a role. However, this requires further investigation.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_African_Americans" title="Alzheimer's disease in African Americans">Alzheimer's disease in African Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Disease_in_the_East_Asian_Population" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's Disease in the East Asian Population">Alzheimer's Disease in the East Asian Population</a></div> Two main measures are used in <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> studies: incidence and prevalence. <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">Incidence</a> is the number of new cases per unit of person-time at risk (usually number of new cases per thousand person-years); while <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementias including Alzheimer's disease <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  0–4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5–8</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  9–10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  11–13</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  14–17</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  18–24</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25–45</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  46–114</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  115–375</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  376–1266</div> </div></figcaption></figure> Regarding incidence, <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort</a> <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal studies">longitudinal studies</a> (studies where a disease-free population is followed over the years) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person-years for all dementias and 5–8 for AD,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17727890-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028245-228">[228]</a> which means that half of new dementia cases each year are Alzheimer's disease. Advancing age is a primary risk factor for the disease and incidence rates are not equal for all ages: every 5 years after the age of 65, the risk of acquiring the disease approximately doubles, increasing from 3 to as much as 69 per thousand person years.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17727890-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028245-228">[228]</a> Females with AD are more common than males, but this difference is likely due to women's longer life spans. When adjusted for age, both sexes are affected by Alzheimer's at equal rates.<a href="#cite_note-Simon2018p111-15">[15]</a> In the United States, the risk of dying from AD in 2010 was 26% higher among the non-Hispanic white population than among the non-Hispanic black population, and the Hispanic population had a 30% lower risk than the non-Hispanic white population.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> However, much AD research remains to be done in minority groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_African_Americans" title="Alzheimer's disease in African Americans">African American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Disease_in_the_East_Asian_Population" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's Disease in the East Asian Population">East Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_the_Hispanic/Latino_population" title="Alzheimer's disease in the Hispanic/Latino population">Hispanic/Latino</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu-2013-231">[231]</a> Studies have shown that these groups are underrepresented in clinical trials and do not have the same risk of developing AD when carrying certain genetic risk factors (i.e. APOE4), compared to their caucasian counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2013-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The prevalence of AD in populations is dependent upon factors including incidence and survival. Since the incidence of AD increases with age, prevalence depends on the mean age of the population for which prevalence is given. In the United States in 2020, AD dementia prevalence was estimated to be 5.3% for those in the 60–74 age group, with the rate increasing to 13.8% in the 74–84 group and to 34.6% in those greater than 85.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Prevalence rates in some less developed regions around the globe are lower.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16360788-236">[236]</a> Both the prevalence and incidence rates of AD are steadily increasing, however the prevalence rate is estimated to triple by 2050 reaching 152 million, compared to the 50 million people with AD globally in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Breijyeh2020-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg/170px-Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg/255px-Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg/340px-Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Alois Alzheimer's patient <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Deter" title="Auguste Deter">Auguste Deter</a> in 1902. Hers was the first described case of what became known as Alzheimer's disease.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient Greek and Roman</a> philosophers and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> associated old age with increasing <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9661992-29">[29]</a> It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a> identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer's disease, named after him, in a fifty-year-old woman he called <a href="/wiki/Auguste_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste D">Auguste D</a>. He followed her case until she died in 1906 when he first reported publicly on it.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> During the next five years, eleven similar cases were reported in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">medical literature</a>, some of them already using the term Alzheimer's disease.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9661992-29">[29]</a> The disease was first described as a distinctive disease by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a> after suppressing some of the clinical (delusions and hallucinations) and pathological features (arteriosclerotic changes) contained in the original report of Auguste D.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> He included Alzheimer's disease, also named presenile <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> by Kraepelin, as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his Textbook of Psychiatry, published on 15 July 1910.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4325-0833-4-241">[241]</a> For most of the 20th century, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia. The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on Alzheimer's disease concluded that the clinical and <a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> manifestations of presenile and senile dementia were almost identical, although the authors also added that this did not rule out the possibility that they had different causes.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-89004-225-X-242">[242]</a> This eventually led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease independent of age.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9702682-243">[243]</a> The term senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) was used for a time to describe the condition in those over 65, with classical Alzheimer's disease being used to describe those who were younger. Eventually, the term Alzheimer's disease was formally adopted in medical <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> to describe individuals of all ages with a characteristic common symptom pattern, disease course, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">neuropathology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid3531918-244">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_and_Communicative_Disorders_and_Stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke">National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke</a> (NINCDS) and the <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Disease_and_Related_Disorders_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association">Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association</a> (ADRDA, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_Association" title="Alzheimer's Association">Alzheimer's Association</a>) established the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/NINCDS-ADRDA_Alzheimer%27s_Criteria" title="NINCDS-ADRDA Alzheimer's Criteria">NINCDS-ADRDA Alzheimer's Criteria</a> for diagnosis in 1984,<a href="#cite_note-pmid6610841-245">[245]</a> extensively updated in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17616482-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern2020-149">[149]</a> These criteria require that the presence of <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">cognitive impairment</a>, and a suspected dementia syndrome, be confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">neuropsychological testing</a> for a clinical diagnosis of possible or probable Alzheimer's disease. A <a href="/wiki/Histopathologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Histopathologic">histopathologic</a> confirmation including a <a href="/wiki/Microscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic">microscopic</a> examination of <a href="/wiki/Brain_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tissue">brain tissue</a> is required for a definitive diagnosis. Good <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">statistical reliability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">validity</a> have been shown between the diagnostic criteria and definitive histopathological confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7986174-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's disease organizations">Alzheimer's disease organizations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_costs">Social costs</h3></div> Dementia, and specifically Alzheimer's disease, may be among the most costly diseases for societies worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-El-Hayek2019-248">[248]</a> As populations age, these costs will probably increase and become an important <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social problem</a> and economic burden.<a href="#cite_note-Wong2020-249">[249]</a> Costs associated with AD include direct and indirect medical costs, which vary between countries depending on social care for a person with AD.<a href="#cite_note-El-Hayek2019-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tahami2022-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kosaner2021-251">[251]</a> Direct costs include doctor visits, hospital care, medical treatments, <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursing home care">nursing home care</a>, specialized equipment, and household expenses.<a href="#cite_note-El-Hayek2019-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wong2020-249">[249]</a> Indirect costs include the cost of informal care and the loss in <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> of informal caregivers.<a href="#cite_note-Wong2020-249">[249]</a> In the United States as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alzheimer%27s_disease&action=edit">[update]</a>, informal (family) care is estimated to constitute nearly three-fourths of caregiving for people with AD at a cost of US$234 billion per year and approximately 18.5 billion hours of care.<a href="#cite_note-El-Hayek2019-248">[248]</a> The cost to society worldwide to care for individuals with AD is projected to increase nearly ten-fold, and reach about US$9.1 trillion by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-Tahami2022-250">[250]</a> Costs for those with more severe dementia or behavioral disturbances are higher and are related to the additional caregiving time to provide physical care.<a href="#cite_note-Kosaner2021-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caregiving_burden">Caregiving burden</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caregiving_and_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caregiving and dementia">Caregiving and dementia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Individuals with Alzheimer's will require assistance in their lifetime, and care will most likely come in the form of a full-time <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregiver</a> which is often a role that is taken on by the spouse or a close relative. Caregiving tends to include physical and emotional burdens as well as time and financial strain at times on the person administering the aid.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-metlife.com-253">[253]</a> Alzheimer's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social, psychological, physical, or economic aspects.<a href="#cite_note-Thom2007-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10489656-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10489657-255">[255]</a> Home care is usually preferred by both those people with Alzheimer's disease as well as their families.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18044111-256">[256]</a> This option also delays or eliminates the need for more professional and costly levels of care.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18044111-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Nevertheless, two-thirds of nursing home residents have dementias.<a href="#cite_note-pracGuideAPA-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Depression_of_Alzheimer_disease" title="Depression of Alzheimer disease">Dementia</a> caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental</a> disorders.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12480441-258">[258]</a> Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home, the caregiver being a spouse, demanding behaviors of the cared person such as depression, behavioral disturbances, hallucinations, sleep problems or walking disruptions and <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2241719-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9646153-260">[260]</a> In the United States, the yearly cost of caring for a person with dementia ranges from $41,689-$56,290 per year.<a href="#cite_note-Hurd_2013-261">[261]</a> Other estimates range from $28,078-$56,022 per year for formal medical care and $36,667-$92,689 for informal care provided by a relative or friend (assuming market value replacement costs for the care provided by the informal caregiver) and $15,792-$71,813 in lost wages.<a href="#cite_note-Nandi_2024-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> and the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping strategies</a> either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers' psychological health.<a href="#cite_note-Thom2007-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11511058-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_the_media" title="Alzheimer's disease in the media">Alzheimer's disease in the media</a></div> Alzheimer's disease has been portrayed in films such as: <a href="/wiki/Iris_(2001_film)" title="Iris (2001 film)">Iris</a> (2001), based on <a href="/wiki/John_Bayley_(writer)" title="John Bayley (writer)">John Bayley</a>'s memoir of his wife <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>;<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Notebook_(2004_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Notebook (2004 film)">The Notebook</a> (2004), based on <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sparks" title="Nicholas Sparks">Nicholas Sparks</a>'s 1996 <a href="/wiki/The_Notebook_(novel)" title="The Notebook (novel)">novel of the same name</a>;<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Moment_to_Remember" title="A Moment to Remember">A Moment to Remember</a> (2004); <a href="/wiki/Thanmathra" title="Thanmathra">Thanmathra</a> (2005);<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memories_of_Tomorrow_(Ashita_no_Kioku)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memories of Tomorrow (Ashita no Kioku)">Memories of Tomorrow (Ashita no Kioku)</a> (2006), based on Hiroshi Ogiwara's novel of the same name;<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Away_from_Her" title="Away from Her">Away from Her</a> (2006), based on <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> <a href="/wiki/Hateship,_Friendship,_Courtship,_Loveship,_Marriage" title="Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage">The Bear Came over the Mountain</a>;<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Still_Alice" title="Still Alice">Still Alice</a> (2014), about a <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professor who has early onset Alzheimer's disease, based on <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Genova" title="Lisa Genova">Lisa Genova</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Still_Alice_(novel)" title="Still Alice (novel)">2007 novel of the same name</a> and featuring <a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a> in the title role. Documentaries on Alzheimer's disease include Malcolm and Barbara: A Love Story (1999) and Malcolm and Barbara: Love's Farewell (2007), both featuring <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Pointon" title="Malcolm Pointon">Malcolm Pointon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Alzheimer's disease has also been portrayed in music by English musician <a href="/wiki/The_Caretaker_(musician)" title="The Caretaker (musician)">the Caretaker</a> in releases such as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_Repetition_of_Phrases" title="Persistent Repetition of Phrases">Persistent Repetition of Phrases</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/An_Empty_Bliss_Beyond_This_World" title="An Empty Bliss Beyond This World">An Empty Bliss Beyond This World</a> (2011), and <a href="/wiki/Everywhere_at_the_End_of_Time" title="Everywhere at the End of Time">Everywhere at the End of Time</a> (2016–2019).<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Paintings depicting the disorder include the late works by American artist <a href="/wiki/William_Utermohlen" title="William Utermohlen">William Utermohlen</a>, who drew self-portraits from 1995 to 2000 as an experiment of showing his disease through art.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_directions">Research directions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-amyloid_drugs" title="Anti-amyloid drugs">Anti-amyloid drugs</a></div> Antibodies may have the ability to alter the disease course by targeting amyloid beta with immunotherapy medications such as <a href="/wiki/Donanemab" title="Donanemab">donanemab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aducanumab" title="Aducanumab">aducanumab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lecanemab" title="Lecanemab">lecanemab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> Aducanumab was approved by the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) in 2021, using the <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_approval_(FDA)" title="Accelerated approval (FDA)">accelerated approval process</a>, although the approval generated controversy and more evidence is needed to address administration, safety, and effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Vaz2022-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Day2022-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahase2021-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT2021-283">[283]</a> It has less effectiveness in people who already had severe Alzheimer's symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> In early 2024, Biogen announced it would discontinue aducanumab.<a href="#cite_note-:1-285">[285]</a> Lecanemab, which clears plaques and reduces amyloid proteins,<a href="#cite_note-:2-286">[286]</a> was approved via the FDA accelerated approval process,<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20230106-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> and was converted to traditional approval in July 2023, after further testing, along with the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">boxed warning</a> about <a href="/wiki/Amyloid-related_imaging_abnormalities" title="Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities">amyloid-related imaging abnormalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20230706-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT20230706-291">[291]</a> As of early August 2024, lecanemab was approved for sale in Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong and Israel although it was recommended against approval by an advisory body of the European Union on July 26, citing its side effects.<a href="#cite_note-:1-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donanemab" title="Donanemab">Donanemab</a>, which clears plaques,<a href="#cite_note-:2-286">[286]</a> was approved by the FDA in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_PR_20240702-292">[292]</a> Anti-amyloid drugs also cause brain shrinkage.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The cholinesterase inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Benzgalantamine" title="Benzgalantamine">benzgalantamine</a> was approved by the FDA in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Specific medications that may reduce the risk or progression of Alzheimer's disease have been studied.<a href="#cite_note-McDade2021-295">[295]</a> The research trials investigating medications generally impact <a href="/wiki/A%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aβ">Aβ</a> <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_plaques" title="Amyloid plaques">plaques</a>, inflammation, <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">APOE</a>, neurotransmitter receptors, neurogenesis, <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a> or hormones.<a href="#cite_note-McDade2021-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lemche2018-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> algorithms with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">electronic health records</a> are being studied as a way to predict Alzheimer's disease earlier.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focused_ultrasound_for_medication_delivery">Focused ultrasound for medication delivery</h3></div> In 2024, a new technique of using <a href="/wiki/Focused_ultrasound" title="Focused ultrasound">focused ultrasound</a> for the delivery of medication past the <a href="/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-brain barrier">blood-brain barrier</a> (BBB) is being tested. At the point where the ultrasound beams converge, the focused ultrasound produces several therapeutic effects without incisions or radiation. This can cause opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may aid in the removal of beta amyloid or tao from the brain.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_2024-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Knopman2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knopman2021_1-10">k</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnopmanAmievaPetersenChételat2021" class="citation journal cs1">Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, Chételat G, Holtzman DM, Hyman BT, et al. 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Curr Genomics. 19 (7): 522–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1389202919666171229145156">10.2174/1389202919666171229145156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6194433">6194433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30386171">30386171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Genomics&rft.atitle=Early+Life+Stress+and+Epigenetics+in+Late-onset+Alzheimer%27s+Dementia%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=522-602&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6194433%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30386171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1389202919666171229145156&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6194433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalleGeraedtsDeijenMilders2020" class="citation journal cs1">Galle SA, Geraedts IK, Deijen JB, Milders MV, Drent ML (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14283%2Fjpad.2020.11">"The Interrelationship between Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Apolipoprotein E ε4, Lifestyle Factors, and the Aging Body and Brain"</a>. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 7 (4): 265–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14283%2Fjpad.2020.11">10.14283/jpad.2020.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920629">32920629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214784366">214784366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Prev+Alzheimers+Dis&rft.atitle=The+Interrelationship+between+Insulin-Like+Growth+Factor+1%2C+Apolipoprotein+E+%CE%B54%2C+Lifestyle+Factors%2C+and+the+Aging+Body+and+Brain&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=265-273&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214784366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32920629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14283%2Fjpad.2020.11&rft.aulast=Galle&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Geraedts%2C+IK&rft.au=Deijen%2C+JB&rft.au=Milders%2C+MV&rft.au=Drent%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14283%252Fjpad.2020.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiYangXuGuo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Li Q, Yang X, Xu J, Guo Y, He X, Hu H, et al. (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976442">"Early prediction of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias using real-world electronic health records"</a>. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 19 (8): 3506–3518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Falz.12967">10.1002/alz.12967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10976442">10976442</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815661">36815661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257101613">257101613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alzheimer%27s+%26+Dementia&rft.atitle=Early+prediction+of+Alzheimer%27s+disease+and+related+dementias+using+real-world+electronic+health+records&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3506-3518&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10976442%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257101613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36815661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Falz.12967&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Yang%2C+X&rft.au=Xu%2C+J&rft.au=Guo%2C+Y&rft.au=He%2C+X&rft.au=Hu%2C+H&rft.au=Lyu%2C+T&rft.au=Marra%2C+D&rft.au=Miller%2C+A&rft.au=Smith%2C+G&rft.au=DeKosky%2C+S&rft.au=Boyce%2C+RD&rft.au=Schliep%2C+K&rft.au=Shenkman%2C+E&rft.au=Maraganore%2C+D&rft.au=Wu%2C+Y&rft.au=Bian%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10976442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_2024-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_2024_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottKlaus2024" class="citation journal cs1">Scott K, Klaus SP (6 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333319">"Focused ultrasound therapy for Alzheimer's disease: exploring the potential for targeted amyloid disaggregation"</a>. Frontiers in Neurology. 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneur.2024.1426075">10.3389/fneur.2024.1426075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333319">11333319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39165269">39165269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=Focused+ultrasound+therapy+for+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+exploring+the+potential+for+targeted+amyloid+disaggregation&rft.volume=15&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11333319%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39165269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffneur.2024.1426075&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Stephen+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11333319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_AckerPerdokBretouAnnaert2021" class="citation journal cs1">Van Acker ZP, Perdok A, Bretou M, Annaert W (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/685536">"The microglial lysosomal system in Alzheimer's disease: Guardian against proteinopathy"</a>. Ageing Research Reviews. 71: 101444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.arr.2021.101444">10.1016/j.arr.2021.101444</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34391945">34391945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236994329">236994329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ageing+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+microglial+lysosomal+system+in+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+Guardian+against+proteinopathy&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=101444&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236994329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34391945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.arr.2021.101444&rft.aulast=Van+Acker&rft.aufirst=ZP&rft.au=Perdok%2C+A&rft.au=Bretou%2C+M&rft.au=Annaert%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F685536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiChenJinHan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Xi Y, Chen Y, Jin Y, Han G, Song M, Song T, et al. (May 2022). "Versatile nanomaterials for Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenesis inspired disease-modifying therapy". Journal of Controlled Release. 345: 38–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2022.02.034">10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35257810">35257810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247285338">247285338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Controlled+Release&rft.atitle=Versatile+nanomaterials+for+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+Pathogenesis+inspired+disease-modifying+therapy&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=38-61&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247285338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35257810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2022.02.034&rft.aulast=Xi&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Jin%2C+Y&rft.au=Han%2C+G&rft.au=Song%2C+M&rft.au=Song%2C+T&rft.au=Shi%2C+Y&rft.au=Tao%2C+L&rft.au=Huang%2C+Z&rft.au=Zhou%2C+J&rft.au=Ding%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanalakshmiMousmiSyedaAnandhavalli2023" class="citation journal cs1">Prasanalakshmi B, Mousmi A, Syeda M, Anandhavalli M, Linda E (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9855764">"Hybridized Deep Learning Approach for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease"</a>. Biomedicines. 11 (4): 4–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiomedicines11010149">10.3390/biomedicines11010149</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9855764">9855764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9855764">9855764</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255745038">255745038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomedicines&rft.atitle=Hybridized+Deep+Learning+Approach+for+Detecting+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9855764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255745038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9855764&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiomedicines11010149&rft.aulast=Prasanalakshmi&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Mousmi%2C+A&rft.au=Syeda%2C+M&rft.au=Anandhavalli%2C+M&rft.au=Linda%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9855764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alzheimer%27s_disease" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alzforum.org/timeline/alzheimers-disease">"Alzheimer's Disease Research Timeline – Alzforum"</a>. www.alzforum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alzforum.org&rft.atitle=Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Research+Timeline+%E2%80%93+Alzforum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alzforum.org%2Ftimeline%2Falzheimers-disease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.brain-map.org/explore/seattle-alzheimers-disease">"Alzheimer's Disease Brain Cell Atlas- brain-map.org"</a>. portal.brain-map.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=portal.brain-map.org&rft.atitle=Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Brain+Cell+Atlas-+brain-map.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.brain-map.org%2Fexplore%2Fseattle-alzheimers-disease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzheimer%27s+disease" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081" class="extiw" title="d:Q11081">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1611724421">8A20</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G30">G30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F00">F00</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=331.0">331.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=290.1">290.1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/104300">104300</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000544">D000544</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb490.htm">490</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000760.htm">000760</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/neuro/13-overview">neuro/13</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/alzheimers-disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GeneReviews" title="GeneReviews">GeneReviews</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1161/">NBK1161</a></li><li>Scholia: <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q11081">Q11081</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development (<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/ <a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>both: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amyloidosis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amyloidosis" title="Template:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amyloidosis" title="Template talk:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amyloidosis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amyloidosis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amyloidosis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Amyloidosis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <a href="/wiki/Amyloid" title="Amyloid">amyloid</a> forming proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_amyloid_A" title="Serum amyloid A">AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">ATTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin" title="Beta-2 microglobulin">Aβ2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_amyloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta amyloid">Aβ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid precursor protein">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">AIAPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">ACal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">APro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">AANF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystatin_C" title="Cystatin C">ACys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITM2B" title="ITM2B">ABri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systemic amyloidosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AL_amyloidosis" title="AL amyloidosis">AL amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA_amyloidosis" title="AA amyloidosis">AA amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodialysis-associated_amyloidosis" title="Haemodialysis-associated amyloidosis">Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_type_amyloidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish type amyloidosis">AGel/Finnish type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">AA/Familial Mediterranean fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin-related_hereditary_amyloidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis">ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organ-limited_amyloidosis" title="Organ-limited amyloidosis">Organ-limited amyloidosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Human heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Isolated_atrial_amyloidosis" title="Isolated atrial amyloidosis">AANF/Isolated atrial</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_amyloid_neuropathy" title="Familial amyloid neuropathy">Familial amyloid neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy" title="Cerebral amyloid angiopathy">ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aβ/Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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