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All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the W3C SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENT NOTICE AND LICENSE. * * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * */ (function() { 'use strict'; // Exit early if we're not running in a browser. if (typeof window !== 'object') { return; } // Exit early if all IntersectionObserver and IntersectionObserverEntry // features are natively supported. if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in window && 'intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { // Minimal polyfill for Edge 15's lack of `isIntersecting` // See: https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/211 if (!('isIntersecting' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { Object.defineProperty(window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype, 'isIntersecting', { get: function () { return this.intersectionRatio > 0; } }); } return; } /** * Returns the embedding frame element, if any. * @param {!Document} doc * @return {!Element} */ function getFrameElement(doc) { try { return doc.defaultView && doc.defaultView.frameElement || null; } catch (e) { // Ignore the error. return null; } } /** * A local reference to the root document. */ var document = (function(startDoc) { var doc = startDoc; var frame = getFrameElement(doc); while (frame) { doc = frame.ownerDocument; frame = getFrameElement(doc); } return doc; })(window.document); /** * An IntersectionObserver registry. This registry exists to hold a strong * reference to IntersectionObserver instances currently observing a target * element. Without this registry, instances without another reference may be * garbage collected. */ var registry = []; /** * The signal updater for cross-origin intersection. When not null, it means * that the polyfill is configured to work in a cross-origin mode. * @type {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ var crossOriginUpdater = null; /** * The current cross-origin intersection. Only used in the cross-origin mode. * @type {DOMRect|ClientRect} */ var crossOriginRect = null; /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserverEntry constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-entry * @param {Object} entry A dictionary of instance properties. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserverEntry(entry) { this.time = entry.time; this.target = entry.target; this.rootBounds = ensureDOMRect(entry.rootBounds); this.boundingClientRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.boundingClientRect); this.intersectionRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.intersectionRect || getEmptyRect()); this.isIntersecting = !!entry.intersectionRect; // Calculates the intersection ratio. var targetRect = this.boundingClientRect; var targetArea = targetRect.width * targetRect.height; var intersectionRect = this.intersectionRect; var intersectionArea = intersectionRect.width * intersectionRect.height; // Sets intersection ratio. if (targetArea) { // Round the intersection ratio to avoid floating point math issues: // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/324 this.intersectionRatio = Number((intersectionArea / targetArea).toFixed(4)); } else { // If area is zero and is intersecting, sets to 1, otherwise to 0 this.intersectionRatio = this.isIntersecting ? 1 : 0; } } /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserver constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-interface * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked after intersection * changes have queued. The function is not invoked if the queue has * been emptied by calling the `takeRecords` method. * @param {Object=} opt_options Optional configuration options. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserver(callback, opt_options) { var options = opt_options || {}; if (typeof callback != 'function') { throw new Error('callback must be a function'); } if ( options.root && options.root.nodeType != 1 && options.root.nodeType != 9 ) { throw new Error('root must be a Document or Element'); } // Binds and throttles `this._checkForIntersections`. this._checkForIntersections = throttle( this._checkForIntersections.bind(this), this.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT); // Private properties. this._callback = callback; this._observationTargets = []; this._queuedEntries = []; this._rootMarginValues = this._parseRootMargin(options.rootMargin); // Public properties. this.thresholds = this._initThresholds(options.threshold); this.root = options.root || null; this.rootMargin = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin) { return margin.value + margin.unit; }).join(' '); /** @private @const {!Array<!Document>} */ this._monitoringDocuments = []; /** @private @const {!Array<function()>} */ this._monitoringUnsubscribes = []; } /** * The minimum interval within which the document will be checked for * intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT = 100; /** * The frequency in which the polyfill polls for intersection changes. * this can be updated on a per instance basis and must be set prior to * calling `observe` on the first target. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.POLL_INTERVAL = null; /** * Use a mutation observer on the root element * to detect intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER = true; /** * Sets up the polyfill in the cross-origin mode. The result is the * updater function that accepts two arguments: `boundingClientRect` and * `intersectionRect` - just as these fields would be available to the * parent via `IntersectionObserverEntry`. This function should be called * each time the iframe receives intersection information from the parent * window, e.g. via messaging. * @return {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ IntersectionObserver._setupCrossOriginUpdater = function() { if (!crossOriginUpdater) { /** * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} boundingClientRect * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} intersectionRect */ crossOriginUpdater = function(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect) { if (!boundingClientRect || !intersectionRect) { crossOriginRect = getEmptyRect(); } else { crossOriginRect = convertFromParentRect(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect); } registry.forEach(function(observer) { observer._checkForIntersections(); }); }; } return crossOriginUpdater; }; /** * Resets the cross-origin mode. */ IntersectionObserver._resetCrossOriginUpdater = function() { crossOriginUpdater = null; crossOriginRect = null; }; /** * Starts observing a target element for intersection changes based on * the thresholds values. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.observe = function(target) { var isTargetAlreadyObserved = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { return item.element == target; }); if (isTargetAlreadyObserved) { return; } if (!(target && target.nodeType == 1)) { throw new Error('target must be an Element'); } this._registerInstance(); this._observationTargets.push({element: target, entry: null}); this._monitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); this._checkForIntersections(); }; /** * Stops observing a target element for intersection changes. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.unobserve = function(target) { this._observationTargets = this._observationTargets.filter(function(item) { return item.element != target; }); this._unmonitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); if (this._observationTargets.length == 0) { this._unregisterInstance(); } }; /** * Stops observing all target elements for intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.disconnect = function() { this._observationTargets = []; this._unmonitorAllIntersections(); this._unregisterInstance(); }; /** * Returns any queue entries that have not yet been reported to the * callback and clears the queue. This can be used in conjunction with the * callback to obtain the absolute most up-to-date intersection information. * @return {Array} The currently queued entries. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.takeRecords = function() { var records = this._queuedEntries.slice(); this._queuedEntries = []; return records; }; /** * Accepts the threshold value from the user configuration object and * returns a sorted array of unique threshold values. If a value is not * between 0 and 1 and error is thrown. * @private * @param {Array|number=} opt_threshold An optional threshold value or * a list of threshold values, defaulting to [0]. * @return {Array} A sorted list of unique and valid threshold values. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._initThresholds = function(opt_threshold) { var threshold = opt_threshold || [0]; if (!Array.isArray(threshold)) threshold = [threshold]; return threshold.sort().filter(function(t, i, a) { if (typeof t != 'number' || isNaN(t) || t < 0 || t > 1) { throw new Error('threshold must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusively'); } return t !== a[i - 1]; }); }; /** * Accepts the rootMargin value from the user configuration object * and returns an array of the four margin values as an object containing * the value and unit properties. If any of the values are not properly * formatted or use a unit other than px or %, and error is thrown. * @private * @param {string=} opt_rootMargin An optional rootMargin value, * defaulting to '0px'. * @return {Array<Object>} An array of margin objects with the keys * value and unit. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._parseRootMargin = function(opt_rootMargin) { var marginString = opt_rootMargin || '0px'; var margins = marginString.split(/\s+/).map(function(margin) { var parts = /^(-?\d*\.?\d+)(px|%)$/.exec(margin); if (!parts) { throw new Error('rootMargin must be specified in pixels or percent'); } return {value: parseFloat(parts[1]), unit: parts[2]}; }); // Handles shorthand. margins[1] = margins[1] || margins[0]; margins[2] = margins[2] || margins[0]; margins[3] = margins[3] || margins[1]; return margins; }; /** * Starts polling for intersection changes if the polling is not already * happening, and if the page's visibility state is visible. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._monitorIntersections = function(doc) { var win = doc.defaultView; if (!win) { // Already destroyed. return; } if (this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc) != -1) { // Already monitoring. return; } // Private state for monitoring. var callback = this._checkForIntersections; var monitoringInterval = null; var domObserver = null; // If a poll interval is set, use polling instead of listening to // resize and scroll events or DOM mutations. if (this.POLL_INTERVAL) { monitoringInterval = win.setInterval(callback, this.POLL_INTERVAL); } else { addEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); addEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (this.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER && 'MutationObserver' in win) { domObserver = new win.MutationObserver(callback); domObserver.observe(doc, { attributes: true, childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true }); } } this._monitoringDocuments.push(doc); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.push(function() { // Get the window object again. When a friendly iframe is destroyed, it // will be null. var win = doc.defaultView; if (win) { if (monitoringInterval) { win.clearInterval(monitoringInterval); } removeEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); } removeEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (domObserver) { domObserver.disconnect(); } }); // Also monitor the parent. var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._monitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorIntersections = function(doc) { var index = this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc); if (index == -1) { return; } var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; // Check if any dependent targets are still remaining. var hasDependentTargets = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { var itemDoc = item.element.ownerDocument; // Target is in this context. if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } // Target is nested in this context. while (itemDoc && itemDoc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(itemDoc); itemDoc = frame && frame.ownerDocument; if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } } return false; }); if (hasDependentTargets) { return; } // Unsubscribe. var unsubscribe = this._monitoringUnsubscribes[index]; this._monitoringDocuments.splice(index, 1); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.splice(index, 1); unsubscribe(); // Also unmonitor the parent. if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._unmonitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorAllIntersections = function() { var unsubscribes = this._monitoringUnsubscribes.slice(0); this._monitoringDocuments.length = 0; this._monitoringUnsubscribes.length = 0; for (var i = 0; i < unsubscribes.length; i++) { unsubscribes[i](); } }; /** * Scans each observation target for intersection changes and adds them * to the internal entries queue. If new entries are found, it * schedules the callback to be invoked. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._checkForIntersections = function() { if (!this.root && crossOriginUpdater && !crossOriginRect) { // Cross origin monitoring, but no initial data available yet. return; } var rootIsInDom = this._rootIsInDom(); var rootRect = rootIsInDom ? this._getRootRect() : getEmptyRect(); this._observationTargets.forEach(function(item) { var target = item.element; var targetRect = getBoundingClientRect(target); var rootContainsTarget = this._rootContainsTarget(target); var oldEntry = item.entry; var intersectionRect = rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(target, targetRect, rootRect); var rootBounds = null; if (!this._rootContainsTarget(target)) { rootBounds = getEmptyRect(); } else if (!crossOriginUpdater || this.root) { rootBounds = rootRect; } var newEntry = item.entry = new IntersectionObserverEntry({ time: now(), target: target, boundingClientRect: targetRect, rootBounds: rootBounds, intersectionRect: intersectionRect }); if (!oldEntry) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } else if (rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget) { // If the new entry intersection ratio has crossed any of the // thresholds, add a new entry. if (this._hasCrossedThreshold(oldEntry, newEntry)) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } else { // If the root is not in the DOM or target is not contained within // root but the previous entry for this target had an intersection, // add a new record indicating removal. if (oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } }, this); if (this._queuedEntries.length) { this._callback(this.takeRecords(), this); } }; /** * Accepts a target and root rect computes the intersection between then * following the algorithm in the spec. * TODO(philipwalton): at this time clip-path is not considered. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#calculate-intersection-rect-algo * @param {Element} target The target DOM element * @param {Object} targetRect The bounding rect of the target. * @param {Object} rootRect The bounding rect of the root after being * expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {?Object} The final intersection rect object or undefined if no * intersection is found. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._computeTargetAndRootIntersection = function(target, targetRect, rootRect) { // If the element isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (window.getComputedStyle(target).display == 'none') return; var intersectionRect = targetRect; var parent = getParentNode(target); var atRoot = false; while (!atRoot && parent) { var parentRect = null; var parentComputedStyle = parent.nodeType == 1 ? window.getComputedStyle(parent) : {}; // If the parent isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (parentComputedStyle.display == 'none') return null; if (parent == this.root || parent.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9) { atRoot = true; if (parent == this.root || parent == document) { if (crossOriginUpdater && !this.root) { if (!crossOriginRect || crossOriginRect.width == 0 && crossOriginRect.height == 0) { // A 0-size cross-origin intersection means no-intersection. parent = null; parentRect = null; intersectionRect = null; } else { parentRect = crossOriginRect; } } else { parentRect = rootRect; } } else { // Check if there's a frame that can be navigated to. var frame = getParentNode(parent); var frameRect = frame && getBoundingClientRect(frame); var frameIntersect = frame && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(frame, frameRect, rootRect); if (frameRect && frameIntersect) { parent = frame; parentRect = convertFromParentRect(frameRect, frameIntersect); } else { parent = null; intersectionRect = null; } } } else { // If the element has a non-visible overflow, and it's not the <body> // or <html> element, update the intersection rect. // Note: <body> and <html> cannot be clipped to a rect that's not also // the document rect, so no need to compute a new intersection. var doc = parent.ownerDocument; if (parent != doc.body && parent != doc.documentElement && parentComputedStyle.overflow != 'visible') { parentRect = getBoundingClientRect(parent); } } // If either of the above conditionals set a new parentRect, // calculate new intersection data. if (parentRect) { intersectionRect = computeRectIntersection(parentRect, intersectionRect); } if (!intersectionRect) break; parent = parent && getParentNode(parent); } return intersectionRect; }; /** * Returns the root rect after being expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded root rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._getRootRect = function() { var rootRect; if (this.root && !isDoc(this.root)) { rootRect = getBoundingClientRect(this.root); } else { // Use <html>/<body> instead of window since scroll bars affect size. var doc = isDoc(this.root) ? this.root : document; var html = doc.documentElement; var body = doc.body; rootRect = { top: 0, left: 0, right: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, width: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, bottom: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight, height: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight }; } return this._expandRectByRootMargin(rootRect); }; /** * Accepts a rect and expands it by the rootMargin value. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} rect The rect object to expand. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._expandRectByRootMargin = function(rect) { var margins = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin, i) { return margin.unit == 'px' ? margin.value : margin.value * (i % 2 ? rect.width : rect.height) / 100; }); var newRect = { top: rect.top - margins[0], right: rect.right + margins[1], bottom: rect.bottom + margins[2], left: rect.left - margins[3] }; newRect.width = newRect.right - newRect.left; newRect.height = newRect.bottom - newRect.top; return newRect; }; /** * Accepts an old and new entry and returns true if at least one of the * threshold values has been crossed. * @param {?IntersectionObserverEntry} oldEntry The previous entry for a * particular target element or null if no previous entry exists. * @param {IntersectionObserverEntry} newEntry The current entry for a * particular target element. * @return {boolean} Returns true if a any threshold has been crossed. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._hasCrossedThreshold = function(oldEntry, newEntry) { // To make comparing easier, an entry that has a ratio of 0 // but does not actually intersect is given a value of -1 var oldRatio = oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting ? oldEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; var newRatio = newEntry.isIntersecting ? newEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; // Ignore unchanged ratios if (oldRatio === newRatio) return; for (var i = 0; i < this.thresholds.length; i++) { var threshold = this.thresholds[i]; // Return true if an entry matches a threshold or if the new ratio // and the old ratio are on the opposite sides of a threshold. if (threshold == oldRatio || threshold == newRatio || threshold < oldRatio !== threshold < newRatio) { return true; } } }; /** * Returns whether or not the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @return {boolean} True if the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootIsInDom = function() { return !this.root || containsDeep(document, this.root); }; /** * Returns whether or not the target element is a child of root. * @param {Element} target The target element to check. * @return {boolean} True if the target element is a child of root. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootContainsTarget = function(target) { var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; return ( containsDeep(rootDoc, target) && (!this.root || rootDoc == target.ownerDocument) ); }; /** * Adds the instance to the global IntersectionObserver registry if it isn't * already present. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._registerInstance = function() { if (registry.indexOf(this) < 0) { registry.push(this); } }; /** * Removes the instance from the global IntersectionObserver registry. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unregisterInstance = function() { var index = registry.indexOf(this); if (index != -1) registry.splice(index, 1); }; /** * Returns the result of the performance.now() method or null in browsers * that don't support the API. * @return {number} The elapsed time since the page was requested. */ function now() { return window.performance && performance.now && performance.now(); } /** * Throttles a function and delays its execution, so it's only called at most * once within a given time period. * @param {Function} fn The function to throttle. * @param {number} timeout The amount of time that must pass before the * function can be called again. * @return {Function} The throttled function. */ function throttle(fn, timeout) { var timer = null; return function () { if (!timer) { timer = setTimeout(function() { fn(); timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } /** * Adds an event handler to a DOM node ensuring cross-browser compatibility. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to add the event handler to. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to add. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture Optionally adds the even to the capture * phase. Note: this only works in modern browsers. */ function addEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.addEventListener == 'function') { node.addEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.attachEvent == 'function') { node.attachEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Removes a previously added event handler from a DOM node. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to remove the event handler from. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to remove. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture If the event handler was added with this * flag set to true, it should be set to true here in order to remove it. */ function removeEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.removeEventListener == 'function') { node.removeEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.detatchEvent == 'function') { node.detatchEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Returns the intersection between two rect objects. * @param {Object} rect1 The first rect. * @param {Object} rect2 The second rect. * @return {?Object|?ClientRect} The intersection rect or undefined if no * intersection is found. */ function computeRectIntersection(rect1, rect2) { var top = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top); var bottom = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom); var left = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left); var right = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right); var width = right - left; var height = bottom - top; return (width >= 0 && height >= 0) && { top: top, bottom: bottom, left: left, right: right, width: width, height: height } || null; } /** * Shims the native getBoundingClientRect for compatibility with older IE. * @param {Element} el The element whose bounding rect to get. * @return {DOMRect|ClientRect} The (possibly shimmed) rect of the element. */ function getBoundingClientRect(el) { var rect; try { rect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); } catch (err) { // Ignore Windows 7 IE11 "Unspecified error" // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/pull/205 } if (!rect) return getEmptyRect(); // Older IE if (!(rect.width && rect.height)) { rect = { top: rect.top, right: rect.right, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, width: rect.right - rect.left, height: rect.bottom - rect.top }; } return rect; } /** * Returns an empty rect object. An empty rect is returned when an element * is not in the DOM. * @return {ClientRect} The empty rect. */ function getEmptyRect() { return { top: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0, right: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }; } /** * Ensure that the result has all of the necessary fields of the DOMRect. * Specifically this ensures that `x` and `y` fields are set. * * @param {?DOMRect|?ClientRect} rect * @return {?DOMRect} */ function ensureDOMRect(rect) { // A `DOMRect` object has `x` and `y` fields. if (!rect || 'x' in rect) { return rect; } // A IE's `ClientRect` type does not have `x` and `y`. The same is the case // for internally calculated Rect objects. For the purposes of // `IntersectionObserver`, it's sufficient to simply mirror `left` and `top` // for these fields. return { top: rect.top, y: rect.top, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, x: rect.left, right: rect.right, width: rect.width, height: rect.height }; } /** * Inverts the intersection and bounding rect from the parent (frame) BCR to * the local BCR space. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentBoundingRect The parent's bound client rect. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentIntersectionRect The parent's own intersection rect. * @return {ClientRect} The local root bounding rect for the parent's children. */ function convertFromParentRect(parentBoundingRect, parentIntersectionRect) { var top = parentIntersectionRect.top - parentBoundingRect.top; var left = parentIntersectionRect.left - parentBoundingRect.left; return { top: top, left: left, height: parentIntersectionRect.height, width: parentIntersectionRect.width, bottom: top + parentIntersectionRect.height, right: left + 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class="kBoxContent"><ul><li><span>à</span></li><li><span>á</span></li><li><span>â</span></li><li><span>ä</span></li><li><span>ã</span></li><li><span>ă</span></li><li><span>ā</span></li><li><span>ç</span></li><li><span>č</span></li><li><span>è</span></li><li><span>é</span></li><li><span>ê</span></li><li><span>ë</span></li><li><span>ē</span></li><li><span>ģ</span></li><li><span>ì</span></li><li><span>í</span></li><li><span>î</span></li><li><span>ï</span></li><li><span>ī</span></li><li><span>ķ</span></li><li><span>ļ</span></li><li><span>ñ</span></li><li><span>ň</span></li><li><span>ņ</span></li><li><span>ò</span></li><li><span>ó</span></li><li><span>ô</span></li><li><span>ö</span></li><li><span>õ</span></li><li><span>ş</span></li><li><span>š</span></li><li><span>ţ</span></li><li><span>ù</span></li><li><span>ú</span></li><li><span>û</span></li><li><span>ü</span></li><li><span>ū</span></li><li><span>ý</span></li><li><span>ž</span></li><li><span>æ</span></li><li><span>œ</span></li><li><span>ß</span></li></ul><i 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0-8.836-7.164-16-16-16m-4.367 23.646h-3.431v-10.316h3.431v10.316m-1.716-11.726h-.022c-1.151 0-1.895-.793-1.895-1.783 0-1.012.768-1.783 1.939-1.783 1.174 0 1.896.771 1.918 1.783 0 .99-.744 1.783-1.94 1.783m14.08 11.726h-3.43v-5.52c0-1.387-.496-2.333-1.738-2.333-.946 0-1.512.64-1.76 1.255-.091.221-.113.525-.113.836v5.762h-3.429c0 0 .044-9.349 0-10.316h3.429v1.461c.457-.705 1.271-1.703 3.092-1.703 2.256 0 3.949 1.473 3.949 4.642v5.916"/></g></svg></i></a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="hwg"><span class="hw" data-headword-id="umbilical" id="m_en_gbus1089720">umbilical<sup></sup></span></h2><div class="hwg"></div></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">adjective</span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["relating","to","or","affecting","the","navel","or","umbilical","cord"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Relating to or affecting the navel or umbilical cord.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquothe","umbilical","arteryrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘the umbilical artery’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘There were no differences between the two groups with respect to the foetal cardiotocographic test results, amniotic fluid volume estimation and umbilical artery pulsatility indices.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘On the other hand, the inferior mesenteric may give rise to the middle colic or to an accessory right hepatic, ‘accessory’ renal artery, or a common artery for both umbilical arteries when it arises from its usual position from the aorta.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The required sedation to insert the umbilical artery and percutaneous central venous catheters resulted in the infants having a poor respiratory drive initially.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It is interesting to note that cord abnormalities such as true knots, nuchal cord, insertional abnormalities, tumors, and single umbilical artery were not seen in our study.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Histologically, the umbilical cord was composed of 2 vessels with a single umbilical artery.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Blood then courses down through the descending aorta and comes back to the placenta where it gets oxygenated again by way of two umbilical arteries.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘These include fetal movement assessment, nonstress test, contraction stress test, fetal biophysical profile, modified biophysical profile and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The umbilical flow velocity waveform of a normally growing fetus has high-velocity diastolic flow, while in cases of intrauterine growth restriction, the umbilical artery diastolic flow is diminished.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Conversely, neonatal outcomes such as Apgar score, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, seizures, perinatal mortality and low umbilical artery pH values were comparable across groups.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A single umbilical artery is present in 0.2 to 1 percent of newborns and may be associated with asymptomatic renal anomalies in 7 percent of these infants.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Before the procedure is begun, the correct depth of the umbilical artery catheter insertion should be estimated.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Postterm pregnancy also is an independent risk factor for low umbilical artery pH levels at delivery and low five-minute Apgar scores.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Neonatal morbidity rates were similar except for an abnormal umbilical artery pH that was more common in infants born after delayed pushing.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Measurements of arterial blood gases were not made after 14 days of life, as the umbilical artery catheter was removed from all animals.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The device we are developing will allow the neonatologist to monitor blood in a noninvasive manner beyond the period of umbilical artery recording.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The ischiadic artery was the embryonic important axial artery of the lower limb arising originally from the umbilical artery.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Apgar scores and umbilical artery pH did not differ between groups.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘But there are also natural mechanisms that promptly reduce the blood flow in the umbilical arteries.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The UVC courses from umbilical vein to left portal vein to ductus venosus to either hepatic vein or IVC and then into right atrium.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘On the lateral film the UAC dips into the pelvis from the umbilicus through one of the paired umbilical arteries and then courses through the internal iliac artery and then into the common iliac artery and aorta.’</em></li></ul></div></div><ol class="subSenses"><li class="subSense"><span class="subsenseIteration">1.1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["extremely","close","inseparable"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Extremely close; inseparable.</span><div class="trg"></div><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquothe","umbilical","link","between","commerce","and","international","rugbyrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘the umbilical link between commerce and international rugby’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘Instead, since the government earlier this year declared a state of emergency, aid agencies like Goal have been providing an umbilical link to people who would otherwise have nothing.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Amateurism offered an umbilical link between the 50-year-old veteran and the international superstar since both men drank in the same clubhouse.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘That umbilical link was a sign of subordination, yet at the first sustained objection the government backed off.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘He has never got round to cutting the umbilical link with his home city, here represented by the slurred abbreviation in the title.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Such a ban can cut off the umbilical chord that links a Sudra [member of a low caste] with his own god as happens in the case of Appi.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Fuller's present tense is misleading: she no longer lives in Zimbabwe, or even in Africa, but her book is (among many other things) a love-letter to Africa from a woman who feels an undying, umbilical attachment to it.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A new corporation was created, whose members were to be appointed by the ITC, and the umbilical link with the ITV companies was broken, as the new corporation was empowered to sell its own advertising.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It's an existential travelogue about trying to navigate in mysterious places, despite fear and disorientation, and without a bungee enthusiast's umbilical link to safety.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘More and more citizens sensed that the human-nature umbilical link was itself under attack, and that defending it required a radically new way of thinking.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Following very bad stockmarkets in recent years, Irish investors are typified by strong aversion to risk and an almost umbilical attachment to capital guarantees.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Speaker after speaker, continued Mokoena-Harvey, nostalgically recounted their umbilical attachment to Kofifi.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Rarely has a football been attached to quicksilver legs with such umbilical certainty; never again will we see such an intoxicating blend of power and guile in his trademark dribbling game.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘All I know about 1970s New York City's that it's where I grew up, and you always have an umbilical connection to the time and place of your growing up.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Her almost umbilical connection to songs like ‘The Ram of Derbish Town’ is plain to behold on this requiem to the traditions of agrarian England.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It is no mere coincidence that at least one statutory body employs three women with umbilical connections with the group.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Keltek has built umbilical connections with its customers, tuning in to intranets to deliver orders on a daily level.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The talk about an umbilical connection of his films with society led us to the issue of the film society movement.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Their gypsy ancestry seemed to act as an umbilical connection to the ritual songs they sang.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Timber was felled from the nearby forest, bricks baked using local clay, stone cut from a convenient quarry, sustaining a building culture with an umbilical connection to place.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Many of the arguments have a wearily familiar ring, not least Huxley's assertion of the umbilical connection between religion and bloodshed.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Without doubt Rik Rue is connected by umbilical cord to the sonic history of this country.’</em></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="subSense"><span class="subsenseIteration">1.2</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["of","a","pipe","or","cable","connecting","someone","or","something","to","a","source","of","essential","supplies"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(of a pipe or cable) connecting someone or something to a source of essential supplies.</span><div class="trg"></div><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquoa","tractor-mounted","unit","in","the","field","is","fed","through","an","umbilical","hosersquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘a tractor-mounted unit in the field is fed through an umbilical hose’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘The spacecraft was ‘tricked’ in to thinking it had left an imaginary ‘launcher’ by the opening of a number of electrical connections in its umbilical cables which simulated the launch vehicle adaptor.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Next activities include the connection of the umbilical cables between Fregat and the LVA, through which the Venus Express spacecraft is powered and commanded while still on the ground.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The stimulus lights are mounted in a separate module that connects to the main module via an umbilical cable.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The Huygens probe, built and managed by the European Space Agency, is bolted to Cassini and fed electrical power through an umbilical cable.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘He also has rather a lot of pretty electronic circuitry which on various occasions we see pulsing under access hatches and which can be plugged into the ship's systems by an umbilical cable for diagnostic purposes.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The process was quickly completed and the two technicians entered the transport's passenger area while the sentry unhooked the umbilical pipe from the camp reservoir.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A loadcrew member failed to properly insert the safing pin prior to retracting the missile's umbilical cable.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A short umbilical cable rolled out with the rocket which was fired by electrical impulse, breaking the cord.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A data link between the host ship and the submersible vehicle is via an umbilical cable.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘An umbilical cable attaches to the waistcoat through my drysuit, with an external switch on the chest area.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The umbilical is the cable that connects the mother ship providing power and communications to the ASRV (commonly called the Remora).’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Now that they'd disconnected all supply umbilical lines, the showers were on full recycle setting, offering only a hard, thin spray that was greedily sucked back up through the drains in both floor and walls.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Even from this distance and locked into the shipyard and tethered by an umbilical power cable the ship was magnificent, a behemoth that looked like it could take on a fleet and in fact it could take on a small fleet.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘They did haul up metres of thin, orange-coloured fibre optic cabling which, it emerged, was the umbilical connection for the remote control submarine which the Royal Navy sent over the wreck in days following the accident.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The downside is that if the umbilical connection to the internet is lost, there's no local persistent storage.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘On Christmas day, Cassini will jettison the Huygens probe, severing the electronic umbilical link.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘A lantern is a hand-held torch which has its batteries enclosed in the main body, while the umbilical has a battery that is separate from the lamp-head but linked by an umbilical electrical wire.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The umbilical cable system is required to have good resistance to repetitive bending.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Electrical power and data are transmitted via a neutrally-buoyant umbilical cable.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Nexans shall supply Norsk Hydro with two static lengths of umbilical cable.’</em></li></ul></div></div></li></ol></div></li></ul><section class="morphUnitPronunciation"><h3><strong>Pronunciation</strong><a title="Key to pronunciations" class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211206170815/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation"></a></h3><div class="pron"><h2><strong>umbilical</strong></h2><span class="phoneticspelling">/ʌmˈbɪlɪk(ə)l/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206170815im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/umbilical__gb_1_8.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a><span class="phoneticspelling">/ˌʌmbɪˈlʌɪk(ə)l/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206170815im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/umbilical__gb_2_8.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></div></section></section><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">noun</span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><div class="empty_sense"><div class="crossReference">short for <a href="/web/20211206170815/https://www.lexico.com/definition/umbilical_cord#m_en_gbus1089730">umbilical cord</a></div><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquothere","were","also","other","areas","to","the","right","of","the","umbilicals","on","the","right","costal","margin","and","the","waistline","on","both","thighs","both","knees","both","ankles","and","both","handsrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘There were also other areas to the right of the umbilicals, on the right costal margin and the waistline, on both thighs, both knees, both ankles and both hands.’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘If Miki-san had heard two hearts, as I indicated in my last post, she would have refused to have the birth at her clinic, because multiple births often pose complex problems involving low birth weight, tangled umbilicals etc.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Disaster struck, and in the terrible conditions we got our umbilicals entangled.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The ramp and docking umbilicals that would be available at a habitat weren't there and the hatch opened onto the port side of the hull, high up, so it was a long way down.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Heavy mechanical noises sounded through the pressurized sections of the hull as huge clamps and umbilicals retracted.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Sheared umbilicals have been an ongoing problem area, not only for the command but the entire Air Force.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The feed only gets notice when we unhook it, and we're not fed the world by our umbilicals, we're pulled further out of it.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The astronauts' job is to connect power, data and fluid umbilicals as well as installing cameras, antenna and releasing launch restraints.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘There was a pop and a hiss as the boarding tube and umbilicals were retracted, leaving only the docking clamps holding us in place.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The internal pudendal artery may arise in common with the obturator or the umbilical.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘This artery has been well studied and has been found to arise from the umbilical in 94% of cases.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘As it unfolds, Schroeder always makes it a focus of the shot, to signify that once again the umbilical between reality and fantasy has been re-opened (and the electrified emotions emanating from both are starting to flow).’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Maybe all I ever really wanted was to cut the umbilical.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘This yoke secures the missile umbilical to the launcher.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Instead, it was docked along side, tethered by an umbilical.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘In ten minutes, he latched the craft to a waiting umbilical.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The fourth flight experienced a catastrophic tailfin failure at launch as well as an electrical short in the umbilical.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Ice-diving is like diving on an umbilical with your buddy on a line.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The unit connects to the sub via a 5-foot, multipair umbilical with a 15-pin termination that carries all of the analog signals to the amps.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The normally obliterated umbilical artery within the urachus forms the median umbilical ligament in the adult.’</em></li></ul></div></div></div><section class="morphUnitPronunciation"><h3><strong>Pronunciation</strong><a title="Key to pronunciations" class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211206170815/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation"></a></h3><div class="pron"><h2><strong>umbilical</strong></h2><span class="phoneticspelling">/ʌmˈbɪlɪk(ə)l/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206170815im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/umbilical__gb_1_8.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a><span class="phoneticspelling">/ˌʌmbɪˈlʌɪk(ə)l/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206170815im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/umbilical__gb_2_8.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></div></section></section><section class="etymology etym"><h3><strong>Origin</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><p>Mid 16th century from French ombilical, or based on Latin umbilicus (see <a href="/web/20211206170815/https://www.lexico.com/definition/umbilicus#m_en_gbus1089760">umbilicus</a>).</p></div></section></div></div></div><aside class="sideBanner"><div class="sideBannerWrap"><aside class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1"></div><div id=""></div></aside></div></aside><aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar extend"><div class="sidebar-content"><aside class="banbox-mini ad-placeholder" id="top_right_rail"><div class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_btf_300x250_20"></div><div id=""></div></div></aside><div class="dayword"><section><div class="daywordmain"><span class="wotd-title">Word of the day</span><div class="word_spacer"></div><div><div><strong><a class="linkword" id="e9447ecb-745c-4014-b223-8ee20c1d0052" href="/web/20211206170815/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sab" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">sab</a></strong><p class="word_type phonetic_spelling">/ 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