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I diversi apparecchi col mezzo dei quali le orchidee vengono fecondate dagli insetti - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">I diversi apparecchi col mezzo dei quali le orchidee vengono fecondate dagli insetti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. Disponibile in 10 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fecundaci%C3%B3n_de_les_orqu%C3%ADdees" title="La fecundación de les orquídees - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="La fecundación de les orquídees" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fecundaci%C3%B3_de_les_orqu%C3%ADdies" title="La fecundació de les orquídies - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La fecundació de les orquídies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fertilisation of Orchids" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fecundaci%C3%B3n_de_las_orqu%C3%ADdeas" title="La fecundación de las orquídeas - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La fecundación de las orquídeas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fertilisation of Orchids" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Various_Contrivances_by_which_Orchids_Are_Fertilised_by_Insects" title="The Various Contrivances by which Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="The Various Contrivances by which Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fertilisation of Orchids" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fertilisation of Orchids" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Опыление у орхидных - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опыление у орхидных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fertilisation of Orchids" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1755867#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l&#039;enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati di un libro"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:#C02050; color:white"><i>I diversi apparecchi col mezzo dei quali le orchidee vengono fecondate dagli insetti</i></th></tr><tr><th><span class="nowrap">Titolo originale</span></th><td><span dir="ltr" lang="en"><i>On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects</i></span> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg/181px-Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg/271px-Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg/362px-Fertilisation_of_Orchids_1877_edition_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="4760" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Autore" title="Autore">Autore</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> </td></tr><tr><th><span class="nowrap">1ª ed. originale</span></th><td><a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a> </td></tr><tr><th><span class="nowrap">1ª ed. italiana</span></th><td><a href="/wiki/1883" title="1883">1883</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Genere_letterario" title="Genere letterario">Genere</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Saggio" title="Saggio">saggio</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(linguistica)" title="Lingua (linguistica)"><span class="nowrap">Lingua originale</span></a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">inglese</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755867" class="extiw" title="d:Q1755867"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce I diversi apparecchi col mezzo dei quali le orchidee vengono fecondate dagli insetti su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Libro/man" title="Template:Libro/man"><span title="Manuale del template Libro">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>I diversi apparecchi col mezzo dei quali le orchidee vengono fecondate dagli insetti</b></i> (<i>On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects</i>) è un libro scritto da <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, pubblicato il 15 maggio 1862. L'opera è un approfondimento delle ricerche di Darwin sulla riproduzione delle orchidee e sulla relazione tra le strutture sessuali di queste piante e gli insetti che le fertilizzano, con l'ipotesi che questa evoluzione sia attribuibile alla selezione naturale.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'opera rappresenta un tassello cruciale nelle teorie evolutive di Darwin, esplorando le relazioni ecologiche e le dinamiche naturali che governano la riproduzione di piante e insetti, contribuendo alla comprensione dei meccanismi della selezione naturale.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Darwin iniziò a lavorare su questo argomento già nel 1839, quando si interessò alla fecondazione incrociata dei fiori grazie all'aiuto degli insetti, e successivamente, nel 1841, leggendo il libro di C. K. Sprengel, <i>Das entdeckte Geheimnis der Natur</i>, approfondì ulteriormente il suo studio. Durante gli anni successivi, concentrò la sua attenzione sulla fertilizzazione delle orchidee britanniche, accumulando un vasto insieme di dati che culminarono nel libro del 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nella sua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autobiografia_di_Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Autobiografia di Charles Darwin (la pagina non esiste)">autobiografia</a> scrive: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139517313">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:95%;padding-left:2.4em;padding-right:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia{display:flex;gap:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia>div{width:0;flex:1 1 0}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-footer{padding:0 1.2em 0 0;margin:0}</style><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <p>«On May 15th, 1862, my little book on the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>, which cost me ten months' work, was published: most of the facts had been slowly accumulated during several previous years. During the summer of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant. I attended to the subject more or less during every subsequent summer; and my interest in it was greatly enhanced by having procured and read in November 1841, through the advice of Robert Brown, a copy of C. K. Sprengel's wonderful book, Das entdeckte Geheimnis der Natur. For some years before 1862 I had specially attended to the fertilisation of our British orchids; and it seemed to me the best plan to prepare as complete a treatise on this group of plants as well as I could, rather than to utilise the great mass of matter which I had slowly collected with respect to other plants. </p><p>My resolve proved a wise one; for since the appearance of my book, a surprising number of papers and separate works on the fertilisation of all kinds of flowers have appeared; and these are far better done than I could possibly have effected. The merits of poor old Sprengel, so long overlooked, are now fully recognised many years after his death.» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«Il 15 maggio 1862 fu pubblicato il mio piccolo libro sulla <i>Fertilizzazione delle Orchidee</i>, che mi costò dieci mesi di lavoro: la maggior parte dei fatti erano stati lentamente accumulati durante gli anni precedenti. Durante l'estate del 1839, e credo anche nell'estate precedente, mi venne l'idea di occuparmi della fertilizzazione incrociata dei fiori con l'aiuto degli insetti, dopo aver giunto alla conclusione, nelle mie speculazioni sull'origine delle specie, che l'incrocio giocava un ruolo importante nel mantenere costanti le forme specifiche. Mi dedicai a questo argomento ogni estate successiva, e il mio interesse per esso crebbe notevolmente quando, nel novembre del 1841, grazie al consiglio di Robert Brown, procurai e lessi una copia del meraviglioso libro di C. K. Sprengel, Das entdeckte Geheimnis der Natur. Per alcuni anni prima del 1862 mi ero concentrato in modo particolare sulla fertilizzazione delle orchidee britanniche; e mi sembrò il miglior piano preparare un trattato il più completo possibile su questo gruppo di piante, piuttosto che sfruttare la grande massa di materiale che avevo lentamente raccolto riguardo ad altre piante. </p><p>La mia decisione si rivelò saggia; infatti, da quando è uscito il mio libro, è apparso un sorprendente numero di articoli e opere separate sulla fertilizzazione di ogni tipo di fiore; e questi sono molto meglio realizzati di quanto avrei mai potuto fare. I meriti del povero vecchio Sprengel, così a lungo trascurati, sono ora pienamente riconosciuti, molti anni dopo la sua morte.» </p> </div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contenuto">Contenuto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Contenuto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Contenuto"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'analisi di Darwin riguardava la complessa interazione tra le orchidee e gli insetti impollinatori, evidenziando come le peculiarità delle orchidee fossero il risultato di un'evoluzione naturale guidata dalla selezione naturale. Il libro, sebbene oggi riconosciuto come un contributo fondamentale alla biologia evolutiva, non ebbe un grande successo commerciale al momento della pubblicazione, vendendo solo circa 6.000 copie entro la fine del XIX secolo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impatto_e_ricezione">Impatto e ricezione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Impatto e ricezione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Impatto e ricezione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuttavia, l'opera suscitò ammirazione tra i botanici e divenne un'importante testimonianza del lavoro di Darwin nel campo dell'evoluzione, anticipando alcune delle idee espresse in <a href="/wiki/L%27origine_delle_specie" title="L&#39;origine delle specie">L'origine delle specie</a>. Un critico, Asa Gray, osservò che se il libro fosse stato pubblicato prima di L'Origine, Darwin sarebbe stato probabilmente lodato dai teologi naturali piuttosto che criticato. Il libro fu lodato per la sua precisione scientifica, anche se alcuni critici lo ritennero troppo "indiretto" nel lodare la "meraviglia" della natura, come sottolineato in una recensione della Literary Churchman.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pubblicazione">Pubblicazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Pubblicazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pubblicazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il testo fu tradotto in francese e tedesco durante la vita di Darwin, con l'edizione francese del 1870 che incorporava aggiunte non presenti nella prima edizione inglese. Il libro subì varie edizioni, inclusa una seconda edizione nel 1877, che includeva modifiche al testo e l'inserimento di nuove illustrazioni. La prima edizione era in formato ottavo con copertina di velluto prugna, caratterizzata da un'immagine dorata di orchidea, e includeva 32 pagine di pubblicità inserite.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La prima edizione italiana fu pubblicata a Torino nel 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edizioni">Edizioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Edizioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Edizioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Charles Darwin, <span style="font-style:italic;">On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing</span>, London, John Murray, 1862.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCanestrini" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giovanni Canestrini e Lamberto Moschen (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">I diversi apparecchi col mezzo dei quali le orchidee vengono fecondate dagli insetti</span>, Torino, Unione Tipografico Editrice, 1883.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman">Freeman</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman">Freeman</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman">Freeman</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman">Freeman</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman">Freeman</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman">Freeman</a></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) British Museum Department of Printed Books, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.it/books/edition/Catalogue_of_Printed_Books_in_the_Librar/BEM_AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=I+diversi+apparecchi+col+mezzo+dei+quali+le+orchidee+vengono+fecondate+dagli+insetti&amp;pg=RA3-PA119&amp;printsec=frontcover"><span style="font-style:italic;">Catalogue of Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum ...</span></a>, W. Clowes and Sons, Limited, 1885, p.&#160;120.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Charles Darwin - Fertilisation of Orchids"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Darwin_-_Fertilisation_of_Orchids?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Darwin_-_Fertilisation_of_Orchids?uselang=it"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fertilisation of Orchids</span></a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_diversi_apparecchi_col_mezzo_dei_quali_le_orchidee_vengono_fecondate_dagli_insetti&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFreeman" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_FertilisationofOrchids.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Fertilisation of Orchids</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">darwin-online.org.uk</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse noprint metadata" id="navbox-Charles_Darwin"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Darwin" title="Template:Charles Darwin"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Charles Darwin (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a>&#160;·&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l&#39;anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1809 -1882)</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Persone</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Stephens" title="James Francis Stephens">James Francis Stephens</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslow" title="John Stevens Henslow">John Stevens Henslow</a> <small>(mentore)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> <table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Famiglia</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darwin" title="Robert Darwin">Robert Darwin</a> <small>(padre)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Susannah_Wedgwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Susannah Wedgwood">Susannah Wedgwood</a> <small>(madre)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zoonomia" title="Zoonomia">Zoonomia</a></i>) <small>(nonno paterno)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> <small>(nonno materno)</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="5" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/150px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/225px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/300px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Campi di lavoro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Teoria_dell%27evoluzione" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoria dell&#39;evoluzione">Teoria dell'evoluzione</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Selezione_naturale" title="Selezione naturale">Selezione naturale</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Darwinismo" title="Darwinismo">Darwinismo</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Orogenesi" title="Orogenesi">Orogenesi</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Subsidenza" title="Subsidenza">Subsidenza</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tettonica" title="Tettonica">Tettonica</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vulcanismo" title="Vulcanismo">Vulcanismo</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pangenesi" title="Pangenesi">Pangenesi</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Speciazione_(evoluzione)" title="Speciazione (evoluzione)">Speciazione (evoluzione)</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fringuelli_di_Darwin" title="Fringuelli di Darwin">Fringuelli di Darwin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Opere</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Illustrations_of_British_entomology" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrations of British entomology">Contributi in <i>Illustrations of British entomology</i></a> <small>(1829–1832)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Letters_to_Henslow" title="Extracts from Letters to Henslow">Extracts from Letters to Henslow</a></i> <small>(1835)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/A_letter,_containing_remarks_on_the_moral_state_of_Tahiti,_New_Zealand,_%26c" title="A letter, containing remarks on the moral state of Tahiti, New Zealand, &amp;c">A letter, containing remarks on the moral state of Tahiti, New Zealand, &amp;c</a></i> <small>(1836)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i> <small>(1838–1843)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Questions_About_the_Breeding_of_Animals" title="Questions About the Breeding of Animals">Questions About the Breeding of Animals</a></i> <small>(1839)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Viaggio_di_un_naturalista_intorno_al_mondo" title="Viaggio di un naturalista intorno al mondo">Viaggio di un naturalista intorno al mondo</a></i> <small>(1839)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Schizzo_a_matita_del_1842" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizzo a matita del 1842">Schizzo a matita del 1842</a></i> <small>(1842)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_The_Voyage_of_The_Beagle" title="Geology of The Voyage of The Beagle">Geology of The Voyage of The Beagle</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i> <small>(1842)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands" title="Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands">Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands</a></i> <small>(1844)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America" title="Geological Observations on South America">Geological Observations on South America</a></i> <small>(1846)</small>)<b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Saggio_del_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Saggio del 1844">Saggio del 1844</a></i> <small>(1844)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Studio_sui_Cirripedi" title="Studio sui Cirripedi">Studio sui Cirripedi</a></i> <small>(1846-1854)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/A_Manual_of_Scientific_Enquiry:_prepared_for_the_use_of_Her_Majesty%27s_Navy_and_adapted_for_travellers_in_general" title="A Manual of Scientific Enquiry: prepared for the use of Her Majesty&#39;s Navy and adapted for travellers in general"><i>Geology</i> in <i>A Manual of Scientific Enquiry</i></a> <small>(1849)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Selection_(Darwin)" title="Natural Selection (Darwin)">Natural Selection</a></i> <small>(1856-1858)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties</a></i> <small>(1858)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/L%27origine_delle_specie" title="L&#39;origine delle specie">L'origine delle specie</a></i> <small>(1859)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fertilisation of Orchids</a></i> (1862)<b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/La_variazione_degli_animali_e_delle_piante_allo_stato_domestico" title="La variazione degli animali e delle piante allo stato domestico">La variazione degli animali e delle piante allo stato domestico</a></i> <small>(1868)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/L%27origine_dell%27uomo_e_la_selezione_sessuale" title="L&#39;origine dell&#39;uomo e la selezione sessuale">L'origine dell'uomo e la selezione sessuale</a></i> <small>(1871)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/L%27espressione_delle_emozioni_nell%27uomo_e_negli_animali" title="L&#39;espressione delle emozioni nell&#39;uomo e negli animali">L'espressione delle emozioni nell'uomo e negli animali</a></i> <small>(1872)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Movement_and_Habits_of_Climbing_Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants">Movement and Habits of Climbing Plants</a></i> <small>(1875)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insectivorous_Plants&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Insectivorous Plants (la pagina non esiste)">Insectivorous Plants</a></i> <small>(1875)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self-Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom (la pagina non esiste)">The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> <small>(1876)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (la pagina non esiste)">The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species</a></i> <small>(1877)</small><b>&#160;·</b> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Preface_and_%27a_preliminary_notice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Preface and &#39;a preliminary notice (la pagina non esiste)">Preface and 'a preliminary notice</a>'" in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Krause&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Krause (la pagina non esiste)">Ernst Krause</a>'s <i>Erasmus Darwin</i> <small>(1879)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Power of Movement in Plants (la pagina non esiste)">The Power of Movement in Plants</a></i> <small>(1880)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_Through_the_Action_of_Worms&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (la pagina non esiste)">The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms</a></i> <small>(1881)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricordi_dello_sviluppo_della_mia_mente_e_del_mio_carattere&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricordi dello sviluppo della mia mente e del mio carattere (la pagina non esiste)">Ricordi dello sviluppo della mia mente e del mio carattere</a></i> <small>(1887)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Appunti privati</th><td colspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_del_Beagle" title="Quaderni del Beagle">Quaderni del Beagle</a></i> <small>(1831-1836)</small><b>&#160;·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_di_trasmutazione_delle_specie" title="Quaderni di trasmutazione delle specie">Quaderni di trasmutazione delle specie</a></i> <small>(1837-1839)</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Enti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Day" title="Darwin Day">Darwin Day</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Secondo_viaggio_del_HMS_Beagle" title="Secondo viaggio del HMS Beagle">Secondo viaggio del HMS Beagle</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fuegini" title="Fuegini">Fuegini</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Darwinismo_sociale" title="Darwinismo sociale">Darwinismo sociale</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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