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border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa">  </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40px" colspan="20" style="background:#C4D2DF; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa"> <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand" style="position:relative; width:17px; height:17px; overflow:hidden; text-decoration:none;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:17px; overflow:hidden; line-height:17px; letter-spacing:17px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&printable=yes"><span title="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&printable=yes" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Print_button.png" class="image" title="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&printable=yes"><img alt="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&printable=yes" src="/wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/17px-Print_button.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" srcset="/wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/26px-Print_button.png 1.5x, /wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/34px-Print_button.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><font size="2"><i>This editable Main Article is <b>under development</b> and subject to a <a href="/wiki/CZ:Disclaimer" title="CZ:Disclaimer"><b>disclaimer</b></a><b>. </b></i><b></b></font><div style="float:right; margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>An <b>alphabet</b> is a way of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, or groups of letters, represent <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> (units of <a href="/wiki/Language_(general)" title="Language (general)">language</a> perceived as distinct sounds in <a href="/wiki/Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech">speech</a>, such as /b/ in <i>bat</i>). Most modern languages use alphabets, but not all: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> varieties are famous for their <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">characters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> uses a mixture of mostly Chinese-derived characters (<i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i>), two <a href="/wiki/Mora" title="Mora">mora</a>-based systems similar to <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Syllabary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabary (page does not exist)">syllabaries</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i>), and a smattering of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a>, <i>roomaji</i>, often seen on signage and for company names. The <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Korean_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean alphabet (page does not exist)">Korean alphabet</a>, unlike most other alphabets, groups letters by syllables within words, which look rather like drastically simplified kanji. </p><p>The alphabet was originally developed by Semites in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, adapting simplified <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Hieroglyphics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieroglyphics (page does not exist)">hieroglyphics</a> to represent the consonant sounds of the Semitic languages. The Phoenician alphabet, one variant of the ancient Semitic alphabets, was adopted with significant modifications by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> for their language. The major innovation of the Greeks was the use of letters to represent vowel sounds, a change which was much more useful in the Greek language than in the Semitic languages. (In Semitic languages, words which differ only by the sound of one or two vowels are usually closely related, and the correct meaning is easier to determine by context; Greek along with other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> has many words which completely change meaning with the change of a single vowel.) </p><p>The word <i>alphabet</i> derives directly from the Greek name of the first two letters, <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i>. </p><p>A form of the Greek alphabet was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan">Etruscans</a>, from whom it was adopted, with further changes, by the Romans. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> underwent additional changes to reach the form which is familiar today. Greek Christian missionaries developed the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, derived from the Greek alphabet, for translating the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and other religious texts into Slavic languages; the Cyrillic alphabet has evolved since then, with some variations across the languages which use it. </p><p>The Phoenician alphabet inspired other alphabets in the Middle East, leading to the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Hebrew_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hebrew alphabet (page does not exist)">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Arabic_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic alphabet (page does not exist)">Arabic alphabets</a>, and to other alphabets which have fallen out of use. During the early expansion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, many languages unrelated to Arabic ended up being written in Arabic script, often with minor variations or additional letters to adapt the alphabet to the new languages. The Aramaic alphabet, also derived from Phoenician, evolved as it was adopted by different languages until it developed into the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Brahmanic_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmanic script (page does not exist)">Brahmanic script</a>, the basis for most of the alphabets of the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Indian_subcontinent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian subcontinent (page does not exist)">Indian subcontinent</a>. Brahmanic scripts inspired the writing systems of the Mongols, which inspired, but did not evolve directly into, the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Korean_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean alphabet (page does not exist)">Korean alphabet</a>. </p><p>European colonization led to the adoption of the Roman alphabet for many languages completely unrelated to the languages of the colonizers; the alphabet was often adapted by adding <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical marks</a> and occasionally additional letters. The <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Cherokee_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cherokee alphabet (page does not exist)">Cherokee alphabet</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Sequoyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequoyah (page does not exist)">Sequoyah</a> inspired by the Roman alphabet used by the English-speaking whites settling in Cherokee lands. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> was developed by linguists to represent all sounds in all languages, and has a very large number of symbols to express all the variations of different sounds found in different languages, many of which are not found in other alphabets. </p>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&oldid=961746">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Alphabet&oldid=961746</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_Workgroup" title="Category:Linguistics Workgroup">Linguistics Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Written_Language_Subgroup" title="Category:Written Language Subgroup">Written Language Subgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_British_English" title="Category:Articles written in British English">Articles written in British English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_Content" title="Category:Linguistics Content">Linguistics Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Written_Language_tag" title="Category:Written Language tag">Written Language tag</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_tag" title="Category:Linguistics tag">Linguistics tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alphabet" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. 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