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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Who lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Who_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_candles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_candles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Number of candles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_candles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_waving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_waving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hand waving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_waving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Time</span> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espelmes_de_S%C3%A0bat" title="Espelmes de Sàbat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espelmes de Sàbat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velas_de_Shabat" title="Velas de Shabat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Velas de Shabat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandeloj_de_%C5%9Cabato" title="Kandeloj de Ŝabato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kandeloj de Ŝabato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res_de_Chabbat" title="Lumières de Chabbat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lumières de Chabbat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilin_Sabat" title="Lilin Sabat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lilin Sabat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91" title="נרות שבת ויום טוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נרות שבת ויום טוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Candles lit on Friday evening to usher in Shabbat</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GOOD_SHABBES_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/GOOD_SHABBES_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A Jewish woman reciting the blessing over Shabbat candles while covering her eyes (<a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim" title="Ma'ale Adumim">Ma'ale Adumim</a>, 2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabbat_Candles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/220px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/330px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shabbat_Candles.jpg/440px-Shabbat_Candles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Shabbat candles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png/220px-Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png/330px-Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png/440px-Sabbath_candle_woodcut.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Lighting the Sabbath lamp (1657)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shabbat candles</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נרות שבת</span>) are <a href="/wiki/Candles" class="mw-redirect" title="Candles">candles</a> lit on Friday evening before sunset to usher in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Sabbath">Sabbath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lighting Shabbat candles is a rabbinically mandated law.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candle-lighting is traditionally done by the woman of the household,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but every Jew is obligated to either light or ensure that candles are lit on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, lighting the candles is known as <i>licht bentschen</i> ("light-blessing") or <i>licht tsinden</i> ("light-kindling"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg/220px-Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg/330px-Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg/440px-Shabbat-Candles_blessing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>1723 illustration of a Shabbat lamp</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Tobiah_ben_Eliezer" title="Tobiah ben Eliezer">Tobiah ben Eliezer</a>, the custom is one "which <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a> adopted from the time of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> relates that "For all the days that <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> lived, the Sabbath lamp stayed lit until the next Sabbath eve, and for <a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a> it did the same . . ."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Landsberg" title="Leopold Landsberg">Leopold Landsberg</a>, the Jews adopted this custom from the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zallel_Lauterbach" title="Jacob Zallel Lauterbach">Jacob Zallel Lauterbach</a> disagrees, arguing that it was instituted by the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> to protest against superstition, or perhaps against (some predecessor of) the <a href="/wiki/Karaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaitic">Karaitic</a> refusal to have any light on Sabbath Eve, even were it lit before the Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to standard halakhic literature, the purpose of lighting of <i>Shabbat</i> candles is to dignify the Sabbath; before the advent of electric lighting, when the alternative was to eat in the dark, it was necessary to light lamps to create an appropriate environment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One early-modern <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> prayer asks for the candles to "burn bright and clear to drive away the evil spirits, demons, and all that come from <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The practice of lighting an <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a> before Shabbat is first recorded in the second chapter of <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">m.</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a>, which already presupposes it as an old and undisputed practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a> (d. 62 CE) describes it in Satire V:</p><blockquote><p><i>At cum Herodis venere dies unctaque fenestra dispositae pinguem nebulam vomuere lucaernae portantes violas . . . labra moves tacitus recutitaque sabbata palles.</i> But when the day of Herod<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes round, when the lamps wreathed with violets and ranged round the greasy window-sills have spat forth their thick clouds of smoke . . . you silently twitch your lips, turning pale at the sabbath of the circumcised. (trans. <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Stern" title="Menahem Stern">Menachem Stern</a>)</p></blockquote><p>As do <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blessing">Blessing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Blessing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blessing is never described by <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> sources, but was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a> to emphasize rejection of the early Karaitic belief that lights could not be lit before the Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is attested in a fragment in the St. Petersburg national library (Antonin B, 122, 2); it also appears in a plethora of Gaonic material, including the Seder of <a href="/wiki/Amram_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amram Gaon">Amram Gaon</a>, the responsa of <a href="/wiki/Natronai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Natronai Gaon">Natronai Gaon</a>, the responsa of <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a>, and others. Every source quotes it with identical language, exactly correspondent to the modern liturgy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual">Ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg/220px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg/330px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg/440px-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_9_-_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Shard from a stand for a Shabbat oil lamp etched with the word <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">שבת</span></span> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Shabbat</i></span>) in Aramaic script, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th century</span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Horbat_%27Uza" title="Horbat 'Uza">Horbat 'Uza</a> excavations east of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Who_lights">Who lights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Who lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lighting is preferably done by a woman. <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> sources explain that "the First Man was the world's lamp, but Eve extinguished him. Therefore they gave the commandment of the lamp to the woman".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> adds an additional rationale, "and moreover, she is responsible for household needs."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, who rejects Talmudic rationales based on superstition,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writes only: "And women are more obligated in this matter than men, because they are found at home<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and involved in housework."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Michel_Epstein" title="Yechiel Michel Epstein">Yechiel Michel Epstein</a> writes (<i>cleaned up</i>):</p><blockquote><p>Sabbath lamps are just like <a href="/wiki/Chanukah_candles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukah candles">Chanukah lamps</a>, in that the obligation falls on the household. Therefore, even if a male member of the household has a separate room of his own, he need not light separately, because the woman's lighting accounts for every room of the house. If a married traveler has his own room, he needs to light separately, because his wife's blessing cannot account for another place entirely, but if he lacks his own room, he does not need to. A single traveler must light even if his parents are lighting on his behalf elsewhere, and if he lacks his own room, he must arrange matters with the proprietor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Ideally, the woman lights her candles in the place she will be eating dinner. If another woman wants to light there, she may also light in a different room. Similarly, a traveler may light within his room even if he is eating elsewhere. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_candles">Number of candles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Number of candles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, most Jews light at least two candles. Authorities up to and including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a>, who wrote that "there are those who employ two wicks, one corresponding to "Remember" and one corresponding to "Keep" (perhaps two wicks in one lamp, reflecting the Talmudic teaching "'Remember' and 'Keep' in a single statement"),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advised a maximum of two lamps, with other lamps necessary for other purposes kept carefully at a distance to preserve the tableau.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> added "and it's possible to add and light three or four lamps, and such is our custom",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a> added, "and there are those who light seven candles corresponding to the seven days of the week (<a href="/wiki/Lurianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurianic">Lurianics</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ten corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov Levi Moelin</a>, rabbinic authorities have required women who forgot to light one week to add an additional lamp to her regular number for the rest of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent custom reinterprets the two candles as husband and wife<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adds a new candle for every child born; apparently the first to hear of it was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Hayyim_Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Hayyim Friedman (page does not exist)">Israel Hayyim Friedman</a>, though his essay was not published until 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zallel_Lauterbach" title="Jacob Zallel Lauterbach">Jacob Zallel Lauterbach</a>, who mentions it in an undated essay published posthumously in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> mentioned it in a 1975 letter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Leifer" title="Mordechai Leifer">Mordechai Leifer</a> supposedly said, "The women light two candles before children but after their first child they light five, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Five_Books_Of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Books Of Moses">Five Books Of Moses</a> . . . and so it is forever, irrespective of how many children" but this teaching was not published until 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menashe_Klein" title="Menashe Klein">Menashe Klein</a> offers two interpretations: either it is based on Moelin's rule and women who miss a week because they were giving birth are not exempted (though all other authorities assume they are exempted) or it is based on comparison with <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> candles, which some medieval authorities recommended be lit one per member of the household.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_waving">Hand waving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hand waving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Ashkenazic rite, after the candles are lit, a blessing is said (whereas, in the Sephardic rite, the blessing is said before the lighting). In order to avoid benefiting from the light of the candles before uttering the blessing, Ashkenazic authorities recommend that the lighter cover her eyes for the intervening period.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, many Jewish women make an exaggerated motion, waving their hands in the air, when covering their eyes; there is no specific source for this in traditional texts. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Asuppot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer ha-Asuppot">Sefer haAsuppot</a></i>, attributed to the 13th-century scholar Elijah b. Isaac of <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a>, records that "I heard that [Rashi's granddaughter] <a href="/wiki/Hannah_bat_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah bat Meir">Rabbanit Hannah</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbi Jacob</a>, would warn the women not to begin the blessing until the second candle was lit, lest the women accept the Sabbath and then continue lighting candles."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time">Time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The candles must be lit before the official starting time of Shabbat, which varies from place to place, but is generally 18 or 20 minutes before sunset. In some places the customary time is earlier: 30 minutes before sunset in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and 40 minutes in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, perhaps because the mountains in those cities obstructed the horizon and once made it difficult to know if sunset had arrived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blessing_2">Blessing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blessing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה', אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם, אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו, וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר שֶׁל שַׁבָּת.</span>‎ </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, Melekh ha'olam, asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Shabbat.</i></span> </td> <td>Blessed are You, L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat lamp. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the late 20th century, some apparently began to add the word <i>kodesh</i> ("holy") at the end of the blessing, making "... the lamp of holy Shabbat", a practice with no historical antecedent. At least two earlier sources include this version, the <i>Givat Shaul</i> of <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3" class="extiw" title="he:שאול עבדאללה יוסף">Saul Abdullah Joseph</a> (Hong Kong, 1906)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Yafeh laLev</i> of <a href="/wiki/Rahamim_Nissim_Palacci" title="Rahamim Nissim Palacci">Rahamim Nissim Palacci</a> (Turkey, 1906)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but authorities in the major Orthodox traditions were solicited for responsa only in the late 1960s, and each acknowledges it only as a new and alternative practice. <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sternbuch" title="Moshe Sternbuch">Moshe Sternbuch</a> endorsed the innovation<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most authorities, including <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Yosef" title="Yitzhak Yosef">Yitzhak Yosef</a>, ruled that it is forbidden, though it does not nullify the blessing if already performed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almog Levi attributes this addition to misinformed <a href="/wiki/Baalei_teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalei teshuva">baalot teshuva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has never been a widespread custom but its popularity, especially within <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>, continues to grow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/610363/jewish/Shabbat-Candles.htm">Shabbat Candles, Feminine Light</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orach_Chayim" title="Orach Chayim">Orach Chayim</a></i> 263:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Shabbat2.html">[1]</a><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a><span>, </span><i>Shabbat</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Arukh_HaShulchan,_Orach_Chaim.263.5">"Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 263:5"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Arukh+HaShulchan%2C+Orach+Chaim+263%3A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FArukh_HaShulchan%2C_Orach_Chaim.263.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Midrash_Lekach_Tov,_Exodus.35.3.3">"Midrash Lekach Tov, Exodus 35:3:3"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Bereshit+Rabbah+60%3A16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBereshit_Rabbah.60.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/46735">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: חקרי לב - חלק ד -- לנדסברג, יהודה ליב בן ישראל איצק אהרן, 1848-1915"</a>. <i>hebrewbooks.org</i>. p. 82ff<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%91+-+%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7+%D7%93+--+%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%2C+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A7+%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9F%2C+1848-1915&rft.pages=82ff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F46735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterbach1951" class="citation book cs1">Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RxEHAQAAIAAJ&pg=454"><i>Rabbinic Essays</i></a>. Hebrew Union College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-14972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-14972-1"><bdi>978-0-608-14972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Essays&rft.pub=Hebrew+Union+College+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-608-14972-1&rft.aulast=Lauterbach&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Zallel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRxEHAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3D454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Shabbat.25b.3.3">"Rashi on Shabbat 25b:3:3"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Rashi+on+Shabbat+25b%3A3%3A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRashi_on_Shabbat.25b.3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YceDuyuVCzQC&pg=PP1003"><i>סדר התפלות מכל השנה: כמנהג פולין, עם פרשיות ... יוצרות, סליחות, הושענות, מערבית, יום כיפור קטן, תהלים, תחינות, אקוראהט כמו דיא מר' ישראל גר ... [וגם] כוונת הפייטן אויף טייטש ...</i></a> (in Hebrew). דפוס יוסף ויעקב בני אברהם פרופס. 1766.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94%3A+%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92+%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F%2C+%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+...+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%2C+%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA%2C+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%2C+%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%2C+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D+%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9F%2C+%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D%2C+%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%2C+%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%94%D7%98+%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%95+%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90+%D7%9E%D7%A8%27+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%92%D7%A8+...+%5B%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9D%5D+%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9F+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A3+%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9+...&rft.pub=%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1&rft.date=1766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYceDuyuVCzQC%26pg%3DPP1003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBs8AQAAMAAJ&pg=131"><i>The Jewish Review</i></a>. Geo. Routledge & Sons. 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Review&rft.pub=Geo.+Routledge+%26+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBs8AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, Shabbat 2:6; <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a> 17:8, <a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a> (Buber) Noah 1:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, Shabbat 32a s.v. <i>hareni</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2008" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Marc B. (2008). "Maimonidean Halakhah and Superstition". <i>Studies in Maimonides and His Interpreters</i>. University of Scranton Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58966-165-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58966-165-3"><bdi>978-1-58966-165-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maimonidean+Halakhah+and+Superstition&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Maimonides+and+His+Interpreters&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=University+of+Scranton+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58966-165-3&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Marc+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah,_Sabbath.5.3">"Mishneh Torah, Sabbath 5:3"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishneh+Torah%2C+Sabbath+5%3A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%2C_Sabbath.5.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Arukh_HaShulchan,_Orach_Chaim.263.5?vhe=Arukh_HaShulchan,_Orach_Chayim_--_Wikisource&lang=en&with=all&lang2=en">"Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 263:5"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Arukh+HaShulchan%2C+Orach+Chaim+263%3A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FArukh_HaShulchan%2C_Orach_Chaim.263.5%3Fvhe%3DArukh_HaShulchan%2C_Orach_Chayim_--_Wikisource%26lang%3Den%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rosh_Hashanah.27a.2">"Rosh Hashanah 27a:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Rosh+Hashanah+27a%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FRosh_Hashanah.27a.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ספר ראבי"ה סי' קצט</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Orach_Chayim.263.1">"Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 263:1"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Orach+Chayim+263%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.263.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Ba%27er_Hetev_on_Shulchan_Arukh,_Orach_Chayim.263.2">"Ba'er Hetev on Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 263:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Ba%27er+Hetev+on+Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Orach+Chayim+263%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBa%2527er_Hetev_on_Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.263.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berurah.263.6">"Mishnah Berurah 263:6"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishnah+Berurah+263%3A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishnah_Berurah.263.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Berurah.263.7">"Mishnah Berurah 263:7"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishnah+Berurah+263%3A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishnah_Berurah.263.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=41190&st=&pgnum=29">"לקוטי מהרי"ח - חלק ב - פרידמן, ישראל חיים בן יהודה, 1852-1922 (page 29 of 201)"</a>. <i>hebrewbooks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%22%D7%97+-+%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7+%D7%91+-+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%9F%2C+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%2C+1852-1922+%28page+29+of+201%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D41190%26st%3D%26pgnum%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Likkutei Sichot, vol. 11, p. 289 (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH001085938/NLI">"ספר גדולת מרדכי : סיפורים ושיחות ... מהרב ... מרדכי מנדבורנא-בושטינא ; וספר קדושת ישראל : תולדות ואורחות חיים ... מבנו ... ר' ישראל יעקב מחוסט / [היו לאחדים בידי והוצאתים לאור ברוך מאיר קליין מדעברעצין] | קליין, ברוך מאיר | | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99+%3A+%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA+...+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91+...+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90+%3B+%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%3A+%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+...+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95+...+%D7%A8%27+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98+%2F+%5B%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95+%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%97%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9F%5D+%7C+%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F%2C+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8+%7C+%7C+%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fhe%2Fbooks%2FNNL_ALEPH001085938%2FNLI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/1879">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: משנה הלכות חלק ז -- מנשה קליין"</a>. <i>hebrewbooks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7+%D7%96+--+%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Orach_Chayim.263.5?lang=bi">"Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 263:5"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Orach+Chayim+263%3A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.263.5%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFבר-לבב" class="citation journal cs1">בר-לבב, Liora Elias Bar-Levav (1966-2006) ליאורה אליאס. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25882125">"מנהג יפה הוא לנשים שלנו : פסיקת הלכה על פי נשים בימי הביניים"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%92+%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%90+%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95+%3A+%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%99+%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.aulast=%D7%91%D7%A8-%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%91&rft.aufirst=Liora+Elias+Bar-Levav+%281966-2006%29+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25882125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/manuscripts/hebrew-manuscripts/viewerpage?vid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS990000584860205171-1#$FL50583910">"ספר האסופות"</a>. <i>www.nli.org.il</i>. p. 77a<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nli.org.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA.&rft.pages=77a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Fdiscover%2Fmanuscripts%2Fhebrew-manuscripts%2Fviewerpage%3Fvid%3DMANUSCRIPTS%26docid%3DPNX_MANUSCRIPTS990000584860205171-1%23%24FL50583910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShabbat+candles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igrot Qodesh of 5735 p. 208; Tshuvot v'Hanhagot 1:271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Yosef" title="Yalkut Yosef">Yalkut Yosef</a> 263:51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M'Torato shel Maran p. 80</span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauterbach claims (p. 456 and p. 458) that such was the Samaritan custom, but cites only sources describing Karaitic practice regarding light and Samaritan custom regarding the cooking of food. According to Geiger and Zunz (<i>op cit.</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> held to this view, as shown by the (arguably) polemical tone in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Midrash_Tanchuma%2C_Noach.1.2">Midrash Tanchuma</a> וקראת לשבת עונג זו הדלקת נר בשבת וא"ת לישב בחשך אין זו עונג שאין יורדי גיהנם נדונין אלא בחשך.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herod personifies the Jewish people; his "day" is the Sabbath. See Menachem Stern, <i>Greek and Latin Authors</i> vol. 1 p. 436; also Molly Whittaker, <i>Jews and Christians</i> vol. 6 p. 71. In Morton-Braund's edition (2004), pg. 110-113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides frowns on women leaving home more than once a month. (<i>Ishut</i> 13:11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Spira" title="Elijah Spira">Elijah Spira</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Eliyah_Rabbah_on_Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.263.2">writes</a> (1757) that "some say that the lamps represent man and woman, as <i>ner</i> (lamp) in <a href="/wiki/Gematriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gematriya">gematriya</a> is 250, and a man has 248 bones while a woman has 252." However, this explanation is intended abstractly and Spira does not imagine that anyone should light more lamps to correspond to a larger family.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shabbat_candles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>B.M. Lewin, The History of the Sabbath Candles, in <i>Essays and Studies in Memory of Linda A. Miller</i>, I. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שבת</span></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Prayers</li><li>Rituals</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedid_Nefesh" title="Yedid Nefesh">Yedid Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekhah_Dodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekhah Dodi">Lekhah Dodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Aleichem_(liturgy)" title="Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)">Shalom Aleichem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shnayim_mikra_ve-echad_targum" title="Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum">Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maftir" title="Maftir">Maftir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_meals" title="Shabbat meals">Shabbat meals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seudah_shlishit" title="Seudah shlishit">Seudah shlishit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triennial_cycle" title="Triennial cycle">Triennial cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">Challah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket (Jewish dish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_liver" title="Chopped liver">Chopped liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helzel" title="Helzel">Helzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorschmack" title="Vorschmack">Vorschmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Cholent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouna" title="Mouna">Mouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaneh" title="Kubaneh">Kubaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">Jachnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabich" title="Sabich">Sabich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapchik" title="Yapchik">Yapchik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shabbat candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blech" title="Blech">Blech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challah_cover" title="Challah cover">Challah cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush#Rituals" title="Kiddush">Kiddush cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Melakha">Melakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_mile" title="Biblical mile">Biblical mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Biblical Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_on_Shabbat" title="Driving on Shabbat">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_on_Shabbat" title="Electricity on Shabbat">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruv" title="Eruv">Eruv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruv_tavshilin" title="Eruv tavshilin">Eruv tavshilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruv_techumin" title="Eruv techumin">Eruv techumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_food_preparation" title="Sabbath food preparation">Food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_(halacha)" title="Grama (halacha)">Grama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktzeh" title="Muktzeh">Muktzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinically_prohibited_activities_of_Shabbat" title="Rabbinically prohibited activities of Shabbat">Rabbinic prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat (Talmud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinuy" title="Shinuy">Shinuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomer_Shabbat" title="Shomer Shabbat">Shomer Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Innovations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KosherSwitch" title="KosherSwitch">KosherSwitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomet_Institute" title="Zomet Institute">Zomet Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_elevator" title="Shabbat elevator">Shabbat elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_lamp" title="Shabbat lamp">Shabbat lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_mode" title="Sabbath mode">Sabbath mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_pedestrian_crossing" title="Shabbat pedestrian crossing">Shabbat pedestrian crossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbaton" title="Shabbaton">Shabbaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">Eve of Passover on Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motza%27ei_Shabbat" title="Motza'ei Shabbat">Motza'ei Shabbat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiddush_levana" title="Kiddush levana">Kiddush levana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaveh_Malkah" title="Melaveh Malkah">Melaveh Malkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shabbat_topics" title="List of Shabbat topics">List of Shabbat topics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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