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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Neighborhood Risk, Parental Supervision and the Onset of Substance Use among African American Adolescents | Journal of Child and Family Studies</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Neighborhood Risk, Parental Supervision and the Onset of Substance Use among African American Adolescents"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Journal of Child and Family Studies - The consequences of the early onset of substance use on later outcomes are a public health concern. In the present study, we examined neighborhood risk factors..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10826"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10826"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Neighborhood Risk, Parental Supervision and the Onset of Substance Use among African American Adolescents"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Journal of Child and Family Studies 2009 18:6"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2009-03-24"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The consequences of the early onset of substance use on later outcomes are a public health concern. In the present study, we examined neighborhood risk factors as a possible predictor of the onset of substance use in adolescents. In addition, we assessed the potential buffering effects of parental supervision on the relationship between neighborhood risk and the onset of substance use. The participants included 95, abstinent, African American 6th graders (mean age&nbsp;=&nbsp;11.5&nbsp;years) who enrolled in one site of a national, multi-site study of high-risk youth participating in a federally sponsored program. In the 6th and 8th grades, the participants completed self-report measures regarding substance use, perceived negative neighborhood activities and parental supervision. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that both exposure to negative neighborhood activities and low parental supervision increase the onset of substance use by the 8th grade among African American adolescents. However, the results suggested that parents can protect their adolescents from the impact of exposure to adverse neighborhood factors by providing appropriate supervision."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1573-2843"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Journal of Child and Family Studies"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2009-03-24"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="18"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="6"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="680"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="689"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Child and Family Studies"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="J Child Fam Stud"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer US"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1573-2843"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Neighborhood Risk, Parental Supervision and the Onset of Substance Use among African American Adolescents"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="18"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2009/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2009/03/24"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="680"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="689"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Paper"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta name="size" content="156813"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The consequences of the early onset of substance use on later outcomes are a public health concern. In the present study, we examined neighborhood risk fac"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Burlew, Ann Kathleen"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Johnson, Candace S."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Flowers, Amanda M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Peteet, Bridgette J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Griffith-Henry, Kyna D."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Buchanan, Natasha D."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Child and School Psychology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Social Sciences, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Sociology, general"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=LS Aiken; citation_author=SG West; citation_publisher=Sage"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; citation_title=The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations; citation_author=RM Baron, DA Kenny; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=1173-1182; citation_doi=10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Issues in drug abuse prevention intervention research with African Americans; citation_inbook_title=Scientific methods for prevention intervention research; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=171-202; citation_id=CR3; citation_author=L Beatty; citation_publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of Youth and Adolescence; citation_title=Parenting behaviors, association with deviant peers and delinquency in African American adolescents: A mediated-moderation model; citation_author=MA Bowman, HM Prelow, SR Weaver; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=517-527; citation_doi=10.1007/s10964-006-9117-7; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Preventing serious, violent and chronic juvenile offending: A review of evaluations of selected strategies in childhood, adolescence and the community; citation_inbook_title=Sourcebook on serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=61-141; citation_id=CR5; citation_author=DD Brewer; citation_author=JD Hawkins; citation_author=RF Catalano; citation_author=HJ Neckerman; citation_publisher=Sage"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Drugs, crime and the justice system; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR6; citation_publisher=US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=The Journal of Black Psychology; citation_title=Drug attitudes, racial identity and alcohol use among African American adolescents; citation_author=A Burlew, D Neely, C Johnson, TC Hucks, B Purnell, J Butler, M Lovett, R Burlew; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=402-420; citation_doi=10.1177/0095798400026004004; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Criminology; citation_title=Family relationships and delinquency; citation_author=S Cernkovich, P Giordano; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=295-319; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00799.x; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; citation_title=Impact of parent monitoring on initiation of drug use through late childhood; citation_author=H Chilcoat, J Anthony; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=91-100; citation_doi=10.1097/00004583-199601000-00017; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Child Policy Research Center. 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citation_title=Resilience among youth growing up in substance abusing families; citation_author=S Wolin, SJ Wolin; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=415-429; citation_id=CR66"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Burlew, Ann Kathleen"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="rkburlew@juno.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Johnson, Candace S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Flowers, Amanda M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Psychiatry, Child & Adolescent Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Peteet, Bridgette J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Griffith-Henry, Kyna D."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Psychology Associates of Bethlehem, Bethlehem, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Buchanan, Natasha D."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2009/12/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Neighborhood Risk, Parental Supervision and the Onset of Substance Use among African American Adolescents - Journal of Child and Family Studies"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The consequences of the early onset of substance use on later outcomes are a public health concern. In the present study, we examined neighborhood risk factors as a possible predictor of the onset of substance use in adolescents. In addition, we assessed the potential buffering effects of parental supervision on the relationship between neighborhood risk and the onset of substance use. The participants included 95, abstinent, African American 6th graders (mean age = 11.5 years) who enrolled in one site of a national, multi-site study of high-risk youth participating in a federally sponsored program. In the 6th and 8th grades, the participants completed self-report measures regarding substance use, perceived negative neighborhood activities and parental supervision. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that both exposure to negative neighborhood activities and low parental supervision increase the onset of substance use by the 8th grade among African American adolescents. However, the results suggested that parents can protect their adolescents from the impact of exposure to adverse neighborhood factors by providing appropriate supervision."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10826"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link 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In the present study, we examined neighborhood risk factors as a possible predictor of the onset of substance use in adolescents. In addition, we assessed the potential buffering effects of parental supervision on the relationship between neighborhood risk and the onset of substance use. The participants included 95, abstinent, African American 6th graders (mean age = 11.5 years) who enrolled in one site of a national, multi-site study of high-risk youth participating in a federally sponsored program. In the 6th and 8th grades, the participants completed self-report measures regarding substance use, perceived negative neighborhood activities and parental supervision. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that both exposure to negative neighborhood activities and low parental supervision increase the onset of substance use by the 8th grade among African American adolescents. However, the results suggested that parents can protect their adolescents from the impact of exposure to adverse neighborhood factors by providing appropriate supervision.","datePublished":"2009-03-24T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2009-03-24T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"680","pageEnd":"689","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y","keywords":["Substance use","Drug onset","African American adolescents","Parental supervision and neighborhood risks","Child and School Psychology","Social Sciences","general","Sociology"],"image":[],"isPartOf":{"name":"Journal of Child and Family Studies","issn":["1573-2843","1062-1024"],"volumeNumber":"18","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer US","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Ann Kathleen Burlew","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati","address":{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"rkburlew@juno.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Candace S. Johnson","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati","address":{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Amanda M. Flowers","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University","address":{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Child & Adolescent Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Bridgette J. Peteet","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati","address":{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Kyna D. Griffith-Henry","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Associates of Bethlehem","address":{"name":"Psychology Associates of Bethlehem, Bethlehem, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Natasha D. Buchanan","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta","address":{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" 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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Candace_S_-Johnson-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Candace_S_-Johnson-Aff2" data-author-search="Johnson, Candace S.">Candace S. Johnson</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Amanda_M_-Flowers-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Amanda_M_-Flowers-Aff3" data-author-search="Flowers, Amanda M.">Amanda M. Flowers</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bridgette_J_-Peteet-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Bridgette_J_-Peteet-Aff1" data-author-search="Peteet, Bridgette J.">Bridgette J. Peteet</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Kyna_D_-Griffith_Henry-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Kyna_D_-Griffith_Henry-Aff4" data-author-search="Griffith-Henry, Kyna D.">Kyna D. Griffith-Henry</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 6 authors for this article" title="Show all 6 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Natasha_D_-Buchanan-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Natasha_D_-Buchanan-Aff5" data-author-search="Buchanan, Natasha D.">Natasha D. Buchanan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>632 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>33 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The consequences of the early onset of substance use on later outcomes are a public health concern. In the present study, we examined neighborhood risk factors as a possible predictor of the onset of substance use in adolescents. In addition, we assessed the potential buffering effects of parental supervision on the relationship between neighborhood risk and the onset of substance use. The participants included 95, abstinent, African American 6th graders (mean age = 11.5 years) who enrolled in one site of a national, multi-site study of high-risk youth participating in a federally sponsored program. In the 6th and 8th grades, the participants completed self-report measures regarding substance use, perceived negative neighborhood activities and parental supervision. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that both exposure to negative neighborhood activities and low parental supervision increase the onset of substance use by the 8th grade among African American adolescents. 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Box 210376, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0376, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ann Kathleen Burlew & Bridgette J. Peteet</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Candace S. Johnson</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Psychiatry, Child & Adolescent Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Amanda M. Flowers</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Psychology Associates of Bethlehem, Bethlehem, PA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Kyna D. Griffith-Henry</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Natasha D. 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Buchanan</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Natasha%20D.%20Buchanan" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Natasha%20D.%20Buchanan" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" 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class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Burlew, A.K., Johnson, C.S., Flowers, A.M. <i>et al.</i> Neighborhood Risk, Parental Supervision and the Onset of Substance Use among African American Adolescents. <i>J Child Fam Stud</i> <b>18</b>, 680–689 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10826-009-9273-y?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2008-04-30">30 April 2008</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2009-03-10">10 March 2009</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2009-03-24">24 March 2009</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2009-12">December 2009</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: 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