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aria-hidden="false"><button aria-label="Listen" data-testid="audioPlayButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al md an ao ap ex me mf lt mg mh mi mj mk s ml mm mn mo mp mq mr u ms mt mu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3 12a9 9 0 1 1 18 0 9 9 0 0 1-18 0m9-10C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2m3.376 10.416-4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1-.777-.416V8.934a.5.5 0 0 1 .777-.416l4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .832" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Listen</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al md an ao ap ex me mf lt mg mh mi mj mk s ml mm mn mo mp mq mr u ms mt mu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="bdeb" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">User research is the foundation of product development at Semantic Scholar, and has helped us gain a deep understanding of our scholars, how they interact with scientific literature, and their relationships within the community.</p><figure class="nv nw nx ny nz oa ns nt paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="ob oc fj od bh oe"><div class="ns nt nu"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/0*7Zc56_bf2IlXr-LU 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="An illustration of a girl talking to someone on a video call." class="bh mc of c" width="700" height="394" loading="eager"/></picture></div></div></figure><p id="d365" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk"><em class="og">Evie Cheng is a Senior UX Researcher for Semantic Scholar at the Allen Institute for AI.</em></p><p id="ce52" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">At Semantic Scholar, we aim to accelerate scientific breakthroughs by building better ways of searching and discovering scientific knowledge using our state-of-the-art AI models. To help scholars do impactful research, however, takes more than technology.</p><p id="578c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">We care about our users, and it’s crucial for us to gain a deep understanding of scholars, how they interact with scientific literature, and relationships within the community.</p><p id="31d2" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">User research is the foundation of product development at Semantic Scholar. We conduct various types of research to understand scholars’ motivations, goals, pain points, and unmet needs, and use our learnings to inform decisions across our teams and create meaningful experiences.</p><h1 id="0d08" class="oh oi gu bf oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe bk">Our Research Approaches</h1><h1 id="bd9a" class="oh oi gu bf oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe bk">Exploratory Research</h1><p id="2c17" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx pf mz na nb pg nd ne nf ph nh ni nj pi nl nm nn pj np nq nr gn bk">Building a shared understanding of users that represents the breadth and diversity of our user base has been a key challenge for user research since day one. Our team members have varying levels of experience with our product, from renowned thought-leading scholars who have been writing scientific papers for years, to those who have never searched for an academic paper before joining the team.</p><p id="5aca" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">Given this dynamic, we sought to perform research that would give everyone a common understanding of our actual users and their pain points. We conducted a 10-day diary study with 15 scholars worldwide in different career stages and research areas. Through in-context diary entries and an ecological momentary reflection, we were able to understand their daily interactions with scientific literature, gain a broader understanding of the environment around which research is conducted, and translate the insights into user personas which later became a strong asset for us to make the right product decisions and have the most impact.</p><blockquote class="pk pl pm"><p id="4d26" class="mv mw og bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">“We wanted to understand why a user was trying to complete a certain task, where that fell within their research journey, and what other tools and workflows our users were performing.”</p></blockquote><p id="7a48" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">We always look beyond to identify new opportunities and explore spaces that we could have an impact on. Recently, we conducted an exploratory study to better understand how mobile devices are being used in a scholar’s daily research workflow. In a highly mobile world, the primary device for scientific research has remained predominantly the desktop and laptop computers, and we wanted to understand why.</p><p id="e281" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">While computers are the primary research device for focused and in-depth work, users check new research, skim papers, and think about ideas all the time on mobile devices. With barriers such as unfriendly mobile reading formats and limited access to literature, users develop workarounds to remember papers to read or things to do when switching devices. However, they’re time-consuming and still require a heavy cognitive load.</p><blockquote class="pk pl pm"><p id="4739" class="mv mw og bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">“I spend a lot of time walking my dog. I take her to the dog park pretty much every day, and I find myself scrolling through Twitter. I’ll find a paper, and then I’ll start thinking about stuff and find citations.” — Participant</p><p id="3f4f" class="mv mw og bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">“There’s probably a thousand bookmarks. The way that I use bookmarks is to jog my memory for later. The list is so so long, even I get confused.” — Participant</p></blockquote><p id="ab92" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">We asked ourselves, <em class="og">“How might we make research easier for users to consume on mobile? How might we make it easier for users to pick up papers and tasks where they left off when switching devices?” </em>This allowed us to uncover behavioral insights that would otherwise be missed if we only focused on existing practices, and allowed us to adapt our products to on-the-go scenarios and micro-moments.</p><blockquote class="pk pl pm"><p id="ab03" class="mv mw og bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">“Having something more centralized that does all of this without me manually having to, email it and pick it up, and then paste it here, and then do this, and save this information over there. That would save a lot of time.” — Participant</p></blockquote><h1 id="cf35" class="oh oi gu bf oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe bk">Scale empathy</h1><p id="48c8" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx pf mz na nb pg nd ne nf ph nh ni nj pi nl nm nn pj np nq nr gn bk">We have also established a recurring “User Chat” research program to bring the team closer to our users. We invite a user every other week to chat with us for 45 minutes about their current research workflow, pain points, and needs. Facilitating and reviewing user interviews could sound time-consuming and daunting, so we intentionally designed this program to be lightweight and low-effort. Team members can bring any questions that they have for users, or just a cup of coffee to listen in. This effectively builds credibility, increases the team’s appetite for user research, and opens up fruitful discussions around what’s important to our users across teams.</p><h1 id="ae16" class="oh oi gu bf oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe bk">Inclusive Research</h1><p id="1e22" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx pf mz na nb pg nd ne nf ph nh ni nj pi nl nm nn pj np nq nr gn bk">For our core value of promoting equal access to science, we started our inclusive research journey by talking to blind or visually impaired scholars to understand the challenges they face when interacting with literature and identifying accessibility gaps and opportunities that we could impact. The conversations informed the team’s awareness and priorities for underserved audiences. Since then, we’ve continued to include diverse voices in our user research and build inclusivity in our user panels. Read more about our accessibility work <a class="af pn" href="https://blog.allenai.org/accessibility-and-semanticscholar-org-5e22f4c794e3" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><h1 id="d089" class="oh oi gu bf oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe bk">Evaluative Research</h1><p id="29b3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx pf mz na nb pg nd ne nf ph nh ni nj pi nl nm nn pj np nq nr gn bk">We partner with our users to include their perspectives during all stages of our design process. We conduct co-design sessions, interviews, usability tests, and surveys to brainstorm, refine, and iterate. This ensures the user experience is enjoyable, and best meets our users’ needs.</p><p id="fa23" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">Take one of our core differentiating features, <a class="af pn" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/me/recommendations" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Research Feeds</a>, as an example. When we first launched the Research Feeds and the Library, they were separate features for discovery and organization. Based on what we heard during research sessions, we identified the need to integrate them into a hub for users to stay up-to-date. Now scholars can receive personalized recommendations based on what they’ve saved to their library.</p><blockquote class="pk pl pm"><p id="a756" class="mv mw og bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">“That’s mostly the reason why I come to Semantic Scholar. To see those recommendations, the new papers that I care about because they mentioned the topics that I care about.” — Participant</p></blockquote><p id="241c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">Another example is a new version of our Author Influence feature that will be launched very soon. Author relationships are a key component of how scholars discover relevant research, understand their field of study, and infer their own research impact. This motivated us to think about how to best represent that information to support discovery and collaborations.</p><blockquote class="pk pl pm"><p id="86be" class="mv mw og bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">“Research is increasingly collaborative and global in scope. This kind of network of collaboration is useful and cutting-edge. To see collaborations in a different way without explicitly being tied to peer-reviewed outputs, would be very, very much acknowledging that things are changing.” -Participant</p></blockquote><p id="5b0e" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr gn bk">By conducting interviews, we were able to understand how users construct mental models of authorship networks, how this information is used by scholars in different stages of their careers, how users navigate visualizations, and their worries and concerns. We’ll publish another blog post to share our process and insights as we build this feature.</p><h1 id="2aef" class="oh oi gu bf oj ok ol om on oo op oq or os ot ou ov ow ox oy oz pa pb pc pd pe bk">Looking to the future</h1><p id="aaad" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mv mw gu bf b mx pf mz na nb pg nd ne nf ph nh ni nj pi nl nm nn pj np nq nr gn bk">We’ve made a lot of progress, but there’s more to do. 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