What makes entrepreneurship counter-cyclical? Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark

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Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.relation" content="1256" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.relation" content="36" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="info:eu-repo/semantics/article" /> <meta name="DC.description" content="This paper examines how the presence of startup subsidies to the unemployed influences the relationship between business cycle and entrepreneurial activity, and the implications on individuals’ long-term earnings. We propose that on one hand, this measure fosters entrepreneurship, especially during recessions, by attracting individuals facing labour market constraints. On the other hand, the policy may unintentionally penalize counter-cyclical founders back to paid jobs if employers perceive them as less committed or of lower quality. Exploiting a change in Danish policy that abolishes a startup subsidy scheme for the unemployed, we compare the entrepreneurial population in two extended periods. Our findings indicate that entrepreneurship tends to be counter-cyclical during the subsidy period (1988–1996), while pro-cyclical in the post-reform period (1998–2006). Moreover, the results highlight an unintended consequence of the policy, i.e. a persistent and large (post-exit) wage gap between counter-cyclical and pro-cyclical founders, particularly pronounced for individuals with lower education, unobserved ability, and part-time job experience prior to transition." /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="business cycle" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="labour market" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="long-term earnings" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="self-employment" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Startup subsidies" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="unemployed" /> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="I.M.T. 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Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Marino, M." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Melillo, F." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Parrotta, P." /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Smith, N." /> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0898-5626" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="36" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="9-10" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1232" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1256" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1080/08985626.2024.2325556" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://iris.imtlucca.it/handle/20.500.11771/31582" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="eng" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="business cycle; labour market; long-term earnings; self-employment; Startup subsidies; 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We propose that on one hand, this measure fosters entrepreneurship, especially during recessions, by attracting individuals facing labour market constraints. On the other hand, the policy may unintentionally penalize counter-cyclical founders back to paid jobs if employers perceive them as less committed or of lower quality. Exploiting a change in Danish policy that abolishes a startup subsidy scheme for the unemployed, we compare the entrepreneurial population in two extended periods. Our findings indicate that entrepreneurship tends to be counter-cyclical during the subsidy period (1988–1996), while pro-cyclical in the post-reform period (1998–2006). Moreover, the results highlight an unintended consequence of the policy, i.e. a persistent and large (post-exit) wage gap between counter-cyclical and pro-cyclical founders, particularly pronounced for individuals with lower education, unobserved ability, and part-time job experience prior to transition.</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-xl-9"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div> <h3 class="mb-1 text-secondary">What makes entrepreneurship counter-cyclical? Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark</h3> <h5> <em><span class="contributor internalContributor internalContributora4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9 m-1"><a href="/cris/rp/rp22067" class="authority author">Marino M.</a>;</span><span class="contributor externalContributor externalContributora4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9 m-1 disabled" aria-disabled="true" style="display:none;">Melillo F.;</span><span class="contributor externalContributor externalContributora4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9 m-1 disabled" aria-disabled="true" style="display:none;">Parrotta P.;</span><span class="contributor externalContributor externalContributora4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9 m-1 disabled" aria-disabled="true" style="display:none;">Smith N.</span></em> <span onclick="JQ('.externalContributora4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9').toggle();JQ('.showExternalTexta4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9').toggle();JQ('.hideExternalTexta4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9').toggle();" class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary m-1"> <span class="showExternalTexta4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9"><span class="fas fa-users" title="mostra contributor esterni"></span></span> <span class="hideExternalTexta4a55bfe-1678-4b51-b59e-2dec9556dae9" style="display:none;"><span class="fas fa-user" title="nascondi contributor esterni"></span></span> </span> </h5> <h5>2024-01-01</h5> <hr/> <h4 class="mb-1">Abstract</h4> This paper examines how the presence of startup subsidies to the unemployed influences the relationship between business cycle and entrepreneurial activity, and the implications on individuals’ long-term earnings. We propose that on one hand, this measure fosters entrepreneurship, especially during recessions, by attracting individuals facing labour market constraints. On the other hand, the policy may unintentionally penalize counter-cyclical founders back to paid jobs if employers perceive them as less committed or of lower quality. Exploiting a change in Danish policy that abolishes a startup subsidy scheme for the unemployed, we compare the entrepreneurial population in two extended periods. Our findings indicate that entrepreneurship tends to be counter-cyclical during the subsidy period (1988–1996), while pro-cyclical in the post-reform period (1998–2006). Moreover, the results highlight an unintended consequence of the policy, i.e. a persistent and large (post-exit) wage gap between counter-cyclical and pro-cyclical founders, particularly pronounced for individuals with lower education, unobserved ability, and part-time job experience prior to transition. </div> <div class="dspace-display-item tabbable page-tabs mt-3"> <h5> <ul class="nav nav-tabs border-bottom fw-bold"> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link active" href="#tab_default" onclick="changeItemView('simple');" data-bs-toggle="tab">Scheda breve</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link " href="#tab_default" onclick="changeItemView('complete');" data-bs-toggle="tab">Scheda completa</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link " href="#tab_default" onclick="changeItemView('full');" data-bs-toggle="tab">Scheda completa (DC)</a></li> <li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" onclick="location.href='/cris/item/20.500.11771/31582/statistics'" data-bs-toggle="tab"><span class="far fa-chart-bar"></span></a></li> </ul> </h5> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active fade show" id="tab_default"> <div class="itemDisplayTable container-fluid g-3"> <div class="line form-group row metadataFieldValue pt-2 pb-2 dc_date_issued" id="dc.date.issued_line" > <div class="line-label col-md-12"><label for="dc.date.issued" class="control-label metadataFieldLabel dc_date_issued"> <span class="line-label-text">Anno</span> </label></div> <div class="line-content col-sm-12" id="dc.date.issued_content"> <em>2024</em> </div> </div> <div class="line form-group row metadataFieldValue pt-2 pb-2 dc_authority_ancejournal" id="dc.authority.ancejournal_line" > <div class="line-label col-md-12"><label for="dc.authority.ancejournal" class="control-label metadataFieldLabel dc_authority_ancejournal"> <span class="line-label-text">Rivista</span> </label></div> <div class="line-content col-sm-12" id="dc.authority.ancejournal_content"> <em><a href="/rm/popup/rmItem/journal/crisId/journal8642/detail.htm" target="_blank" onclick="showPopup('/rm/popup/rmItem/journal/crisId/journal8642/detail.htm'); return false;" class="authority "><span class="me-1">ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT</span></a></em> </div> </div> <div class="line form-group row metadataFieldValue pt-2 pb-2 dc_subject_keywordseng" id="dc.subject.keywordseng_line" > <div class="line-label col-md-12"><label for="dc.subject.keywordseng" class="control-label metadataFieldLabel dc_subject_keywordseng"> <span class="line-label-text">Parole chiave</span> </label></div> <div class="line-content col-sm-12" id="dc.subject.keywordseng_content"> <em>business cycle<br/>labour market<br/>long-term earnings<br/>self-employment<br/>Startup subsidies<br/>unemployed</em> </div> </div> <div class="line form-group row metadataFieldValue pt-2 pb-2 dspace_collection" id="dspace_collection_line" > <div class="line-label col-md-12"><label for="dspace_collection" class="control-label metadataFieldLabel dspace_collection"> <span class="line-label-text">Appare nelle tipologie:</span> </label></div> <div class="line-content col-sm-12" id="dspace_collection_content"> <a href="/handle/123456789/1">1.1 Articolo in rivista</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <script type="text/x-tmpl" id="tmpLicenseDetail"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center"> {% if (o.licenseImage != null) { %} <div class="flex-shrink-0"> <img src="{%= o.licenseImage %}" /> </div> {% } %} <div class="flex-grow-1 ms-3"> {%# o.licenseName %} </div> </div> </script> <div id="bitstreams" class="card bg-white mt-2"> <div class="card-header">File in questo prodotto:</div> <table class="table card-body"> <tr> <th id="t1" class="standard">File</th> <th id="t3" class="standard d-none d-sm-table-cell">Dimensione</th> <th id="t4" class="standard d-none d-sm-table-cell">Formato</th> <th id="t5" class="standard d-none d-sm-table-cell"> </th> </tr> <tr> <td headers="t1" class="standard break-all"> What makes entrepreneurship counter-cyclical Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark.pdf <p class="badge bg-info">non disponibili</p> <div class="col-12 mb-2"> Tipologia: Versione Editoriale (PDF) </div> <div class="col-12 mb-2"> Licenza: Copyright dell'editore </div> <div class="col-12 mb-2 d-block d-sm-none"> Dimensione 1.02 MB </div> <div class="col-12 mb-2 d-block d-sm-none"> Formato Adobe PDF </div> <div class="col-12 mb-2 d-block d-sm-none"> <a class="btn btn-warning" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/retrieve/5bd9af9b-0da5-43dd-b79e-219075ef5d84/What%20makes%20entrepreneurship%20counter-cyclical%20%20Evidence%20from%20a%20shutdown%20of%20start-up%20subsidies%20in%20Denmark.pdf"><span class="fas fa-lock"></span>  Visualizza/Apri</a> <a class="btn btn-warning" href="/request-item?handle=20.500.11771/31582&bitstreamId=5bd9af9b-0da5-43dd-b79e-219075ef5d84"><span class="fas fa-lock"></span>  Richiedi una copia</a> </div> </td> <td headers="t3" class="standard d-none d-sm-table-cell">1.02 MB</td> <td headers="t4" class="standard d-none d-sm-table-cell">Adobe PDF</td> <td class="standard d-none d-sm-table-cell"> <a class="btn btn-warning" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="/retrieve/5bd9af9b-0da5-43dd-b79e-219075ef5d84/What%20makes%20entrepreneurship%20counter-cyclical%20%20Evidence%20from%20a%20shutdown%20of%20start-up%20subsidies%20in%20Denmark.pdf"><span class="fas fa-lock"></span>  Visualizza/Apri</a> <a class="btn btn-warning" href="/request-item?handle=20.500.11771/31582&bitstreamId=5bd9af9b-0da5-43dd-b79e-219075ef5d84"><span class="fas fa-lock"></span>  Richiedi una copia</a> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 mt-2"> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 mt-2"> <p class="submitFormHelp alert alert-info">I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-12 col-xl-3" id="itemInformationsDiv"> <div id="_line" > <div class="accordion" id="accordion_"> <div class="accordion-item"> <h5 class="accordion-header" id="heading_"> <button class="accordion-button bg-info bg-opacity-25 collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse_" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse_"><i class="fas fa-info-circle"></i> Informazioni</button> </h5> <div id="collapse_" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="heading_" data-bs-parent="#accordion_"> <div class="accordion-body"> Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: <code>https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11771/31582</code> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> runningExternal=false; 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What makes entrepreneurship counter-cyclical? Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark