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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Topografija" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Topografija" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zemeljsko_površje_in_oblikovanje_površja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zemeljsko_površje_in_oblikovanje_površja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zemeljsko površje in oblikovanje površja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zemeljsko_površje_in_oblikovanje_površja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Viri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Topografija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 73 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografie" title="Topografie – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Topografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="طبوغرافيا – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبوغرافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topograf%C3%ADa" title="Topografía – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Topografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoqrafiya" title="Topoqrafiya – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Topoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="توپوقرافی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپوقرافی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапаграфія – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тапаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топография – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভূসংস্থান – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূসংস্থান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografija" title="Topografija – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Topografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografie" title="Topografie – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Topografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Topografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografie_(Kartografie)" title="Topografie (Kartografie) – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Topografie (Kartografie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τοπογραφία – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοπογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography" title="Topography – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Topography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografio" title="Topografio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Topografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topograf%C3%ADa" title="Topografía – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Topografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topograafia" title="Topograafia – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Topograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="توپوگرافی – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توپوگرافی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographie" title="Topographie – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Topographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Topagrafaíocht – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Topagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topograf%C3%ADa" title="Topografía – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Topografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="טופוגרפיה – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טופוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="स्थलाकृति – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थलाकृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografija" title="Topografija – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Topografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topogr%C3%A1fia" title="Topográfia – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Topográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեղագրություն – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեղագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Topografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografio" title="Topografio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Topografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Staðfræði – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Staðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="トポグラフィー – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トポグラフィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტოპოგრაფია – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოპოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топография – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಸ್ಥಳ ವರ್ಣನೆ – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಥಳ ವರ್ಣನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%80%ED%95%99" title="지지학 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지지학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топография – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographia" title="Topographia – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Topographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographie" title="Topographie – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Topographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografie" title="Topografie – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Topografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografija" title="Topografija – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Topografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topogr%C4%81fija" title="Topogrāfija – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Topogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Топографија – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Байр зүй – mongolščina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байр зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Topografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografie" title="Topografie – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Topografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Topografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Topografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80" title="ਟੋਪੋਗ੍ਰਾਫੀ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਪੋਗ੍ਰਾਫੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia_(geografia)" title="Topografia (geografia) – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Topografia (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="ټوپوګرافي – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټوپوګرافي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografie" title="Topografie – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Topografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топография – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografija" title="Topografija – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Topografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography" title="Topography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Topography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografia" title="Topografia – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Topografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Топографија – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Topografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இட அமைப்பியல் – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இட அமைப்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topograpiya" title="Topograpiya – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Topograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topo%C4%9Frafya" title="Topoğrafya – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Topoğrafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Топографія – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Топографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_h%C3%ACnh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Địa hình học – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa hình học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topograpiya" title="Topograpiya – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Topograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E7%BB%98%E5%AD%A6" title="测绘学 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="测绘学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E7%BB%98%E5%AD%A6" title="测绘学 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="测绘学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E7%B9%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="測繪學 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="測繪學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134435#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Topografija" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor:Topografija&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani (stran ne obstaja) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Topografija"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Orodja</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Topografija"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=history"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Splošno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:KajSePovezujeSem/Topografija" title="Seznam vseh strani, ki se povezujejo sem [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Kaj se povezuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:RecentChangesLinked/Topografija" rel="nofollow" title="Zadnje spremembe na straneh, s katerimi se povezuje ta stran [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane spremembe</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:PosebneStrani" title="Seznam vseh posebnih strani [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne strani</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&oldid=6220867" title="Trajna povezava na to redakcijo strani"><span>Trajna povezava</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=info" title="Več informacij o tej strani"><span>Podatki o strani</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Navedi&page=Topografija&id=6220867&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tem, kako navajati to stran"><span>Navedba članka</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTopografija"><span>Pridobi skrajšani URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTopografija"><span>Prenesi kodo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tiskanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Topografija"><span>Ustvari e-knjigo</span></a></li><li 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predmet v podatkovni shrambi [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Predmet v Wikipodatkih</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Preusmerjeno s strani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief">Relief</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Topographic_map_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topographic_map_example.png/300px-Topographic_map_example.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Topographic_map_example.png/450px-Topographic_map_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Topographic_map_example.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Topografski teren je prikazan na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografska_karta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topografska karta (stran ne obstaja)">topografskih kartah</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Topografíja</b> je predvsem <a href="/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija">geografski</a> pojem, ki se nanaša na opisovanje in preučevanje <a href="/wiki/Zemljino_povr%C5%A1je" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemljino površje">Zemljinih površinskih</a> značilnosti oziroma <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dna_geografija" title="Fizična geografija">fizičnogeografskih</a> značilnosti, kot so <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1ina" title="Višina">višina</a>, nagib in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slemenitev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slemenitev (stran ne obstaja)">slemenitev</a>. Soroden pojem je <b>teren</b>, ki označuje bolj same značilnosti površja kot njih študije. Zraven sodi tudi pojem <b><a href="/wiki/Reliefne_oblike" title="Reliefne oblike">relief</a></b>, ki pa se nanaša na višinsko razporejenost površja. </p><p>Razumevanje topografije je kritičnega pomena za mnogo študij in dejavnosti. Tako je v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okoljski_in%C5%BEeniring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okoljski inženiring (stran ne obstaja)">okoljskem inženiringu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrikultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrikultura">agrikulturi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija">hidrologiji</a> pomembno zaradi določanja <a href="/wiki/Razvodnica" title="Razvodnica">razvodnic</a>, značilnosti <a href="/wiki/Vodni_tok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodni tok">vodnih tokov</a> in odnašanja ter značilnosti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodovje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodovje (stran ne obstaja)">vodovja</a> samega. Ravno tako je topografija pomemben vir podatkov za razumevanje <a href="/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme">vremenskih</a> vzorcev, ki so za posamezno pokrajino izdelani glede na to, ali je ta ravninska ali razgibana, nizka ali visoka idr. Topografske študije so tudi del študija obstoječe <a href="/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura">arhitekture</a>, popisov umetnostne in druge kulturne dediščine in posledično načrtovanja različne infrastrukture, kot je prometna. </p><p>Geografske topografske raziskave so se razmahnile šele v 19. stoletju, saj je večina narodnih geografskih raziskav na svojih zemljevidih popisovala le <a href="/wiki/Nadmorska_vi%C5%A1ina" title="Nadmorska višina">nadmorske višine</a> posameznih <a href="/wiki/To%C4%8Dka_(geometrija)" title="Točka (geometrija)">točk</a>. Kljub temu pa je prva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografska_karta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topografska karta (stran ne obstaja)">topografska karta</a>, ki je med drugim vsebovala tudi že <a href="/wiki/Izohipsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Izohipsa">izohipse</a>, izšla leta 1784, pet let pred <a href="/wiki/Francoska_revolucija" title="Francoska revolucija">francosko revolucijo</a> v <a href="/wiki/Francija" title="Francija">Franciji</a>, prikazovala pa je teren te dežele; kmalu ji je sledila tudi topografska karta <a href="/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija">Anglije</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zemeljsko_površje_in_oblikovanje_površja"><span id="Zemeljsko_povr.C5.A1je_in_oblikovanje_povr.C5.A1ja"></span>Zemeljsko površje in oblikovanje površja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Zemeljsko površje in oblikovanje površja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zemeljsko površje in oblikovanje površja"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Soca_Kobarid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Soca_Kobarid.jpg/300px-Soca_Kobarid.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Soca_Kobarid.jpg/450px-Soca_Kobarid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Soca_Kobarid.jpg/600px-Soca_Kobarid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Rečni relief (na sliki dolina Soče) je najznačilnejši relief kopnega na Zemlji</figcaption></figure> <p>Zemeljsko površje je zunanja meja <a href="/wiki/Zemeljska_skorja" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemeljska skorja">zemeljske skorje</a>. 71 odstotkov površja prekrivajo svetovni <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceani</a>, zaradi česar ni najti vpliva <a href="/wiki/Eksogena_sila" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksogena sila">eksogenih sil</a>. To površje je zaznamovano z <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globokomorski_jarek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globokomorski jarek (stran ne obstaja)">globokomorskimi jarki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanski_hrbet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceanski hrbet (stran ne obstaja)">oceanskimi hrbti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontinentalna_polica" title="Kontinentalna polica">kontinentalnimi policami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kontinentalno_pobo%C4%8Dje" title="Kontinentalno pobočje">kontinentalnimi pobočji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abisalna_ravnina" title="Abisalna ravnina">abisalnimi ravninami</a>. Preostalih 29 % površine planeta je dvignjeno nad morsko gladino in tako izpostavljenih eksogenim procesom. Najznačilnejši relief kopnega na Zemlji je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Re%C4%8Dni_relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rečni relief (stran ne obstaja)">rečni relief</a>. Povprečna višina kopnega površja je 875 metrov; v <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avstralija" title="Avstralija">Avstraliji</a>, ki sta najnižji celini, ta vrednost znaša 340 m, v <a href="/wiki/Severna_Amerika" title="Severna Amerika">Severni Ameriki</a> 720 m, v <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afriki</a> 750 m, v <a href="/wiki/Azija" title="Azija">Aziji</a> 960 m in na <a href="/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika">Antarktiki</a> zaradi več kot 3.000 metrov debelih ledenih skladov 2.200 metrov. </p><p>Oblika zemeljskega površja oziroma teren je posledica zapletenega součinkovanja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endogena_sila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endogena sila (stran ne obstaja)">endogenih</a> in eksogenih sil. Ti dve skupini sil sta si v nasprotju, saj prva izmed njih, v katero sodijo <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_plo%C5%A1%C4%8D" title="Tektonika plošč">tektonika plošč</a>, vodoravni in navpični premiki teh in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulkanizem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulkanizem (stran ne obstaja)">vulkanizem</a>, višino površja v splošnem povečuje, medtem ko eksogene sile, tj. <a href="/wiki/Denudacija" title="Denudacija">denudacijski</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erozija" title="Erozija">erozijski</a> procesi, višino površja zmanjšujejo. </p><p>Prvo pomembno teorijo o oblikovanju površja je ob koncu 19. in začetku 20. stoletja razvil geomorfolog <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Davis" title="William Morris Davis">William Morris Davis</a>, in sicer teorijo o cikličnem razvoju reliefa. Ta predvideva razmeroma hiter dvig terena na osnovi tektonike, zatem pa daljši čas vztrajnega eksogenega delovanja. Novejše teorije, ki so podlaga današnjega topografskega raziskovanja, pa razlagajo stalno in hkratno součinkovanje obeh skupin procesov. </p><p>Endogeni procesi v načelu delujejo močneje od eksogenih procesov, zaradi česar se povprečna višina Zemljinega površja počasi dviguje; v tem trenutku znaša povprečno 875 metrov nad morjem za kopne predele. Tako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mlado_nagubano_gorovje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mlado nagubano gorovje (stran ne obstaja)">mlado nagubana gorovja</a> pridobijo med 4 in 12 mm višine vsako leto, nekatera najstarejša območja zemeljskega površja, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0%C4%8Dit_(geografija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ščit (geografija) (stran ne obstaja)">ščiti</a> ali kratoni, tj. območja tektonskega mirovanja, pa endogenih sil ne čutijo. V <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Sloveniji</a> tektonska aktivnost povzroči za največ 1-2 mm višinskega premika letno. </p><p>Na drugi strani eksogene sile delujejo tako, da letno znižajo površje za povprečno 1-1,5 mm vsako leto v <a href="/wiki/Visokogorje" title="Visokogorje">visokogorju</a> in manj na drugačnih reliefih. Na tak način vodovja odplavijo s površja Severne Amerike vsako leto 1,2 milijarde ton materiala, kar pomeni odstranitev 25-75 mm površinskega sloja v 1.000 letih. Takšno odnašanje površinskega sloja gradiva poteka na vseh ozemljih: kamnine, ki danes predstavljajo površje <a href="/wiki/Avstrija" title="Avstrija">avstrijskih</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visoke_Ture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visoke Ture (stran ne obstaja)">Visokih Tur</a> na 4.000 metrih, so nastale na globini 12 kilometrov pred 10-15 milijoni let, material nad njimi je bil v tem času odstranjen zaradi eksogenih sil, sloji pod njim pa so se dvignili zaradi tektonskega gubanja in <a href="/wiki/Izostazija" title="Izostazija">izostazije</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viri">Viri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Viri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Viri"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNatek2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Natek" title="Karel Natek">Natek, Karel</a> (2003), <i>Geomorfologija, študijsko gradivo za predmet geomorfologija</i>, Ljubljana: <a href="/wiki/Oddelek_za_geografijo,_Filozofska_fakulteta_v_Ljubljani" title="Oddelek za geografijo, Filozofska fakulteta v Ljubljani">Oddelek za geografijo Univerze v Ljubljani</a>, str. 217, <a href="/wiki/Vzajemni_bibliografski_sistem_COBISS" title="Vzajemni bibliografski sistem COBISS">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/sl/bib/22953314">22953314</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Geomorfologija%2C+%C5%A1tudijsko+gradivo+za+predmet+geomorfologija&rft.place=Ljubljana&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Oddelek+za+geografijo+Univerze+v+Ljubljani&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.cobiss.net%2Fcobiss%2Fsi%2Fsl%2Fbib%2F22953314%23full%23id-name%3DCOBISS&rft.aulast=Natek&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3ATopografija" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topografija&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomorfologija" title="Geomorfologija">geomorfologija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliefne_oblike" title="Reliefne oblike">seznam reliefnih oblik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeljsko_povr%C5%A1je" title="Zemeljsko površje">Zemeljsko površje</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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